National Suicide Malaysia 2007
National Suicide Malaysia 2007
National Suicide Malaysia 2007
Forensic Medicine Services
Psychiatry and Mental Health Services
Ministry of Health Malaysia
PRELIMINARY REPORT:
National JULY‐DECEMBER
Suicide
Registry
Malaysia
2007
A JOINT
Edited by:
Nor Hayati Ali, Abdul Aziz Abdullah PROJECT BY
With contributions from:
DEPARTMENTS
Dr. Mohamad Shah Mahmood, Prof. T. Maniam, Dato’ Dr. OF FORENSIC
Bhupinder Singh, Dato’ Dr. Suarn Singh, Dr. Jamaiyah Haniff, Dr.
Nurliza Abdullah, Dr. Muhamad Muhsin Ahmad Zahari, Dr. Tuti
MEDICINE AND
Iryani Mohd. Daud, Dr. Norharlina Bahar, Dr. Uma Visvalingam, , PSYCHIATRY &
Lee Boon Hock
MENTAL
HEALTH
ii
NSRM_Jul‐Dec 07 Prelim report
iii
October 2008
©National Suicide Registry Malaysia
Published by:
Suicide Registry Unit
c/o Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health
Hospital Kuala Lumpur
50586 Kuala Lumpur
Email: registry@nsrm.gov.my
Website: www.nsrm.gov.my
This report is copyrighted. It may be freely reproduced without the permission of the National
Suicide Registry Malaysia (NSRM). Acknowledgement would be appreciated.
ATTENTION
These data is only for a six‐month period, not a full calendar year,
and therefore should be used advisedly.
The data represent absolute numbers and not rates and hence
caution is advised before drawing conclusions from them.
In case of doubts, readers are advised to seek clarification from
the Editors of this report. Written permission (addresses as
above) should be obtained before quoting these data in any
publication or presentation.
Suggested citation is: Hayati AN, Abdullah AA (Eds). National Suicide Registry Malaysia:
Preliminary Report July –Dec 2007. Kuala Lumpur 2008.
NSRM_Jul‐Dec 07 Prelim report
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The National Suicide Registry Malaysia would like to thank the following:
Forensic Physicians and staff members of the forensic departments and units of the respective
hospitals for their contribution and continued participation
Psychiatrists and staff members of the Psychiatric and Mental Health Departments for their
participation
Staffs of the Clinical Research Centre, in particular Dr. Jamaiyah Hanif and Mr. Wilson Low for
the technical input in organising this registry and Ms. Nurini for the statistical analysis
The Institute of Health Behaviour Research, in particular its Director Ms. Siti Sa’adiah Hassan
Nudin and her assistant Ms. Kalai Vaaniy Balakrishnan
And all who have in one way or another supported and/ or contributed to the success of the
NSRM and this report
Dato’ Hj. Dr. Abdul Aziz Abdullah / Dr. Mohamad Shah Mahmood
Chairman / Vice‐Chairman
National Suicide Registry Malaysia
NSRM_Jul‐Dec 07 Prelim report
v
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
CHAIRMAN (20 May 2008 onwards) Dr. Mohd Shah Mahmood
CHAIRMAN (until 20 May 2008) Dato’ Dr. Haji Abdul Aziz bin Abdullah HKL
EDITORIAL BOARD
Dr. Nor Hayati Bt Ali HKj
Dr. Mohamad Shah Mahmood IFPN
Pn. Siti Sa’adiah Hassan Nudin IHBR
Dr. Norharlina bt Bahar HKL
Dato’ Dr. Bhupinder Singh Penang
Dato’ Dr. Suarn Singh Perak
Prof. Dr. Maniam Thambu HUKM
Dr. Zahari bin Noor Kuantan
Dr. Jamaiyah bt. Haniff CRC
Dr. Nurliza Abdullah IFPN
Dr. Salina Abdul Aziz HKL
Dr. Muhamad Muhsin Ahmad Zahari UMMC
Dr. Uma Viswalingam HPj
Dr. Tuti Iryani Mohd. Daud HUKM
Mr. Lee Boon Hock HKL
SITE PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS
Dr. Mohd Suhani Mohd Noor Perlis, Kedah
Dato’ Dr. Bhupinder Singh Penang
Dr. Shafie Othman Perak
Dr. Nurliza Abdullah W. Persekutuan
Dr. Khairul Azman Ibrahim Selangor
Dr. Sharifah Safoorah Al Aidrus N. Sembilan
Dr. Mohamad Azaini Ibrahim Melaka
Dr. Mohd Aznool Haidy Ahsorori Johore
Dr. Zahari bin Noor Kuantan, Terengganu
Dr. Wan Mohd Zamri Wan Nawawi Kelantan
Dr. Nurliza Ibrahim Sarawak
Dr. Jessie Hiu Sabah
NSRM_Jul‐Dec 07 Prelim report
vi
SITE RESEARCH COORDINATORS
SECRETARIAT
NSRM_Jul‐Dec 07 Prelim report
vii
NSRM TECHNICAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS
CHAIRMAN (Jan 2007- 20 May 2008) Dato’ Dr. Haji Abdul Aziz bin Abdullah
NSRM_Jul‐Dec 07 Prelim report
viii
LIST OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................ IV
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ........................................................................................................................ V
LIST OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................. VIII
INTRODUCTION: .................................................................................................................................... 1
ABOUT THE NSRM ....................................................................................................................................... 1
Objective: ............................................................................................................................................ 1
Inclusion criteria: Defining Suicide ....................................................................................................... 1
Instrument: .......................................................................................................................................... 2
Data Flow Process: .............................................................................................................................. 2
Progress ............................................................................................................................................... 3
1. DISTRIBUTION OF CASES ACCORDING TO STATES ................................................................................ 4
2. DEMOGRAPHICS ............................................................................................................................ 5
2.1 GENDER DISTRIBUTION ..................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 AGE DISTRIBUTION ........................................................................................................................... 5
2.3 ETHNIC GROUP OF MALAYSIAN CITIZENS ............................................................................................... 6
