Articulated bus

Used almost exclusively on public transport bus services,

articulated buses are approximately 18 metres (59 ft) in
length; standard rigid-construction buses are usually 11
to 14 metres (36 to 46 ft). The common arrangement
of an articulated bus is to have a forward section with
two axles leading a rear section with a single axle, with
the driving axle mounted on either the front or the rear
section. Some articulated bus models have a steering ar-
rangement on the rearmost axle which turns slightly in
opposition to the front steering axle, allowing the vehicle
to negotiate turns in a crab-like fashion, similar to hook-
Mercedes-Benz Citaro articulated London bus in London, United and-ladder fire trucks operating in city environments.[1]
Kingdom. A less common variant of the articulated bus is the bi-
articulated bus, where the vehicle has two trailer sections
rather than one. Their capacity is around 200 people, and
their length about 25 metres (82 ft).

1 History
Early examples of the articulated bus appeared in Eu-
rope in the 1920s. In Budapest, Hungary the first pro-
totype of this bus was in service in 1960 and could carry
200 passengers. It was manufactured without the use of
blueprints. Later Ikarus’s blueprints were drawn up on
the basis of this existing prototype. There is an ongoing
exhibition in Budapest at the Museum of Transportation
in 2010 with the title “The articulated bus is 50 years old”.
Busscar bi-articulated TransMilenio in Bogota, Colombia.
In the mid-1960s, AC Transit in California pioneered
An articulated bus (either a motor bus or trolleybus) is the American use of a modern articulated bus, operat-
ing the experimental commuter coach “XMC 77” (based
an articulated vehicle used in public transportation. It is
usually a single-deck design, and comprises two rigid sec-on Continental Trailways' Bus & Car Co. Silver Ea-
gle model) on some of its transbay lines.[2] Articulated
tions linked by a pivoting joint (articulation) enclosed by
protective folding bellows on the in- and outside of the buses have also been used in Australia and Europe (Aus-
tria (Gräf & Stift), Italy, Germany(Gaubschat, Emmel-
vehicle (usually of gray or black colour) and a cover plate
on the inside of the vehicle. This arrangement allows a mann, Göppel, Duewag, Vetter), Canada (LFS Articu-
lated), Hungary (Ikarus), Poland (Jelcz AP02)) The first
longer legal overall length than single-decker rigid-bodied
buses, and hence a higher passenger capacity, while still modern British “bendy buses” (as they are referred to in
allowing the bus to maneuver adequately on the roads of the UK and Canada) were built by Leyland-DAB and
its service route. used in the city of Sheffield in the 1980s. They were sub-
sequently withdrawn from service because they proved to
Around the English-speaking world, articulated buses
be expensive to maintain.
have acquired several different synonyms that allude to
their articulated design, such as bendy buses, bending
buses, tandem buses, stretch buses, double buses,
banana buses, slinky buses, wiggle buses, caterpillar 2 Advantages and disadvantages
buses, accordion buses or vestibule buses . Due to their
high passenger capacity, articulated buses are often used The main benefits of an articulated bus over the double-
as part of bus rapid transit schemes, and can include me- decker bus are rapid simultaneous boarding and disem-
chanical guidance. barkation through more and larger doors, much larger

1
2 3 USE

higher torque output of their electric motors, which typi-

cally outperform diesel-based low-floor buses.
In some circumstances of urban operation (such as in ar-
eas with narrow streets and tight turns), articulated buses
may also be involved in significantly more accidents than
conventional buses. Estimates for London’s articulated
buses put their involvement in accidents involving pedes-
trians at over five times the rate of all other buses, and
over twice as high for accidents involving cyclists. In a pe-
SMRT Buses (formerly known as Trans-Island) operates a fleet riod when articulated buses made up approximately 5%
of Mercedes-Benz O405Gs, with the latest batch designed by of the London bus fleet, they were involved in 20% of
Pininfarina. all bus-related deaths, statistics which eventually led to
their replacement.[4] However, these safety statistics may
be partly skewed due to the buses having been used on
the busiest routes in the most crowded areas of the city,
making them look worse than the buses they were being
compared with.[5]

