SSN Jubilee

History of neurological contributions

in the Swiss Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry
n P. Valko, M. Mumenthaler, C. L. Bassetti
Depar tment of Neurology, University Hospital, Zurich

Summary the Swiss Archives and contributed greatly to the

quality of the journal, not least through their con-
Valko P, Mumenthaler M, Bassetti CL. History of tacts with scientists from all over the world. It was
neurological contributions in the Swiss Archives in the Swiss Archives that M. Minkowski published
of Neurology and Psychiatry. Schweiz Arch Neurol his well-known work on the course of the optic
Psychiatr. 2008;159:157–70. nerve fibres (1920) and studies on the reflexes of
the human foetus (1924, 1925).
The Swiss Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry The 1st International Neurological Congress,
were founded in 1917 by Constantin von Monakow. which took place in Berne in 1931, was an impor-
The main motivation was the growing need for tant event in the history of Swiss neurology and
an independent Swiss journal. Previously Swiss formed the subject of a commentary in the Swiss
neurologists had had to submit their scientific con- Archives. At the end of the congress all the partic-
tributions to German or French journals, with the ipants received a presentation copy of the most
result that they were often insufficiently informed recent volume of the Swiss Archives.
of their own compatriots’ work. For the Swiss During the years preceding World War II the
Neurological Society, established in 1908, the foun- Swiss Archives played a remarkable international
dation of the Swiss Archives was also a milestone role by continuing to publish foreign papers,
in its battle to be accepted as an independent med- despite growing nationalism and racism in the
ical faculty. surrounding countries of Europe. The journal also
While the papers were mainly Swiss authored, appeared regularly during the war.
the Swiss Archives also occupied a significant in- In 1959 the neurosurgeon H. Krayenbühl, who
ternational position from the outset, as witness the in 1941 had published his classic work on cerebral
regular contributions from well-known European aneurysm in the Swiss Archives, became editor-in-
neurologists. chief. During his editorship the journal’s name was
Constantin von Monakow remained editor-in- expanded to Swiss Archives of Neurology, Neuro-
chief until his death in 1930. Most of the famous surgery and Psychiatry (until 1986).
(neuro-)scientific-philosophical works written dur- The most cited papers since 1945 have been
ing the last 15 years of his life were published in those of R. Adams (on normopressive hydro-
the Swiss Archives. Certainly the most outstanding cephalus) and B. Roth (on narcolepsy and hyper-
volume was No 13 (1923), which contains 52 arti- somnia). Several contributions have come from
cles by the most renowned neurologists, psychia- related specialities, e.g. the physiologist and Nobel
trists, neuroanatomists and physiologists of that Prizewinner W. Hess wrote on the autonomic
time as a festschrift for Constantin von Monakow’s nervous system, the anatomist G. Töndury on
70th birthday. foetopathies and the paediatrician G. Fanconi on
After Constantin von Monakow’s death, R. poliomyelitis.
Bing (Basel) and M. Minkowski (Zurich) took over Keywords: Swiss Archives of Neurology and
as editors of the neurology section. Both neurolo- Psychiatry; Swiss Neurological Society; C. v. Mona-
gists published a considerable number of papers in kow; R. Bing; M. Minkowski

Correspondence:
Claudio L. Bassetti, MD Founding of an independent neurological
Depar tment of Neurology journal
University Hospital
Frauenklinikstrasse 26
CH-8091 Zurich The first issue of the Swiss Archives of Neurology
e-mail: claudio.bassetti@usz.ch and Psychiatry was published in 1917 by the Zurich