2.4 CITIZENSHIP .................................................................................................................................... 6
2.5 MARITAL STATUS ............................................................................................................................. 7
2.6 EDUCATION LEVEL ............................................................................................................................ 7
2.7 EMPLOYMENT STATUS (N=86) ............................................................................................................ 8
2.7.1 Specific Employment ............................................................................................................... 8
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SUICIDAL ACT ........................................................................................ 9
3.1 PRESENTATION TO THE HOSPITAL ........................................................................................................ 9
3.2 PLACE OF SUICIDE ACT ....................................................................................................................... 9
3.4 CHOICE OF METHODS ...................................................................................................................... 10
3.4.1 Method vs. Ethnicity ............................................................................................................. 11
3.5 EXPRESSION OF INTENT – SPECIFY MODE ............................................................................................. 11
4. RISK FACTORS FOR SUICIDE .......................................................................................................... 12
4.1 HISTORY OF PREVIOUS SUICIDE ATTEMPTS .......................................................................................... 12
4.2 HISTORY OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE ......................................................................................................... 13
4.2.1 Types of Substances Used: .................................................................................................... 13
4.3 PHYSICAL ILLNESS – HISTORY AND TYPE OF ILLNESS ................................................................................. 14
4.4 MENTAL ILLNESS ........................................................................................................................... 14
4.4.1 History of Mental Illness ....................................................................................................... 14
4.5 LIFE EVENTS PRIOR TO SUICIDE.......................................................................................................... 15
DISCUSSION AND LIMITATIONS .............................................................................................................. 16
CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................................... 17
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 18
NSRM_Jul‐Dec 07 Prelim report
INTRODUCTION:
About the NSRM
Until recently, Malaysia does not have official suicide rates. The National Statistics
Department quoted figures as low as 1 per 100,000 suicides per year(Department of Statistics
Malaysia 2003); while cross sectional research in different parts of the country suggested higher
figures (Maniam 1988; Hayati, Salina et al. 2004). It is postulated that among the difficulties that
had caused these discrepancies are: the degree of subjectivity in identifying a death of suicide,
lack of structured data describing the ‘manner of death’ for cases of traumatic or non‐natural
deaths, and inconsistencies in the way terms are defined and data collected and coded.
In response to this, the National Suicide Registry Malaysia was officiated in 2007 to compile
the census of suicidal deaths that occur in Malaysia via its network of forensic services. It is
sponsored by the Psychiatric and Mental Health Services and the Forensic Medicine Services of
the Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH); while the Clinical Research Centre (CRC) provides the
technical expertise. In 2008, the Institute of Health Behaviour Research has come on board to
create a platform for further research to be carried out in this area. The NSRM is managed by a
Joint Technical Committee comprising of the four agencies. Meanwhile, an Advisory Committee
provides governance to ensure that the NSRM stay focused on its objectives and to assure its
continuing relevance and justification.
Objective:
The National Suicide Registry Malaysia (NSRM) aims to create a nationwide system to
capture data on completed suicide in Malaysia i.e. the rates, methods, geographic and temporal
trends and the population at high risk of suicide. Data from this project will provide more
detailed statistics on suicide in Malaysia. This is important for health prioritizing and identifying
of areas which health providers should focus on.
Inclusion criteria: Defining Suicide
In defining suicide, the World Report on Violence and Health quoted a well‐known definition
by Encyclopaedia Britannica (1973) and quoted by Shneidman, i.e.: ‘‘the human act of self‐
inflicting one’s own life cessation” (World Health Organization 2002). It is obvious that in any
definition of suicide, the intention to die is a key element. However, unless the deceased have
made clear statements before their death about their intentions or left a suicide note, it is
extremely difficult to reconstruct the thoughts of people who committed suicide. To complicate
matters, not all those who survive a suicidal act intended to live, nor are all suicidal deaths
planned. It can be problematic to make a correlation between intent and outcome. In many
legal systems, a death is certified as suicide if the circumstances are consistent with suicide and
if murder, accidental death and natural causes can all be ruled out. Thus, there has been a lot of
disagreement about the most suitable terminology to describe suicidal behaviour.
