IV

ADVAITA VEDANTA:
THE SUPREME SOURCE*
(Draft 2010)

David Paul Boaz

(Dechen Wangdu)

*Excerpted from The Nature of Mind: The New Reformation in Religion Science and Culture,
©David Paul Boaz, 2010. All rights reserved. Copper Mountain Institute, info@coppermount.org,
www. coppermount.org. 505-848-9592
 The Sanatana Dharma:
The Vedas, Upanishads and Vedanta

What is that by being known, everything is known?

-Mundaka Upanishad

The Upanishads and their commentaries are the conclusion of the ancient Vedas and
form the basis of Vedanta (Veda Anta, the pinnacle of the Vedas) religion and
philosophy. This Vedic Tradition represents the immense contribution of the subtle
Indian mind to the great Primordial Wisdom Tradition of humankind. This Primordial
Awareness Wisdom teaching first arose in the ancient Vedas (from 1500 BCE). It is
present at the highest nondual levels of our major traditions—Buddhism, Taoism,
Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and the Greek and Egyptian mystery religions.
The canonical corpus of Vedanta is comprised of the three Prasthanas or the
Prasthanatrava, the ‚threefold source‛ of Vedanta: the Upanishads, the Vedanta Sutra
(Brahma Sutra) and the Bhagavad Gita, which is the sixth book of the Indian epic
Mahabharata. The conclusion of the ancient Vedas is revealed in the esoteric teaching of
the Upanishads (600-400 BCE). The Vedanta Sutra (300 BCE) contains 555 sutras which
explicate the Upanishads. Authorship of this vital text is attributed to Vyasa-
Badarayana, the great Indian sage and compiler of the Vedas. The three primary
commentators on these terse and difficult sutras developed the three schools or views
of Vedanta. They are Advaita Vedanta (nondual Vedanta) whose primary commentator is
Shankara (788-820); Vishishtadvaita Vedanta (qualified nondual Vedanta, Ramanuja, 11th
century); and Dvaita Vedanta (dualistic Vedanta, Madhva, 1197-1276).
The Upanishads are the final and ultimate revealed scriptures (shruti) of the Vedas.
All Hindu religions accept the authority of the Vedas. Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism
do not. The primordial teaching of the Vedas appears in four collections or parts, each
part evolving various schools (shakha): The Rigveda (poetry); the Samaveda (song); the
Yajurveda (sacrificial rites) and Atharvaveda (the Veda of the great rishi Atharvan). The
numinous Vedic teaching arose from the supreme, nondual (non-conceptual, no
subject/object separation) primordial source of all phenomena as revealed to the
ancient rishis (sages) through their liberation/enlightment samadhi/moksha, thus they
are referred to as shruti (revealed sacred sound), and are held to be of non-human,
divine origin (apavruseya). Vedanta then is based, not on the teaching of a founder as is
exoteric-conventional Buddhism and Christianity, but on the twelve principal or
essential Upanishads as revealed in the above four parts of the Vedas, and on the
primary commentaries on the Vedanta (Brahma) Sutra. The Twelve Principle Upanishads
are: Aitareya and Kuashitaki Upanishad (Rigveda); Chandogya and Kena Upanishad
(Samaveda); Taittiriya, Katha, Shvetashvatara, Brihadaranyaka and Isha Upanishad
(Yajurveda); Prashna, Mundaka and Mandukya Upanishad (Atharvaveda).

