Fibromialgia
Fibromialgia
Fibromialgia
PENDAHULUAN
FIBROMIALGIA
Robert A. Hawkins, MD
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newly proposed diagnostic criteria and advances in the recognition and
management of fibromyalgia.
The previous lack of a clear organic basis for fbromyalgia and the increased
prevalence of affective disorders in fbromyalgia led some observers to consider it
a nondisease or a psychosomatic illness. Recent research, however, has illuminated
our understanding of the neurobiological basis of chronic pain syndromes. The
current model of understanding fbromyalgia is that it is 1 phenotype of several
overlapping syndromes that demonstrate disordered pain regulation referred to as
central sensitization.4-6 In the present review, I describe the pathologic process of
fbromyalgia and provide current understandings of the diagnosis, comorbid
conditions, and management of this challenging disorder.
Key Point
Fibromyalgia is a common disorder seen predominantly in women. The core
features of fibromyalgia are widespread pain, sleep disturbance, and chronic
fatigue.
Rather than being a discrete illness, fibromyalgia is considered 1 phenotype
of a much larger spectrum of disorders that overlap in individual patients.
There are objective abnormalities of central nervous system
neurotransmitters in fibromyalgia. Central nervous system sensitization
appears to underlie the widespread clinical features of fbromyalgia and other
disorders of central sensitivity syndrome.
In patients with fbromyalgia, tender points are common but are no longer
required for the diagnosis of fibromyalgia.
Indiscriminant testing for antinuclear and other autoantibodies should be
avoided in the evaluation of a patient with suspected fibromyalgia.
Pain sensitivity in the general population is represented by a bell-shaped
curve. Patients with increased pain but few or less prominent other
symptoms may be considered to have a degree of “fibromyalgianess” that
may respond to therapy usually reserved for fibromyalgia.
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Fibromyalgia severity varies widely. Patients with marked tenderness, little
depression, and good paincoping skills respond well to treatment and have
a favorable prognosis.
Managing fbromyalgia requires a combination of pharmacologic and
nonpharmacologic treatment
A philosophy of “start low, go slow” with exercise and drug therapy
improves the likelihood of success in managing fibromyalgia.
Pathophysiologic Process
The underlying cause of CSS disorders is still being explored, but unifying
theories have been proposed.4,6 A schematic suggesting the possible relationship
between the biopsychosocial mechanisms is shown in Figure 2. Genetic, sleep,
nervous system, infection, and psychological factors are all potential contributors
to the presence of fbromyalgia. Genetic and Familial Predisposition There appears
to be a strong familial component to fbromyalgia and other CSS disorders. First-
degree relatives of patients with fbromyalgia are 8.5 times more likely to have the
disorder than the general population.8 In addition, certain genetic markers for
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serotonin, dopamine, and catecholamine methyltransferase polymorphisms may be
associated with heightened pain sensation.9
Predisposisi Genetik
Sensitisasi Sentral
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Figure 2. Theoretical framework demonstrating the possible relationship between
the predisposing features and the resulting central sensitization common to the
disorders of central sensitivity syndrome.
Sleep Abnormalities
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elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) substance P levels and lowered widespread pain
thresholds.15 These responses normalize after joint replacement.15 Individuals
with genetic and other susceptibility factors may fail to terminate this transient
process, leading to chronic central sensitization. The evidence for physical trauma
as an entry pathway to fbromyalgia has been considered but is controversial, with
some studies supporting and others failing to support a relationship.16,17
Depression, anxiety, and diffculty coping with stress are common in patients
with fbromyalgia. There is an association between childhood abuse and
fbromyalgia. McBeth et al18 suggested that inappropriate learned behavior from
living with alcoholic or dysfunctional parents may drive the catastrophizing
behavior and learned helplessness that are prevalent in many patients with
fbromyalgia. The relationship between these psychological factors and fbromyalgia
is bidirectional.