The World Report on Violence and Health had commended the proposal to use the
outcome‐based term ‘‘fatal suicidal behaviour’’ for suicidal acts that result in death – and
2
similarly ‘‘non‐fatal suicidal behaviour1’’ for suicidal actions that do not result in death (6). The
NSRM had adapted this stance and are registering cases which are classified as fatal intentional
self‐harm. These codes are covered in Chapter XX of ICD‐102 i.e. External Causes of Mortality
and Morbidity (X60‐X84) (World Health Organization 2007). The diagnosis will be based on a
post‐mortem examination of the dead body and other supporting evidence that shows a
preponderance of evidence indicating the intention to die.
Instrument:
Data is collected via a structured Case Report Forms (CRF). The technical committee had
reviewed the literature and collected the views of prospective participants before determining
the final design of the CRF. The committee had also prepared an instruction manual (hard and
soft copies) alongside the CRF to ensure systematic and efficient data collection. With due
regard to the sensitive nature of data acquisition (Reiget 2001), a specific chapter had been
dedicated to the techniques of interviewing the grieving family members. Regional and
national‐level training has also been carried out to enhance the competence and capability of
officers involved in this project, as listed below:
Data Flow Process:
The registry will be coordinated at the central data management unit i.e. the Suicide Registry
Unit (SRU). At the state level, there is a separate data collection effort coordinated by the State
Forensic Pathologists’ office. The officer in charge for each state is known as the “State
Coordinator”. The State Coordinator will identify staffs from the forensic unit of other hospitals
in their state to handle data collection at the district level. All hospitals that carry out data
collection will be categorized as a Source Data Producer (SDP).
1
Such actions are also often called ‘‘attempted suicide’’ (in the United States of America), ‘‘parasuicide’’
and ‘‘deliberate self‐harm’’ (terms which are common in Europe)
2
The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems version 10
NSRM_Jul‐Dec 07 Prelim report
3
The SDPs shall develop an alert system to identify cases. Data was collected via interviews
with the family members, significant others or police; and review of medical records or other
official documents. The relevant variables were recorded in the paper‐based CRF.
The Registry Manager based in the SRU will track data returns and prompt State
Coordinators to submit data whenever they fall behind schedule in reporting data. Data
protection procedure had been put in place, following standard disease registration practice,
and in compliance with applicable regulatory guidelines.
Progress
Data collection had begun manually in July 2007. There had been some problems due to
loss of forms in the mail and delay resulting from late verification of cases. In view of that, an
online registration system had been developed beginning October 2007. Data collection in 2007
is also limited to hospitals under the purview of the Ministry of Health. However, in 2008,
efforts have been made to invite forensic departments in university hospitals to participate in
this registry.
Data will be reported in collapsed figures or trends, and will not give details of the individual.
Real‐time brief reports will be available for the state forensic physicians via the NSRM’s official
website www.nsrm.gov.my, while more detailed queries will have to go through the advisory
committee. Meanwhile, annual reports will be produced to give a clearer picture of national
trends.
NSRM_Jul‐Dec 07 Prelim report
4
1. Distribution of Cases According to States
The population of Malaysia in 2007 is estimated to be 27.17 million. Selangor has the
highest population, i.e. 4.96 million (18.3%) followed by Johore 3.24 million (11.9%) and Sabah
3.06 million (11.3%). States with less than one million population are Negri Sembilan (0.98
million), Malacca (0.74 million), Perlis (0.23 million) and Federal Territory Labuan (0.09 million).
The prevalence of suicide is reported as “suicide rates per year” of a given population. The
suicide rate per year is the number of residents’ suicidal deaths recorded during the calendar
year divided by the resident population (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2003), as
reported in the official Malaysian National Statistics Department census figures, and multiplied
by 100,000 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2003). As mentioned earlier, data
collection in 2007 can only be started in July – thus data was available for 6 months only and
could not be used to generate suicide rates.
Notwithstanding that, the number of cases registered during this period was 113 ‐ which
may seem rather low. This may be due to the fact that events with indeterminate intent were
not captured in this registry (adhering to the inclusion criteria which required evidence showing
a preponderance of evidence for ‘intention to die’).
Distribution of Cases According to State
25 22
21
19
no of suicide cases
20
16
15 13
11
10
5 5
5
1
0
Penang Perak Selangor WPKL Johor Pahang T'ganu Sabah Sarawak
Figure 1: Distribution of suicide cases according to states
Figure 1 shows the distribution of cases according to states. Data is not available for five
states i.e. Perlis, Kedah, Negri Sembilan, Malacca and Kelantan. It needs to be emphasised here
that the NSRM was officiated in early 2007, and this data collection is a very early attempt. Most
of the problems in data collection were related to manpower, for example:
• There were no designated paramedical staffs to handle the Forensics Unit in the district
hospitals; they were usually ‘borrowed’ from the Emergency Department.