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 Sanatana Dharma, The Hindu Religious Complex and Brahman: From the
primordial teaching of the truths of the Vedas and Upanishads came not only Vedanta,
but the entire Sanatana Dharma, the ‚eternal religion‛ of Hinduism based in this
revealed shruti of the Vedas and Upanishads. From this has sprung the puranas, the
orthodox devotional scriptures of Brahmanism, Vaishnavism, Shaivism and Shaktism
(Tantrism), that are the major religious traditions of Hinduism. The Vedic-Hindu
tradition has in turn, been influenced by non-Hindu traditions, especially Buddhism
(Buddha is seen as a Hindu avatar), but also Islam, Jainism, Sikhism and Christianity.
In the Bhagavad Gita, the ‚philosophical gospel‛ of Hinduism, Lord Krishna
instructs his friend and devotee, Arjuna in the secret yogas of the path to the
realization of the Ultimate Reality. These yogic disciplines comprise the spiritual
practice of the shad-darshana, the views of the six orthodox Hindu philosophical
schools: Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga (especially the Raja Yoga of Patanjali),
Mimamsa and Vedanta. The yogic practices are: Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Jnana Yoga and
Raja Yoga (respectively, selfless activity, devotion, discriminating wisdom and
meditation). However, yogic (union) practice predates even the ancient Vedas with pre-
historical pictorial evidence of yogic asanas (meditative postures) from the Indus Valley
circa 2500 BCE.
The primary teaching of the Vedas, Upanishads and Vedanta is the relationship of the
essential divine Atman-Self of each individual to Brahman, the divine Absolute, the
supreme source of everything. The nondual view, which is the view of Shankara’s
Advaita Vedanta, but is also found in the Vedas and Upanishads, is that the supreme
Atman-Self that we are, and Brahman, the divine source of the Self are identical. There
is no essential separation. Henceforth, we shall consider only this nondual Advaita
Vedanta view. This great view of nondual Ultimate Reality Itself and its ‚spiritual‛
realization by the yogi – aspirant arose as Hindu dialectical exegesis in a historical
context within Hindu (Nyaya, Samkhya) and non-Hindu (Buddhism) philosophical
systems. Thus, we will here emphasize ontological and epistemological analysis of
Shankara’s scriptural exegesis, neglecting—with the notable exception of Ramana
Maharshi—post-Shankara contributions to the great teaching. Shankara’s Advaita
Vedanta view is generally considered definitive, and the Viveka Chudamani (Crest Jewel
of Liberation) is his primary work.
Advaita (advaya, Skt.) means nondual. All dualities — subject/object, body/mind,
mind/matter, matter/spirit, appearance/reality, existence/non-existence, finite/infinite
are the result of ignorance (avidya). The vidya, (Tib. rigpa) of pure, naked awareness,
the direct seeing of Chan/Zen (kensho/satori) reveals the prior, primordial unity and
complimentarity of all of these opposites. For those with eyes to see (vidya), Absolute
Brahman is the transcendent yet immanent prior unity of the dualistic spacetime
relative-conventional reality of appearance, with this nondual Absolute Reality. Just
so, this is the unity of the finite and the infinite that transcends yet embraces it. As
Brahman is the primordial sourceground or matrix base of all appearing phenomenal
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reality, there cannot exist an actual duality or separation of the perceiving subject from
Brahman, the ultimate subjectivity of the source. Yet, there is Maya, the apparent
duality of ‚real‛ arising forms, that is, how they appear, and how they actually are.
The essential nature of the individual then, is the perfectly divine, ultimately
subjective Atman-Self that is identical to Brahman whose ultimate realization in
human beings is moksha, liberation from the samsara of ignorance (avidya) that is the
dwelling of the jiva (embodied ego) in Maya the relative-conventional phenomenal
world of appearances (p.208).