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Figure 1 Front-page of the first issue of the Swiss Archives personal contact with contemporary leading psy-
of Neurology and Psychiatr y.
chiatrists and neuroanatomists, and for a year
was assistant to E. Hitzig (1838–1907), director
of Burghölzli Psychiatric Clinic. Other decisive
encounters were with W. Griesinger (1817–1875)
and his “Gehirnpsychiatrie”, and B. Gudden
(1824–1886) with his celebrated microtome. Von
Monakow laid the foundations of his work on
neuropathology, neurophysiology and neuroanat-
omy during his year-long period as assistant in
remote St Pirminsberg in the St Gall region
(1878–1885) [3, 4]. His monumental studies Gehirn-
pathologie (1897) and Die Lokalisation im Gross-
hirn und der Abbau der Funktion durch kortikale
Herde (1914) made von Monakow world famous,
and Zurich, where he had held an associate pro-
fessorship since 1894 (the first chair of neurology
in Switzerland), became a world byword for the
“Zurich neurobiology school” or the “Monakow
clinical-anatomical movement” [5–8].
As early as 1905–1916 the Arbeiten aus dem
Hirnanatomischen Institut in Zürich were pub-
lished – also with von Monakow as editor –
although by a foreign publisher (I. F. Bergmann in
Wiesbaden); these included, from 1909 to 1910,
his celebrated monograph on the red nucleus, the
tegmentum of midbrain and the subthalamic region
[9–11]. After a total of 10 issues the flow of publi-
cations dried up – a consequence of the First World
publisher Orell Füssli (fig. 1). The initiative for this
War. Von Monakow had further reasons to press
originated with Constantin von Monakow (1853–
for the founding of a new journal. In those days
1930), who first suggested the idea of an indepen-
Swiss papers were mainly published in neighbour-
dent Swiss neurological journal to the management
ing countries – Germany or France, depending
committee of the Swiss Neurological Society (SNS)
on the language. Von Monakow complained that
(founded at Olten in 1908) at its meeting in Neu-
in German-speaking Switzerland little notice was
châtel on 12th November 1916 [1].
taken of papers by French-speaking compatriots,
C. von Monakow (fig. 2) was born in Vologda
and vice versa (“… nous ne nous rencontrons et ne
Government, Russia, in 1853 and arrived in Zurich
faisons première connaissance qu’au moyen de la
in 1866 (after a 3-year stay in Germany) [2]. While
presse étrangère”) ([1], p. 3). In addition, growing
still pursuing his medical studies, he came into
nationalism in war-torn Europe was making it in-
creasingly difficult to bring out Swiss publications
in other countries [10].
The need for an independent, unifying national
journal may also have been sharpened by the fact
that in other European countries during the last
quarter of the 19th century several neurological
journals had come into being. In Germany, for
example, three important new publications (Archiv
für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, Central-
blatt für Nervenheilkunde and Neurologisches Cen-
tralblatt) were founded between 1868 and 1882.
This was also the case in France, where, under the
editorship of J. M. Charcot (1825–1893) the jour-
Figure 2 nals Archives de Neurologie and Nouvelle Icono-
Constantin von Monakow graphie de la Salpêtrière were founded in 1880 and
(1853–1930). 1888 respectively, followed in 1893 by La Revue

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 neurologique.The English review Brain had existed summaries of the papers given at the meetings.Von
since 1878 [12]. Monakow’s proposals were approved unanimous-
In the history of Swiss neurology the founding ly, as were the decisions concerning annual sub-
of the Swiss Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry scriptions (CHF 600 for the SNS and CHF 400 for
constituted a milestone: in the struggle for accep- the SSP). The treasurer also drew attention to the
tance as an independent and officially recognised extra strain on financial resources, whereupon an
speciality neurology had taken a decisive step extraordinary contribution of CHF 4 per member
forward. If for no other reason, the Swiss Archives was decided.
must also have been a source of keen perso- Von Monakow was not only the founder of
nal satisfaction for von Monakow, who had for Swiss Archives, but subsequently assumed the
decades – and in the face of stubborn resistance mantle of editor-in-chief. The editorial board also
to the very end – fought to lead neurology out included P. Dubois from Berne (psychotherapist
from under the wing of internal medicine and and neuropathologist), R. Weber from Geneva
psychiatry. (psychiatrist), B. Manzoni from Mendrisio (psy-
M. Minkowski (1884–1972), one of the first chiatrist, from 1906 to 1944 director of the present-
assistants in Zurich’s Brain Anatomy Institute day Clinica Psichiatrica in Mendrisio [17]) and
under von Monakow, and his successor as Director H. W. Maier from Zurich (psychiatrist). Numerous
of the University Neurological Clinic (1928), well-known Swiss physicians were contributors,
honoured him in his 1958 festschrift to mark the including, among others, E. Bleuler (psychiatrist),
SNS’s 50-year jubilee as the “eigentlichen Pionier R. Brun (neurologist), E. Claparède (psychologist),
der Verselbständigung der Neurologie als medi- M. Egger (neurologist), C. Ladame (psychiatrist),
zinisches Fach” ([10], p. 5). P. Ladame (neurologist), E. Long (neurologist),
As its name makes clear, the Swiss Archives of C. de Montet (neurologist), F. de Quervain (sur-
Neurology and Psychiatry is not only the official geon), H. Sahli (internist) and A. Ulrich (epi-
organ of the SNS, but also of the Swiss Society of leptologist). Also among the contributors was
Psychiatry (SSP). The journal reflects a rapproche- T. Kocher (1841–1917), though he died in the foun-
ment of the two disciplines, between which there dation year.
had been considerable animosity in the past, not At this point it is worth recalling that Kocher,
least of a personal nature between von Monakow a Nobel Prizewinner, not only did revolutionary
and A. Forel (1848–1931). The latter was highly work in the field of thyroid surgery, but also took a
sceptical about the founding of the SNS and de- close interest in neurology. Among other achieve-
scribed it as a “ganz überflüssigen Konkurrenten ments, he was among the first, even before Henry
neben unserem Schweizerischen Irrenärzte-Verein” Head (1861–1940), to create a complete table of
([13], p. 70). the human dermatomes [18, 19]. Kocher was also
However, in the other Swiss university towns among the pioneers of neurosurgery, and his many
(Basel, Berne, Geneva and Lausanne) the position students included Harvey Cushing (1869–1939)
of neurology was equally unsatisfactory [9, 14]. from Baltimore, who in 1900/01 was pursuing
In Berne, for example, the renowned internist further studies in Berne and at that time wrote a
H. Sahli (1856–1933) vehemently opposed inde- paper on intracranial pressure [20].
pendent status for neurology, an attitude in which
his own interest in neurological diseases no doubt
played a considerable role [10]. In Basel neurology The early years to von Monakow’s death
was long represented only in the form of an office in 1930
in the medical outpatient clinic. In the university
hospitals of Lausanne and Geneva neurology could The first contribution to the first number was by
boast a department of its own only in the second P. Dubois (1848–1918) (“Somatogène ou psycho-
half of the 20th century [9, 15, 16]. gène?”, [1917;1:8–18]). It was to be Dubois’ sole
In von Monakow’s view the articles published paper, since he died a year after Swiss Archives
in Swiss Archives should (1) originate chiefly from was founded. Dubois was reputed as a psycho-
Switzerland, but if possible also leave room for therapist far beyond the country’s borders and
foreign contributions, (2) be devoted to the anat- influenced, among others, J. J. Dejerine (1849–
omy, physiology, pathological anatomy and clini- 1917), with whom he had had a personal friend-
cal features of the nervous system, together with ship since early youth. In view of his outstanding
psychiatry, (3) be written in the three national success patients flocked to Berne from all over
languages. A regular feature should also be the Europe to consult him; his most famous patient was
congress reports of the SNS and SSP, as well as none other than the novelist Marcel Proust (1871–