• Non‐availability of Forensic Physicians in certain states to coordinate the SDPs – which is the
case in all five states which did not submit any data. Apart from providing leadership, the
forensic physicians also need to verify the forms manually before they were returned to SRU
• Rapid staff turnover ‐ some of those already trained had been promoted and transferred
elsewhere
NSRM_Jul‐Dec 07 Prelim report
5
2. DEMO
OGRAPH
HICS
2.1 Gender Distributiion
G
Gender d
distributtion
Fem
male;
27%;(n=31)
Maale; 73%;(n=82
2)
Figure 2: Gender Distrribution of suicid
de cases (n=113)
The gender distribution as showwn in Figure 2 2 shows a preeponderance of males, with a male to
femalle ratio of app
proximately 3
3:1. This is co
onsistent with
h internationaal literature.
2.2 Age disttribution
Figure 3: Age distributtion of suicide caases
Th
he age distrib
bution is as sh
hown in figuree 3. Data is o
obtained for 1
111 cases, witth the mean o
of
38.24
4 years; mediaan of 35 years; and the mo ode of 30 yeaars (multiple mmodes exist). The youngeest
case w
was 12 years of age and th he oldest wass 93 years.
6
2.3 E
Ethnic grou
up of Mala
aysian citizzens
Others; 9%;(n=
O 10) EEthnicityy
Malaay; 11%;(n=12))
Indigen
nous groups
from Eaast Malaysia;
8%
%;(n=9)
Indian ; 29%;(n=31)
Chiinese; 43%;( n==47)
Figure 4: Distribution of eth
hnicity among suicide victims
The m
mid‐year popuulation for 20007 showed tthat Malays aand other Bu umiputera gro oups made
up 66.4% of the popuulation, Chineese 24.9%, Indians 7.5% and others 1.3
3%. All statess generally
showed the
t same tre
end, i.e. bum
miputera being the biggeest group exxcept for Penang with
bumiputeera and Chinese almost at par i.e. 44.2 p per cent and 44.8 respectively.
In con
ntrast, the figgures collecte
ed by NSRM reported 11% for Malayss, 43% for Chhinese and
27% for Indians. Thiss indicated an over‐repreesentation of the Indians,, which had been seen
repeatedlly in earlier sttudies.
2.4 C
Citizenship
p
Most of the suicide victims were Malaysian ns (87%, n=95 5), while foreigners contributed 13%
(n=14) off suicides in Malaysia. Among thesee, the highe
est percentagge was contrributed by
Indonesiaans (43%, n=6 6) followed byy the Nepalesse (22%, n=3) as shown in Figure 5.
Singaporrean; 7%; Chinesse; 7%;(n=1)
(n=
= 1) Indian; 7
7%; (n=1)
Filipiino; 7%;( n=1)
Nepalesse; 22%;
(n=3)
Indonesian; 43%;
Myan
nmarese; 7%; (n==6)
(n=1)
Figure 5: Co
ountry of origin for non‐Malaysian suicides
In gen
neral, the socciodemograp phic profile off suicide victiims was similar to previous studies.
Accordingg to World Health
H Organiization, the ssuicide rates worldwide fo or the year 2007
2 were
consistently higher am
mong males compared
c to females(World Health Orrganization 2008).
2 The
age groupp was also consistent
c wiith pervious studies, wheere the pred dominant age e group to
commit suicide were aamong the yo oung(McClure 2000). Thee ethnic distrribution weree similar to
ngs form othe
the findin er local studies(Nadesan 1999; Hayatii, Salina et al. 2004; Teo, Teh et al.
2008) whhere Indians wwere consisteently reported to have thee highest suicide rate.
7
2.5 Marital status
Widoowed;
1%;(n
n=1.2)
Married
d;
Single; 47%
%; (n=47) 51%;(n=5
50)
Co‐habiting;
n=1)
1%;(n
Figure 4: Distribution o
of marital status of suicide victims
Co ontrary to international liiterature, wh
here suicide iss usually com
mmitted by people who are
singlee (World Health Organizattion 2002), th he data showed that a significant number of marrieed
persoons also comm mitted suicidee (51%, n=50)).
Table 1
1: Gender comp
parison in association with marital status
Maarried S
Single W
Widowed C
Cohabiting Missing Total
Data (gender)
Male 41 (50%) 31 (37.8%) 5
5 (6.1%) 0 5 (6.1%) 82
Female 9 ((29%) 16
6 (51%) 4
4 (12.9%) 1 (3.2%) 1(3.2%) 31
Total 50 47 9 1 6 113
W
When analyse d gender‐wisse, an interesting differencce emerges b between the sexes. Marrieed
maless contributed d 50% (n=41) of suicidal deaths while
w singles contributed d 38% (n=31 1).
Mean nwhile for fem males, a mucch higher pro
oportion were e singles (51..6%, n=16) ass compared to
t
thosee who are married (29%, n=9), as shown in Table 2. However, th his association n is statisticallly
not significant (p>>than 0.05). This trend n
needs to be observed on a longer terrm before an ny
concluusions can be made about the association betwe een gender and marital status amonggst
thosee who committted suicide in n Malaysia.
2.6 Education level
Education Le
evel
Non
ne; 8%; (n=9)
Tertiary; 3%;(n
n=3)
Primary;
12%;(n=14)
Secondaryy;
34%;(n=38
8)
Figure 5: Education levvel of suicide vicctims
Thhe educationn level was not known for 43% (n=49) of cases. For
F those wh hose educatio on
level was known, the majorityy had studiedd until secon
ndary level. TThis is in‐keeeping with th
he
nationnal trends, where the averrage years of schooling is aabout 6.8 yeaars or lower ssecondary levvel
(UNESSCO 2008).