3 Use

The articulation joint mechanism.

passenger capacity (120+ versus 80−90), increased sta-

bility arising from a lower centre of gravity, smaller
frontal area gives less air resistance than double decker
buses thus better fuel efficiency, often a smaller turning
radius, higher maximum service speed, and improved ac-
LiAZ-6213 in Moscow
cessibility for people with disabilities and the elderly.
One disadvantage that is sometimes experienced with
some articulated models is the insufficiency of the ef-
fective motive power available to them. It is common
for articulated buses to use the same engine type as non-
articulated buses (for example, the Hungarian Ikarus 260
solo and IK 280 bendy share a common 10,350 cubic cen-
timetres (631.6 cu in), 192 brake horsepower (143 kW;
195 PS) inline six diesel engine). The extra weight of
the bendy bus gives rise to a slower speed and accelera-
tion. When used in cities built on numerous inclines (e.g.
Vancouver, B.C. or San Francisco, California) the vehicle
is prone to overheating. This may lead to stalling, or in the
worst situations to a full-fledged fire if the bus is powered
by a diesel engine. During late 2003 and early 2004, a se-
ries of onboard fires on newly delivered Mercedes-Benz
Citaros led to Londoners humorously nicknaming the ve- LAZ CityLAZ-20LF in Lviv
hicles chariots of fire. Mercedes-Benz quickly addressed
the problem, although the vehicles were out of service for Articulated buses have been used in most European coun-
a period.[3] However, no overheating or fire-related inci- tries for many years. Until 1980, they were illegal on the
dents have ever been recorded in Vancouver’s articulated UK’s roads. A 1979 experiment by South Yorkshire Pas-
electric trolley buses from a similar cause. Vancouver’s senger Transport Executive with buses manufactured by
articulated trolley buses were specifically chosen for the MAN and Leyland-DAB led to a change in the law, but
 3

New Flyer DE60LFR in Waipahu, Honolulu, Hawaii Ikarbus Ik-201

New Flyer Xcelsior Man Castrosua Bendy Bus

Crown-Ikarus

Viva Transit Van Hool AG300

the experiment was abandoned in 1981 because double-
decker buses were generally considered less expensive
both to purchase and to operate. The cost and weight of Articulated buses became popular in mainland Europe
the strengthened deck framing and staircase of a double- due to their increased capacity compared with regular
decker was lower than the cost and weight of the addi- buses. In many cities, lower railway bridge clearances
tional axle(s) and coupling mechanism of an articulated have precluded the use of double-deck vehicles, which
bus. Modern technology has reduced the weight disad- have never achieved great popularity there. Overhead
vantage, and the benefits of a continuous low floor al- wires for trams, trolleybuses etc. are not really relevant
lowing easier access plus additional entrance doors for issues, as the minimum normal clearance above road level
smoother loading have led to reconsideration of the use is standard across the EU and is well in excess of the
of articulated buses in the UK.[6] height of a double-deck vehicle. (Otherwise many freight
4 3 USE

vehicles would encounter severe problems in the course momentary peak power in excess of 600 kilowatts (816
of normal operation.) PS; 805 hp). The trailer section of a “puller” bus can be
In London, articulated buses were used on some routes subject to unusual centripetal forces, which many people
from 2001 until 2011, but they were not a success. Boris can find uncomfortable, although this is not an issue with
Johnson, the current Mayor of London, promised in the “pushers”. Nonetheless, the articulated bus is highly suc-
run-up to the mayoral election of 2008 to rid the city of cessful in Budapest, Hungary, where the BKV city transit
the controversial buses and replaced them with double company has been operating more than 1000 of them ev-
deckers. ery day since the early 1970s. The Hungarian company
Volán also runs hundreds of articulated buses on intercity
Elsewhere in the UK, they are generally operated on par- lines.
ticular routes in order to increase passenger numbers,
rather than across entire networks. With unsupervised
“open boarding” through three doors and the requirement
for pre-purchase of tickets, levels of fare-dodging on the
new vehicles were found to be at least three times higher
than on conventional buses where entry of passengers is
monitored by the driver or conductor. The only way of
checking for free riders was to use large teams of ticket
inspectors to swamp the bus and inspect all tickets while
keeping the doors closed, meanwhile delaying the fur-
ther progress of the bus. Since the articulated buses were
tending to serve areas of relative deprivation it is sus-
pected that this was a contributory factor in TfL turning
against the concept.