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 1922). From 1902 Dubois was also associate pro- number exceeded all the others. For Swiss Archives
fessor of neuropathology [21, 22]. alone he wrote a score of articles from 1917 to his
The aftermath of the First World War, which had death, not infrequently substantial contributions
contributed indirectly to the founding of Swiss spread over two volumes. The new orientation is
Archives, was perceptible in the contents of the already clear from the choice of titles: “Versuch
publication’s early years. Despite Switzerland’s einer Biologie der Instinktwelt” (1921, 1922), “Be-
neutrality in both world wars, many Swiss doctors trachtungen über Gefühl und Sprache” (1922),
were thrown into direct contact with the medical “Grundlagen der biologischen Psychiatrie” (1925),
fallout from war, either through their work in the “Die Syneidesis, das biologische Gewissen” (1927),
belligerent nations’ army medical centres or in “Recht, Verbrechen und Zurechnungsfähigkeit in
treating war victims transferred to Swiss hospitals. biologischer Beleuchtung” (1928), “Wahrheit, Irr-
Numerous contributions to Swiss Archives and pa- tum und Lüge (Menschliches und Biologisches)”
pers delivered at SNS congresses dealt with prob- (1930), “Religion und Nervensystem (Biologische
lems of war neurology and psychiatry. Probably the Betrachtungen)” (1930).
leading Swiss institution was the Lucerne Army Volume 13 (1923) of Swiss Archives is undoubt-
Medical Institute (AMI), which included an auto- edly the finest and most valuable. Under the direc-
nomous neurological department (in total contrast tion of O. Veraguth, M. Minkowski and R. Brun,
to all Swiss university hospitals!). O. Veraguth and a festschrift was compiled to honour von Mona-
H. Brun, two of von Monakow’s co-workers from kow’s 70th birthday, bringing together, in the space
Zurich, reported on the methods employed there of 700 pages, a total of 52 papers from the pens not
for cranio-cerebral topography in cranial injuries, only of Swiss authors but also the leading inter-
the systematic investigation of motor and sensory national names in neurology, brain anatomy and
abnormalities in peripheral nervous lesions, and physiology. Nearly all were papers with a more
the diagnosis and therapy of spinal bullet wounds or less direct connection to von Monakow’s
[1918;2:160–7]. The Basel neurologist R. Bing, a work. Veraguth, for example, wrote a contribution
co-founder of the SNS with von Monakow and entitled “Die Lehre von der Diaschisis”, P. von
P. Dubois in 1908 [23], discussed, in his paper Monakow (his son) wrote on “Urämie und Plexus
“‘Akrodystonie’ als Folgezustand von Kriegs- chorioidei”, R. Bing on “Das ‘Zahnrad-Phänomen’
verletzungen der oberen Extremitäten”, two cases und die antagonistische Innervation” and R. Brun
involving unusual traumatic contracture of the (a renowned myrmecologist and C. von Monakow’s
hand, which in his view corresponded to none of the first assistant [27]) on “Vergleichende Untersu-
classic palsy types (radial, ulnar, median) or mixed chungen über Insektengehirne, mit besonderer
forms of these, but whose pathogenesis was “dis- Berücksichtigung der pilzhutförmigen Körper
turbed tonal balance” [1918;2:40–7]. L. Schnyder, (Corpora pedunculata Dujardini)”.
who was president of the SNS from 1924 to 1927, Also represented were E. Bleuler (“Halluzi-
wrote a lengthy contribution entitled “La question nationen und Schaltschwäche”) and E. Claparède
des troubles nerveux fonctionnels de la guerre” from Geneva (“Quelques remarques sur le Sub-
[1918;2:116–29], and E. Long of Geneva, later a conscient”). However, the majority of papers were
successor of L. Schnyder as president of the SNS, from foreign countries, of which only those by the
wrote on “Les plaies des nerfs dans les blessures de most celebrated authors will be mentioned here:
guerre” [1918;2:130–42]. W. M. Bechterew from St Petersburg (“Studium
The horrors of war also brought a fundamental der Funktion der Präfrontal- und anderer Gebiete
reorientation in von Monakow’s scientific activi- der Hirnrinde vermittelst der assoziativ-motori-
ties. Brain anatomy and neurological studies schen Reflexe”), S. Ramon y Cajal of Madrid
abruptly receded into the background, since “… die (“Quelques méthodes simples pour la coloration de
Zeit des unseligen Krieges die Aufmerksamkeit auch la Névroglie”), E. Flatau (Warsaw), S. Goldflam
des Neurologen mit Macht und von neuem wieder (Warsaw), K. Goldstein (Frankfurt am Main),
auf die allgemeinen, ewigen Probleme des Lebens H. Head (London), R. Magnus and G. G. J. Rade-
und speziell auf die menschliche Seele hinlenkt, mit macher (Utrecht), O. Marburg (Vienna), P. Marie
deren Not und Pein gerade er so viel zu tun hat” and H. Bouttier from Paris (“Sur un cas de Plano-
([10], p. 30). Until his death in 1930 his interest topokinésie”), G. Mingazzini (Rome), I. P. Pawlow
centred increasingly on ethical, philosophical and from St Petersburg (“Die Charakteristik der
also religious issues, which he attempted to ap- Rindenmasse der Grosshirnhemisphären vom
proach from a scientific, neurobiological perspec- Standpunkt der Erregbarkeitsveränderungen ihrer
tive [24–26]. Since the founding of Swiss Archives einzelnen Punkte”), C. Winkler (Utrecht) and
his contributions had been omnipresent and in others.