8
2.7 E
Employment status ((n=86)
Employm
E ment Staatus
Housewife; 3%
%;
2%;(n=2)
Disabled; 2
(n=3)
Unemployyed; 27%;
(n=223)
Retired; 2%;(n
n=2) Fulltime; 57%;;
(n=49)
Temporary;; 5%;
(n=4)
Part tim
me; 4%;(n=3)
Figure 6: Em
mployment statu
us of suicide victims
The mmajority of suicide victims (57%) were ffulltime‐emplloyed, while 2
27% were unemployed.
The remainder were eeither part‐tim me (4%) or teemporarily‐ (5
5%) employeed, 2% were rretired, 2%
were receeiving disabilitty pension while 3% were housewives.
2.7.1 Sp pecific Employment
ntified in 46 cases. The most common employm
Speciffic employmeent was iden ments were
students ((n=9; 20%), 3
3 businessmen n (n=3, 7%), d drivers (n=3, 7%), labourerr (n=3, 7%) an
nd security
guard (n=4, 9%). The o
other employyments are ass listed below w.
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Figure 7: Sp
pecific employment of suicide victims
Of thee 9 students, 6 were femaales and 3 weere males. Only 1 was Maalay, aged 22, while the
others weere 5 Indians, 2 Iban and 1
1 Murut aged 12 to 17 yeaars. School prroblems weree cited in 2
cases, intiimate partner problems in
n another 2 w
while no life evvent was iden
ntified in 5 caases.
9
3. Chara
acteristiics of th
he Suiciidal Actt
3.1 Presenttation to th
he Hospita
al
Died aat Ward; 11%;
(n=13)
Died at ER
R; 1%; (n=
1)
1
BID; 88%; (n=9
B 9)
Frrom 113 case
es of suicide, 88% of the ccases were “BBrought in Deead” (BID) byy the police fo or
post‐m
mortem exam mination, 11
1% of cases died in the ward and 1%
1 died in the emergenccy
deparrtment. Thosee who died in the ward aand emergency department indicate th hat the persoon
who committed suicide did not die im mmediately but went through
t the resuscitatio
on
stage//process. Mo
ost of the casees which weree admitted too the ward haad used poiso oning method ds.
They do not die im
mmediately an nd were sent to the hospittal by their neext of kin.
3.2 Place off suicide acct
Table 2
2: Place where tthe deceased carried out the su
uicidal act
Place o
of Suicide Act Frequency Perrcent
Own Home (Including Girlfriend’s Hom
me [1], Neighbou
ur [1]) 773 64
4.6
Residential Institution 110 8
8.8
Farm / Plantation 5 4
4.4
Commeercial Buildings// Trade Service A
Areas 5 4
4.4
Industrrial Area 3 2
2.7
Street // Highway 2 1
1.8
School 2 1
1.8
Police C
Custody 1 .9
Graveyyard 1 .9
Unspeccified Place 3 2
2.7
Missin
ng Data 8 7
7.1
Total 113 10
00.0
A large majority of patients (64.6%, n==73) chose to t commit su uicide at hom me settings, as
a
shown in Table 3. Residential institution iss the next co
ommonest plaace with a to otal of 8.8% of
o
cases. Another 4.4 4% of suicidal acts took place at farm or plantattion areas an nd commerciial
buildings or trade service areaas. Other loccations were industrial arrea, school, police
p custoddy,
graveyard and stre eet/highway.. The most llikely reason why people tend to com mmit suicide at
their own homes is probably du ue to the easse of access and ensuring p privacy. It would be show wn
in thee next section
n that the co
ommonest liffe event preccipitating suiccide is an ‘inttimate partneer
proble em’ – makingg the
10
3.4 Choice of methods
0 10 20 30 40 50
X61 Antiepileptics, sedative hypnotics, … 01
X67 Gases & other vapours 5
0
X68 Pesticides 11
7
X69 Unspecified chemicals & other … 0 2
X70 Hanging, strangulation, suffocation 47 Male
11
X71 Drowning 1 Female
2
X73 Rifle, shotgun other larger firearm 2
0
X76 Smoke, fire, flames 3
2
X78 Sharp objects 1
0
X80 Jumping from high place 10
6
X81 Jump/ lying before moving object 2
0
Figure 8: Gender comparison for choice of methods of suicide (N=113; males 82; females 31)
Methods of suicides for this study are according to the ICD‐10 classification. This study
showed that the most favoured suicide methods amongst Malaysian are hanging, strangulation
and suffocation (X70). Both male and female favoured this method for suicide. As shown in a
study by J.P Henderson et al(Henderson, Mellin et al. 2005), the majority of suicides were by
hanging. Technically, it may also be the easiest method to be diagnosed. The second most
widely chosen method is exposure to pesticide (X68), followed by jumping from height (X80)
which contributed 14.16% of the suicide cases.
It is interesting to note that the female victims in this group of patients had chosen as lethal
methods as the males. The accessibility of the method may have contributed to the preference.
