Determinantes 2

ACTIVIDADES
1. Página 36
−3 2
a) A = = (−3) ⋅ (−4) − 2 ⋅ 5 = 12 − 10 = 2
5 −4

2 0 5
b) B = 1 1 −2 = 2 ⋅ 1⋅ 1+ 0 ⋅ (−2) ⋅ (−1) + 5 ⋅ 1⋅ 1− 5 ⋅ 1⋅ (−1) − 0 ⋅ 1⋅ 1− 2 ⋅ (−2) ⋅ 1 = 16
−1 1 1

2. Página 36
4 2x
a) = 4 ⋅ (−2) − 2 x ⋅ 1 = −8 − 2 x → −2 x − 8 = 0 → x = −4
1 −2

3 −2 −3
b) 2 x −5 = 3 ⋅ x ⋅ 2 + (−2) ⋅ (−5) ⋅ 1+ (−3) ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1− (−3) ⋅ x ⋅ 1− (−2) ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 − 3 ⋅ (−5) ⋅ 1 = 9 x + 27 → 9 x + 27 = 0 → x = −3
1 1 2

3. Página 37
−1 7 4
2 1 −2 = (−1) ⋅ 1⋅ 1+ 7 ⋅ (−2) ⋅ 2 + 4 ⋅ 2 ⋅ (−1) − 4 ⋅ 1⋅ 2 − 7 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1− (−1) ⋅ (−2) ⋅ (−1) = −57
a)
2 −1 1

b) |A| = |At| = −57

c) |2A| = 23 |A| = 8 · (−57) = −456
d) |−A| = (−1)3 |A| = −(−57) = 57

4. Página 37
t
 a c   a b a c a b 2
a)   =   → = =−
b d  c d  b d c d 3

a 3b a b
b) = 3⋅ = −2
c 3d c d

5b 5d b d a c a b
c) = 3⋅ 5⋅ = 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ (−1) ⋅ = 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ (−1) ⋅ = 10
3 a 3c a c b d c d

5. Página 38
3a b + 2a c − a a b + 2a c − a a b c
3d e + 2d f − d = 3 ⋅ d e + 2d f − d = 3 ⋅ d e f = 3 ⋅ (−2) = −6
3g h + 2g i − g g h + 2g i − g g h i

43
 Determinantes 2

6. Página 38
1
F '2 =F2 − F1
2 −2 −6 2 2 −2 −6 2 −2 −6
F '3 =F3 +F1 F'3 =F3 +F2
1 1 −2 = 0 2 1 = 0 2 1 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ (−1) = −4
−2 0 4 0 −2 −2 0 0 −1
1
F '2 =F2 − F1
4 8 −1 4
8
−1 4 1
F '3 =F3 + F1
2 5
12 1 = 0 0 =0
4
1
−4 −2 0 0 0
2

7. Página 39
a a +1 a + 2 a a a a 1 a a a 2 a 1 2 a 1 2 F'3 =F3 −F2 a 1 2
F'2 =F2 −F1
a a+3 a+4 = a a a + a 3 a + a a 4 + a 3 4 = 0+0 +0 + a 3 4 = 0 2 2 =0
a a+5 a+6 a a a a 5 a a a 6 a 5 6 a 5 6 0 2 2

8. Página 39
7
 8 0  0 3 1 −16 21 23 7 8 0
    
A ⋅ B = 0 −7 3 ⋅ −2 0 2 =  23 12 −14
   A = 0 −7 3 = 7 ⋅ (−7) ⋅ 10 + 8 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1 = −466
     
 1 0 10  3 4 0  30 43 1 1 0 10
0 3 1
B = −2 0 2 = 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 + 1⋅ (−2) ⋅ 4 = 10 A ⋅ B = −466 ⋅ 10 = −4 660
3 4 0

−16 21 23
A⋅ B = 23 12 −14 = (−16) ⋅ 12 ⋅ 1+ 21⋅ (−14) ⋅ 30 + 23 ⋅ 23 ⋅ 43 − 23 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 30 − 21⋅ 23 ⋅ 1− (−16) ⋅ (−14) ⋅ 43 = −4660
30 43 1

9. Página 40
1 −1 2 0 1 −1 2 0
1 −1 2 0 F '2 =F2 −2 F1 1 −1 2 0 4
F ''3 = F'3 − F2
F '3 = F3 −3 F1 3 0 3 −1 1 0 3 −1 1
2 1 3 1 F '4 = F4 −2 F1 0 3 −1 1 F ''4 = F'4 −F2 F'''4 = F''4 +6 F ''3  −2 
a) = = 2 5 = 2 5 = 1⋅ 3 ⋅  ⋅ 9 = −18
3 1 4 3 0 4 −2 3 0 0 − 0 0 −  3 
3 3 3 3
2 1 7 0 0 3 3 0
0 0 4 −1 0 0 0 9

1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 F'2 =F2 −2 F1 1 2 3 4
F'3 = F3 −F1 2
F ''4 =F '4 − F'2 0 −3 −4 −7
2 1 2 1 F'4 = F4 −3 F1 0 −3 −4 −7 3
b) = = 0 0 1 1 =0
1 2 4 5 0 0 1 1
16 16
3 4 1 2 0 −2 −8 −10 0 0 − −
3 3

10. Página 40
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 F'2 =F2 −F1 1 1 1 2
F'3 =F3 −F1 F ''3 =F '3 +2 F '2
1 2 −3 8 F3 ↔F4 1 2 −3 8 F'4 =F4 −aF1 0 1 −4 6 F ''4 =F '4 +(1+a ) F '2
=− = − =
a −1 −1 1 1 −1 1 −2 0 −2 0 −4
1 −1 1 −2 a −1 −1 1 0 −1− a −1− a 1− 2a

44
 Determinantes 2

1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
 5+5 a  ''
F'''4 =F ''4 − F
0 1 −4 6  8  3 0 1 −4 6
=− = − = −1⋅ 1⋅ (−8) ⋅ (2 − a)
0 0 −8 8 0 0 −8 8
0 0 −5 − 5a 7 + 4a 0 0 0 2− a

Por tanto, el determinante será 0 si y solo si a = 2.

11. Página 41
2 6
a) α 21 = 3 b) α 21 = = 14 − 18 = −4
3 7

12. Página 41
8 2 8 2
a) A12 = (−1)1+2 ⋅ 1 = −1 b) A12 = (−1)1+2 ⋅ =− = −(8 ⋅ (−1) − 2 ⋅ (−2)) = 4
−2 −1 −2 −1

13. Página 42
5 −4 0
−1 1 4 1
a) 4 −1 1 = 5 A11 + (−4) A12 + 0 A13 = 5 ⋅ (−1)1+1 + (−4)(−1)1+2 = 5(3 − 2) + 4(−12) = −43
2 −3 0 −3
0 2 −3

5 −4 0
4 −1 1 = 15 − 10 − 48 = −43
0 2 −3

3 −2 1
4 6 2 6 2 4
b) 2 4 6 = 3 A11 − 2 A12 + 1A13 = 3 ⋅ (−1)1+1 − 2 ⋅ (−1)1+2 + 1⋅ (−1)1+3 =
−1 2 1 2 1 −1
1 −1 2

= 3(8 + 6) + 2(4 − 6) + (−2 − 4) = 32

3 −2 1
2 4 6 = 24 − 12 − 2 − 4 + 18 + 8 = 32
1 −1 2

14. Página 42
1 0 −1 2
3 2 −2 2 3 −2 2 3 2
2 3 2 −2
a) = 1A11 + (−1) A13 + 2 A14 = (−1)1+1 4 2 1 − (−1)1+3 2 4 1 + 2(−1)1+4 2 4 2 =
2 4 2 1
1 5 −3 3 1 −3 3 1 5
3 1 5 −3
= −43 − 21− 2 ⋅ 4 = −72

−1 3 2 −1
2 −2 1 3
b) = (−1) A11 + 2 A21 + 7 A41 =
0 −5 10 4
7 −8 9 −2
−2 1 3 3 2 −1 3 2 −1
= (−1) ⋅ (−1)1+1 −5 10 4 + 2(−1)2+1 −5 10 4 + 7(−1)4+1 −2 1 3 =
−8 9 −2 −8 9 −2 −5 10 4
= (−1) ⋅ 175 + 2 ⋅ (−1)3 ⋅ (−287) + 7 ⋅ (− 1)5 ⋅ (−77) = 938

45
 Determinantes 2

15. Página 43
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1+ a 2 + a 3 + a 4 + a F'2 =F2 −F1 a a a a
= =0
a a a a a a a a
5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8

16. Página 43
1 a 5 7
0 2 a 6
= 1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 = 24
0 0 3 a
0 0 0 4

17. Página 44
1 2 −3 −4
−1 −2 3 4
=0
1 0 1 0
0 −1 0 −1

−2 3 4 −1 3 4 −1 −2 4 −1 −2 3
0 1 0 =6 1 1 0 =4 1 0 0 = −6 1 0 1 = −4
−1 0 −1 0 0 −1 0 −1 −1 0 −1 0

2 −3 −4 1 −3 −4 1 2 −4 1 2 −3
0 1 0 = −6 1 1 0 = −4 1 0 0 =6 1 0 1 =4
−1 0 −1 0 0 −1 0 −1 −1 0 −1 0

2 −3 −4 1 −3 −4 1 2 −4 1 2 −3
−2 3 4 =0 −1 3 4 =0 −1 −2 4 =0 −1 −2 3 =0
−1 0 −1 0 0 −1 0 −1 −1 0 −1 0

2 −3 −4 1 −3 −4 1 2 −4 1 2 −3
−2 3 4 =0 −1 3 4 =0 −1 −2 4 =0 −1 −2 3 =0
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 2 1 −3 1 −4 1 2 1 −3
=0 =0 =0 = −2 =4
−1 −2 −1 3 −1 4 1 0 1 1