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 It is not possible here to do justice to the abun- theorists [10, 30–32]. In 1926 his paper “Über Apha-
dance of important papers published in Swiss sie” was published in Swiss Archives [1926;19:3–38]
Archives and their authors. However, in what and in 1934 “Kritisches und Tatsächliches zu eini-
follows at least some articles of particular interest gen Grundfragen der Psychopathologie, im Beson-
from the early years of Swiss Archives may be deren zum Aphasieproblem” [1934;34(1):69–93;
mentioned. In 1917 F. Naville (1883–1968) from 34(2):230–43].
Geneva published the paper “Etude anatomique du A particular merit of Swiss Archives was in
névraxe dans un cas d’Idiotie familiale amaurotique regularly making important work by leading
de Sachs” [1917;1:286–313]; this was probably neurologists in Eastern Europe and Russia acces-
the first observed case in Switzerland of familial sible to readers in Western Europe. One example
Tay-Sachs disease (in a Jewish family from Poland). of work published in Swiss Archives is “Frühkon-
F. Naville, who had studied with J. J. Dejerine in traktur und Abwehrreflexe bei Cerebralparalysen”
Paris among others, served as president of the by S. N. Dawidenkow (1880–1961) [1928;23:308–
SNS from 1930 to 1933 and was an editorial asso- 13/1929;24:105–33]. Dawidenkow, a pioneer in the
ciate of Swiss Archives from the beginning until field of neurogenetics, is among Russia’s most
his death in 1968 [28]. He took up a professorship important 20th century neurologists [33]. In the
of forensic medicine in 1925. In this function he was, West he is almost exclusively known for his work
incidentally, requested by the German consulate in on scapulo-peroneal amyotrophy [34, 35]. He
1943 to serve on the international expert commis- devoted himself more than almost anyone else to
sion to investigate the Polish victims of the Katyn the problem of “tonic attacks” (originally termed
massacre [29]. “convulsions” by Nothnagel in 1868 [36]), not
At that time a highly topical issue was the infrequently observed during the acute phase of
phenomenon of aphasia, on which numerous con- cerebrovascular events in the paralysed body
tributions from noted neurologists appeared in parts. Specifically for these attacks Dawidenkow
Swiss Archives. A. Pick (1851–1924) from Prague, coined the term “Hormetonie” (after the Greek
for example, wrote on “Sprachpsychologische und ρμ = attack, and τνος = tension). The term
andere Studien zur Aphasielehre” [1923;2(1):105– “Dawidenkowsche Hormetonie” has remained in
35/2(2):179–200], focusing particular interest on use until today in Russia, where Dawidenkow
the influence of aphasia on thought. Two papers published much work on the subject, though
on aphasia came from Rome, from G. Mingazzini without gaining a foothold in world neurological
(1859–1929): “Contributo clinico ed anatomopato- literature [37–39]. The article quoted is of special
logico allo studio delle afasie musicali e transcor- interest because, apart from anything else, it is
ticali” [1918;3:210–33] and “Weitere klinische und probably the fullest non-Russian paper by Dawi-
pathologisch-anatomische Beiträge zum Studium denkow on the subject.
der Aphasien” [1923;13:447–57]. One widely no-
ticed article was by M. Minkowski, “Klinischer Bei-
trag zur Aphasie bei Polyglotten, speziell im Hin- Contributions from neighbouring disciplines
blick auf das Schweizerdeutsche” [1927;21:43–72],
in which he reports on a Swiss German with total It had been von Monakow’s original wish that
aphasia subsequent to cranial trauma who, after Swiss Archives regularly publish articles from
some time, unexpectedly began first to speak High neighbouring disciplines. Thus, for example, the
German and only considerably later the dialect he Zurich physiologist and later Nobel Prizewinner
had previously much preferred. Also worth men- W. R. Hess (1881–1973) contributed some of his
tioning is the paper by H. Head (1861–1940), studies to Swiss Archives [40–42]. The following
“A case of acute verbal aphasia followed through papers may be instanced: “Zur Physiologie der
the various stages of recovery” [1923;13:313–24], in Vasomotoren” [1924;14:20–9] and “Vegetatives Ner-
which the detailed time course in a case of post- vensystem. Fragen der Organisation, der Begriffe
operative aphasia is discussed in the light of von und Bezeichnungen” [1943;50:88–92].
Monakow’s diaschisis theory. Of particular signif- G. Fanconi (1892–1979), senior consultant of
icance in aphasia research are the contributions Zurich Children’s Hospital from 1929 to 1962, who
of K. Goldstein (1878–1965). He was one of a group is regarded as the first to describe cystic fibrosis
of noted neurologists who had to leave Germany and other diseases (e.g. Fanconi anaemia) [43],
in the 1930s and found temporary asylum in Swit- contributed a paper on poliomyelitis (“Beiträge zur
zerland. During this time Goldstein played an Klinik, Epidemiologie und Differentialdiagnose
active part in SNS meetings and afterwards became der Poliomyelitis” [1944;53:169–86]). In this paper
one of the leading American scientific and medical Fanconi, who in 1949 published the book Die

