www.ihj.ind.

in
Research Paper
Indian Horticulture Journal; 8(1): 01-07, January-March (2018)
I
H
©Indian Society of Advanced Horticulture
J
ISSN: 2249-6823
DI: 494-17-IHJ-1509-01

Bio-control of Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) and Sorghum halepense

(L.) Pers. with Multipurpose Bushy Legumes in ‘Ataulfo’ Mango (Mangifera
indica L.)
Marroquín-Agreda Francisco1*, Gehrke-Velez Malc Rodney1, Ley-de Coss Alejandro1, Pohlan Juergen2
and Toledo - Toledo Ernesto1
1*
Cuerpo Académico - Productividad de Agroecosistemas Tropicales “UNACH – CA-146”. Facultad de Ciencias
Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas. Entronque Carretera Costera - Pueblo de Huehuetán, Huehuetán,
Chiapas, México. CP. 30660.
2
Freelance Consultant in Tropical Agriculture, Germany
e-mail: marroquinf@gmail.com

Received: 15 September 2017; Revised accepted: 28 January 2018

ABSTRACT
Due to their evolution and proliferation, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. and Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) in
mango orchards in southern Mexico are now considered weeds of quarantine importance by Mexican plant health
authorities. With this problem in mind, the present research was carried out from July 2011 to April 2012 in a five-
-1
year old ‘Ataúlfo’ mango orchard having a planting density of 32 trees ha located in Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico.
Legume species (Crotalaria spectabilis, Crotalaria longirostrata and Cajanus cajan) were planted in a 2 m wide area
along the outer limits of the mango tree raindrop area. During the experiment, weed behaviour (diversity,
abundance and dominance) was analyzed as influenced by the association of legumes in the mango orchard.
Results show that the association of legumes in mango plantations increases “acceptable weed” diversity and
reduces biomass of S. halepense in 90.9% and 87% in R. cochinchinensis. The rapid growth and biomass production
characteristics of the legumes positively changes the weed kenosis structure in favour of enhanced homogeneity
and equity, and in so doing, reduces grass dominance. These results prove that the association of multipurpose
bushy legumes in mango plantations works as biological of Sorghum halepense, Rottboellia cochinchinensis y
Cynodon plectostachyus.

Key words: Ataúlfo, Mango, Fabaceae, Weed kenosis, Poaceae, Legume association

I
n the Soconusco region of Chiapas, Mexico,
„Ataúlfo‟ mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivation
has become an alternative with a high economic and
tables, soil erosion and deterioration of natural resources.
Furthermore, persistent weed control in mango orchards in
southern Mexico has caused proliferation, dominance and
ecological potential for regional fruit growers. However, resistance of a few grassy species to systemic and contact
yields have fallen from 16.44 t ha-1 during the 1980‟s to herbicides, resulting in application intensification and higher
scarcely 5.45 t ha-1 at present (SIAP 2013) and in many herbicide rates per acre (Liebman 2001, Matson et al. 1997,
cases no commercial-quality fruit at all is produced. Tilman 1998, Marroquin 2008).
Orchards are spread over a 20,079 –hectare area under an Kenosis characteristics of S. halepense and R.
intensive management system which is dependent on high cochinchinensis have resulted in plant health authorities
exogenous inputs which contribute to an ecophysiological considering them as weeds of quarantine importance
unbalance wherein weed control contributes with the highest (official Mexican norm NOM-043-FITO-1999). Intensive
input and production cost of the system. Indiscriminate chemical application measures are being applied as a
herbicide use, mainly glyphosphate, paraquat and 2,4-D quarantine measure for controlling and impeding specimen
have generated and continued to produce serious dispersion toward central and northern Mexico. The
consequences in farmer and consumers health and in association of legumes in annual crops increases the
farming systems as well mainly by contamination of water diversity of acceptable or “noble” plant species. It has been