However, this trend should be observed in the coming years.
The other suicides method found in the study were exposure to gases and other vapours
(X67), smoke, fire, flames (X76), drowning (X71), exposure to unspecified chemicals & other
noxious substance (X69), jumping or lying before a moving object (X81), sharp objects (X78),
rifle, shotgun or other larger firearm (X73) and exposure to antiepileptics, sedative, hypnotics,
psychotropics (X61).
NSRM_Jul‐Dec 07 Prelim report
11
3.4.1 Method vs. Ethnicity
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
X61 Antiepileptics etc 0
1
X67 Gases 1
4
X68 Pesticides 3
9 Malay
X69 Unspecified chemicals 0
1 Chinese
X70 Hanging, strangulation 17
25
Indians
X71 Drowning 0
3
X76 Fire, flames 0
2
X80 Jump fr height 1
9
X81 Moving objects 0
1
Figure 9: Ethnic comparison for methods of suicide
From table 3.4.1, the commonest method of suicide for all the major ethnic groups were
Chinese, Indians and Malays was hanging. This is probably due to the accessibility and efficiency
of this method. The second most common method chosen by the Chinese and Malays was
jumping from height, while Indians tend to use pesticide poisoning.
3.5 Expression of intent – specify mode
Among the 113 victims, only 20 (17.7%) had expressed the intent for suicide. The
informants for 72 cases (63.7%) said that there was no indication of intent at all, while the
remaining 19% were reported as unknown. For those patients who indicated their intent, the
most frequent mode was via verbal expression (n=13; 11.5%) as shown in Table 4.
Table 3: Types of expression of suicidal intent
NSRM_Jul‐Dec 07 Prelim report
12
4. Risk Fac
R ctors fo
or Suicid
de
Examining suicidee deaths rettrospectively,, 5 factors that appearr to be most directly
connected
d to suicide risk were listed in case repo
ort form. Theey are:
1. History of Prevvious Suicide Attempts
2. History of Subsstance Abusee
3. Physical illnesss
4. Mental Illness
M
5. Liife Event
Manyy individuals share these
s r factors w
risk without conteemplating suicide. Becausee different
individualls can uniqueely experiencce these risk factors, no single
s risk‐scoring systemm has been
widely acccepted withiin the mentaal health cliniical community. Risk factors for suiciide can be
characteristics of an in ndividual (being male, havving a mentaal or physical illness, havin ng a family
history off suicide), situational (livin
ng alone, beiing unemployyed) or behavioral (alcohoolism/drug
abuse or owning a gun).
g Mentaal disorders (especially mood
m disordeers, conduct disorders,
substance e abuse and d disruptive dissorders), prevvious suicide attempts, faamily history of suicidal
behaviourr, and stressful life events are risk facto ors of suicide for both genders (Gould e et al. 1996;
Shaffer ett al. 1996; Gro oholt et al. 19997, 1998; Brent et al. 19999; Beautrais, 2000).
4.1 H
History of P
Previous S
Suicide Atttempts
Beck’ss theory statees that previoous suicidal exxperience sen nsitizes suicid
de‐related thooughts and
behaviourrs such that tthese ideas b become moree accessible aand active. Th he more acceessible and
ese schemas and modes become, thee more easilyy they are trriggered and the more
active the
severe aree the subsequent suicidal episodes (Teeasdale, 1988). Previous sttudies have p proven that
multiple ssuicide attem mpts are a maarker for seveere psychopaathology and psychosocial problems
or suicide. Rissk of suicide increases 50
and hence is a strong predictor fo 0 (Owens, 2002) to 100
(Hawton 1988) times w within the firrst 12 monthss after an epiisode of self‐harm, compaared to the
general population risk. Approximaately one‐halff of persons w who die by su uicide have aa history of
self‐harm (Foster, 1997 7), and this proportion inccreases to two o‐thirds in younger age gro oups.
UNKNOWN; Previouss attempts
18%; (n=20) YES; 6%; (n=7)
NO; 73%;; (n=82)
Figure 10: H
History of previo
ous suicide attem
mpts among suiicide victims
In con
ntrast to find
dings in previious studies, findings from
m our study show that most
m of the
d not have any history of previous suicidal attempt while only a small percentage
subjects did p
(6.2%) revvealed a possitive history of previous suicide attemmpt. This could be argueed that the
1
13
4.2 History of Substan
nce abuse
e
Liittle is known about the types of substance mosst strongly reelated to suiccide attemptts.
Suicidde attempts could be asssociated with h a past history of substance disordeer or could be
b
associated with haaving an activve disorder o only. Substancce users with h suicidal ideaations have aan
elevatted risk of first
f suicide attempts
a eveen in the abbsence of a pplan. It is kn
nown that th
he
presence of a plan used as a keyy indicator off suicide risk among ideators but little is
n is typically u
known about the predictors of o attempted suicide amo ong ideators without a plan. A possib ble
explanation of unp planned attem mpts among iideators is that the disinhiibition is somehow involveed
in thee effects of substance use e. Studies haave shown thhat there is an
a association n between th
he
numb ber of substan nce used and the onset of suicidal ideattion, in a dosee‐related man nner.