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 research and experimenting with chicken embryos
(F. Visintini, R. Levi-Montalcini, “Relazione tra
differenziazione strutturale e funzione dei centri e
delle vie nervose nell’embrione di pollo” [1939;
43:381–93 and 44:119–50]).
Swiss Archives also published numerous contri-
butions from the field of neurosurgery (H. Krayen-
bühl, M. G. Yaşargil), which will be dwelt on in
more detail below.

Figure 3 New editors: R. Bing and M. Minkowski

Rober t Bing
(1878–1956). After von Monakow’s death R. Bing and
M. Minkowski took over the editorship of the
neurological section of Swiss Archives of Neuro-
logy and Psychiatry. Their importance for the
journal and for Swiss neurology in general was
for many decades so great that they will now be
briefly introduced.
Robert Bing, who was born in Strasbourg in
1878 but grew up in Basel (fig. 3), acquired a world-
wide reputation as a clinical neurologist and the
author of several outstanding textbooks which
were translated into six or seven languages. His
teachers included the neurophysiologist H. Munk
(1839–1912) in Berlin, the neuroanatomist L. Edin-
Figure 4 ger (1855–1918) in Frankfurt am Main, the neuro-
Mieczyslaw Minkowski surgeon V. Horsley (1857–1916) in London as well
(1884–1972). as the renowned French neurologists J. J. Dejerine
(1849–1917) and J. Babinski (1857–1932). In 1907
he wrote a postdoctoral thesis on the spinocere-
bellar afferents; in 1918 he was appointed associate
Poliomyelitis und ihre Grenzgebiete in conjunction professor and in 1932 full professor of neurology in
with H. Zellweger and A. Botsztejn, reviewed the Basel (the first full professorship of neurology at a
epidemiological and clinical aspects of the disease Swiss university) [50, 51].
and concluded with a mention of the severe polio- One of the first papers he published in Swiss
myelitis epidemic in the city of Zurich in Septem- Archives was an in-depth study of the various
ber 1941, the sudden outbreak of which prompted mechanisms triggering the Babinski reflex [1918;
him to investigate a possible connection with the 3:89–94]. He had previously described the so-called
weather. paradoxical ankle reflex, which bears his name
A paper worthy of mention in the field of (bending movement of the passive dorsally flexed
anatomy was by the young G. Töndury (1906– foot on tapping of the dorsum at ankle level)
1985). Töndury, who for more than three decades [52]. Several of his articles in Swiss Archives are
directed Zurich University’s Institute of Anatomy, devoted to the interdisciplinary field of neuro-
acquired an international reputation through his ophthalmology; they were ultimately incorporated
work on embryo- and foetopathies [44]. An early into his famous book Gehirn und Auge (edited in
contribution appeared in the 1939 volume of Swiss collaboration with the ophthalmologist R. Brück-
Archives (“Normale und abwegige Entwicklung ner). However, his best known work was to be the
des zentralen Nervensystems im Lichte neuerer Kompendium der topischen Gehirn- und Rücken-
Amphibienexperimente” [1939;43:360–80]). marksdiagnostik, which went through innumerable
The same issue also contains a paper by R. Levi- editions and is sometimes described as the succes-
Montalcini, discoverer in 1952 of the nerve growth sor to Oppenheim’s classic neurology textbook.
factor (NGF) for which she received the 1986 Bing was editor of Swiss Archives until 1951 and
Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology [45–49]. remained a member of the editorial board until
At the time she was already engaged in cancer his death in 1956.