01
 Francisco et al. 2018 Indian Horticulture Journal 8(1)
shown to provide soil protection and insure plant-insect Two sampling locations were selected at random (1m2)
balance. With this in mind, a number of sub utilized legumes in each experimental unit for wild plant analysis. One was
(Crotalaria spp.) may well offer alternatives for biological established within the tutor area (2 m in contour on the outer
weed control and a sustainable agro ecological management limits of the dripzone) and one inside the dripzone. In each
of fruit crop systems. Based on the weed problem in mango sampling area wild plant dynamics was analyzed using the
orchards, the objective of the present work is to analyze the following variables:
diversity, abundance and biomass production of weeds in an 1. Weed Diversity (Number of species per m2 in the
„Ataúlfo‟ mango orchard as a result of the association with agrecosystems) determined according to the plant
multipurpose bushy legumes. taxonomic classification.
2. Weed Abundance (Number of specimens per m2).This
MATERIALS AND METHODS was determined by counting the number of individual
The experiment was carried out from July, 2011 to species and their sums.
April 2012 in a conventionally sized and managed „Ataúlfo‟ 3. Weed Dominance (Dry biomass per m2) was obtained by
mango plantation located in the Soconusco region of summing dry matter production per species, extracting
Chiapas, Mexico. The specific location is 14° 55‟ north aerial biomass, and then weighing it in a granatory
latitude, 92° 22‟ de west longitude with an altitude of 41 balance. 100gr were then taken per species and dried in a
masl. Climate is warm humid with abundant rain in summer forced air oven at 55ºC up to constant weight.
(Aw2 (w”) ig (Kôeppen modified by Garcia 1988) Thus,
characterized by high temperatures and heavy rainfall from fB × dB
B=
May to November. Mean annual rainfall is 2,800mm and 100
average temperature is 28ºC with a high of 37ºC and a low B= Biomass per m2; fB = Total Fresh biomass per species
of 18ºC (Gerardo-Méndez 2013). Geomorphological dB = Dry biomass per sample
characteristics are of a euthric cambizol, soil texture is a Weed Equity (Shannon) and Simpson Index (λ)
clayey loam. The orchard was planted in 2007 with a density
of 32 trees ha-1 and a 20 × 20 m spacing. Three legume
species (Crotalaria spectabilis, Crotalaria longirostrata and Where:
Cajanus cajan) were planted in a two-metre-wide contour H’: Equity index (Shannon); s = number of species; Pi =
on the outer limit of the mango tree dripzone during the Proportional number of species i with respect to the total
2011-2012 productive cycle. and:
Treatments were distributed in a randomized block
design with a total area of 12800 m2 (160 × 80 m). Made up Where: λ = Simpson‟s index; D = Diversity; Pi = Proportion
of 4 blocks with 4 experimental units, each one represented of individuals of the species within the community
by two mango trees. This arrangement allowed analysis of In order to analyse weed diversity and abundance
ecobiological interactions between the legume-mango dynamics, samples were taken at 42, 49, 56, and 63 days
associations and their effects on the taxokenosis growth and after seeding (DAS) of each legume species. Only one
development of wild plants. Due to the need for generating destructive sampling was taken for biomass production 63
floral synchronization in the mango-legume association as a days after seeding. Field observation results were analyzed
possible alternative for attracting pollinators in mango, C. with descriptive statistical parameters supported with tables
spectabilis and Cajanus Cajan were seeded on July 18th and and figures. Statistical analyses and calculations were made
C. Longistrata on August 6th. with the Statgraphics Centurion XVI Statistics Programme.

Table 1 Legume management in an interplanted mango orchard

Legume crops Agronomic management of associated species
1. Crotalaria spectabilis  Legume seeding: July (C. cajan, C. longirostrata), August (C. spectabilis and V.
2. Crotalaria longirostrata unguiculata)
3. Cajanus cajan  Planting density: Crotalaria spp 0.70 × 0.10 m and Cajanus cajan 0.70 × 0.40 m (row
planted).
 1st weed control: post-emergent applicatión 5 days before Seeding (DBS) Paraquat
(20%) + Diuron (10%), application rate 18 %, approx. 2 l / ha (180 ml / 20 l H 2O).
 2nd weed control: mechanical control (machete) 40 days after seeding (DAS)
 Crotalaria and Cajanus harvested in January
4. No legumes  Conventional system (Hand-weeded). 1st weeding post emergence 5 days before seeding
(mango monoculture) Paraquat (20%) + Diuron (10%), Application rate 18 %, approx. 2 l / ha (180 ml / 20 l
H2O)
 2nd Weeding: mechanical Control (machete) 40 DAS
 3rd weeding post emergence 66 DAS Paraquat (20%) + Diuron (10%), Application rate
18 %, approx. 2 l / ha (180 ml / 20 l H2O)

