The document discusses the design and working of cyclone separators, which use centrifugal force to separate particulate matter from gas streams. It covers the typical components of a cyclone separator, calculations for determining design parameters like cut point diameter and pressure drop, and factors that affect a cyclone's separation efficiency such as gas viscosity and inlet velocity. The standard material used for cyclone construction is 26 gauge iron due to its availability and suitable properties.
The document discusses the design and working of cyclone separators, which use centrifugal force to separate particulate matter from gas streams. It covers the typical components of a cyclone separator, calculations for determining design parameters like cut point diameter and pressure drop, and factors that affect a cyclone's separation efficiency such as gas viscosity and inlet velocity. The standard material used for cyclone construction is 26 gauge iron due to its availability and suitable properties.
The document discusses the design and working of cyclone separators, which use centrifugal force to separate particulate matter from gas streams. It covers the typical components of a cyclone separator, calculations for determining design parameters like cut point diameter and pressure drop, and factors that affect a cyclone's separation efficiency such as gas viscosity and inlet velocity. The standard material used for cyclone construction is 26 gauge iron due to its availability and suitable properties.
The document discusses the design and working of cyclone separators, which use centrifugal force to separate particulate matter from gas streams. It covers the typical components of a cyclone separator, calculations for determining design parameters like cut point diameter and pressure drop, and factors that affect a cyclone's separation efficiency such as gas viscosity and inlet velocity. The standard material used for cyclone construction is 26 gauge iron due to its availability and suitable properties.
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Assignment No.
1 Title: Cyclone Separator Table of Contents: 1.Introduction. 2.Types of Cyclone Separator. 3.Working of Cyclone Separator. 4.Design of Cyclone Separator. 5.Calculation of Cyclone Separator.
1.Introduction: Chemical processes consist of reaction stages and/or separation stages in which the process streams are separated and purified. Such separations involve physical principles based on differences in the properties of the constituents in the stream. Different separation processes are used which includes : Gas-Liquid (vapor-liquid) separation. Gas-Solid separation (vapor-solid). Liquid-Liquid separation (immiscible). Liquid Solid Separation. Solid-Solid separation. The principle methods for the separation of such mixtures could be classified as: 1.Cyclone separator. 6. Centrifugal separator. 2. High speed tubular. 7. Gas-Liquid separator. 3. Hydro cyclone. 8. Liquid-Liquid separator 4. Gravity separator. 9.Scrubbers 5.Centrifuge 10. Electrostatic precipitator.
Here we will discuss the separation technique named as
Cyclone Separator Cyclone Separator: Cyclone Separator is a separation technique which provide a method of removing particulate matter from air or other gas streams at low cost and low maintenance. Cyclones are basically centrifugal separators, consists of an upper cylindrical part referred to as the barrel and a lower conical part referred to as cone (figure) They simply transform the inertia force of gas particle flows to a centrifugal force by means of a vortex generated in the cyclone body. The particle laden air stream enters tangentially at the top of the barrel and travels downward into the cone forming an outer vortex. The increasing air velocity in the outer vortex results in a centrifugal force on the particles separating them from the air stream. When the air reaches the bottom of the cone, it begins to flow radially inwards and out the top as clean air/gas while the particulates fall into the dust collection chamber attached to the bottom of the cyclone. Cyclone Separator Design : Standard Cyclone Dimensions Extensive work has been done to determine in what manner dimensions of cyclones affect performance. In some classic work that is still used today, Shepherd and Lapple (1939,1940) determined “optimal” dimensions for cyclones. Subsequent investigators reported similar work, and the so-called “standard” cyclones were born. All dimensions are related to the body diameter of the cyclone so that the results can be applied generally. The table on the next slide summarizes the dimensions of standard cyclones of the three types mentioned in the previous figure. The side figure illustrates the various dimensions used in the table. The Number of Effective Turns (Ne) The first step of CCD process is to calculate the number of effective turns. The number of effective turns in a cyclone is the number of revolutions the gas spins while passing through the cyclone outer vortex. A higher number of turns of the air stream result in a higher collection efficiency. The Lapple model for N calculation is as follows:
where N = number of turns inside the device (no units) H = height of inlet duct (m or ft) Lb = length of cyclone body (m or ft) Lc = length (vertical) of cyclone cone (m or ft). Cut point Diameter : The second step of the CCD process is the calculation of the cut-point diameter. The cut-point of a cyclone is the aerodynamic equivalent diameter (AED) of the particle collected with 50% efficiency. As the cut- point diameter increases, the collection efficiency decreases.