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 Mieczyslaw Minkowski (fig. 4) was born in In 1954 Minkowski celebrated his 70th birth-
Warsaw in 1884. He came from a highly gifted day, and among many other tributes mention
family whose members included the mathemati- should be made here of the paper by 29-year-old
cian H. Minkowski (1864–1909), Albert Einstein’s M. Mumenthaler “Über die Brachialgia para-
teacher, and O. Minkowski (1858–1931), discoverer esthetica nocturna. Herrn Prof. Dr. M. Minkowski
of the connection between diabetes mellitus and zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet” [1954;74:362–81].
pancreatic function [53–55]. Minkowski obtained It was Mumenthaler’s first publication in Swiss
his doctorate with A. Strümpell (1853–1925) and Archives.
completed his training with I. P. Pawlow (1849–
1936) in St Petersburg, A. Alzheimer (1864–1915)
in Munich as well as M. Rothmann (1868–1915) and The 1st International Neurological Congress,
T. Ziehen (1862–1950) in Berlin. He did post- Berne 1931
doctoral work under C. von Monakow in 1913 and
in 1928 succeeded him as Director of the Neurolog- An event of major importance was the 1st Inter-
ical Outpatient Clinic. Like R. Bing, Minkowski national Neurological Congress (INC) in Berne
was a founding editor of Swiss Archives, to whose from 31st August to 4th September 1931; it was
high standing he decisively contributed for over to have been held there as far back as 1914, but
half a century (1930–1960 as editor) and, in par- owing to the war it had not taken place. It was
ticular, promoted the lively scientific exchanges attended by 700–800 neurologists from 42 coun-
between Swiss and foreign neurologists. His last tries. How intensive the preparations were can be
contribution dates from 1969 [103:93–106]. learned from Vol. 25 of Swiss Archives [1930;25:
In 1920 his important study “Über den Verlauf, 316–26]. B. Sachs of the USA was elected president
die Endigung und die zentrale Repräsentation von of the INC; the vice-presidents included, alongside
gekreuzten und ungekreuzten Sehnervenfasern bei G. Guillain of France and Sir Charles Sherrington
einigen Säugetieren und beim Menschen” was pu- of Britain, R. Bing. The 1st INC was a great success
blished in Swiss Archives [1920;6:201–52/1920;7: and as a gift from the SNS every participant re-
268–303]. Minkowski had already produced a post- ceived a special number of the Swiss Archives of
doctoral thesis on the optical system, in which he Neurology and Psychiatry [1931; volume 27, issue
investigated the effects of enucleation of an eye 2]. The last evening of the congress included, on
on the ensuing visual centres and took a particular the initiative of M. Minkowski, a discussion of the
interest in the “Endverteilung der aus beiden then burning topic “Die Beziehungen der Neuro-
Augen stammenden, d.h. gekreuzten und unge- logie zur allgemeinen Medizin und zur Psychiatrie
kreuzten Sehnervenfasern im corpus geniculatum an der Universität und Spitälern der verschiedenen
externum”. The discovery that the projections of Länder” [see 1933;30:159–77]. Minkowski himself
the homonymous retinal halves in the layers of recalled that in Switzerland as early as the years
the corpus geniculatum externum (laterale) end 1907–1910 “die Verselbständigung der Neurologie
alternately was of historical importance for the von verschiedenen Seiten mit ernster Argumentation
understanding of binocular vision [56]. gefordert wurde”. Nevertheless, in 1931 he was
Equally remarkable were his investigations into obliged to note that Switzerland was one of a
the “Bewegungen und Reflexe des menschlichen minority of countries in which neurology still
Fötus während der ersten Hälfte seiner Entwick- had “keine selbständige, offizielle Vertretung im
lung” [1924;15(1):239–59/1925;16(1):133–52 and medizinischen Fachstudienplan” (just as in Bel-
1925;16(2):266–84]. gium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Great Britain,
At the 85th meeting of the Swiss Society for Hungary and Spain). He considered “obligato-
Psychiatry in Berne in 1934 he vehemently criti- rischen neurologischen Unterricht” in universities
cised a law passed in Germany in 1933 which de- of particular importance, since he noted that in
clared persons with hereditary mental illness to be many countries this led to the creation of inde-
“a threat to society”, and called for schizophrenics pendent neurological clinics (Bulgaria, Czecho-
to be compulsorily sterilised (M. Minkowski: slovakia, Estonia, France, Netherlands, Norway,
“Diskussionsvotum zum Referat von E. Rüdin” Poland, Portugal, Romania, Soviet Union, USA).
[1935;35:368–71]). In the middle of the Second In Switzerland at that time there were only two
World War Minkowski, a Jew, was elected president neurological outpatient clinics (Basel and Zurich).
of SNS, which he regarded as an honour and an At the INC in Berne the German O. Foerster
“eindrucksvollen Beweis von Unerschrockenheit, (1873–1941) advocated this idea with particular
Unabhängigkeit des Geistes und echter demokra- energy and proposed a resolution which was un-
tischer Gesinnung” [1958;82:94]. animously adopted.