Central Sensitization
Abnormalities in the central nervous system are associated with the intense
widespread enhancement of pain in fibromyalgia. For example, Russel and Larson6
found a sustained 2- to 3-fold elevation of CSF substance P and other neuropeptides
that facilitate pain in patients with fibromyalgia, as well as diminished metabolites
of CSF serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, which act to inhibit pain
perception. Pain is the sine qua non of fbromyalgia, and patients with this disorder
experience widespread allodynia (perception of pain caused by a stimulus that
should not normally cause pain) and hyperalgesia (exaggerated sense of pain in
response to a noxious stimulus).
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Clinical Manifestations
Patients often have features of the other associated CSS disorders (Figure
1).4,5 Although depression isb common in patients with fbromyalgia, it is not
universally included in the CSS disorders. There appear to be distinct differences
in sleep pathology and neuroendocrine abnormalities between fbromyalgia and
depression.4
Diagnosis
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The ACR diagnostic criteria were developed for research purposes but were
gradually adopted for clinical diagnosis. Using these criteria for diagnosis is
problematic for more than 1 reason. Few primary care physicians perform tender
point examinations (or correctly perform tender point examinations).19 The same
can be said for many rheumatologists.19 Additionally, the case defnition of
fbromyalgia has evolved in the past 20 years to include cognitive and other
symptoms that are not included in the 1990 ACR criteria.1 Finally, tender points are
highly correlated with psychological distress and are absent in as many as 25% of
patients who have fibromyalgia.19,20 For these reasons, the ACR introduced a new
provisional set of diagnostic criteria for fbromyalgia in 2010.1 These proposed
criteria do not require a tender point examination but rely on patient reports of
widespread pain and other somatic symptoms. A patient satisfes the proposed
diagnostic criteria if 3 conditions are met:
The patient has a widespread pain index (WPI) of 7 or greater and symptom
severity (SS) scale score of 5 or greater. Alternatively, a patient could meet
criteria with a WPI of 3 to 6 and SS scale score of 9 or greater.
Symptoms have been present at a similar level for at least 3 months.
The patient does not have a disorder that would otherwise explain the pain.
Comorbid Conditions
The various members of the CSS family listed in Figure 1 are often referred
to as comorbid disorders associated with fibromyalgia, and it is common to fnd 1
or more of these disorders in patients with fbromyalgia.5,6 Anxiety and depression
are seen in about half of patients with fibromyalgia.4
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Fibromyalgianess
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muscle pain.26 An elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and a prompt
response to low-dose glucocorticoid treatment aid in confirming the diagnosis.
Some chronic viral infections such as Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B, hepatitis C,
and parvovirus may mimic or trigger fibromyalgia.4,14
Subgrouping Fibromyalgia
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The importance of these fndings is the recognition that fibromyalgia is a
heterogeneous disorder. Group 3 patients often respond well to treatment and have
a favorable prognosis. Group 2 patients tend to have a poor response to treatment,
and their long-term prognosis is poor.28
Managing Fibromyalgia
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Nonpharmacologic Management
Patient Education
Setting expectations regarding illness prognosis and the roles of the patient
and physician is important. It helps to advise patients that fbromyalgia is a chronic
illness with good days and bad days; treatment will improve symptoms but usually
not eliminate them. The patient can play a major role in adhering to sleep hygiene
and exercise programs, as well as other nonpharmacologic modalities.
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Exercise
Pharmacologic Management
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Therefore, it is not surprising that there is no single pharmacologic agent
capable of effectively addressing all of the potential symptoms of fibromyalgia.
Antidepressants
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depression may beneft from SNRIs as initial therapy. As with all fbromyalgia
treatments, a “start low, go slow” dosing strategy improves patient compliance.
Antiepileptic Drugs
Other Drugs
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Conclusion
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BAB II
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
FIBROMIALGIA
Robert A. Hawkins, MD
From the Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio.
Financial Disclosures: Dr Hawkins is a member of the speakers’ bureau for Pfizer,
Inc. Address correspondence to Robert A. Hawkins, MD, Department of Medical
Education, Kettering Medical Center 4NW, 3535 Southern Blvd, Kettering, OH
45429-1221.