An Novabus LFS Artic operating with Société de transport de

Montréal in downtown Montreal.

Articulated buses are commonplace in such US ur-

ban centers as Akron, Baltimore, Boston, Cleveland,
Minneapolis-St.Paul, Miami, Orlando, Chicago, Denver,
Houston, San Diego, Los Angeles, New York City,
Pittsburgh, Orange County, California, Philadelphia,
Phoenix, the Quad Cities, Rochester, San Francisco,
Seattle, Indianapolis, and Washington, DC. In Eugene,
Lane Transit District uses articulated buses on some high-
traffic routes, as well as on their Emerald Express (EmX)
Bus Rapid Transit Service.

An Arriva London Mercedes-Benz Citaro G on London Buses

route 38, demonstrating bending.

In Israel, the use of articulated buses – commonly called

long buses – is widespread, particularly in Gush Dan and
Jerusalem, the two great urban centers of the country.
The long buses are considered reliable and useful, and
have been in service in Israel since the mid-1970s. Dur-
ing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, such buses were of-
ten targeted by Palestinian terrorists and suicide bombers
during rush hours, since a crowded long bus can contain
more than 100 passengers. Due to the al-Aqsa Intifada
wave of mass bombings, security measures were enforced A Van Hool AG300 operating with Réseau de transport de
and today many long buses in Israel are accompanied by Longueuil at Terminus Panama.
a security guard. In Canada, they are used in Brampton, Calgary,
An articulated bus is a long vehicle and usually requires a Edmonton for the routes 8, 9, and 33, Halifax, Hamilton,
specially trained driver, as maneuvering (particularly re- London, Longueuil, Mississauga, Toronto, Montreal,
versing) can be difficult. Articulated electric trolleybuses Ottawa, Quebec City, Saskatoon, Winnipeg, York Re-
can be difficult to control, with their motors producing gion and Vancouver.
 5