Brahman and the Centrist View of

Our Nondual Primordial Wisdom Tradition

Hegel stated correctly that all philosophical theories are reducible to some brand
of idealism. From the view of relative-conventional truth, whether one examines the
relationship between body and mind, mind and matter, matter and spirit, appearance
and reality, the finite and the infinite, the goal of any conceptual, philosophical or
comparative religious quest is the depth, the very source or ground, the base of the
surface appearances. What we want is some permanent, ideal essence or Ultimate
Reality beneath or beyond or prior to the arising phenomenal appearances. What is
always infinite, eternal and changeless? What is That that remains as the very matrix
of spacetime reality, at the root of attention, prior to our perceptual and conceptual
seeking strategies. What is it that is always here, since before the very beginning? Even
pure mechanistic materialism (physicalism) with its naive objectivist-realist denial of
idealism is a gross form of idealism for it reduces all of appearing physical and mental
reality to an abstract idea of concrete, purely physical substance. Material reality can
be known only through sensation, perception and ideas, to wit, the mind. Who is it,
one may ask, to whom, or in whom particular objective appearances of this ‚purely
physical substance‛ appear? ‚In Whom does this all arise?‛ Material phenomena
appear to a sensory, mental consciousness. Consciousness is necessarily prior. This is
epistemological idealism.
In any case, at the root of our nondual Primordial Wisdom Tradition lies some
brand of idealism, even—as in Buddhist Madhyamaka and Advaita Vedanta—when an
objectively real realtive-conventional reality is granted. All of the diversity of our
Great Tradition arises from the idea of a prior and fundamental transcendental
unity or sourceground, or matrix base, by whatever name, that transcends yet
embraces objectively appearing, physical reality. According to this Great Wisdom
Tradition, the essential nature of mind, the ultimate source of the relative mind
through which phenomenal appearance arises is an utterly ineffable nondual
metaphysical unity, an unbroken whole. (Nondual connotes no essential separation of
subject and object, spirit and matter, appearance and Reality, etc.) It is this source that
is the supreme identity of all beings and the basis of all reality, whether it is called
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Eleutherios, Aperion, Brahman, Purusha, Dharmakaya, Tao, Samantabhadra, the immortal
Father (Abba), or Ein Sof. The highest or most subtle nondual view of Vedanta,
Buddhism, Taoism, Judaism, Islam, and Christianity, indeed each of the traditions of
our Great Wisdom Tradition share this same nondual Supreme Source or Absolute—
godhead by whatever name—that abides, always present in sentient beings. The close
similarity of Shankara’s conventionally ‚realistic‛ yet nondual idealism to the
dialectical view of the Mahayana’s Madhyamaka, the Middle Way Prasangika, and the
Vajrayana’s nondual Essence Mahamudra and Dzogchen further demonstrates this
centrist idealist view of our nondual Primordial Wisdom Tradition. What makes these
idealist views centrist? It is that they include a relative-conventional realism, an
ontological middle way between eternalist monistic absolute realism (eg. scientific
materialism) and nihilist monistic absolute idealism (eg. The denial of physical
reality). However, we must remember that all-embracing Ultimate Spirit, infinite
kosmic Reality Itself—by whatever name—transcends yet embraces all views and all
realities. This reality is both origin and aim of all arising existence, and of all our
seeking strategies. And, ultimately it utterly transcends any possible conceptual idea
of it.
In the Rigveda, the oldest of the Vedas (circa 1500 to 1200 BCE) arises the first of
humanity’s historical teachings on this Absolute nondual Supreme Source of Reality.
Thus in the Aitareya Upanishad, according to Shankara, Brahman is the Suprme Source
of what is when all subject-object dualism is transcended. Brahman is both the divine
source or Base of what is, and as the Atman, the in-dwelling immediate presence
(vidya) of that source in manifested reality and in the human bodymind, always at the
spiritual heart (hridyam) of self-conscious beings. For Vedanta, the initial nondual
realization of this great truth is nirvikalpa samadhi, then ultimately the seventh life
stage sahaj Samadhi of the mahasiddha. Integration and actualization of this great
realization into the yogi’s lifeworld is moksha, liberation from the forgetfulness and
ignorance that is avidya-Maya, and always expressed as kindness and compassion
(ahimsa).

There is a self-existent Reality that is the base of our

awareness of our ego-I . . . that Reality is the primordial
witness (saksin) that is our supreme self . . . liberated,
luminous Spirit Itself . . .May this single statement transmit
the secret essence of a thousand teachings: Brahman alone
is real; the world is only appearance; the Atman-Self is
always Brahman.
Shankara (1947)

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 Satchitananda

Truth is one; many are its names.