1 −4 1 2 1 −3 1 −4 −1 −2
=4 = −1 =0 = −1 =2
1 0 0 −1 0 0 0 −1 1 0

−1 3 −1 4 −1 −2 −1 3 −1 4
= −4 = −4 =1 =0 =1
1 1 1 0 0 −1 0 0 0 −1

1 0 1 1 1 0 2 −3 2 −4
= −1 =0 = −1 =0 =0
0 −1 0 0 0 −1 −2 3 −2 4

2 −3 2 −4 2 −3 2 −4 −2 3
=2 =0 = −3 = −6 = −2
0 1 0 0 −1 0 −1 −1 0 1

−2 3 0 1 −3 −4 −3 −4 −3 −4
=3 =1 =0 =4 =3
−1 0 −1 0 3 4 1 0 0 −1

3 4 3 4 1 0 −2 4 −2 4
= −4 = −3 = −1 =0 =6
1 0 0 −1 0 −1 0 0 −1 −1

0 0
=0 Y cada uno de los elementos de la matriz es un menor de orden 1.
−1 −1

46
 Determinantes 2

18. Página 44
2 −1
a) = −6 + 4 = −2 ≠ 0 ; por tanto, el rango de A es 2.
4 −3

1 4
b) = 4 + 4 = 8 ≠ 0 ; por tanto, el rango de B es 2.
−1 4

19. Página 45
1 1
a) = 1+ 1 = 2 ≠ 0 → Rango ≥ 2
−1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1
−1 1 = 0 y −1 −1
1 1 = 0 → Rango < 3
1 −1 −1 1 1 −1

Por tanto, el rango de la matriz A es 2.

2 −1
b) = 2 + 3 = 5 ≠ 0 → Rango ≥ 2
3 1

2 −1 1 2 −1 1
3 1 4 =0 , 3 1 4 = 0 → Rango < 3
12 4 16 6 2 8

Por tanto, el rango de la matriz B es 2.

20. Página 45
1 −1
a) = 1+ 2 = 3 ≠ 0 → Rango ≥ 2
2 1

1 −1 2
2 1 3 = m − 15 + 4 − 10 + 2m − 3 = 3m − 24 → 3 m− 24 = 0 → m = 8
5 1 m

1 −1 2
2 1 m = 6 − 5m + 4 − 10 + 12 − m = −6 m + 12 → −6 m + 12 = 0 → m = 2
5 1 6

1 2 2
2 m = 18 + 10 m + 4m − 30 − 24 − m2 = −m2 + 14m − 36 → −m2 + 14m − 36 = 0 → m = 7 ± 13
3
5 m 6

Ningún valor de m anula los tres menores de orden 3 simultáneamente, luego el rango de A es 3.
1 2
b) = 1− 2 = −1 ≠ 0 → Rango ≥ 2
1 1

1 2 1
1 1 m = 1+ 2m + m − 1− 2 − m2 = −m2 + 3m − 2 → −m2 + 3m − 2 = 0 → m = 1 y m = 2
1 m 1

1 1 m  m = −1

1 m 1 = m + m − 1+ m2 − m2 ( m − 1) − 1− m = −m3 + 2m2 + m − 2 → −m3 + 2m2 + m − 2 = 0 →  m = 1

m −1 m 1  m = 2

1 2 1
1m 1 = m + 2( m − 1) + m − m( m − 1) − 2 − m = −m2 + 4 m − 4 → −m2 + 4m − 4 = 0 → m = 2
m −1 m 1

47
 Determinantes 2

1 1 2
m = 0
1 m = 1+ 2m( m − 1) + m − ( m − 1) − 2 − m2 = m2 − 2m → m2 − 2m = 0 → 
1 
m = 2
m −1 m 1

Solo el valor m = 2 anula los cuatro menores de orden 3 simultáneamente, luego el rango de B es 3 para todo
valor m ≠ 2, y para m = 2, el rango de B es 2.

21. Página 46
 1 −3  2 −1  −1 3
a) Adj(A) =   b) Adj(B) =   c) Adj(C) =  
−1 −2 −3 1 −2 −5

22. Página 46
 5 6 4 6 4 5 
 −
 6 8 8 8 8 6 
  
4 16 −16  4 2 −3
 2 3 1 3 1 2     
Adj(A) = − −  =  2 −16
 
 t 
10 → Adj( A) =  16 −16

6
 6 8 8 8 8 6  
    −16
 2 3 1 3 1 2  −3 6 −3 10 −3

 − 
 5 6 4 6 4 5 

 1 2 3  4 2 −3 −12 0 0

     
t 
A ⋅ Adj( A) = 4 5 6 ⋅  16 −16 
6 =  0 −12 0
     
8 6 8 −16 10 −3  0 0 −12

1 2 3 −12 0 0  
   1 0 0
4 5 6 = 40 + 96 + 72 − 120 − 64 − 36 = −12 A ⋅ Adj( A)t =  0 −12 0 = −12 ⋅ 0 1 0
   
8 6 8  0 0 −12 0 0 1

23. Página 47
1 1 −1 1 0 0   1 1 0 
   
a) A = 0 −1 1 = 1 → Adj( A) =  1 1 2  → Adj( A)t = 0 1 −1
   
0 −2 1 0 −1 −1 0 2 −1

 1 1 0   1 1 0 
1 1    
A−1 = Adj( A)t = ⋅ 0 1 −1 = 0 1 −1
A 1    
0 2 −1 0 2 −1


3 5 −1 −7 1 1 0 −1 1 1 0 −1
1 4 3
−1 0 4 4 F4 ↔F1 −1 0 4 4 0 1 4 3
b) B = =− =− = −1⋅ −1 −1 0 = −(4 + 3 + 6 − 16) = 3
2 1 −1 −2 2 1 −1 −2 0 −1 −1 0
2 −1 −4
1 1 0 −1 3 5 −1 −7 0 2 −1 −4

 0 −3 3 −3  0 1 4 −4
   
 1 −4 4 −3 −3 −4 −13 31
Adj(B) =   → Adj( B)t = 
 
 4 −13 10 −9  3 4 10 −25
   
−4 31 −25 24 −3 −3 −9 24

 1 4 4
 0 − 
 0 
 3 3 3 
1 4 −4  
   4 13 31 
1  − 3 − 4 − 13 31 −1 − − 
B−1 =   =  3 3 3 
3  3 4 10 −25 
 4 10 25 
−3 −3 −9
 
24  1 − 
 3 3 3 
−1 −1 −3 
 8

48
 Determinantes 2

24. Página 47
1 0 −1
m = 1
a) A = 0 m = −m2 + 4m − 3 → −m2 + 4m − 3 = 0 → 
3  → A es invertible si y solo si m ≠ 1 y m ≠ 3 .
m = 3
4 1 −m

2 −1 m
m = 1
b) B = m 3 4 = 12 − 12 − m2 − 9m + 2m + 8 = −m2 − 7m + 8 → −m2 − 7m + 8 = 0 →  → B es invertible si y
m = −8
3 −1 2
solo si m ≠ 1 y m ≠ −8 .

SABER HACER
25. Página 48
1+ x 1 1
 x = −3
a) 1 1+ x 1= (1+ x )3 + 1+ 1− (1+ x ) − (1+ x ) − (1+ x ) = x 3 + 3 x 2 → x 3 + 3 x 2 = 0 → 
 x = 0
1 1 1+ x

x 0 −1
 x = −1
b) −2 1 1 = x 2 − 1 → x 2 − 1= 0 → 
 x = 1
−1 0 x

x 1 0 x −1 0 2
c) 1 x −1 + 1 2 0 = x 2 − 3 + 2( x − 1) + 4 − 4 x = x 2 − 2 x − 1 → x 2 − 2 x − 1 = −2 → x 2 − 2 x + 1 = 0 → x = 1
2 0 1 x 2 1

26. Página 48
1 1 1
3 3 3 1 1 1  1 1 1 1 1 1 
2 2   2 4
a + d b + e c + f = ⋅ a + d b + e c + f =  a b c + d e f  = ⋅ (2 + 0) =
3 3   3 3
2d 2e 2f d e f  d e f d e f 

27. Página 49
−1 −1 −1 ⋯ −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 ⋯ −1 −1
F'2 =F2 +F1
1 9 −1 ⋯ −1 −1 F'3 =F3 +F1 0 8 −2 ⋯ −2 −2
⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯
1 1 9 … −1 −1 F'n =Fn +F1 0 0 8 ⋯ −2 −2
= = −1⋅ 8 ⋅ 8 ⋅ ... ⋅ 8 = −8 n−1
⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯
1 1 1 ⋯ 9 −1 0 0 0 ⋯ 8 −2
1 1 1 ⋯ 1 9 0 0 0 ⋯ 0 8

|An| = −8n−1 → |A6| = −86−1 = −32 768

28. Página 49
m m − 1 m( m − 1)
m 1 m = m( m − 1) + m2 ( m − 1) + m2 ( m − 1) − m2 ( m − 1) − m( m − 1)2 − m2 = m2 − 2m = m( m − 2)
m 1 m −1
m = 0
m( m − 2) = 0 →  Si m ≠ 0 y m ≠ 2 , el rango de la matriz A es 3.
m = 2
0 −1 0 2 1 2
   
Si m = 0 → A = 0 1 0 , que tiene rango 2. Si m = 2 → A = 2 1 2 , que tiene rango 2.
   
0 1 −1 2 1 1

49
 Determinantes 2

29. Página 50
3 −1
= 3 ≠ 0 → Rango ≥ 2
3 0

3 3 1
k 3 −1 = −9 + 3k − 9 + 9 = 3k − 9 → 3k − 9 = 0 → k = 3
3 3 0

1 3 1
k 3 −1 = 9 + 3k → 9 + 3k = 0 → k = −3
−1 3 0

Como no hay ningún valor que anule simultáneamente todos los menores de orden 3, el rango de A es 3.