In Asia, many major Chinese cities had fleets of ar- powered by a rear-mounted internal combustion engine,
ticulated buses prior to the late 1990s. Some of and the longitudinal stability of the vehicle is maintained
these fleets have since been replaced by single-section by active hydraulics mounted under the turntable. This
units except in a few cities, namely Beijing, Shanghai, modern system makes it possible to build buses with-
and Hangzhou. While in the 2000s a surge in BRT out steps and having low floors along their entire length,
construction has reintroduced or re-purposed the ar- which simplifies access for passengers with limited mo-
ticulated bus fleets for rapid transit usage in cities bility.
like Changzhou, Dalian, Guangzhou, Jinan, Kunming,
Xiamen, Yancheng, Zaozhuang, and Zhengzhou. In
South America, they are used in São Paulo, Curitiba,
Santiago and Bogotá.
In Adelaide, Australia, articulated buses are used on the
O-Bahn guided busway, reaching speeds of 100 km/h.
The first articulated buses to use it were the Mercedes-
Benz O305G buses; however, three MAN SG280H buses
are also equipped for O-Bahn use. In recent years, it has
proven problematic to find suitable low-floor articulated
buses to replace the 1984-manufactured Mercedes buses, New Flyer DE60LF diesel-electric hybrid in Albuquerque, New
because the design of the O-Bahn track unfortunately pre- Mexico, USA.
cludes the use of most modern articulated buses.
In most puller articulated buses, the engine is mounted
In Singapore, articulated buses were first introduced in
under the floor between the front and middle A- and
1996 by Trans-Island Bus Services (now SMRT Buses)
B-axles, and only the B-axle is powered. Some con-
with the Mercedes-Benz O405G buses (bodied in His-
sider this an outdated design, as it prohibits floor levels
pano Carrcera (MK1/MK2), Hispano Habit and Volgren
lower than approximately 750 millimetres (30 in), and
CR221L). They were given the moniker “bendy buses”, a
can produce passenger discomfort due to high noise and
name which is still in use today. In April of that year,
vibration levels. On the other hand, the puller bus is
SBS Transit introduced a demonstrator Volvo B10MA
cheaper to manufacture, and can be used in very narrow
bus (registration SBS998Y) fitted with a three-door ver-
or severely potholed streets. This type of bus also per-
sion of the Duple Metsec bodywork similar to that of
forms better in snowy or icy conditions, as the thrust from
Volvo’s B10M buses. With a length of 19 metres (62
the driving wheels does not cause the vehicle to jack-
ft), this bus earned the title of “Asia’s Longest Bus”.
nife. Newer models such as the Van Hool AG300 fea-
In 1997, SBS Transit purchased another bendy bus, the
ture low floor while maintaining the puller design placing
Mercedes-Benz O405GN (registration SBS999U), again
the engine block off-center opposite to the second door.
as a demonstrator. This bus had Volgren CR221L body-
Also, the unpowered C-axle is much simpler and carries
work. In March 2006, SBS Transit sold all its bendy
no engine weight, facilitating the installation of counter-
buses to New Zealand after encountering drivability is-
steering mechanisms to further decrease the turning ra-
sues with the Volvo B10MA bus and air-conditioning
dius.
problems with the Mercedes-Benz bus, and also decid-
ing that double-decker buses could carry more passengers Modern low-floor pusher articulated buses also tend to
while taking up less road space, as opposed to SMRT’s suffer from suspension problems because their wheels
stance that “articulated buses offer greater accessibility lack the ampleness of travel that would enable them to
and efficiency”.[7] absorb surface unevennesses. This also leads to passen-
ger discomfort and relatively rapid disintegration of the
From 3 July 2011 to 28 August 2013, articulated Mer-
vehicle’s superstructure.
cedes Citaro buses purchased from London have been
used in Malta by the company Arriva on a number of Although the majority of articulated buses utilise diesel
routes across the country. A number of serious engine engines for their motive power, a number of operators
fires resulted in their withdrawal from service, and they (primarily outside of North America and by LACMTA)
have also been responsible for causing an increase in traf- are adopting compressed natural gas (CNG) power in or-
fic congestion and accidents involving pedestrians and der to reduce pollution. Many other transit authorities
cyclists.[8] in the United States and Canada are adopting articulated
buses that are diesel-electric hybrids, such as the New
Flyer DE60LF. There are also articulated trolleybuses
(electric).
4 Types A typical puller model is the Hungarian-made Ikarus 280,
the articulated version of the Ikarus 260, of which 60.993
Articulated buses can be of “pusher” or “puller” buses were manufactured between 1973 and 2002, mostly
configuration.[1] In pusher buses, only the rear C-axle is for Soviet bloc customers. (In the '70-s this type gave
6 5 DRIVER LICENSING

Bi-articulated bus in Utrecht, Netherlands

LACMTA NABI 60-BRT CNG in Metro Rapid colors.
largest”, which will be used in Beijing.
Bi-articulated buses are still rare, having been trialled and
rejected in some places. Because of their length they have
a role on very high-capacity routes, or as a component
of a bus rapid transit scheme. Major examples of bi-
articulated buses playing a major role in bus rapid transit
can be found in Curitiba, Bogota, Mexico City, Santiago
de Chile, etc. Volvo is a major supplier of puller-type bi-
articulated buses in these markets.[10] In the Netherlands,
bi-articulated buses came into service in Utrecht (2002)
and Groningen (2014) on busy routes.