Sub
bstance A
Abuse
Missing; 3%;
Unknown; 17%; (n=4) Yes; 26
6%; (n=29)
(n=19))
No; 54%; (n=61)
Figure 11: History of substance abuse
e among suicide victims
O
Our finding re veal that maajority of the suicides did not give a po
ositive history of substancce
abusee. Here again,, family informmants may not be informeed about such high risk be ehaviour in th
he
ble that family informantss could underrestimate thee magnitude of
subjeccts. It could aalso be possib
substaance use in the subjects. TThis also could be explain ned by the facct that some subjects could
have been living aw way from theeir families.
4.2.1 Types of S
Substances Used:
Type o
of SubstaanceALCOHHOL; 33%;
(n
n=9)
TOBACCO; 52%;
(n=14) HEROIN, MORPHIN;
7%
%; (n=2)
MA
ARIJUANA; 4%;
STIMULLANTS; (n=1)
4%; (n
n=1)
Figure 12: Types of sub
bstances used b
by suicide victim
ms
14
From the data obtained, it was found that majority of the victims gave a positive history of
tobacco use. In contrast to the current findings, previous international studies have found that
comorbid alcohol dependence or misuse has been associated with higher incidence of suicide
(Fawcett et al, 1990; Duggan et al, 1991; Bronisch & Hecht, 1992).
The possible explanation for our findings is that there is a higher prevalence of tobacco use
rather than alcohol use in this country. Moreover, alcohol abuse could be overlooked in women
which would result in loss of vital information.
4.3 Physical illness – history and type of illness
Psychological autopsies have found that having a general medical disorder is a strong
predictor of completed suicide. Possibilities are that persons with physical illness are more likely
to be depressed and depressed individuals are more likely to be suicidal. Therefore, the
depression could fully explain the association between physical illness by a general medical
condition and suicide. Alternatively, medical illnesses could represent an independent risk factor
for suicidality over depressive symptoms. Hence, it is vital to to understand whether such
relationship exists after controlling for depressive illness. Having more than one medical illness,
conferred a particular high risk (Druss, 2000)
The presence of a physical illness may represent proxies for other intermediate factors such
as functional disability, disruption of social support, chronic pain etc which may lead to a lower
quality of life. Thus individual may regard their life as no longer worth living.
Seven cases (6.2%) were reported to be having a physical illness. Subjects gave a history of
medical illness such as diabetes (n=2) and cerebrovascular accidents (n=2). One subject
respectively had history of coronary arterial disease, malarial infection and abdominal
discomfort. Previous studies have shown that general medical conditions such as multiple
sclerosis, cancer and conditions which have potentially life‐threatening exacerbations like
asthma and pulmonary disease, have been implicated as risk factors in suicide. Bias could occur
in obtaining information where the family informants for the suicides may have over‐
emphasised possible causal factors in an attempt to explain the death.
4.4 Mental Illness
4.4.1 History of Mental Illness
The presence of mental illness has been identified as a strong predictor of suicide
completions. Three major mental disorders with high risk for suicide are Major Depressive
Episode, Dependent use of substances and emotionally unstable Personality Disorder(Cheng,
Chen et al. 2000). People with more than one of these diagnoses are at particularly high risk, and
the possibility of suicide is also greater depending on the severity of the disorder. However,
interviews with next‐of‐kin after suicide deaths in NSRM have revealed that 77% (n = 77) of all
suicides have no history of mental illness and only 7.1% (n = 8) have history of mental illness.
Among the deceased who had history of mental illness, 2 (1.8%) of them were diagnosed to
have Depression, 2 (1.8%) had Schizophrenia and 3 (2.7%) were undiagnosed and untreated.
NSRM_Jul‐Dec 07 Prelim report
15
In term of previous admission to a psychiatric facility, only 2 of the deceased were reported
to be positive. One case had been admitted to Hospital Bahagia Ulu Kinta and Hospital Ipoh
respectively. This reflects the number of patients who were diagnosed to have Schizophrenia.
The majority of the deceased (n = 79, 69.9%) have no family history of mental illness. Only 2
of them (1.8%) have positive family history of mental illness, while 28.3% (n = 32) were reported
as unknown.
4.5 Life events Prior to Suicide
0 5 10 15 20 25
Intimate Partner Problem
Financial Problem
Medicolegal
Job Problem
School Problem
Death of Loved One
Hallucination
Personal Problems
Under SOCSO
Figure 13: Types of life events experienced by suicide victims
A high proportion of suicides (n = 38, 33.6%) had experienced life events within three
months before suicide. Among this group, 60% (n = 23) of the deceased had intimate partner
problem and 13% (n = 5) had financial problem. Two subjects respectively (5%) were found to
have job and medicolegal problems prior to suicide. Interestingly, 36% of the deceased had no
life event three months prior to suicide and 36% of them were not known whether life events
precipitated their suicide.
Most of previous studies investigating the relationships between recent life events and
suicide have had small sample size and have focused on psychiatric patients (Heikkinen, Aro et
al. 1993) (Heikkinen et al, 1994), which makes it difficult to examine the power of an association.