02
 R. cochinchinensis and S. halepense with Multipurpose Bushy Legumes in ‘Ataulfo’ Mango

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION affected, with a decrease in species number in the legume
Weed diversity and abundance scenarios. This pattern is in response to changes in light,
Bushy legumes associated as tutors (2m wide in temperature and soil humidity promoted by the association.
contour) within the mango tree dripzone enhance wild plant The mango crop conventional system, bases weed
richness and thus overcome the area diversity of the control on a chemical decision (Glyphosphate, Paraquat,
conventional system. During the cycle studied, highest weed Diuron and 2,4 D) and a mechanical one. This control
diversity occurred in the legume area, an ecological niche persists and incites evolution and resistance of a few species
that promoted germination and development of 22 new of accompanying flora, namely Sorghum halepense,
species within the tutor area (Table 2). The greatest diversity Rottboellia cochinchinensis and Cynodon plectostachyus.
in the evaluated areas occurred 56 days after seeding (DAS) That is why the monocltivated system showed a richness of
the legumes in the evaluated systems (Table 3). At floral 15 species, a much eroded diversity as compared to the 26 in
initiation of legumes (63 DAS) diversity was shown to be the legume system (Table 3).

Table 2 Weed diversity during the reproductive cycle of legumes associated with mango
Treatments
C. spectabilis C. longirostrata Cajanus cajan Control
Scientific name Family
Samplings (das) Samplings (das) Samplings (das) Samplings (das)
42 49 56 63 42 49 56 63 42 49 56 63 42 49 56 63
Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth Piperaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ipomoea quinquefolia L. Convolvulaceae 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Bouchea prismatica (L.) Kuntze Verbenaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
Fimbristylis annua (All.) Roem. & Schult Cyperaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Phyllanthus niruri L. Euphorbiaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Richardia scabra L. Rubiaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Poaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thell. Amaranthaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Schult. Caryophyllaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
Priva lappulacea (L.) Pers. Verbenaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Indigofera hirsuta L. Fabaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Boerhavia decumbens Vahl Nyctaginaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers Poaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Boerhavia erecta L. Nyctaginaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
Caperonia palustris (L.) A. St.-Hil. Euphorbiaceae 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Digitaria sanguinalis L. Poaceae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
Mollugo verticillata L. Molluginaceae 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
Trianthema portulacastrum L. Aizoaceae 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
Ipomoea hirta M. Martens & Galeotti Convolvulaceae 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Mirandaceltis monoica Greene Ulmaceae 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Cynodon plectostachyus (K. Schum.) Pilg Poaceae 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
Cucumis dipsaceus C.G. Ehrenb. ex Spach Cucurbitaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Cenchrus echinatus L. Poaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Fabaceae 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
Cyperus ferax Rich. Cyperaceae 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Cyperus luzulae L Cyperaceae 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Passiflora subpeltata Ortega Passifloraceae 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link Poaceae 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Leonotis sp Lamiaceae 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Jussiaea linifolia Vahl Onagraceae 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC Fabaceae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult Poaceae 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Syngonium podophyllum Schott Araceae 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Spigelia anthelmia L. Loganiaceae 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melampodium divaricatum (Rich.) DC Esteraceae 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chloris polydactyla Sw Poaceae 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 22 26 25 25 25 26 26 24 23 26 26 24 11 13 15 15
das : days after seeding

Weed biomass 139.4 g m2 of weed biomass during the entire cycle (63
Weed biomass production is the most practical indicator days) which is well below that produced by the non-
for their control. Interplanting of Crotalaria spp and associated area (505.2 g m2) (Fig 1). This represents a
Cajanus cajan within the tutor area produced an average of biomass reduction of S. halepense of 91% and 87.2% for R.

