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    Resistance Temperature Detectors

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    BramJanssen76
    Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) are commonly used to measure temperature in chemical processes. [1] RTDs work by precisely measuring the change in electrical resistance of metals like platinum as their temperature varies. [2] Their resistance increases predictably with rising temperature based on the Callendar-Van Dusen equation. [3] RTDs offer good accuracy, precision and stability over time compared to thermocouples, though thermocouples have a lower initial cost.

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    Resistance Temperature Detectors

    Uploaded by

    BramJanssen76
    110 views1 page
    Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) are commonly used to measure temperature in chemical processes. [1] RTDs work by precisely measuring the change in electrical resistance of metals like platinum as their temperature varies. [2] Their resistance increases predictably with rising temperature based on the Callendar-Van Dusen equation. [3] RTDs offer good accuracy, precision and stability over time compared to thermocouples, though thermocouples have a lower initial cost.

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    Resistance Temperature Detectors

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    Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) are commonly used to measure temperature in chemical processes. [1] RTDs work by precisely measuring the change in electrical resistance of metals like platinum as their temperature varies. [2] Their resistance increases predictably with rising temperature based on the Callendar-Van Dusen equation. [3] RTDs offer good accuracy, precision and stability over time compared to thermocouples, though thermocouples have a lower initial cost.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    110 views1 page

    Resistance Temperature Detectors

    Uploaded by

    BramJanssen76
    Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) are commonly used to measure temperature in chemical processes. [1] RTDs work by precisely measuring the change in electrical resistance of metals like platinum as their temperature varies. [2] Their resistance increases predictably with rising temperature based on the Callendar-Van Dusen equation. [3] RTDs offer good accuracy, precision and stability over time compared to thermocouples, though thermocouples have a lower initial cost.

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    Facts At Your Fingertips

    Resistance Temperature Detectors


    Department Editor: Scott Jenkins
    Lead wire 1

    T
    temperature measurement is coefficient of resis­
    critical in many types of pro­ tance (TCR), which o—*
    cess equipment, including determines the tem­
    reactors, distillation columns, fur­ perature-resistance
    naces, heat exchangers, evapora­ relationship. A com­ if Y
    tors, boilers and more. Among the mon industry stan­ §
    most widely used instruments for dard is the platinum
    measuring temperatures in chemi­ 3850 ppm/K, where
    cal process industries (CPI) opera­ the resistance of the O—•
    tions are resistance temperature sensor increases
    Lead wire 2
    detectors (RTDs). This one-page 0.385 ohms for
    reference describes the principles each one degree- FIGURE 1. A two-wire RTD detects temperature-dependent changes in re­
    behind the operation of RTDs, and Celsius increase in sistance, but must be corrected for resistance added by the lead wires
    their advantages and limitations. temperature.
    Advantages and limitations
    RTD operation Physical principles RTDs have good accuracy, preci­
    RTDs are temperature sensors that The Callendar-Van Dusen (CVD) sion and longterm stability. Concerns
    operate on the principle that a ma­ equation is used to define the rela­ about maintenance, cost and accu­
    terial’s electrical resistance changes tionship between resistance (R) and racy are the primary drivers in the shift
    with temperature in a predictable temperature (7) of platinum RTDs. It to the use of RTDs from thermocou­
    way. When an RTD is supplied with is also used in the international stan­ples. Thermocouples will have a lower
    a constant current, the resulting volt­dard I EC 60751 (International Elec­ initial cost, when compared to RTDs,
    age drop can be measured and the trotechnical Commission standard but the value of the accuracy and sta­
    resistance calculated. The highly pre­on industrial platinum resistance ther­bility offered by RTDs often exceeds
    dictable relationship between RTD mometers and platinum temperaturethe initial cost savings of installing a
    resistance and surrounding tempera­sensors). Originally developed by thermocouple. With thin-film RTDs,
    ture allows the temperature to be de­British physicist H.L. Callendar, and as opposed to wire-wound designs,
    termined accurately and reproducibly. refined by M. S. Van Dusen, the CVDthe cost difference is smaller.
    RTDs can be connected in a two-, equations are used to determine the Thermocouples may still have to
    three-, or four-wire configuration, in temperature-resistance behavior for be used in situations where process
    which current is conducted through platinum resistance temperature de­ temperatures exceed the limit of an
    the RTD and the resulting voltage tectors. The CVD coefficients A, B RTD (650°C), or when a very fast
    measured. The two-wire configu­ and C are temperature-dependent, response is needed. However, there
    ration is the simplest, but also the and can be determined for a specificare some fast-response RTD de­
    most prone to error, because the twoRTD by using calibration techniques signs available that may also negate
    connecting lead wires add some re­ in a laboratory. The CVD equation isthe use of thermocouples in the latter
    sistance to the RTD (Figure 1). This shown in Equations (1) and (2). case. Thin-film RTDs are typically lim­
    introduces error. The three-wire setup ited to temperatures of 260°C, while
    is similar, except that a third wire pro­R(T) = F?o[1 +AT + BT2 + C(T - 100)wire-wound
    T3 ] elements can withstand
    vides compensation for the lead re­ (from -200 to 0°C) (D temperatures up to 650°C. Also, due
    sistance. This requires either a three- to the construction of the sensing
    wire compensating measurement unitR(T) = Ro(1 + AT + BT2) element, thin-film RTDs do not per­
    or actually measuring the contribution(from 0°C and 661 °C) (2) form as well in environments where
    from the third wire and subtracting it high levels of vibration or severe me­
    from the overall measurement. In theAs an example, the coefficients for chanical shock occur. ■
    four-wire method, current is sourced a Pt100 resistor (a platinum con­
    on one set of leads, while the volt­ structed, 100-0 RTD) according to References
    age is sensed on another set of leads the IEC751 and international tem­ 1.Cushing, M., Temperature Measurement: Trends and
    to eliminate the test lead resistance perature scale (ITS-90) standards are Technologies. Ctim Eng.. June 2015, pp. 42-45.
    2. Cigoy, D„ Resistance Temperature Detectors Control
    from the measurement. given here: Engineering, vmwcontrolengcom, Nov. 1.2005.
    Temperature-sensitive materials R0 = 100 O; A = 3,908 x 10^ °C-1 3. AZO Materials Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD):
    used in the construction of RTDs B = -5,775 x 10-7°C-2 Principle of Operation, Materials Configuration and Ben­
    include platinum, nickel and copper, C = -4,183 x lO-'^CF . 4 efits. published online, wvm.azom.com, 2010.
    with platinum being the most com­ Another coefficient, a, is a linear 3.Temperatucescom Inc.. https://wvm.temperatures.conV
    ftdshtml. Southampton. Pa., accessed Sept. 2018.
    mon. An important characteristic of parameter defined as the normalized4. Omega Engineering. An Introduction to RTD sensors
    an RTD material is its temperature slope between 0 and 100 °C. online guide, www.omega.com/prodinfo/r1d.html, ac­
    cessed September. 2018.
    CHEMICAL ENGINEERING WWW.CHEMENGONLINE.COM NOVEMBER 2018 31

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