Articulated trolleybus in Arnhem 4.2 Double-decker articulated buses

the 2/3 of the World’s articulated bus building.) Makers

of pusher-type articulated buses include Mercedes-Benz,
New Flyer Industries, MAN, Volvo and Scania. Puller-
type articulated buses are built in less numbers, but are
still available in Scandinavia and South America. Exam-
ples being the Volvo B9S and Volvo B12M. The Renault
PR 180 and PR 180.2 (articulated versions of the PR 100 A 1992 (redesigned) Neoplan Jumbocruiser
and PR 100.2) were a special variation of the pusher de-
sign in which both the B-axle and C-axle were driven,
with a driveshaft passing through the turntable between A few attempts have been made to design a double-decker
the two driving axles. Very few companies specialise articulated bus. NEOPLAN Bus GmbH built a handful of
in manufacturing the articulated section for the buses. Neoplan Jumbocruisers between 1975 and 1992. In these
One that does is ATG Autotechnik GmbH in Siek near models, only the upper deck allows movement between
Hamburg.[9] the two sections, so each section has its own doors and
set of stairs.

4.1 Bi-articulated buses

Main article: Bi-articulated bus

5 Driver licensing
Since the late 1980s, the concept of the articulated bus
has been extended further with the addition of a second In some countries of the European Union, as well as in
trailer section that extends the bus almost to tram length the United States and Canada, an articulated bus can be
and capacity, to create a bi-articulated bus, called also driven with the same license used to drive a rigid bus (D
triple bus. The Chinese manufacturer Zhejiang Young- in Europe), while a bus towing a normal trailer requires a
man (Jinhua Neoplan) has developed the 25 metres (82 bus + trailer (D+E) license. However, special training is
ft) JNP6280G bi-articulated bus, deemed the “world’s needed for bi-articulated buses.
 7

6 Popular Culture
In a campaign associated with the Transformers: Revenge
of the Fallen film, a Transformers character was created
using parts from an articulated bus with the actual vehicle
as it’s intended alternate form and dubbed “Bendy-Bus
Prime.” [11]

7 See also
• Articulated buses in the United Kingdom
• List of buses

• Trailer bus

8 References
[1] “Articulated Transit Bus Steering Considerations”. North
American Bus Industries. Archived from the original on
13 November 2006. Retrieved 7 January 2007.

[2] Photo of AC Transit XMC 77 at the Transbay Terminal

in San Francisco, California, circa 1965

[3] “Bendy-buses withdrawn after fires”. BBC. BBC News.

24 March 2004. Retrieved 7 January 2007.

[4] Johnson ditches London’s bendy buses

[5] Bendy buses - the fatal facts

[6] The Bendy Bus: A Transport Revolution Ingenia Maga-

zine, March 2005

[7] fotopic.net, Desmond Tay, 27 January 2009. Retrieved

2009-11-13.

[8] Bendy buses given boot over fire fears, Times of Malta,
28 August 2013. Retrieved 2015-12-06.

[9] http://www.articulated-bus.com/index.php/home.html

[10] volvobuses.com

[11] http://transformerslive.blogspot.com/2009/12/
bendy-bus-prime-1st-uk-transformer.html