30. Página 50
m −1 1 1  m = −1

1 = m( m − 1) + 1− m − ( m − 1) = m3 − 2m2 − m + 2 → m3 − 2m2 − m + 2 = 0 →  m = 1
2
A= 1 m −1

0 1 m  m = 2

Por tanto, A es invertible si y solo si m ≠ −1 , m ≠ 1 y m ≠ 2 .

31. Página 50
0 −1 1 1 3 2
   
Tomamos A =  1 3 0 y B = −1 −1 0 .
   
0 1 0  0 2 2

A ⋅ X = B → A−1 ⋅ A ⋅ X = A−1 ⋅ B → X = A−1B

Vamos a calcular A−1 :

0 −1 1 0 1 −3 0 1 −3  1 3 2 −1 −7 −6
       
A= 1 3 0 = 1 , A−1 = 0 0 1 → X = A−1 ⋅ B = 0 0 1 ⋅ −1 −1 0 =  0 2 2 
 
   
  
 
0 1 0  1 0 1  1 0 1   0 2 2  1 5 4 

32. Página 51
2 0 1 1 0 0  1 −3 −2
     
Consideramos A =  1 3 −1 , B = 3 0 −1 y C = 0 −1 0 .
     
2 1 0 2 1 3  2 0 2

AX + B = C2 → AX = C2 − B → A−1 AX = A−1(C 2 − B ) → X = A−1(C 2 − B )

−1 −1 3 
1  
A = −3 y A−1 =  2 2 −3
3  
 5 2 −6

−1 −1 3   1 −3 −22  1 0 0 −1 −1 3  −3 0 −6  1 0 0

1       1      
X = A−1(C 2 − B) =  2 2 −3⋅ 0 −1 0 − 3 0 −1
 =  2 2 −3 ⋅  0 1 0 − 3 0 −1 =
3       3 
     
 5 2 −6  2 0 2 2 1 3  5 2 −6  6 −6 0 2 1 3
 
−1 −1 3  −4 0 −6  19 −22 −4 
1     1  
= 2  
2 −3 ⋅ −3 1  
1 = −26 23 −1 
3     3  
 5 2 −6  4 −7 −3 −50 44 −10

50
 Determinantes 2

33. Página 51
AX + X = B → AX + IX = B → ( A + I ) X = B → ( A + I )−1( A + I ) X = ( A + I )−1 B → X = ( A + I )−1 B
−1
 2 1  1 0  5 20  3 1−1  5 20 1  1 −1  5 20 1  15 15  3 3
X = ( A + I )−1 B =  
 + 
 
 ⋅   =   ⋅   =   ⋅   =   =  

−2 0 0 1 −10 5 −2 1 −10 5 5 2 3 −10 5 5 −20 55 −4 11

ACTIVIDADES FINALES
34. Página 52
−1 3 −3 −2
A= = −4 B= = −11
2 −2 −1 3

−1 3 −3 −2 −4 1 −4 1

A + B =   +   =   → A+ B = = −5
 2 −2  −1 3  1 1 1 1
−1 3 −3 −2 2 5 2 5
A − B =   −  =   → A− B = = −25
 2 −2  −1 3 3 −5 3 −5

35. Página 52
1 −1 −1 5
A= =5 B= = −3
2 3 1 −2

 1 −1 −1 5 −2 7 −2 7

A ⋅ B =  ⋅   =   → A⋅ B = = −15 = A ⋅ B
2 3  1 −2  1 4 1 4
−1 5  1 −1  9 16 9 16
B ⋅ A =  ⋅   =   → B⋅ A = = −15 = B ⋅ A
 1 −2 2 3 −3 −7 −3 −7

36. Página 52
1 −1 a 2 a−4 2
a) =1 c) = − 3 a − 2b e) = a2 − 7 a
3 −2 b −3 6 a−3

12 −4 x x2 a + 1 a −1
b) =0 d) =0 f) = 2 a2 + 2
−9 3 1 x 1− a a + 1

37. Página 52
4 2
a) = 4 a + 6 , 4a + 6 = 26 → a = 5
−3 a

b 4
b) = −15b , −15b = 45 → b = −3
3b −3

c 3c − 1
c) = c 2 − 12c + 4 , c2 − 12c + 4 = 32 → c = −2 o c = 14
4 c

1 −2
14 14
d) d d = , =7 →d=2
d d
3 8

e 2
e) = e2 − 6e − 4 , e2 − 6e − 4 = 0 → e = 8
2 e−6

senf cos f 1 1 1
f) = sen2f − cos 2f , sen2f − cos 2f = − → f = (6πn −π), n ∈ ℤ o f = (6πn + π) , n ∈ ℤ
cos f senf 2 6 6

51
 Determinantes 2

38. Página 52
−1 2 −3 1 1 1
A= 0 1 −1 = 1 B = 2 0 2 =0
3 1 1 0 3 0

−1 2 −3  1 1 1 0 3 −2 0 3 −2

     
A + B =  0 1 −1 +  2 0 2 =  2 1 1 → A + B = 2 1 1 = −7
     
 3 1 1 0 3 0 3 4 1 3 4 1

−1 2 −3  1 1 1 −2 1 −4 −2 1 −4

     
A − B =  0 1 −1 −  2 0 2 = −2 1 −3 → A − B = −2 1 −3 = −1
     
 3 1 1 0 3 0  3 −2 1 3 −2 1

39. Página 52
3 2 −1 −1 4 6 x −1 2 x
a) 4 0 3 = 11 c) 2 −3 1 =0 e) x + 1 4 3 = 4x
2 −3 5 −8 17 9 −2 0 −2

3 4 2 a 2 4 −a b c
b) 2 0 −3 = 11 d) 0 b 3 = a ⋅ b ⋅ c f) −b c a = a3 + b3 + c 3 − 3 ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ c
−1 3 5 0 0 c −c a b

40. Página 52
3 a −1
a) 4 1 1 = 3 a − 4 , 3a− 4 = 2 → a = 2
2 a −2

−2 b −1
b) b 1 b = b2 + 5b − 1 , b2 + 5b −1= 5 → b = −6 o b = 1
3 5 2

c −1 c + 2 0
c) c −1 4 = c 2 + 23c + 3 , c2 + 23c + 3 = −197 → No tiene solución.
2 −3 −1

d d2 d −1
3
d) 2 −1 0 = −2d 3 − d , −2d − d = −18 → d = 2
d 0 d

41. Página 52
a b a b  a2 + bc ab + bd  a2 + ad ba + bd 
A2 =  ⋅   =   (a + d ) A =  2

c d  c d ac + dc cb + d 2  ca + cd da + d 

bc − ad 0 
A2 −( a + d ) A =   A = ad − bc
 0 bc − ad

bc − ad 0  ad − bc 0  0 0

A2 − ( a + d )⋅ A + A ⋅ I =  + = 
 0 bc − ad  0 ad − bc 0 0

52
 Determinantes 2

42. Página 52
−1 1
1 −2 1    0 −3 0 −3
A ⋅ B =   ⋅  0 2 =  → = −6
1 0 −1   −2 1 −2 1
 1 0 

−1 1 0 2 −2 0 2 −2

  1 −2 1  
B ⋅ A =  0 2⋅   =  2 0 −2 → 2 0 −2 = 0
  1 0 −1  
 1 0   1 −2 1 1 −2 1

43. Página 52
3 5
a) A = = 11 , 2 A = 22
−1 2

 6 10 6 10
2 A =   , 2 A = = 44 → No se cumple.
−2 4 −2 4

 3 5 −2 4  1 9 1 9

b) A + B =   +   =  , A+ B = = −15
−1 2  3 1 2 3 2 3

−2 4
A = 11 , B = = −14 , A + B = −3 → No se cumple.
3 1

 6 −3 −2 4  10 −11 10 −11

c) C − 2B =   − 2  =   , C − 2B = = −100
−4 3  3 1 −10 1 −10 1

6 −3
B = −14 , C = = 6 , C − 2 B = 34 → No se cumple.
−4 3

 3 5 −2 4 9 17 9 17

d) A ⋅ B =  ⋅   =   , A⋅ B = = −154
−1 2  3 1 8 −2 8 −2

A = 11 , B = −14 , A ⋅ B = −154 → Se cumple por la propiedad 9.

44. Página 52
1 3 −1
A = 2 −1 1 = −5 At = A = −5 2 A = 23 A = −40
1 0 1

1 3 1 1 −125
A2 = A ⋅ A = A ⋅ A = 25 A = 3 A ⋅ A ⋅ A = (−5)3 =
2 2 8 8

45. Página 52
3 4 −1
1 2 −1 = 2
2 5 −2

3 4 −1 3 12 −1
a) F3 + F2 → 1 2 −1 = 2 c) C2 + 3C1 + C3 → 1 4 −1 = 2
3 7 −3 2 9 −2

3 4 2 3 4 −1
b) C3 + C1 → 1 2 0 = 2 d) F3 − F1 − 2F2 → 1 2 −1 = 2
2 5 0 −3 −3 1

53
 Determinantes 2

46. Página 52
a 1 −1 2 1 −1 a + 2 1 −1
b 0 −2 = −2c − b + 2a − 3 0 −2 = − 3 b − 3 0 − 2 = 2 a − b − 2c − 3
c 1 0 5 1 0 c+5 1 0

a+2 1 −1 a 1 −1 2 1 −1
Por tanto, se cumple la igualdad: b − 3 0 −2 = b 0 −2 + −3 0 −2
c+5 1 0 c 1 0 5 1 0

47. Página 52
A = 3 , 2 A = 48

2n A = 48 → 2n ⋅ 3 = 48 → 2n = 16 → n = 4

La matriz A es de orden 4.