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mengenai sekitar 2% dari populasi di Amerika Serikat dan 7 kali lebih sering terjadi
pada wanita dibandingkan pada pria,3 fibromialgia merupakan salah satu gangguan
yang paling sering dijumpai oleh dokter pelayanan primer. Pasien dengan
fibromialgia biasanya memiliki gejala yang membingungkan dan kurangnya
temuan objektif, yang dapat menggagalkan upaya diagnostik penyedia pelayanan
kesehatan. Hasil tes untuk penyakit otot dan saraf dalam batas normal; Studi
serologi untuk autoimun dan penyakit menular tidak ditemukan. Mengingat
prevalensi dan kesulitan dalam mendiagnosis fibromialgia, maka dari itu penting
untuk dokter pelayanan primer mengetahui kriteria diagnostik terbaru yang
diusulkan dan kemajuan dalam identifikasi dan pengobatan fibromialgia.
Hal Penting
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● Teradapat kelainan dari neurotransmitter sistem saraf pusat pada
fibromialgia. Sensitisasi sistem pusat saraf tampaknya mendasari klinis
fibromialgia dan gangguan lain dari central sensitivity syndrome.
● Pada pasien dengan fibromialgia, biasanya dijumpai nyeri yang terlokalisir
tapi tidak lagi diperlukan untuk diagnosis fibromialgia.
● Pemeriksaan untuk autoantibodi antinuklear dan lainnya harus dihindari
dalam evaluasi pasien dengan dugaan fibromialgia.
● Sensitivitas nyeri pada populasi ini menunjukkan kurva berbentuk lonceng.
Pasien dengan peningkatan rasa nyeri tetapi hanya sedikit atau gejala lainnya
yang kurang menonjol dapat dianggap sebagai “fibromyalgianess” yang
dapat merespon terapi untuk fibromialgia.
● Keparahan Fibromialgia bervariasi. Pasien ditandai dengan nyeri tekan,
depresi ringan, dan penyembuhan nyeri yang merespon dengan baik
terhadap pengobatan dan memiliki prognosis yang lebih baik.
● Pengobatan fibromialgia membutuhkan kombinasi dari pengobatan
farmakologis dan non farmakologis
● Suatu filosofi “start slow, go slow” dengan terapi latihan dan obat
meningkatkan kemungkinan keberhasilan dalam pengobatan fibromialgia.
PATOFISIOLOGIS
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satu fenotip dari spektrum yang jauh lebih besar dari gangguan yang tumpang tindih
pada pasien individu.
Fibromialgia
Sistitis interstitial
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Irritable bowel syndrome
Dysmenorrhea primer
Predisposisi Genetik
Stresor Fisik
Stresor Psikologis
Depresi, Kecemasan, Kesulitan Infeksi, Inflamasi, Trauma Fisik
Tidur, Respon yang buruk
terhadap stres
Sensitisasi Sentral
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GANGGUAN TIDUR
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sentral kronis. Bukti mengenai trauma fisik sebagai jalur terjadinya fibromialgia
telah diakui tetapi masih kontroversial, dengan beberapa penelitian yang
mendukung dan yang lainnya gagal untuk mendukung hubungan tersebut.16,17
SENSITISASI SENTRAL
Kelainan pada sistem saraf pusat yang terkait dengan peningkatan nyeri
yang luas pada fibromialgia. Sebagai contoh, Russel dan Larson6 menemukan
peningkatan substansi P berkelanjutan 2 sampai 3 kali lipat pada cairan
serebrospinal dan neuropeptida lain yang memfasilitasi rasa nyeri pada pasien
dengan fibromialgia, serta berkurangnya metabolit serotonin dari CSF,
norepinefrin, dan dopamin, yang bertindak untuk menghambat persepsi nyeri.
Nyeri merupakan sine qua non dari fibromialgia, dan pasien dengan gangguan ini
mengalami alodinia yang luas (persepsi rasa nyeri yang disebabkan oleh stimulus
yang seharusnya biasanya tidak menyebabkan rasa nyeri) dan hiperalgesia (rasa
nyeri yang berlebihan dalam menanggapi stimulus berbahaya).
