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    Realization of Digital Filters: Z-Transform

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    santosh
    1) The z-transform is used to analyze discrete-time signals in linear time-invariant systems. It converts a time-domain signal into its complex plane representation using a power series. 2) Signals can be right-sided, left-sided, or two-sided depending on whether their values are nonzero for n greater than, less than, or both greater and less than some finite value. This determines their region of convergence in the z-plane. 3) A digital filter's transfer function can be realized recursively using feedback or non-recursively without feedback as finite impulse response (FIR) or infinite impulse response (FIR) filters respectively. FIR filters are commonly realized using direct-form structures.

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    Realization of Digital Filters: Z-Transform

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    santosh
    121 views8 pages
    1) The z-transform is used to analyze discrete-time signals in linear time-invariant systems. It converts a time-domain signal into its complex plane representation using a power series. 2) Signals can be right-sided, left-sided, or two-sided depending on whether their values are nonzero for n greater than, less than, or both greater and less than some finite value. This determines their region of convergence in the z-plane. 3) A digital filter's transfer function can be realized recursively using feedback or non-recursively without feedback as finite impulse response (FIR) or infinite impulse response (FIR) filters respectively. FIR filters are commonly realized using direct-form structures.

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    1) The z-transform is used to analyze discrete-time signals in linear time-invariant systems. It converts a time-domain signal into its complex plane representation using a power series. 2) Signals can be right-sided, left-sided, or two-sided depending on whether their values are nonzero for n greater than, less than, or both greater and less than some finite value. This determines their region of convergence in the z-plane. 3) A digital filter's transfer function can be realized recursively using feedback or non-recursively without feedback as finite impulse response (FIR) or infinite impulse response (FIR) filters respectively. FIR filters are commonly realized using direct-form structures.

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    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    121 views8 pages

    Realization of Digital Filters: Z-Transform

    Uploaded by

    santosh
    1) The z-transform is used to analyze discrete-time signals in linear time-invariant systems. It converts a time-domain signal into its complex plane representation using a power series. 2) Signals can be right-sided, left-sided, or two-sided depending on whether their values are nonzero for n greater than, less than, or both greater and less than some finite value. This determines their region of convergence in the z-plane. 3) A digital filter's transfer function can be realized recursively using feedback or non-recursively without feedback as finite impulse response (FIR) or infinite impulse response (FIR) filters respectively. FIR filters are commonly realized using direct-form structures.

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    Digital Signal Processing LN Unit 4

    Digital Signal Processing Unit 4

    REALIZATION OF DIGITAL FILTERS

    Z-Transform:

    The Z-transform is used to analyze the discreet time signals in


    LTIsystems.The z-transform of a discreet-time signal is defined as the power
    series

    Where zis a complex variable. The above relation is sometimes called as the
    direct z- transform because it converts the time-domain signal into its

    complex plane representation .

    The z- transform of a signal is denoted by

    Whereas the relationship between is indicated by

    z- transform is an infinite power series, it exists only for those values of z for which
    this series converges. The region of convergence (ROC) of . is the set of

    values of z for which attains a finite value.


    Digital Signal Processing LN Unit 4

    Right casual sequence:

    A right hand sequence is one for which for all n< where is positive

    or negative but finite.If , the resulting sequence is casual or a positive time


    sequence. For such type of sequence ROC is entire z-plane except z=0.

    Left hand sequence:

    A left hand sequence is one for which for all , where is

    positive or negative but finite. If the resulting sequence is anticasual

    sequence. For such type of sequence the ROC is entire z-plane except at

    Two-sided sequence: A signal that has finite duration on both the left and right
    sides is known as sided sequence. For such type of sequence the ROC is entire z-
    plane except at z=0 & at z=

    Determine the z-transform of:

    1. .for a right casual sequence.

    Sol: =1+2 . ROC: entire z-plane except z=0.

    2. for a left casual sequence.


    Digital Signal Processing LN Unit 4

    Sol: +4. . ROC: entire z-plane except at z=

    3. for a two sided sequence where x(0)=4.

    Sol: : +4. +3. +2. +1. .

    ROC: entire z-plane except at z=0 & at z= .

    Pb: find the ROC of given casual sequence

    Sol: The signal consists of an infinite number of nonzero values

    The z-transform of x (n) is the infinite power series

    Since,
    Digital Signal Processing LN Unit 4

    Therefore,

    Hence ROC is

    Im(z) ROC z-plane

    zero at origin
    pole at z=1/2

    Re(z)

    1/2

    Fig: ROC for

    Difference equation of Z-Transform:

    The output of a (relaxed) linear time-invariant system to an input sequence


    x(n) can be obtained by computing the convolutionof x ( n ) with the unit
    sample response of the system. The convolution property can be used to
    express this relationship in the Z-domain as :Y(z)= H(z)X(z)

    where Y(z) is the z-transform of the output sequence y(n). X (z)is the z-
    transform of the input sequence x ( n ) and H ( z ) is the z-transform of the
    unit sample response h(n).
    Digital Signal Processing LN Unit 4

    Now inverse z-transform of H(z) is

    But

    Hence

    Or can also be written as,

    Therefore, a linear time-invariant system described by a constant-coefficient


    difference equation.

    REALISATION OF SIMPLE DIGITAL FILTERS:

    A digital filter transfer function can be realized in variety of ways. There are
    two types of realizations: 1.Recursive, 2.Non recursive.

    1. For recursive realisation the current output is a function of past outputs,


    past and present inputs. It This form corresponds to an Infinite
    Digital Signal Processing LN Unit 4

    Impulsive Response(IIR) digital filters.

    2. For non- recursive realisation the current output sample y(n) is a


    function of only past and present inputs. It doesnot require any
    FEEDBACK. This form corresponds to an Finite Impulsive
    Response(FIR) digital filters.

    FIR Realization

    1.Direct form Realization:


    Realize given difference equation in direct form realization

    1.y(n)=3.x(n)+2.x(n-1)-1/2x(n-2)

    x(n) 3
    y(n)

    2 -1/2

    z-1 z-1

    2.y(n)=-0.5x(n)+3.x(n-1)+4.x(n-2)

    x(n) -0.5
    y(n)

    3 4

    z-1 z-1

    3.5y(n)=3.x(n)+2.x(n-1)
    Digital Signal Processing LN Unit 4

    x(n) 3/5
    y(n)

    2/5

    z-1

    3.3y(n)=3x(n)+2(x(n-1)+x(n-2)).

    x(n) 1
    y(n)

    2/3 2/3

    z-1 z-1

    Cascade Realization
    Let us consider an IIR system with system function

    Where,

    It’s block diagram can be represented as,

    1 2

    H1(z) H2(z) o/p


    i/p direct direct
    Digital Signal Processing LN Unit 4

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