48. Página 52
3 A = 54 , n = 3

33 A = 54 → A = 2

49. Página 52

a) Mt = 5
Propiedad 1
b) 2M = 22 M = 4 ⋅ 5 = 20
Propiedad 3
c) 5M = 52 M = 25 ⋅ 5 = 125
Propiedad 3
d) 2M = 23 M = 8 ⋅ 5 = 40
Propiedad 3
e) 5M = 53 M = 125 ⋅ 5 = 625
Propiedad 3
f) 2M = 24 M = 16 ⋅ 5 = 80
Propiedad 3

50. Página 53
a) Propiedad 3 – Propiedad 5 – Propiedad 2

b) Propiedad 5 (F'1 = F1 − 10F2 )

c) Propiedad 5 (F'1 = F1 − 10F2 ) y (F'2 = F2 − 10F3 )

d) Propiedad 8 – Propiedad 6

54
 Determinantes 2

51. Página 53
2 −1 1 2 −1 1 2 −1 1
F'3 =F3 +2 F1 •
a) −3 2 −1 = −3 2 −1 = 5 ⋅ −3 2 −1 = 5
1 7 3 5 5 5 1 1 1

1 2 5 1 2 125 1 2 5
C'3 =100 C1+10 C2 +C3 •
b) 3 7 5 = 3 7 375 = 25 ⋅ 3 7 15 = 25
6 2 5 6 2 625 6 2 25

2 −3 1 6 6 −3 1 6 1 −3 1 6
1 1 −1 5 C'1=C1+C2 +C3 +C4 6 1 −1 5 1 1 −1 5 •
c) = = 6⋅ =6
4 −2 7 −3 6 −2 7 −3 1 −2 7 −3
8 −1 0 −1 6 −1 0 −1 1 −1 0 −1

52. Página 53
3 2 4 3 1 4 3 1 4
a) 2 −6 −4 = 2 ⋅ 2 −3 −4 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 −3 −4 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 = 30
6 0 3 6 0 3 2 0 1

3 2 2 3 1 4
b) 1 −3 0 = 2 −3 −4 = 5
4 −4 1 2 0 1

8 1 4 3 1 4
C'1=C1−C2 −C3
c) −5 −3 −4 = 2 −3 −4 = 5
3 0 1 2 0 1

6 4 1 6 1 4 3 1 4
C2 ↔C3
d) 4 −4 −3 = − 4 −3 −4 = −2 ⋅ 2 −3 −4 = −2 ⋅ 5 = −10
4 1 0 4 0 1 2 0 1

53. Página 53
2a 3b a 3b a b a − 3b b C'1=C1+3 C3 a b
a) = 2⋅ = 2⋅ 3 ⋅ = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 8 = 48 c) = =8
2c 3d c 3d c d c − 3d d c d

b a a b c d F '2 = F2 −2 F1 c d F1↔ F2 a b
b) =− = −8 d) = =− = −8
d c c d a + 2c b + 2 d a b c d

54. Página 53
2d 2f 2e d f e d e f a b c a b c
C2 ↔C3 F1↔F3 F2 ↔F3
1
2g 2i 2 h = 23 g i h = − 23 g h i = 23 g h i = − 23 d e f = −23 ⋅ = −4
2
2a 2c 2b a c b a b c d e f g h i

55. Página 53
M 3 = M ⋅ M ⋅ M = 63 = 216

2M = 2(Orden de M ) ⋅ M = 6 ⋅ 2(Orden de M )

55
 Determinantes 2

56. Página 53
3 a 3b 15c a b 5c a b c
a) d e 5f =3 d e 5f = 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ d e f = 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 3 = 45
g h 5i g h 5i g h i

a + 2b c b a c b a b c
C'1=C1−2 C3 C2 ↔C3
b) d + 2e f e = d f e = − d e f = −3
g + 2h i h g i h g h i

57. Página 53
2a 2b 2c a b c
a b c
d e f d e f 2 2
a) =2 = d e f = ⋅6 = 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
g h i
g h i g h i

a b c a b c a b c
F '2 =F2 −F1 F '3 =F3 −F2 −F1
b) a+d b+e c+f = d e f = d e f =6
a+d + g b+e+h c+f +i a+d + g b+e+h c+f +i g h i

a
2b c + 3 a
5 b c + 3a a b c a a c b a b c
C'2 =C2 −3 C3
d 2 2 C1↔C3
2 2
C2 ↔C3
12
c) 2e f + 3d = e f + 3d d = e f d = − d f e = d e f =
5 5 5 5 5 5
h i + 3g g h i g g i h g h i
g
2h i + 3 g
5

58. Página 53
1
a) C3 = −2C1 b) F3 = F1 + F2 c) C3 = C1 + C2 d) F3 = 3 F2 − 2F1
2

59. Página 53
a b c a b c a b c
F '2 =F2 −F1 F '3 =F3 +F1
a) a + 2d b + 2e c + 2f = 2 d e f = 2 d e f =0
d−a e−b f −c d −a e−b f −c d e f

x+y y+z z+x x+y y+z z+x x+y+z x+y+z x+y+z 1 1 1

b) z x y =2 z x y =2 z x y = 2⋅ ( x + y + z) z x y =0
2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

60. Página 53
bc ac ab abc abc abc 1 1 1
1 1
3 d 3d 3 d = 3 ad 3 bd 3cd = 3 ad 3bd 3cd = 0
abc 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1
a b c

El determinante es 0, ya que la primera y la tercera filas son linealmente dependientes.

56
 Determinantes 2

61. Página 53
a d f
0 b e = 8 → a⋅ b⋅ c = 8
0 0 c

a+f d−a f a d−a f

C'1=C1−C3 b c+e 1 c+e F1−F2 0 c
a) c + e b c+e = 0 b c+e = a = ab = ab = ab(−c ) = −8
b e 1 e 1 e
e b e 0 b e

b) abc = 8 → a⋅ 1⋅ 2 = 8 → a = 4

62. Página 54
−y 2 − z 2 xy xz  1− y 2 − z 2 xy xz 
   
2
M =  xy 2
−x − z 2
zy  , P =  xy 1− x 2 − z 2 zy 
 2  
 zx zy − x − y 
2
 zx zy 1− x − y 
2 2

1− y 2 − z 2 xy xz x2 xy xz x y z
2 2 2 2 2
x + y + z = 1→ P = xy 1− x − z zy = xy y2 zy = ( x ⋅ y ⋅ z ) x y z =0
zx zy 1− x 2 − y 2 zx zy z2 x y z

63. Página 54
2 2 2
B = 2 ⋅ A2 = 23 ⋅ A ⋅ A = 8 ⋅ A → 8 ⋅ A = −32 → A = −4 No puede ser; por tanto, no es posible que el valor del
determinante de B sea −32.

64. Página 54
x 1 2
x 1  x = 1
a) 3 x − 1 1 = → 3 x 2 − 7 x + 6 = 2 x → 3 x 2 − 9 x + 6 = 0 → 
0 2  x = 2
1 2 3

x x +2 x −1 x 2 −1
b) x x + 4 x − 3 = −10 → x 4 −3 = −10 → −2 x = −10 → x = 5
x x +6 x −6 x 6 −6

2 x 4 −2  x = −1
c) x = 0 → −6 x 2 − 10 x − 4 = 0 → 
2 x
 x = − 2
−1 3 2 x  3

x −1 0 x +3
 x = −2
d) 1 x −2 4 = 1− 7 x → x 2 − 4 x + 3 = 1− 7 x → x 2 + 3 x + 2 = 0 → 
1 −1 2  x = −1

65. Página 54
x +a b c F '1=F1−F2 x −x 0 x 0 a x 0 a
F '2 =F2 −F3 F '3 =F1+F2 +F3
a x +b c = 0 x −x = −x x b = −x x b =
a b x +c a b x +c 0 −x x +c 0 0 x + a+b+c

x 0 a
x 0
= −x x b = ( x − 3) = x 2 ⋅ ( x − 3)
−x x
0 0 x −3

 x = 0
x 2 ⋅ ( x − 3) = 0 → 
 x = 3

57
 Determinantes 2

66. Página 54
1
F2
C1↔C2 2 1
M = 3 → 4 M = 4 2 M → − 42 M →− 42 ⋅ M = −24 = P
2

67. Página 54
F1↔ F3 −2 C2
M = 5 → 3 M = 33 M → − 33 M → − 3 3 ⋅ (−2) M = 270 = P

68. Página 54
a a+b b a−b a + b b a−b a+ b b a−b a b
C '1=C1−C3 F '3 =F3 −F1−F2 C '2 =C2 −C3
b a b = 0 a b = 0 a b = 0 a−b b = ( a − b)3
2a 3a a+b a−b 3a a+b 0 a−b a−b 0 0 a−b

69. Página 54
3 7 −1
a) −2 0 1 = 7 + 6 − 84 − 9 = −80
1 3 −6

3 7 −1
0 1 7 −1 7 −1
b) −2 0 1 = 3⋅ − (−2) ⋅ + 1⋅ = 3 ⋅ (−3) − (−2) ⋅ (−39) + 7 = −80
3 −6 3 −6 0 1
1 3 −6

70. Página 54
3 1 2
a) 2 4 −3 = 60 − 3 + 24 − 8 − 10 + 54 = 117
1 6 5

3 1 2 C'2 =C2 −6 C1 3 −17 −13

C'3 =C3 −5 C1 −17 −13
b) 2 4 −3 = 2 −8 −13 = 1⋅ = 117
−8 −13
1 6 5 1 0 0

71. Página 54
3 3 −1 4
−1 −5 6 3 3 4
−1 −5 0 6
a) = (−1) ⋅ −2 −4 2 − 1⋅ −1 −5 6 =
−2 −4 0 2
−1 2 −2 − 2 −4 2
−1 2 1 −2

= −(−8 + 10 − 24 − 24 + 20 + 4) − (−30 − 36 + 16 − 40 + 6 + 72) = 34

1 2 3 4
−1 2 5 1 2 4 1 2 4
−1 2 3 5
b) = 3⋅ 2 2 4 −3⋅ 2 2 4 − 1⋅ −1 2 5 =
2 2 0 4
−3 −2 4 −3 −2 4 2 2 4
−3 −2 1 4