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MANIFESTASI KLINIS
DIAGNOSIS
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nyeri aksial. Pemeriksa mengidentifikasi titik nyeri tekan dengan menggunakan ibu
jari untuk mengerahkan tekanan sebesar 4.0 kg (cukup dengan menekan dengan ibu
jari) pada masing-masing titik nyeri yang berbeda untuk mengetahui nyeri.2
● Pasien mengalami widespread pain index (WPI) 7 atau lebih dan skor
severity symptoms (SS) 5 atau lebih besar. Atau, pasien dapat memenuhi
kriteria dengan WPI 3 sampai 6 dan skor SS 9 atau lebih.
● Gejala terjadi dengan tingkat keparahan sama selama minimal 3 bulan.
● Pasien tidak memiliki gangguan yang lain akan menyebabkan rasa nyeri.
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KONDISI PENYERTA
FIBROMYALGIANESS
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Pasien dengan hipotiroidisme biasanya datang dengan kelelahan yang
cukup berat, mialgia, dan malaise. Kadar Creatine kinase (CK) dalam serum dapat
meningkat pada pasien dengan hipotiroidism.23 Gejala pada polimiositis berupa
kelemahan otot proksimal dan peningkatan kadar CK serum.24 Pasien dengan
miopati terkait statin dapat mengalami kelemahan otot atau rasa sakit atau
kombinasi keduanya. Kadar CK serum biasanya meningkat, namun dapat juga
normal.25 Pasien dengan penyakit ringan dengan dugaan miopati akibat statin
namun dengan kadar CK serum yang normal sering dapat membaik pada observasi
dengan penghentian penggunaan obat statin tersebut.25 Biasanya dibutuhkan
beberapa minggu setelah penghentian obat untuk terjadinya perbaikan.25
Polimialgia reumatik biasanya terlihat pada pasien usia lanjut yang mengalami
gejala ditandai dengan kekakuan otot proksimal lebih berat daripada nyeri pada
otot.26 Peningkatan laju endap darah (LED) dan respon yang cepat terhadap
pengobatan glukokortikoid dosis rendah dapat mengkonfirmasidiagnosis. Beberapa
infeksi virus kronis seperti virus Epstein-Barr, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, dan
parvovirus dapat menyerupai atau memicu fibromialgia.4,14
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KLASIFIKASI FIBROMIALGIA
PENATALAKSANAAN FIBROMIALGIA
Efek Samping
Obat Dosis Awal Dosis Sasaran
tersering
Amitriptilin 5-10 mg 2 jam 25-50 mg Mengantuk, mulut
Sebelum Tidur kering, pusing
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Siklobenzaprin 5-10 mg 2 jam 10-30 mg Mengantuk, mulut
Sebelum Tidur kering, pusing
EDUKASI PASIEN
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Menentukan harapan mengenai prognosis penyakit dan peran pasien dan
dokter adalah penting. Hal ini dapat membantu untuk memberikan informasi
terhadap pasien mengenai fibromialgia yang merupakan penyakit kronis dengan
yang suatu hari dapat membaik dan memburuk; Pengobatan akan memperbaiki
gejala tetapi biasanya tidak menghilangkannya. Pasien dapat mengikuti sleep
hygiene dan program latihan, serta modalitas nonfarmakologis lainnya.
LATIHAN
Latihan aerobik dan latihan kekuatan otot dapat membalikkan kondisi dan
memperbaiki tidur, nyeri, dan fungsi pada pasien dengan fibromialgia.33-35 Pasien
yang memilih kegiatan yang mereka sukai (misalnya, berjalan, latihan renang,
kegiatan kelompok) dan yang mulai pada tingkat latihan yang rendah lebih dapat
berhasil dalam mengelola fibromialgia mereka dalam jangka panjang. Intensitas
latihan harus ditingkatkan secara perlahan untuk menghindari cedera dan serangan
nyeri, yang dapat menyebabkan pasien untuk meninggalkan aktivitas pasien
tersebut.35 Dengan kemampuan pengalihan yang baik sangat mungkin untuk
mematuhi suatu program latihan.36
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PENGOBATAN TAMBAHAN DAN ALTERNATIF
PENGOBATAN FARMAKOLOGIS
Oleh karena itu, tidak mengherankan jika tidak ada agen farmakologis
tunggal yang mampu secara efektif menangani semua potensi gejala pada
fibromialgia.