03
 Francisco et al. 2018 Indian Horticulture Journal 8(1)
Cochinchinensis. Similar effects were expressed in the of the biomass was represented by 3 species (Rottboellia
dripzone in the C. longistrata association where only 98.23 cochinchinensis, Sorghum halepense and Digitaria
g m2 were produced, representing a 54.34% decrease sanguinalis) and the remaining 24.95 was made up of 12
regarding the control (Fig 2). Biomass production in the species. In the system using traditional control, Sorghum
control was 87.1% (440.1g m2) represented by only three halepense produced 276.6 g m2 (54.75% of total biomass)
species of Poaceae (Sorghum halepense, Rottboellia whereas in the Crotalaria spectabilis treatment this species
cochinchinensis and Cynodon plectostachyus). The was reduced to 24.9 g m2 (22.6% of total biomass). In the
remaining 12.8% consisted of 12 species (Fig 1). However, case of Rottboellia cochinchinensis, control produced 73.0 g
when associated with legumes those three grassy species m2 (14.4% of total biomass), decreasing to 9.4 g m2 (8.5%
only accounted for 34.0% (46.6 g m2) of the biomass in the of total biomass) in C. Spectabilis. Weed control
associated system and the remaining 66% (92.7 g m2) effectiveness was shown in Cynodon plectostachyus, a
included 27 species. Biomass results from the dripzone species that produced 90.4 g m2 (17.9%) in the traditional
show the effect of legumes on weeds. In the control 75.1% system but did not spread under legume conditions (Fig 1).

Fig 1 Weed species biomass in a mango-legume associated orchard 63 days after seeding (das)

Table 3 Statistical variability of weed diversity during the legume reproductive cycle in a mango orchard
Weed richness
Treatments
Ab(X̅) D(X̅) Dmax (eS) (E) Intervals of confidence (X̅)
C. spectabilis 273.5 24.50 26 1.73 0.86 21.74 - 27.25
C. longirostrata 262.7 25.25 26 0.95 0.47 23.72 – 26.77
Cajanus cajan 291 24.75 26 1.5 0.75 22.36 - 27.13
Traditional system 211.7 13.50 15 1.91 0.95 10.45 - 16.54
Ab: Abundance; Dmax: Máximum richness; E: Error; eS: Standard Deviation

04
 R. cochinchinensis and S. halepense with Multipurpose Bushy Legumes in ‘Ataulfo’ Mango
In the drip zone, predominant species in the control spectabilis variant where this species did not spread (Fig 2).
treatment were Digitaria sanguinalis with 81.1 g m2 (45.8% Biomass results from the dripzone show the effect of
of biomass), whereas in the legume treatments this weed legumes on weeds. In the control 75.1% of the biomass was
species produced 1.12 g m2 in the C. spectabilis system. represented by 3 species (Rottboellia cochinchinensis,
Similarly, Rottboellia cochinchinensis contributed 30.8 g of Sorghum halepense and Digitaria sanguinalis) and the
biomass,decreasing to 14.4 g m2 in C. Spectabilis. Likewise, remaining 24.95 was made up of 12 species. In the legumes,
Sorghum halepense, in the control, gave only 20.7 g of 42.9% was composed of these three species and the rest
biomass, differing completely from the Crotalaria (57.1%) by 20 species (Fig 2).

Fig 2 Weed species biomass within the dripzone in a non-associated mango orchard

Table 4 Dominance (Simpson) and equivalence (Shannon) Indexes in weed species

Tutor Area Drip zone
Simpson (λ) Shannon (H´) Simpson (λ) Shannon (H´)
Crotalaria spectabilis 0.10 2.69 0.08 2.86
Crotalaria longirostrata 0.09 2.77 0.14 2.25
Cajanus cajan 0.11 2.59 0.08 2.68
Traditional system 0.15 2.23 0.26 1.90

Weed structure and dominance traditional system (Table 4). This indicates that change is
Biological community weed structure within the drip expressed as a better abundance distribution and lower grass
zone and tutor areas is modified by the association with dominance. Lowest dominance and better distribution
legumes. Dominance determined by biomass production occurred with Crotalaria spp (0.08 y 0.09). Similarly,
and by Simpson‟s index (λ) is strongly affected by legumes equitability is affected, weeds in the legume areas showing
in both areas (drip and tutor) of agricultural interest. the highest values (2.77 and 2.86) and control the lowest.
Associated areas showed a much higher λ factor than the Hence legume association areas have the highest equitability