= 3(−8 − 24 − 20 + 30 − 16 − 8) − 3(8 − 24 − 16 + 24 − 16 + 8) − (8 − 20 + 8 − 16 + 8 − 10) = −92

58
 Determinantes 2

72. Página 54
3 2 1 0 −1 3 2 1 0 −1
4 2 0 −2 4 2 0 −2
4 2 0 −2 0 F '3 =F3 +F1 4 2 0 −2 0
F '5 =F5 + F1 4 3 4 1 F'4 = F4 −F2 4 3 4 1 F3 =2 F4
1 1 3 1 1 = 4 3 4 1 0 = (−1) ⋅ = − = 0
0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2
0 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 0
4 4 4 2 0 1 0 1
1 2 3 2 1 4 4 4 2 0

73. Página 54
−a 1 0 1 −a 1 0 1
−a 1 0 1 0 1
1 −a 1 0 C'1=C1−C3 0 −a 1 0
= = (−a) ⋅ 1 −a 1 + a ⋅ −a 1 0 =
0 1 −a 1 a 1 −a 1
0 1 −a 0 1 −a
1 0 1 −a 0 0 1 −a

= −a(−a 3 + a + a ) + a(−a − a ) = a 4 − 4 a2

74. Página 54
3a a a a 3 1 1 1 C'2 =C2 −C1 3 −2 −2 −2
C'3 =C3 −C1
a 3a a a 1 3 1 1 C'4 =C4 −C1 1 2 0 0
= a4 ⋅ = 4
a ⋅ =
a a 3a a 1 1 3 1 1 0 2 0
a a a 3a 1 1 1 3 1 0 0 2

 −2 −2 − 2 3 −2 − 2 
 
= a4 ⋅ −1⋅ 0 2 0 + 2⋅ 1 2 0  = a4 [−(−8) + 2(12 + 4 + 4)] = 48 a4
 
 0 0 2 1 0 2 


75. Página 54
1 1 1 1 C'2 =C2 −C1 1 0 0 0
C'3 =C3 −C1 2− x −3 − x 4− x
x 2 −3 4 C'4 =C4 −C1 x 2− x −3 − x 4− x 2
= = 4 − x 9− x2 16 − x 2 =
x2 4 9 16 x2 4− x2 9 − x2 16 − x 2
8 − x −27 − x 3
3
64 − x 3
x3 8 −27 64 x3 8 − x 3 −27 − x 3 64 − x 3

1 1 1
= (2 − x )(−3 − x )(4 − x ) x +2 x −3 x +4
x2 + 2x + 4 x2 −3x + 9 x 2 + 4 x + 16

Por tanto, x = 2 , x = −3 y x = 4 son soluciones de la ecuación.

Como todas las incógnitas están en la primera columna, esto quiere decir que la ecuación es de grado menor o
igual que tres, luego las tres soluciones halladas son las únicas que tiene.

76. Página 54
x +2 1 1 1 C'1=C1−C4 x +1 0 0 1
C'2 =C2 −C4 x +1 0 1 0 0 1
1 x +2 1 1 C'3 =C3 −C4 0 x +1 0 1
= = ( x + 1) 0 x + 1 1 − ( x − 3) x + 1 0 1 =
1 1 x +2 1 0 0 x +1 1
x −3 x −3 3 0 x +1 1
x x x 3 x −3 x −3 x −3 3

= ( x + 1) 3( x + 1)2 − ( x + 1)( x − 3) − ( x + 1)( x − 3) − ( x − 3) ( x + 1)2  = 12 x 2 + 24 x + 12

12 x 2 + 24 x + 12 = 0 → x = −1

59
 Determinantes 2

77. Página 54
1+ a 1 −2
f (1) = −1 1− a 2a = 5
a −1 1

1+ a 1 −2 1+ a −1 −2
C'2 =C2 +C3 −1 2a 1+ a − 2
−1 1− a 2a = −1 1+ a 2a = + (1+ a) = −1− 2a2 + (1+ a)(1+ a + 2a) = a2 + 4 a
a 1 a 1
a −1 1 a 0 1

a = −5
a2 + 4a = 5 , a2 + 4a − 5 = 0 →  → El valor que buscamos es a = −5 .
a = 1

78. Página 55
1 3
a) = 6 ≠ 0 → Rango = 2
−2 0

6 −9 6 −9 −8 12
b) =0, =0 y = 0 → Rango = 1
−8 12 12 −18 12 −18

3 5 −2
3 5
c) 1 4 5 = 0 → Rango < 3, = 7 ≠ 0 → Rango = 2
1 4
8 11 −11

1 −4 0
d) −2 8 3 = −39 ≠ 0 → Rango = 3
3 1 −2

2 6 1 6 1 3
e) −2 3 0 =0 3 0 5 =0
2 24 3 24 3 19

2 1 3 2 6 3
−2 0 5 =0 −2 3 5 = 0 → Rango < 3
2 3 19 2 24 19

2 6
= 18 ≠ 0 → Rango = 2
−2 3

6 3
f) = 78 ≠ 0 → Rango = 2
−24 1

79. Página 55
3 −5 1 3 −5 1
  −5 1
a) 4 1 −2 , 4 1 −2 = = 9 ≠ 0 → Rango = 3
  1 −2
1 0 0  1 0 0

3 −5 1 3 −5 1
 
b) 4 1 −2 , 4 1 −2 = 0 → Rango < 3
 
 7 −4 −1 7 −4 −1

3 −5
= 23 ≠ 0 → Rango = 2
4 1

60
 Determinantes 2

80. Página 55
 1 2 1 1 2 1
  −3 2
a) −3 2 0 , −3 2 0 = = −3 ≠ 0 → Rango = 3
  0 1
 0 1 0 0 1 0

 1 2 3 1 2 3
  1 2
b) −3 2 −1 , −3 2 −1 = 0 → Rango < 3, = 8 ≠ 0 → Rango = 2
  −3 2
 0 1 1 0 1 1

81. Página 55
4 2 −1
3 −1 2 = 5 ≠ 0 → Rango = 3
−1 2 −3

Una combinación sería, por ejemplo: C4 = C1 − C2 + 2C3

82. Página 55
− 2 −1
a) = −5 ≠ 0 → Rango ≥ 2
−1 2

1 a 1 
a = − 3
−2 −1 2 = 2a2 − 3 a − 9 , 2a2 − 3 a − 9 = 0 →  2

−1 2 a a = 3

−2 −1 2
−1 2 a = 5a − 15 , 5a− 15 = 0 → a = 3
−1 2 3

El rango es 3 excepto en el caso de que a = 3 , que es 2.

0 2
b) = −4 ≠ 0 → Rango ≥ 2
2 0

1 b 0
b + 1 0 2 = 2b − 4 , 2b− 4 = 0 si b = 2
1 2 0

1 0 b
b = −2
b + 1 0 2 = 2b2 + 2b − 4 , 2b2 + 2b − 4 = 0 → 
b = 1
1 2 0

El rango es 3, pues no hay ningún valor de b que anule simultáneamente a todos los menores de orden 3.

83. Página 55
a b c a b c a b c
F '2 =F2 +F1 F '3 =F3 −F2
d−a e−b f −c = d e f = d e f = 0 → Rango < 3
2 a − d 2b − e 2c − f 2 a − d 2b − e 2c − f 2a 2b 2c

 a b c 
 a b c  
Como   tiene rango 2 →  d − a e − b f − c  tiene rango 2.
d e f   
2 a − d 2b − e 2c − f 

61
 Determinantes 2

84. Página 55
m 0 n m 0 n m 0 2
A = m m 4 = m2 ( n − 2) B → m m 4 = m2 ( n − 2) m m 4 = −m( n − 2)2
0 m 2 0 m 2 0 m n

a) Una condición necesaria para que R(A) sea 2 es que m = 0 o n = 2, pero en ambos casos R(B) no puede ser 3.
m 0
b) Si n = 2 y m ≠ 0 → = m2 ≠ 0 ; por tanto, el rango de A es 2.
m m

 m 0 2 2
  m 0
B =  m m 4 4 , todos los menores de orden 3 son cero, = m2 ≠ 0 → El rango de B es 2.
  m m
 0 m 2 2

c) Si n ≠ 2 y m ≠ 0 → Los menores de orden 3 son distintos de cero; por tanto, los rangos de A y B son 3.

85. Página 55
a) C4 = 0 ; por tanto, rango X < 4
p q 0
p q
r s 0 =b ≠ 0 si b ≠ 0 → Rango de X = 3
r s
a 0 b

Si b = 0 → a ⋅ d = 0 → Si d = 0, el rango de X es 2, y si d ≠ 0 , el rango de X es 3.
b) Como el rango de la matriz A es 1, al menos uno de sus elementos es distinto de cero. Supongamos que c ≠ 0 :
0 0 a b
0 0 d 0 0 c
0 0 c d p q p q
= a p q 0 − b p q 0 = ad − bc = 0 , ya que ad = bc ,
p q 0 0 r s r s
r s 0 r s 0
r s 0 0

0 0 c
a b p q
pues = 0 → Rango Y < 4 p q 0 =c ≠ 0 → Rango Y = 3
c d r s
r s 0

p q
c) F3 = F4 = 0 → Rango Z < 3 ≠ 0 → Rango Z = 2
r s

a 0 b 0
c d 0 a b 0
c 0 d 0 p q p q
d) = 0 → R(W ) < 4 p 0 q =d p 0 q =b
p 0 0 q r s r s
r 0 s r 0 s
r 0 0 s

Si b = d = 0 → R(W) = 2, y si b ≠ 0 o d ≠ 0 → R(W) = 3

86. Página 55
a 1
= a2 + 2 a + 1 , a2 + 2a + 1= 0 → a = −1 ; por tanto, A = 0 → Rango A = 1
−1 a + 2

87. Página 55
2 + t 2  2+t 2 t = −4
A + tI =   A + tI = = t 2 + 3t − 4 , t 2 + 3t − 4 = 0 → 
 3 1+ t  3 1+ t t = 1

Por tanto, si t = −4 o t = 1 el rango de A + tI es 1.