ANTI DEPRESAN
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tinggi.5 Anti depresan trisiklik awalnya biasa diresepkan untuk pasien dengan
fibromialgia yang tidak memiliki depresi.
Dianjurkan bahwa TCA dimulai pada dosis yang sangat rendah 2 jam
sebelum tidur dan dititrasi secara perlahan-lahan selama beberapa minggu (Tabel)
.40 Meskipun efektivitas awal, daya tahan jangka panjang TCA masih menjadi
pertanyaan.40 Efek antikolinergik (mulut kering dan sembelit), sedasi, dan
kebingungan yang membatasi toleransi pasien. Meskipun Siklobenzaprin
diklasifikasikan sebagai relaksan otot, obat tersebut secara struktural merupakan
suatu TCA. Obat ini digunakan untuk memperbaiki kualitas tidur, nyeri, dan rasa
kenyamanan secara keseluruhan tetapi tampaknya memiliki sedikit atau tidak
berpengaruh terhadap gejala kelelahan pada pasien dengan fibromialgia.41
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OBAT ANTI EPILEPSI
Pregabalin, merupakan obat anti epilepsi yang disetujui oleh Food and Drug
Administration Amerika Serikat untuk pengobatan fibromialgia, dan gabapentin
berperan menghambat pelepasan neurotransmitter jalur nyeri, termasuk substansi P
dan glutamat.43 Obat ini telah dibuktikan dapat memperbaiki rasa nyeri, gangguan
tidur, kelelahan, dan kualitas hidup pada pasien dengan fibromialgia.5,36,43 Obat ini
tidak disetujui untuk pengobatan depresi. Obat ini biasanya digunakan sebagai
terapi tambahan, yang dikombinasikan dengan obat yang mempengaruhi jalur nyeri
lainnya. Efek samping yang membatasi penggunaannya termasuk pusing,
mengantuk, dan penambahan berat.43 Gejala ini cenderung meningkat seiring
dengan penggunaan berkelanjutan.
OBAT LAIN
KESIMPULAN
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terapi, secara substansial membantu dalam penatalaksanaannya. Pemahaman
mengenai mekanisme penghilang rasa nyeri yang berbeda dari kegunaan obat
dalam pemilihan kombinasi terapi yang mungkin lebih efektif dalam pengobatan
pasien dengan fibromialgia.
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
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comorbid illness, and sociodemographic disadvantage characterize RA
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1995;1(6):335-342.
14. Goldenberg DL. Do infections trigger fibromyalgia [editorial] Arthritis
Rheum. 1993;36(11):1489-1492.
15. Kosek E, Ordeberg G. Abnormalities of somatosensory perception in patients
with painful osteoarthritis normalize following successful treatment. Eur J
Pain. 2000;4(3):229-238.
16. McLean SA, Williams DA, Clauw DJ. Fibromyalgia after motor vehicle
collision: evidence and implications. Traffc Inj Prev. 2005;6(2):97-104.
17. Tishler M, Levy O, Maslakov I, Bar-Chaim S, Amit-Vazine M. Neck injury
and fbromyalgia are they really associated. J Rheumatol. 2006;33(6):1183-
1185.
18. McBeth J, Mcfarlane GJ, Benjamin S, Morris S, Silman AJ.The association
between tender points, psychological distress, and adverse childhood
experiences: a community-based study. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42(7):1397-
1404.
19. Bennett RM. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of fbromyalgia. Rheum
Dis Clin North Am. 2009;35(2):215-232.
20. Yunas MB, Aldag JC. The concept of incomplete fibromyalgia syndrome:
comparison of incomplete fbromyalgia syndrome with fbromyalgia syndrome
by 1990 ACR classifcation criteria and its implications for newer criteria and
clinical practice. J Clin Rheumatol. 2012;18(2):71-75.
21. Wolfe F. Fibromyalgianess [editorial]. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61(6):715-716.
22. Ablin K, Clauw DJ. From fbrositis to functional somatic syndromes to a bell-
shaped curve of pain and sensory sensitivity: evolution of a clinical construct.
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