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 International role In a very long 1944 article he described the so-
called “Acromegalo-epileptisches Syndrom”, also
As early as 1917 P. Dubois, marked by the expe- called, after him, “de Morsier’s syndrome I” (dien-
rience of the First World War, voiced his convic- cephalic pathology, associated with behavioural
tion that Swiss Archives not only had a national anomalies, disorders of sensitivity and premature
role to play but should also provide a free, neutral sexual development) (“Pathologie du diencéphale.
platform for colleagues from the belligerent for- Les syndromes psychologiques et syndromes sen-
eign countries. In the dark years before the Second sorio-moteurs” [1944;54:161–226]).
World War Swiss Archives did indeed play a sig- 1959 saw not only a change of editor but –
nificant role on the international plane. A glance temporarily – of Swiss Archives’ name. Under
at the Swiss Archives volumes of the final years H. Krayenbühl (1902–1985), editor-in-chief of the
before the Second World War shows a marked neurology section from 1959 to 1971, the journal
increase in foreign contributions, particularly was expanded to Swiss Archives of Neurology,
from Eastern Europe. During the war the foreign Neurosurgery and Psychiatry (in 1986 neuro-
voices fell silent, and the papers now came almost surgery was dropped from the title again). In 1937
exclusively from Swiss pens. It is remarkable, Krayenbühl had founded the first Swiss neuro-
however, that Swiss Archives continued to be surgical clinic in Zurich. Before that he had under-
published throughout the war and has lasted until gone further education in London under Hugh
the present. Cairns (1896–1952), a former pupil of Cushing
[40, 59]. In 1941 he published a postdoctoral thesis,
his standard work “Das Hirnaneurysma”, which
The period after the Second World War appeared in Swiss Archives [1941;47:155–236].
to the present Apart from vascular neurosurgery, his interests
also included neurosurgery of epilepsy and thus in-
Contributions from other countries were also fluenced his student and successor M. G. Yaşargil,
published regularly after World War II. Examples who later introduced the method of selective amyg-
worthy of mention are the numerous papers by dalohippocampectomy [60].To mark Krayenbühl’s
the well-known Czech sleep researcher B. Roth. 70th birthday a festschrift was published in Swiss
From 1949 Roth contributed decisively through Archives to which leading neurosurgeons from all
many articles to more precise clinical definition over the world contributed and thus underscored
and diagnostic differentiation of illnesses such as the esteem in which Krayenbühl was held inter-
narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia, describing nationally. At least some of the 25 papers may
inter alia “Hypersomnie mit Schlaftrunkenheit” be cited here: W. Penfield (Montreal): “All Hail to
(1972) [57, 58]. In 1959 Swiss Archives published his a Master Neurosurgeon” [1972;111:221–2]; P. Bucy
article “Beiträge zum Studium der Narkolepsie. and T. Stilp (Chicago): “Metastatic Choriocarci-
Analyse eines persönlichen Beobachtungsgutes noma of the Brain” [111:237–42]; R. Hess: “Das
von 155 Kranken” [1959;84:180–210], summarising Elektroenzephalogramm nach Entlastungsopera-
a book-length study published by the author in the tionen bei erhöhtem intrakraniellem Druck” [111:
then CSSR two years earlier. The book’s German 285–97]; T. Rasmussen, G. Mathiesen, F. Le Blanc
translation appeared belatedly in 1962, i.e. three (Montreal): “Surgical Therapy of a Typical and a
years after the publication in Swiss Archives. At Forme Fruste Variety of the Sturge-Weber Syn-
that time it was probably the biggest mono- drome” [111:393–409]; E. Tolosa (Barcelona):
graph on this theme, also containing interesting “Hematomas of the Brain Stem. Case Report”
research results from the Communist bloc other- [111:447–52]; M. G. Yaşargil: “Die klinischen Er-
wise scarcely accessible to the Western reader. fahrungen mit der Mikrotechnik” [111:493–504]. It
Further publications with classic status are “Here- should also be mentioned here that the beginnings
dofamilial aspects of narcolepsy and hypersomnia” of neuropsychiatry in Zurich can also be traced
(with S. Nevsimalová-Bruhová) [1972;110:45–54] back to H. Krayenbühl.
and “Narcolepsy and Hypersomnia: Review and From 1971 to 1988 G. Baumgartner (1924–1991)
Classification of 642 Personally Observed Cases” occupied the editor’s chair, though without himself
[1976;119:31–41]. having published in Swiss Archives. Baumgartner –
From 1952 the Geneva neurologist G. de director of Zurich’s Neurological Clinic and Out-
Morsier (1894–1982) succeeded R. Bing as editor patient Clinic from 1967 to 1991 – was already
in conjunction with M. Minkowski. From 1934 famed as a young doctor for his electrophysiolog-
to 1964 de Morsier was director of Geneva Uni- ical work on the visual system; the discovery (in
versity Neurological Clinic [9, 15]. conjunction with R. Jung) of cortical cells which