62
 Determinantes 2

88. Página 55
a a2 a3  a = −1

a 1 1 = a( a5 − a3 − a2 + 1) , a( a5 − a3 − a2 + 1) = 0 →  a = 0

a a2 1  a = 1

1 1 1
 
Si a = 1 → 1 1 1 , el rango es 1.
 
1 1 1

−1 1 −1
  1 −1
Si a = −1 → −1 1 1 , = 2 ≠ 0 , el rango es 2.
  1 1
−1 1 1

0 0 0
  1 1
Si a = 0 → 0 1 1 , = 1 ≠ 0 , el rango es 2.
 0 1
0 0 1

89. Página 55
1 2 3
1 a + 1 , C3 = C1 + C2 → Rango A < 3
a
a + 1 a − 1 2a

1 a
= −a2 − 1 , −a2 −1≠ 0 para cualquier valor de a → Rango A = 2
a + 1 a −1

90. Página 55
−1 2 4
−1 2
a) = −8 ≠ 0 → Rango ≥ 2 3 2 a = −16 a − 48 , −16a − 48 = 0 → a = −3
3 2
−5 −6 2

Si a ≠ −3 → Rango = 3
Si a = −3 → Rango = 2
3 2
b) = 4 ≠ 0 → Rango ≥ 2
7 6

b 2 −1 
b = − 1
3 2 b + 1 = −6b2 + 10 b + 4 , −6b2 + 10 b + 4 = 0 →  3

7 6 1 b = 2

1 1
Si b ≠ 2 y b ≠ − → Rango = 3 Si b = 2 o b = − → Rango = 2
3 3
2 1
c) = −3 ≠ 0 → Rango ≥ 2
1 −1

Como C1 = −C4 , todos los menores se pueden reducir a uno.

4 2 1
c 0 −3 = −6 + 3c , −6 + 3c = 0 → c = 2
3 1 −1

Si c ≠ 2 → Rango = 3
Si c = 2 → Rango = 2

63
 Determinantes 2

1 −d 3
d) −3 6 −9 = 9d 2 − 36d + 36 , 9d 2 − 36d + 36 = 0 → d = 2
d −4 6

1 −d −2
−3 6 6 = −6d 2 + 24d − 24 , −6d 2 + 24d − 24 = 0 → d = 2
d −4 −4

1 3 −2 −d 3 −2  1 −2 3 −2
 
−3 −9 6 =0 , 6 −9 6 =0 −3 6 −9 6
 
d 6 −4 −4 6 −4  2 −4 6 −4

Si d ≠ 2 → Rango = 3 Si d = 2 → Rango = 1, ya que todas las filas son proporcionales.

91. Página 55
1 a 1 a = −1

a) 2 1 a = a − a , a( a − 1) = 0 → a = 0
3 2

a 0 0 a = 1

Si a ≠ 0 , a ≠ 1 , a ≠ −1 → Rango = 3
1 1
Si a = 1 → = −1 ≠ 0 → Rango = 2
2 1

1 0
Si a = 0 → = 1 ≠ 0 → Rango = 2
2 1

1 −1
Si a = −1 → = 3 ≠ 0 → Rango = 2
2 1

a +1 1 −2 a = −1
b) 2a + 1 a + 1 −1 = a3 − a , a( a2 − 1) = 0 → a = 0

1 1 a a = 1

Si a ≠ 0 , a ≠ 1 , a ≠ −1 → Rango = 3
1 −1
Si a = 0 → = 1 ≠ 0 → Rango = 2
1 0

2 1
Si a = 1 → = 1 ≠ 0 → Rango = 2
3 2

0 1
Si a = −1 → = 1 ≠ 0 → Rango = 2
−1 0

1 −1
c) = 4 ≠ 0 → Rango ≥ 2
3 1

1 a −1
a = −4
2a −1 a = a2 + 3a − 4 , a2 + 3a − 4 = 0 → 
a = 1
3 −1 1

1 −1 a
2a a 1 = −a2 − 4 , −a2 − 4 = 0 no se cumple para ningún valor de a.
3 1 0

El rango de la matriz es 3, ya que para cualquier valor de a existe un menor de orden 3 distinto de cero.

64
 Determinantes 2

92. Página 56
m−2 m +1 −1
a) m3 −1 m + 1 = m6 − 4 m4 − 2 m3 + 7 m + 2
m4 + 1 m 2m + 1

m−2 m +1 m
m3 −1 m = m6 + 3 m5 − 7m4 − 8m3 + 3m2 − 5m + 14
m4 + 1 m 7

m−2 −1 m
m3 m +1 m = −m6 + m4 + 5m3 + 9 m2 − 7m − 14
m4 + 1 2 m + 1 7

m+1 −1 m  m = −2

−1 m +1 m = −3m3 + 12m , −3 m3 + 12 m = 0 →  m = 0

m 2m + 1 7  m = 2

Estudiamos m = 2 , por ser el único valor de m que hace cero todos los menores de orden 3.
 0 3 −1 2
  0 3
Si m ≠ 2 , Rango = 3, y si m = 2 →  8 −1 3 2 , = −24 ≠ 0 → Rango = 2
  8 −1
17 2 5 7

m 1 m+2
b) −1 −m −1− 2m = 0
2 2 6

m 1 4  m = −4

−1 −m 2m + 6 = −m3 − 4 m2 + m + 4 , −m3 − 4 m2 + m + 4 = 0 →  m = −1

2 2 m  m = 1

m m+2 4  m = −4

−1 −1− 2m 2m + 6 = −2m − 8 m + 2m + 8 , −2m − 8 m + 2m + 8 = 0 →  m = −1
3 2 3 2

2 6 m  m = 1

1 m+2 4  m = −4

−m −1− 2m 2m + 6 = m3 + 4 m2 − m − 4 , m3 + 4 m2 − m − 4 = 0 →  m = −1

2 6 m  m = 1

Si m ≠ −1 , m ≠ 1 o m ≠ −4 → Rango = 3
−1 1 1 4
  1 1
Si m = −1 → −1 1 1 4 , = 4 ≠ 0 → Rango = 2
  2 6
 2 2 6 − 1 

 1 1 3 4
  −3 4
Si m = 1 → −1 −1 −3 4 ,
 = −27 ≠ 0 → Rango = 2
 6 1
 2 2 6 1

−4 1 −2 4
  −2 4
Si m ≠ −4 →  −1 4 7 −2 , = −24 ≠ 0 → Rango = 2
  7 −2
 2 2 6 −4

65
 Determinantes 2

a = −1
a+3 a−3 a +1 
 1
c) 2a − 1 1 a + 1 = −3a3 + 8 a2 + 15a + 4 , −3a3 + 8 a2 + 15a + 4 = 0 →  a = −
 3
−1 a 2a + 2 
a = 4

a + 3 a− 3 a +1 a = −1

2a − 1 1 a − 4 = −a + 13a + 3a − 11 , −a + 13 a + 3 a − 11 = 0 → a = 7 − 38
3 2 3 2

−1 a a−2 a = 7 + 38


a + 3 a +1 a +1 a = −5 − 6


2a − 1 a + 1 a − 4 = a + 11a + 29 a + 19 , a + 11a + 29 a + 19 = 0 → a = −5 + 6
3 2 3 2

−1 2a + 2 a − 2 a = −1


a− 3 a +1 a +1
1 a + 1 a − 4 = −a3 + 4a2 − 9a − 14 , −a3 + 4a2 − 9a − 14 = 0 → a = −1
a 2a + 2 a − 2

Estudiamos a = −1 , ya que para cualquier otro valor de a existe un menor de orden 3 distinto de cero.
Si a ≠ −1 → Rango = 3
 2 −4 0 0 
  2 −4
Si a = −1 → −3 1 0 −5 , = −10 ≠ 0 → Rango = 2.
  −3 1
 −1 −1 0 −3

93. Página 56
a+2 1 1 1 a+1 1 1 1
a+2 1 1
1 a+2 1 1 C'1=C1−C4 0 a+2 1 1 C'1=C1−C3
= = ( a + 1) 1 a+2 1 =
1 1 a+2 1 0 1 a+2 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

a +1 1 1
a+2 1
= ( a + 1) 0 a + 2 1 = ( a + 1)2 = ( a + 1)3 , ( a + 1)3 = 0 → a = −1
1 1
0 1 1

1 1 1 1
 
1 1 1 1
Si a ≠ −1 → Rango = 4 Si a = −1 →   → Rango = 1
1 1 1 1
1 
 1 1 1

94. Página 56
 1 3 
 2 −1 − 
  10 
a) A = 2 ≠ 0 → A =  5 3 
−1
c) C = −20 ≠ 0 → C =  10
−1

−   1 7 
 2 2  
 20 20 

 11 9 2
− − − 
 −1 4 −2  10 10 5 

   9 11 3 
b) B = 1 ≠ 0 → B = −2 7 −3
−1
d) D = 10 ≠ 0 → D−1 = − − − 
   10 10 5 
 1 −2 1 
3 7 1
− − − 
 10 10 5

66
 Determinantes 2

95. Página 56
1 4
a) At = A = 5 d) A−1B = A−1 ⋅ B = ⋅B=
A 5

1 1 1 1 1
b) B−1 = = e) ( BC )−1 = = =
B 4 BC B⋅C 8

1 1
c) AB = A ⋅ B = 20 f) C−1Bt = ⋅ Bt = ⋅ B = 2
C C

96. Página 56
1 1 7
 −   15 7   19 7 
 2 2 4  − −3 − −3
  2 2   2

2 
 5     
−1
A = 4 , B = −4 , B =  0 −1 −1 
 ; B ⋅ A =  9  −1 
4 −5 , A + B ⋅ A =  10 5 −5
 2   

 
 2 1 −1  6 3 −3
 0 0 1    
    
 2 

1
a) A + B−1 ⋅ A = 0 b) A3 ⋅ B−1 = A3 ⋅ B−1 = A 3 ⋅ = −16
B

97. Página 56

A2 = I → A2 = I = 1→ A ⋅ A = 1→ A = ±1≠ 0 → La matriz A es invertible.