A few more representative studies (Bunch 1972; Foster, Gillespie et al. 1999) examined suicides
from general populations. These studies have generally found that recent life events play an
important role in precipitating suicide. It was found that only loss events have a significant
contribution to the risk of suicide.
Common factors that appear to precipitate suicide among youth include a variety of stressful
life events such as disciplinary crises, interpersonal loss, interpersonal conflict, humiliation and
shame. Suicidal youth are also more likely to be depressed, abuse alcohol and have a history of
aggressive and antisocial behaviour.
NSRM_Jul‐Dec 07 Prelim report
16
DISCUSSION AND LIMITATIONS
Several limitations had been identified in this project. In defining suicide, for example, the
requirement for ‘intention to die’ may have restricted the number of cases registered. This may
be addressed either by including codes Y10‐Y34 (Event of Indeterminate Intent) of ICD‐10 into
the NSRM or by developing a “Violent Death Reporting” system which would capture all kinds of
violent deaths.
Training‐wise, although efforts had been made to train all the officers managing the SDP
centres, there had been some communication and logistics problems in getting them to come.
Generally there is a tendency to associate suicide with psychiatry: resulting in hospital
administrators sending staffs from the psychiatric departments to the training session – instead
of the forensic units as requested. A lot of following‐through needs to be done to enhance the
outreach of training sessions.
As mentioned earlier, human resource is a major problem and might not be remediable
immediately. The majority of staffs manning the forensics units in district hospitals are also in
charge of the Emergency Department, Transport etc. This might distract them from effectively
screen for cases and allocate time to interview the next‐of‐kin. Since the shortage of
paramedical staff is ubiquitous nowadays, the forensic fraternity might consider other
alternatives like having scientific officers to assist in information gathering.
Process‐wise, a major challenge is when patients die due to complications of the suicidal act
after being admitted to the ward. At times, the staffs in the forensics unit are not aware of the
history and had released the body before the trained officer had a chance to interview the
family members. One of the ways to check for this is by working closely with the Royal Malaysia
Police and comparing the outcome of their sudden death report investigations with cases
captured by the NSRM.
The interview also poses some problems: the informant who came to collect the bodies
sometimes has not met the deceased for a lengthy period prior to the latter’s death. This may
affect the accuracy of data. In the case of foreigners, fellow workers or employers were usually
unable to give any valuable information. For Malaysians, efforts should be made to carry out
psychological autopsy studies to glean more information from relatives. Although there are
differing views, it was generally agreed that the interview should be carried out about 3 months
following the death (Pouliot and Leo 2006). Infrastructure wise, some forensic units in district
hospitals are very small and hardly has any space for interviewing the grieving family members.
Notwithstanding the NSRM, providing better interviewing facilities in forensic units would
certainly benefit the clients as well as the staffs. It will provide a more conducive setting when
staffs have to “break bad news” or carry out any form of information gathering with family
members.
There had been some difficulty in capturing the actual time of suicidal act, which was
supposed to be recorded in military hours. It had been suggested that in the future, wider time‐
frames be used e.g. midnight to 6am, 6am to 12 noon, 12noon to 6pm, 6pm to 12midnight.
At the moment, the NSRM does not have sufficient manpower to closely monitor the quality
of data collection by SDPs. Most of the supervision is carried out by the forensic physician or
NSRM_Jul‐Dec 07 Prelim report
17
senior medical assistant. However, site visits have been planned so that some form of
supervision from SRU and feedback sessions can be carried out more effectively.
Although the online registration system is envisioned to improve data collection, this will be
dependent on the availability of internet resources that is available in each hospital. We
certainly hope that policy makers would consider developing/ upgrading IT resources in forensic
set‐ups to ensure better data collection.
CONCLUSION
Suicide rates are a recognized health outcome indicator internationally (World Health
Organization 2001). This project will provide information on the natural history and causation of
suicide; the contributing factors most amenable to preventive efforts; and the most appropriate
target population(s). This information will aid in planning and place preventive efforts on a more
solid foundation (World Health Organization 2002). This registry will be able to provide both
state‐ and national‐level data.
Suicidal acts will cause medical costs which include emergency transport, medical, hospital,
rehabilitation, pharmaceutical, ancillary, and related treatment costs, as well as funeral/ coroner
expenses for fatalities and administrative costs (National Center for Injury Prevention and
Control 2002). Better and evidence‐based efforts at suicide prevention may be able to reduce
suicide rates in Malaysia and allow the government/ families to offset these costs. Apart from
that, a structured investigation into the process of identification and reporting of non‐natural
deaths (specifically suicide) will assist in streamlining the management of dead bodies and
ascertaining the manner of death. Indirectly it will also provide a training exercise for medical
officers in reporting deaths by suicide.
The uniqueness of NSRM lies in its multidisciplinary platform. Although this may present
some communication problems, it also offers advantages in the form of pooling of resources and
expertise. After all, suicide is a very complex phenomenon. Being a registry, the NSRM might
not be able to provide in‐depth details about the causation of suicide. However, it would
certainly identify trends and form the baseline for other research in this area.
NSRM_Jul‐Dec 07 Prelim report
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