05
 Francisco et al. 2018 Indian Horticulture Journal 8(1)
and distribution in contrast with the structure shown by the makes evident the effect of weed suppression by Crotalaria
traditional system where the lowest equity and dominance spp and C. Cajan which is greater as their biomass
occurred (Table 2). increases, thus having a positive relationship between
The association of legumes as tutors in mango systems biomass and suppression or control (Bárbery and
enhances weed taxokenosis diversity in the dripzone area Mazzoncini 2002). Furthermore, cover crops such as velvet
and in its contour, agroecologically stimulating proliferation beans possess allelopathetic compounds, useful in weed
of new “noble” species and dormancy and/or control of management (Fujii et al. 1992, Caamal et al. 2001).
noxious weeds quarantined in Mexico “Rottboellia Significant differences were obtained as well in weed
cochinchinensis and Sorghum halepense” (Norma Oficial control with Mucuna pruriens and Clitoria ternatea in guava
Mexicana NOM-043-FITO-1999). To this respect, other (Psidium guajava) plantations where more than 80% control
authors sustain that agro ecological management of crops of existing weeds was obtained (Negrín et al. 2007).
based on rotation and the use of cover crops increases the However, use of legume cover crops (Lablab purpureus L.
diversity of weed species. The inverse is true in and Neonotonia wightii) in weed control in guava (Psidium
monocultures where diversity diminishes and resistance is guajava) plantations showed that monocotyledonous
generated by certain weeds to mechanical (machete) and species such as Sorghum halepense L. and Rottboellia
chemical control (Marroquin 2008, Sans 2007). Gutiérrez et exaltata L. prevailed and have to be controlled additionally
al. (2006), point out that live cover with Teramnus labialis by mechanical means. Similar results were obtained in other
in citric fields, significantly reduces monocotyledonous fruit crops by Casamayor and Pérez (1971), FAO (1987). In
weeds. Nonetheless, there are species of the Malvaceae this regard in Costa Rica, Argel and Villareal (1998) sustain
family that show persistence even under legume cover that Arachis pintoi is a preferred species in coffee, citric, and
crops. forestry plantations and despite doubts in that country as to
In this respect, Zwart et al. (2005), found that Arachis nematode infections, there are no conclusive reports on
pintoi, Centrocema molle, Desmodium ovalifolium and findings in this respect.
Flemingia macrophylla reduce new weed germination and There are abundant scientific results on associations
prevent their development, allowing the persistence of with creeping legume species. Contrarily, studies on bushy
narrow-leafed species such as Cyperus and Elusine indica in and multi-purpose species are few. The association of bushy
fallow lands. multi-purpose Fabaceae species (Crotalaria longirostrata,
The greater richness of accompanying flora in the C. spectabilis and Cajanus cajan) offers efficient control of
mango-legume associated orchards is due to changes in solar Rottboellia cochinchinensis, Sorghum halepense and
exposure of the soil surface in response to shading by the Cynodon plectostachyus, species known to be hosts for
tall growing legumes (Crotalaria spp and Cajanus cajan) as insect pests and are quarantined for mango orchards in
well as to the increased moisture, lower temperatures and Mexico. Furthermore, the association of legumes changes
solar radiation received by the soil. These factors induced weed kenosis structure in favour of better homogeneity and
changes in the taxokenosis pattern favouring dicots and equitability. These results show that this association in
affecting monocots. Studies on mango varieties with mango reduces grassy weed dominance problems and hence
different structures show that wide leafed weeds represented the application of herbicides. Characteristics of floral timing
90.6% of the wild plant population (1888 plants) (Adeoye coincidence in bushy legume-mango associations, the
and Akinyemi 2011). attractive flowering and plant height of the legume species
Studies in velvet beans as a cover crop in corn and as well as biomass production and nutrient value of their
Mucuna pruriens in mango, demonstrate the decrease of seeds and foliage, makes these plants an agroecological
abundance and the limited growth of weeds present as alternative for diversifying and increasing pollinator
indicated by etiolation resulting from velvet bean shade presence and for mitigating the effects of climate change in
(Caamal et al. (2001), Ayala and Basulto (2004). This fruit orchards.