A2 = A ⋅ A = I → A−1 = A → ( A−1 )2 = A−1 ⋅ A−1 = A−1 ⋅ A = I → ( A−1 )2 = I

98. Página 56
−1 0 −1 −1 0 −1 −1 1 0  1 0 1  1 0 0  0 0 1
           
A2 = −1 0 0 ⋅ −1 0 0 =  1 0 1 − A − I =  1 0 0 − 0 1 0 =  1 −1 0
           
 2 −1 1  2 −1 1  1 −1 −1 −2 1 −1 0 0 1 −2 1 −2

−1 1 0 −1 0 −1  0 0 1

    
A3 =  1 0 1⋅ −1 0 0 =  1 −1 0
     
 1 −1 −1  2 −1 1 −2 1 −2

 1 0 0 −1 1 0   0 −1 0

     
A3 = − A − I → I = − A − A3 = A(−I − A2 ) → A−1 = −I − A2 A−1 = −0 1 0 −  1 0 1  = −1 −1 −1
     
0 0 1  1 −1 −1 −1 1 0

99. Página 56
a = 0
M = −a2 + a , M = 0 si −a2 + a = 0 →  ; por tanto, la matriz M no tiene inversa para a = 0 y a = 1 .
a = 1

 1 1
 1 − 
 1 1 0  2 2 

  −1
 1 1
Si a = 2 , M = 2 0 1 ; M = −2 → M =   −1 
   2 2 
3 1 2 
−1 −1 1
 



67
 Determinantes 2

100. Página 56
A = −m − 1 , A = 0 → −m − 1 = 0 → m = −1 → La matriz A es singular para m = −1 .

 1 1 
 1 
2 1 2   3 3 
   1 4
Si m = 2 → A =  1 0 −1 ; A = −3 → A−1 = − −2 − 


−2 −1 1   3 3 
 1 1 

 3
0 
3

101. Página 56
a) A es invertible si y solo si A ≠ 0 ; A = a2 − 2ab + b2 .

A = 0 → a2 − 2ab + b2 = 0 → a = b → A es invertible si y solo si a ≠ b .

 1 −1
4 4 ; A = 4 → A−1 =   
b) A =   3 
3 4 1
− 4 

102. Página 56

 2 3 
 1 3 15 5  5 − 10  15 5 −3 2
−1

a) X =   ⋅  =   ⋅  = 
−2 4 30 0  1 1  30 0  6 1
 
5 10 

 1 3 
2 −3  11 10 0   8 16   11 10 0   4
−1
2 3
b) Y =   ⋅  =  ⋅  = 
4 2 14 4 16  1 1  14 4 16 −1 −2 2
−
 4 8 

103. Página 56
−1
 66 14 9 2  66 14 −1 2  4 6
a) X =  ⋅   =    
−13 −3 ⋅  5 −9 = −2 1
−13 −3 5 1

17 9 17 9  3 − 2  3 1

 
−1
 5 2   11 11   

b) Y =  0 −11⋅     
 2 3 =  0 −11 ⋅  2 5
 =  2 −5

       
 6 9  6 9 −  0 3
11 11

104. Página 56
−1 −1 0 1
 3 2 1  14 9    14 9  3 2
     3 1 3   

a) X = −3 −2 0 ⋅ −17 −10 =  −   
−  ⋅ −17 −10 =  4 2
     2 2 2    
  
 4 2 1  17 11    17 11 −3 −1
 1 1 0 

−1  5 4 1
−3 2 0  
 10 −10 −10  7 −4 −2 
    3 −6 −8  3  −1 0 2
b) Y =   −   ⋅  4 −2 1 =   ⋅  8 6 = 
−10
 
10 −10 13 −2 −3    
−23 12 −7  2   9 1 2
 0 −2 −4  
 4 −3 −1
−

68
 Determinantes 2

105. Página 56
 7 3 3 
 − 
2 0 3
−1
 1 −7  8 4 8   8 4
      1    
 1 3  
a) Z =  1 −1 3 ⋅  3 −  8 =  − − ⋅  −5 = 9
     
−8  10  8 4 8     
0 −2 −1 −18 0
   1 1 1  
− 4 − 
2 4

−1  −2 0 3
 1 0 3  
4 1 32 28 111  1 7 
−1

  2 −1  32 28 111 
 5
    
b) T =   ⋅  ⋅ −2 4 1 = −7 4 ⋅ 54 52 194 ⋅ − 4
 =
4 
7 2 54 52 194       4
 1 0 2  
 1 0 −1

 −2 0 3
 
 10 4 28  5 1 7  3 1 9
=   ⋅ − = 
−8 12 −1  4 4 4  0 3 −2
 
 1 0 −1

106. Página 56
−1
 2 11 12  1 2 3    9 3 1 0
     2 11 12 1  35 −23   
  
C = −1 −4 17 ⋅ −1 5   

3 = −1 −4 17⋅ −2  10 6 = 3 0 −2
      76    
 2 12 2  2 5 −4  2 12 2  15 1 −7  1 1 1

−1
 1 2 3  2 11 12  3  212 −122 −235  2 −1 −2
     1 2  1    

D = −1 5    
3 ⋅ −1 −4 17 = −1 5 
3 ⋅ −36 20 46 = −5 3 6
      76    
 2 5 −4  2 12 2  2 5 −4  4 2 −3  3 −2 −3

CD = BA−1AB−1 = BIB−1 = BB−1 = I → C y D son inversas, C = D−1 .

107. Página 57
a) No existe matriz inversa si A = 0 .

A = a2 − 3 , A = 0 si a2 − 3 = 0 , es decir, si a = ± 3

Por tanto, A no tiene inversa si a = ± 3 .

2 1
 , A = 1 → A−1 =   2 −1 2 3 7 12
b) a = 2 → A =   −3
 , At = 

 y ( At )2 =  
4 7
3 2 2  1 2

1 1 7 12 7 / 2 3

B = ⋅ ( At )2 = ⋅  =
 
2 2   4 7 
  2 7 / 2

2 1
c) a = 2 → A =   , X = A−1 ⋅ ( At + A2 )
3 2

2 1 2 1  7 4

A2 =  ⋅   =  
3 2 3 2 12 7

−1
2 1 2 3  7 4  2 −1  9 7  5 5
X =   ⋅   +   =   
 ⋅ 13 9 = −1 −3
3 2  1 2 12 7 −3
 2   
 

69
 Determinantes 2

108. Página 57
a) La ecuación AX − At = A tiene solución si existe A−1 , es decir, si A ≠ 0
1 1
A = 1− 7m , 1− 7m = 0 si m = ; por tanto, la ecuación tiene solución cuando m ≠ .
7 7
 1 2 0  −1 −2 2
   
b) Si m = 0 → A = −5 2 1 , A = 1 → A−1 =  1 1 −1
    
−4 3 1 −7 −11 12

−1
 1 2 0  1 2 0  1 −5 −4  −1 −2 2  2 −3 −4  −4 3 0
           
X = −5 2 1 ⋅ −5 2 1 +  2 2 3 =  1 1 −1 ⋅ −3 4 4 =  3 −3 −2
           
−4 3 1 −4 3 1 0 1 1 −7 −11 12 −4 4 2 −29 25 8

109. Página 57
a) La ecuación AX + 2B = 3C tiene solución si existe A−1 , es decir, si A ≠ 0 .

A = m → La ecuación tiene solución si y solo si m ≠ 0 .

1 0 0  1 0 0
   
b) Si m = 1 → A = 1 1 0 , A = 1 → A−1 = −1 1 0
   
1 1 1  0 −1 1

−1
1 0 0   1 0 0 0 1 1  1 0 0  3 −2 −2  3 −2 −2
            
X = 1 1 0 ⋅ 3 0 1 0 − 2 1 0 0 = −1 1 0⋅ −2 3 0 = −5 5 2
           
1 1 1   1 0 1 0 0 0  0 −1 1  3 0 3  5 −3 3
 

110. Página 57
a) A es invertible si A ≠ 0 , A = 2a − 1 .
1 1
A = 0 si 2a− 1 = 0 → a = ; por tanto, A es invertible si y solo si a ≠ .
2 2

b) XA + A = At → X = ( At − A) A−1

2 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 2  1  1 2 −1

       0 0   
Si a = 0 → A =  1 0 1 , AT − A =  1 0 1 −  1 0 1 =  0 0 0 , A−1 =  1 −2 0
         
3 1 4 2 1 4 3 1 4 −1 0 0 −1 −1 1

 0 0 1  1 2 −1 −1 −1 1

     
X =  0 0 0 ⋅  1 −2 0 =  0 0 0
     
−1 0 0 −1 −1 1 −1 −2 1

111. Página 57
A no es invertible→ A = 0 , A = x + 1 = 0 → x = −1
−1 0 1 −1 0 1  2 0 −2 −4 0 4 −1 0 1  8 0 −8
         
A2 =  0 −1 0 ⋅  0 −1 0 =  0 1 0 A4 =  0 −1 0 ⋅  0 −1 0 =  0 1 0
           
 1 0 −1  1 0 −1 −2 0 2  4 0 −4  1 0 −1 −8 0 8

 2 0 −2 −1 0 1 −4 0 4  (−1)n 2n−1 0 (−1)n−12n−1

       
A =  0 1 0 ⋅  0 −1 0 =  0 −1 0  
3 n n
A =  0 (−1) 0 
       n n−1 
−2 0 2  1 0 −1  4 0 −4 n−1 n−1
(−1) 2 0 (−1) 2 