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Table 1 Editors-in-chief of the Swiss Archives of Neurology and Psychiatr y.
year editor(s)-in-chief year editor(s)-in-chief
(neurology section) (psychiatry section)
1917–1930 C. von Monakow 1917–1930 C. von Monakow
1930–1951 R. Bing 1930–1945 H. W. Maier
M. Minkowski H. Steck
1951–1959 M. Minkowski 1945–1964 J. E. Staehelin
G. de Morsier H. Steck
1959–1971 H. Krayenbühl 1964–1987 P. Kielholz
Chr. Müller
1971–1988 G. Baumgar tner 1987–1991 W. Pöldinger
Chr. Müller
1988–1995 H. P. Ludin 1991–1994 W. Pöldinger
H. Dufour
1995–1998 A. J. Steck 1994–1998 D. Hell
F. Regli
1998–2006 A. J. Steck 1998–2007 D. Hell
J. Bogousslavsky F. Ferrero
since 2006 A. J. Steck since 2008 J. Küchenhoff
C. L. Bassetti F. Ferrero

react to stimuli from both eyes was a revolutionary 7 Haymaker W. The founders of Neurology.
finding in the neurobiology of binocular vision [61, Springfield, Illinois: C. C. Thomas; 1953.
62]. 8 Minkowski M. Constantin von Monakows Beiträge und
He was succeeded as editor in 1988 by H. P. Impulse zur Entwicklung der neurologischen Grund-
probleme des Aufbaus der ner vösen Funktionen.
Ludin (until 1995). Since 1995 A. J. Steck (Basel) Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatr 1954;74:27–59.
is editor-in-chief for the neurology section, initially
9 Mumenthaler M. Medizingeschichtliches zur Entwicklung
in conjunction with F. Regli (1995–1998), then with der Neurologie in der Schweiz.
J. Bogousslavsky (1998–2006) and since 2006 with Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatr 1987;138:15–30.
C. L. Bassetti (Zurich). 10 Minkowski M. 50 Jahre Schweizerische Neurologische
The journal’s publishers have also changed Gesellschaft.
Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatr 1958;82:3–181.
several times in its history. Until 1992 Swiss
11 Von Monakow C. Der rote Kern, die Haube und die Regio
Archives remained with the Zurich publisher Orell
hypothalamica bei einigen Säugetieren und beim
Füssli, before transferring to Zürichsee-Verlag Menschen. Arbeiten aus dem Hirnanatomischen Institut
for 2 years and then J. Bäbler publishing house in in Zürich 1909;3:49–267 und 1910;4:103–226.
Berne from 1994 to 1997. Since June 1997 Swiss 12 Bonduelle M, Lhermitte F, Gautier JC. La revue neuro-
Archives has been published by Schwabe Verlag in logique, 1893–1993.
Rev Neurol (Paris) 1993;149:91–112.
Basel.
13 Meier R. Auguste Forel (1848–1931), Arzt, Natur forscher
Sozialreformer. Eine Ausstellung der Universität Zürich,
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 Annexe

Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1920;6(2): Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1923;13:
276–94. 61–76.

Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1923;12(1): Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1923;13:
105–35. 187–93.

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 Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1923;13: Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1923;13:
313–24. 568–74.

Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1923;13: Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1927;21(1):
428–39. 43–72.

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 Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1941;47: Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1944;53(2):
155–236. 169–86.

Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1943;50(1): Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1952;68(2):
88–92. 342–70.

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 Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1952;69: Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1960;86:
213–35. 34–48.

Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1959;84: Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1975;116(1):
180–210. 7–16.

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