REFERENCES
Adeoye P O and Akinyemi S O S. 2011. Varietal influence of mango cultivars on weed diversity and density in mango
orchard. Continental Journal of Agricultural Sciences 5(1): 45-50.
Argel P J and Villarreal M M. 1998. Nuevo Maní Forrajero Perenne (Arachis pintoi Krap. y Greg. nom. nud., CIAT 18744).
Centroamérica y el Caribe. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia. Documento de. pp
24.
Ayala S A, Basulto G J A, Krishnamurthy L and Leos R J A. 2004. Barbechos cultivados para el mejoramiento de la
agricultura maicera de roza, tumba y quema en el sur de Yucatán. Tecnologías agroforestales para el desarrollo rural
sostenible. Memoria de I Reunión Estatal de Investigación Agropecuaria y Forestal. (Eds) L. Krishnamurthy, Miguel
Uribe Gómez. 1ª edición, 382-389, Mérida, Yucatán.
Barbery P and Mazzoncini M. 2001. Changes in weed community composition as influenced by cover crop and management
system in continuous corn. Weed Science 49: 491-499.
Caamal M J A, Jiménez O J J, Torres B A and Anaya A L. 2001. The use allelopathic legume cover and mulch species for
weed control in cropping systems. Agronomy Journal 93: 27-36.

06
 R. cochinchinensis and S. halepense with Multipurpose Bushy Legumes in ‘Ataulfo’ Mango
Casamayor R and Pérez C. 1971. Control químico de las malas hierbas en plantaciones jóvenes de cítrico. 2da Reunión
nacional de cítrico. La Habana. pp 105-127. Cuba.
Castillo B J, Caamal J A, Jiménez J J, Bautista F, Amaya M J and Rodríguez C R. 2010. Evaluación de tres leguminosas
como coberturas asociadas con maíz en el trópico húmedo. Agronomía mesoamericana 21: 39-50.
FAO. 1987. El reciclaje de materias orgánicas en la agricultura e América Latina. Roma, Italia. pp 253.
Fujii Y, Shibuya T and Yasuda T. 1992. Allelopathy of velvetbean: its discrimination and identification of L-DOPA as
candidate of allelopathic substances. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly 25: 238-247.
García E. 1988. Modificaciones al Sistema de Clasificación Climática de Koppen. Serie número 6. Instituto de Geografía.
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Gerardo M C. 2014. Comportamiento Reproductivo y Calidad del Fruto de Mango Ataulfo (Mangifera caesia Jack ex Wall.)
como Respuesta a un Manejo Agroecológico en Tapachula, Chiapas. Tesis de Maestría. Facultad de Ciencias
Agrícolas. Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas. México.
Gutiérrez R, Iván R, López F, Pérez C M A, Fontes D R and Vernon I D. 2006. Efectos de una cobertura viva de Teramnus
labialis (l. f.) sprengel sobre las arvenses en campos citrícolas. Fitosanidad 10: 49-53.
Liebman M. 2001. Weed Management: A Need for Ecological Approaches. In Ecological Management of Agricultural
Weeds. (Eds) M. Liebman, C. L. Mohler, C. P. Staver. 1-39. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Marroquín A F J. 2008. Sustainable Management of fruit Orchards in the Soconusco, Chiapas. Mexico-Intercopping Cash
and Trap Crops. Diss. Universiät Bonn.
Matson P A, Parton W J, Power A G and Swift M J. 1997. Agricultural Intensification and Ecosystem Properties. Science
277: 504-509.
Negrín B A, Pérez R, Mazorra C and Gutiérrez I. 2007. Control de especies arvenses en plantaciones de guayaba (Psidium
guajava) mediante el uso de coberturas vivas de leguminosas. Avances de Investigación Agropecuaria 11: 57-69.
NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-043-FITO. 1999. Especificaciones para prevenir la introducción de malezas cuarentenarias
a México.
Rebolledo M A, Del Ángel P A L, Megchún G A, García J A, Nataren V J and Capetillo B A. 2011. Coberteras vivas para el
manejo de malezas en mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Manila. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 13: 327-
338.
Sans F X. 2007. La diversidad de los agros ecosistemas. Ecosistemas 16: 44-49.
SIAP. 2013. Sistema de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera. MX. Disponible: http://www.siap.gob.mx.
Tilman D. 1998. The greening of the green revolution. Nature 396: 211-212.
Zwart M A, Rojo J M, De la cruz R and Yeomans J. 2005. Coberturas y la salud del suelo. Tierra Tropical 1: 9-20.

07