70
 Determinantes 2

112. Página 57
11
a) A no es invertible si y solo si A = 0 . A = −3t 2 + 18t − 16 = 0 → t = 3 ± .
3

 0 3 4
 
b) t = 1 → A =  1 −4 −5
 
−1 3 4

 0 3 4  0 3 4 −1 0 1 −1 0 1  0 3 4 −1 0 0

         
A2 =  1 −4 −5 ⋅  1 −4 −5 =  1 4 4 A3 =  1 4 4 ⋅  1 −4 −5 =  0 −1 0
           
−1 3 4 −1 3 4 −1 −3 −3 −1 −3 −3 −1 3 4  0 0 −1
A4 = (−I ) ⋅ A = − A A5 = − A ⋅ A = − A2 A6 = A5 ⋅ A = − A2 ⋅ A = −(−I ) ⋅ A = A

100 4
An = A(Resto de la división n:6) , por ejemplo: = 16 + → A100 = A4 = −A
6 6

113. Página 57
a) A es invertible si y solo si A ≠ 0 , A = −m3 + 4 m .

A = 0 → −m3 + 4m = 0 si m = 0 , m = 2 o m = −2 ; por tanto, A es invertible si y solo si m ≠ 0 y m ≠ ±2 .

−3 1 0
 
b) Si m = 1 , A =  −1 0 1 , A = 3
 
 0 1 0

1 63
6 ⋅ A−1 = 6 3 ⋅ A−1 = 63 ⋅ → 6 ⋅ A−1 = = 72
A 3

c) m = 1 , XA = B → X = BA−1
−3 1 0 −1 0 1
  1  
A =  −1 0 1 , A−1 =  0 0 3
  3  
 0 1 0 −1 3 1

−1 0 1
1  
X = (3 0 3) ⋅  0 0 3 = (−2 3 2)
3  
−1 3 1

114. Página 57
a) A = −8 a2 + 10 a + 6

a 7  a a  a a
B − I =   , (B − I ) = 
t t
 , (B − I ) = = a2 − 9 a
a a − 2 7 a − 2 7 a−2


a = − 6
A + ( B − I ) = 0 → −8a2 + 10 a + 6 + a2 − 9a = 0 → −7a2 + a + 6 = 0 → 
t
7

a = 1

6
Por tanto, la solución que buscamos es a = − ∉ ℤ .
7

 1 1 3
− − 
−2 1 −1  4 8 8 
 
  3 1 11 
b) Si a = 1 → A =  1 2 −5 , A = 8 → A = 
−1
− 
   4 8 8 
 −1 0 −1 
1 1 5 
 − − 
 4 8 8

71
 Determinantes 2

115. Página 57
1 0
a) A = 0 → Rango < 3, = −1 ≠ 0 → Rango = 2
0 −1

0 2
b) = 2 ≠ 0 → Rango ≥ 2
−1 − 2

B = −m → B = 0 si m = 0

Por tanto, si m ≠ 0 → B ≠ 0 y el rango es 3, pero si, en cambio, m = 0 , el rango es 2.

c) B no es invertible si B = 0 , es decir, si m = 0 .
 0 2 1 −4 −3 −2
   
d) Si m = −1 , B = −1 −2 −2 , B−1 =  −1 −1 −1
     
 1 −1 1  3 2 2

−4 −3 −2  1 0 −1 −4 −3 −2 −2 3 2 −4 −3 −2

        
B ⋅ X ⋅ B = A → X = B−1 ⋅ A ⋅ B−1 X =  −1 −1 −1⋅  0 −1 0 ⋅  −1 −1 −1 =  0 1 0⋅  −1 −1 −1 =
         
 3 2 2 −1 0 1  3 2 2  1 −2 −1  3 2 2
 11 7 5
 
=  −1 −1 −1

 
−5 −3 −2

116. Página 57
a) A tiene inversa si A ≠ 0 , A = a2 ( a − 1) .

a = 0
A = 0 → a2 ( a − 1) = 0 → 
a = 1

Por tanto, A tiene inversa si y solo si a ≠ 0 y a ≠ 1 .

 1 2
− 0 − 
 3 0 
6  3 3 

   1 
b) Si a = 3 → A =  0 2 0 , A = 18 → A =  0
  −1
0

  2
−3 0 −3  
1 1 
 0 
 3 3 

a 0 2a   1 −1  a 5 a 
      a 2( a − 1) −a 
c) AB =  0 a − 1 0  ⋅  2 0 = 2a − 2 0  → ( AB) = 
t

      5a 0 −2a
−a 0 −a 0 3  −a −2 a

a 2( a − 1) a = 0
= −10 a( a − 1) , −10 a( a − 1) = 0 → 
5a 0 a = 1

a −a
= 3 a2 , 3a2 = 0 → a = 0
5 a −2 a

2( a − 1) −a a = 0
= −4 a( a − 1) , −4 a( a − 1) = 0 → 
0 −2 a a = 1

0 −4 0
Si a = 0 → ( AB)t =   tiene rango 1.
0 0 0

 1 0 −1 1 −1
Si a = 1 → ( AB)t =  , = 3 ≠ 0 tiene rango 2.
5 0 −2 5 −2

72
 Determinantes 2

117. Página 57
a) A es invertible si y solo si A ≠ 0 .
a −1 −1 0 a − 1 −1 −1 0
a −1 1
−a a −1 1 C'1=C1+C2 0 a −1 1
= ( a − 1) −1 a 1 = ( a − 1)( a3 + 1) = = ( a − 1)( a + 1)( a − a + 1)
2
A= =
1 −1 a 1 0 −1 a 1
−1 0 a
1 −1 0 a 0 −1 0 a

a = −1
A = 0 , ( a − 1)( a + 1)( a2 − a + 1) = 0 → 
a = 1

Por tanto, A es invertible si y solo si a ≠ 1 y a ≠ −1 .

0 −1 −1 0 −1 1 −1 2
   
0 0 −1 1 −1 1 −1 1

b) Si a = 0 → A =   −1 
 , A =  
 1 −1 0 1  0 −1 1 −1
 1 −1 0 0  0 0 1 −1

  

c) X ⋅ A = B → X = BA−1
 1 −1 2
−1 
 1 −1 0 
1 −1 1 −1 1 0 0 1 0
X =  ⋅   = 
0  
0 1 −1  0 −1 1 −1 0 −1 0 0
 
 
 0 0 1 −1

118. Página 57
a a a a 0a a a
a a a 0 a a
a a a 1 C'1=C1−C2 0a a 1 C'1=C1−C2
a) A = = = −( a − 1) a a 1 = − ( a − 1) 0 a 1 =
a a 1 2 0a 1 2
a 1 2 a −1 1 2
a 1 2 3 a −1 1 2 3

a a C'1=C1−C2 0 a
= −( a − 1)2 = − ( a − 1)2 = a( a − 1)3
a 1 a −1 1

a = 0
A = 0 , a( a − 1) = 0 → 
3

a = 1

0 0 0 0
  0 0 1
0 0 0 1

Si a = 0 → A =   → Rango A < 4, 0 1 2 = −1 ≠ 0 → Rango A = 3
0 0 1 2
0 1 2 3 1 2 3
 

1 1 1 1
  1 1 1
1 1 1 1
Si a = 1 → A =   → Rango A < 4, 1 1 2 = −1≠ 0 → Rango A = 3
1 1 1 2
1  1 2 3
 1 2 3

Si a ≠ 0 y a ≠ 1 → R(A) = 4
1
b) A−1 + BBt = + BBt , A = 2 para a = 2
A

−1 1  2 1 −1 −1
   
0 1  −1 0 1 0   1 1 0 −1
B ⋅ Bt =  ⋅   =   , B ⋅ Bt = 0 → A−1 + BBt = 1 + 0 = 1
 1 0   1 1 0 −1 −1 0 1 0  2 2
   
 0 −1 −1 −1 0 1 

73
 Determinantes 2

c) XA = Bt → X = Bt A−1
 7 
2
 2 2 2 − 2 1 1

  2 
2 2 2 1  
a = 2 → A =   , A =  2 −1 0 −1
−1
2 2 1 2  
   1 0 −1 0 
2 1 2 3  1 −1 0
 0 

 7 
− 2 1 1   9 
 2   −2 −2 −1
−1 0 1 0    2 
X =   ⋅  2 −1 0 −1 =  
 1 1 0 −1    5 
 1 0 − 1 0  
  2− 2 1 0 

 1 −1 0
 0 

119. Página 57
1 1
a) M = 3 → M−1 = =
M 3

b) M = 3 → aM = a4 M = 3 a4

c) Det(2F1 − F4, F3, 7F2, F4) = Det(2F1, F3, 7F2, F4) + Det(−F4, F3, 7F2, F4) = Det(2F1, F3, 7F2, F4) =
= 2 · 7 · Det(F1, F3, F2, F4) = −2 · 7 · Det(F1, F2, F3, F4) = −2 · 7 · 3 = −42

MATEMÁTICAS EN TU VIDA
1. Página 58
Porque los lados de los triángulos son líneas rectas.

2. Página 58
La triangulación no es única, puede haber tantas triangulaciones diferentes como imaginemos.

3. Página 58
No, porque no hay un triángulo cuya superficie sea nula.

4. Página 58
Respuesta abierta, puede ser cualquiera. No obstante, se recomienda dibujar la figura irregular sobre la cuadrícula
previamente dibujada, pues de esa manera haremos coincidir los vértices de la triangulación con puntos de
coordenadas enteras.

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