9 External links
• Steering Considerations & Engine Placements
8 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

10.1 Text
• Articulated bus Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulated_bus?oldid=702132605 Contributors: Edward, Patrick, G-Man, Glenn,
Nikai, Mulad, LMB, Nricardo, Earl Andrew, PBS, JosephBarillari, Kneiphof, ZekeMacNeil, Gidonb, Quincy, Wereon, Radagast, Vaover-
land, Hylaride, Alensha, Matthead, Pne, LennartBolks~enwiki, Tagishsimon, Antandrus, Slivester, Histrion, Sonett72, Johnwalton, Cal-
watch, Adashiel, Grunt, Chris j wood, Discospinster, Andros 1337, Cnwb, Clawed, Ibagli, Alistair1978, Bender235, Jaberwocky6669, El
C, Lyght, Directorstratton, Jwink3101, Dennis Valeev, StYxXx, Buffalo Bill, Celada, Hooperbloob, Prashmail, 119, Arthena, Ricky81682,
Mailer diablo, Ynhockey, ProhibitOnions, Carioca, DeirYassin, Gene Nygaard, Dan100, Slipdigby, Geoffarnold, Boothy443, Kelly Martin,
LoopZilla, CKD, Bluemoose, SeventyThree, Emerson7, Graham87, Descendall, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Dunro, Vegaswikian, Chocobot18,
MapsMan, Pacific Coast Highway, SchuminWeb, IIVQ, Kolbasz, Drumguy8800, Chobot, Fourdee, Krawunsel, YurikBot, Wavelength, Ky-
macpherson, Lincolnite, ADS190, Rada, Hellbus, Grubber, Rsrikanth05, Bachrach44, Msoos, Buster79, Foxmulder, DrHydeous, Zwobot,
FlyingPenguins, Threeonezero, JFL2422, Heat3000, Sturmovik, Jonathan.s.kt, DocendoDiscimus, Zso~enwiki, SmackBot, Emoscopes,
Ajsphila, Nil Einne, Commander Keane bot, Bluebot, Thumperward, Soundoftoday, John Reaves, Hgrosser, RuudVisser, Ypy31, Shuki,
OrphanBot, Nixeagle, Snowmanradio, Born Acorn, Nakon, Weekilter, TGC55, Morio, Chz~enwiki, Drunken Pirate, Yoshobo~enwiki,
Buchanan-Hermit, Rev-san, Peter Horn, AEMoreira042281, Olecron, Iridescent, Joseph Solis in Australia, Tmangray, Tawkerbot2, Hs-
jawanda, Worlock eats, Zureks, HTUK, Qrc2006, Green451, Cydebot, Timeshift9, Peripitus, Alexcaban, David Santos, Omicronpersei8,
PKT, Legotech, Pavleski001, Thijs!bot, Pseudotriton, Baville, Buron444, Ingolfson, The Port of Authority, Albany NY, Freshacconci,
JanCK, Soulbot, Dulciana, Giodb, −1348-, Xeolyte, PerryPlanet, Welshleprechaun, OBILI, Sigmundg, Arriva436, SpigotMap, KylieTas-
tic, Parable1991, Harvey994, Uingwiki, Genorp, TXiKiBoT, Pwnage8, Unremitting, Busesireland, Nosferatütr, Aylad, Fan Railer, John-
nyMrNinja, Wuhwuzdat, HighInBC, Petyo84, Umairsignature, LarRan, Hoplon, ImageRemovalBot, Mbssbs, ClueBot, PipepBot, Snig-
brook, Sunil060902, IVP, MickMacNee, Edson Rosa, Mhockey, Blow of Light, Qwfp, GM Pink Elephant, SJ Morg, Dthomsen8, Addbot,
JBsupreme, AcademyAD, Lightbot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Adeliine, ArthurBot, Anna Frodesiak, GrouchoBot, FrescoBot, Patrick lovell,
Ravendrop, OgreBot, Rheintalfan, RedBot, FoxBot, SeanBouy1991, Mean as custard, Bahnfrend, Alzarian16, 67again, WikitanvirBot,
Useddenim, Braniff747SP, Agent L, ZéroBot, Terramorphous, H3llBot, Rcsprinter123, Caron.r.williams, TyA, TIB792E, ClueBot NG,
Kronosz 284, Dougmcdonell, Adam190892, Mateom28, Susiesongling, Njaohnt, ChrisGualtieri, Khazar2, SMB91YIsMyRep, Mogism,
Cerabot~enwiki, Олег73рус, Pieonfire97, Das grammar, Koldorogollo, Captain Conundrum, Elchano.bello, Subodh.2013, Mohsin17,
Ryan Ch'ng, Filedelinkerbot, DSCrowned, OptimusMagnus, Edlewis1234, Digeesh haloi, Pypoi Pyoru, 22boyleca, TheMostNeutral-
NameinTheBook and Anonymous: 238

10.2 Images
• File:2009_60'_New_Flyer_DE60LFR_Hybrid.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/2009_60%27_
New_Flyer_DE60LFR_Hybrid.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Surf100ify
• File:Arnhem-Trolleybus-4-wheel-steering.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/
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10.3 Content license 9

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