Where, dp = diameter of the smallest particle that will be
collected by the cyclone µ = gas viscosity (kg/m. s) W = width of inlet duct (m)
Vi = inlet gas velocity (m/s)
pa = Density of fluid It is worth noting that in this expression, dp is the size of the smallest particle that will be collected if it starts at the inside edge of the inlet duct. Thus, in theory, all particles of size dp or larger should be collected with 100% efficiency. The preceding equation shows that, in theory, the smallest diameter of particles collected with 100% efficiency is directly related to gas viscosity and inlet duct width, and inversely related to the number of effective turns, inlet gas velocity, and density difference between the particles and the gas. Gas Residence time : To be collected, particles must strike the wall within the amount of time that the gas travels in the outer vortex. The gas residence time in the outer vortex is
The maximum radial distance traveled by any particle is the width of the inlet duct W. The centrifugal force quickly accelerates the particle to its terminal velocity in the outward (radial) direction, with the opposing drag force equaling the centrifugal force. The terminal velocity that will just allow a particle initially at distance W away from thewall to be collected in time is where Vt = particle drift velocity in the radial direction (m/s or ft/s). Fractional Efficiency Curve The third step of CCD process is to determine the fractional efficiency. Based upon the cutpoint, Lapple then developed an empirical model for the prediction of the collection efficiency for any particle size, which is also known as fractional efficiency curve:
dpj= collection efficiency of particles in the jth size
range (0 < nj < 1) dpj = characteristic diameter of the jth particle size range (in microns). Pressure Drop (ΔP) Cyclone pressure drop is another major parameter to be considered in the process of designing a cyclone system. Two steps are involved in the Lapple approach to estimation of cyclone pressure drop. The first step in this approach is to calculate the pressure drop in the number of inlet velocity heads (H ) by equation The second step in this approach is to convert the number v of inlet velocity heads to a static pressure drop (ΔP) by equation
Where Hv = pressure drop, expressed in number of inlet velocity Heads K = constant that depends on cyclone configurations and Operating conditions (K = 12 to 18 for a standard tangential-entry cyclone) Cyclone Efficiency : Overall separation efficiency : The overall efficiency is usually the most important consideration in industrial process. Let’s us consider the mass balance of solid particle in cyclone. As explained by Hoffmann and Stein in their book on gas cyclones, Mf, Mc and Me are the mass flow rate of the feed, mass flow rate of particle collected and mass flow rate of escaped particles respectively. Then force balance of solid particle over the cyclone can be denoted by equation Mf = Mc + M The overall separation efficiency can be calculated directly as the mass fraction of feed that is successfully collected.
Factors affecting the cyclone collection efficiency:
Inlet velocity is prime factor effecting the pressure drop and hence the cyclone efficiency. Efficiency increases with increase in velocity as centrifugal force increases but this also increases the pressure drop which is not favorable. Decreasing the cyclone diameter increases centrifugal force and hence efficiency. Another factor affecting the cyclone efficiency is gas viscosity. With decrease in viscosity, efficiency increases. This is due to reduction in drag force with reduction in viscosity. Decrease in temperature will increase the gas density. One may be tempted to conclude that this will increase efficiency as viscosity decreases. But increase in temperature also decreases the volumetric flow rate and thereby decreasing efficiency. Another important factor affecting the efficiency is particle loading. With high loading the particles collide with each other more and results into pushing of particle towards wall. This in turn increases efficiency. Material of Construction : Material used for fabrication of cyclone separator is iron 26 Gauge of thickness. Material is available on market easily .