- Rigveda

For the spacetime bound ego (jiva) the form of nondual Brahman is Satchitananda
(sat/being, chit/consciousness, ananda/bliss). Satchitananda is the relative-conventional
name-form (namarupa) understanding of That that is utterly ineffable to the egoic,
discursive concept-mind. Brahman is pure Being Itself (Sat), without qualities or
attributes, including the attribute of being without attributes. Brahman is the prior
unity of awareness-experience with the nondual source, the unbounded whole in
whom it all arises. Consciousness (chit) is the pure primordial awareness that arises as
light energy-motion forms—qualities and attributes—and animates individual
awareness in sentient beings, including self- awareness in self-conscious beings. Chit is
the potential of the consciousness or awareness of the changeless witness (saksin)
presence, Atman, Purusha, our perfect, luminous, always present vidya-rigpa presence
of nondual spirit that is Primordial Consciousness-Being Itself. This divine,
unconditioned, non-egoic witness views all arising physical, emotional, and mental
states as but the non-intentional play (lila) of our perfectly subjective source-condition,
the Supreme Source that is but the random play of Brahman. From the relative view,
the path of the yogi and yogini is the choice to recognize and enter into the Atman
witness presence. Bliss (ananda) is the ecstatic affective or emotive component (bhakti)
of such divine enlightenment experience (initial moksha). Is Brahman this pure ecstatic
experience of Satchitananda? No. Brahman is not an experience. ‚There is no better
description of Brahman than this—it is neti, neti; not this, not this‛; ‚I am not this, I
am not that‛ (Brihadaranyaka Upanishad II). Thus any and all relative, conditional,
conceptual attributes and qualities of Brahman are limitations (upadhi) or projections
(vikshepa) on Brahman who abides prior to all of these conditional limiting attributes,
beyond all conceptual predicates, imputations and designations.

To apply a predicate (quality, attribute) to something is to impose a

limitation upon it; for, logically, something is being excluded from
the subject.
Eliot Deutsch (1969)

The cognitive, conceptual operations involved in naming necessarily separate us

from that “other” named, thereby limiting or subtracting from it. And Brahman is that
absolutely perfectly subjective limitless Being, without attributes, without an ‚other,‛ in
whom everything arises, dwells and passes away. ‚It is that who pervades all.‛ And that
is our actual identity. We are not separate from That. Tat tvam asi. ‚That thou art.‛

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 The ego or separate soul self is a concept. God, the world, the mind,
desires, action, sorrow and all other things are all concepts. . . There is
nothing whatsoever except concepts . . . The mind is unreal, a magic show,
absolutely non-existent . . . Abiding without concepts is the
undifferentiated state . . .the Reality of the Supreme Absolute Being.

Sri Ramana Maharshi (1970)

Brahman, Atman and the Four Views

Atman is subtler than the subtlest and cannot be known through thought.
-Katha Upanishad

We have seen that the essential nature of the mind of the individual egoic self is
that divine presence of the Atman-Self—beyond the concept of Atman-Brahman—that
lives awake, although cloaked by Maya, and in a relationship of identity to Brahman,
nondual Absolute Reality Itself. Remember that in the “neti neti‛ consideration we
found that the Atman-Self was ‚not this, not that.‛ Indeed it is not a permanent ego or
soul ‚self‛ at all. It is empty and devoid of any quality, attribute or self-nature, a
‚selfless Self.‛ What then is the nature of this primordial relationship of identity of
Atman-Brahman?
We have surveyed the four views or responses to this divine presence—outer
exoteric, inner esoteric, secret greater esoteric, and innermost secret nondual—
whether we call the presence Atman, vidya, rigpa, logos, te, saksin or shekhina.
During the first three life stages (Appendix A) the view is that of material acquisition
and exoteric conventional religious concept and belief. But for those who enter the
spiritual path, the obstructed personality dimensions begin to open to the light (vidya)
of their always present Atman-presence. This is the beginning of the inner or ‛lesser
esoteric view.‛ As insight and growth continue, the student aspirant accomplishes,
then demonstrates the ‚secret‛ or ‚greater esoteric,‛ then ‚innermost secret‛ or
nondual view that is the ‚wisdom of kindness,‛ compassionate lifeworld
conduct/behavior.
In the relative-conventional, exoteric view or response, and in the lesser esoteric
response, the soul or Atman presence is seen to be within, yet separate from the
objective, egoic bodymind (ahamkara). Thus the view is dualistic. Here the soul is seen
as independent, survives the bodymind, and may even transmigrate. Further,
Brahman, the Absolute is seen to live within the soul or Atman of the bodymind. The
nondual, greater esoteric view however, is the reverse. Here the bodymind and the
Atman-self or soul presence at the spiritual heart is understood to arise from and
continuously dwell in Brahman who transcends, yet always embraces it. It’s not,
‚Brahman is in me.‛ It’s ‚I am Brahman‛ (Kham Brahm). Atman and Brahman are the
same. There is no essential separation, no separate self. Thus the view is nondual.
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Whatever the path—material or spiritual—the dualistic lesser views evolve
gradualist egoic seeking strategies for some future fulfillment and happiness of the
conditional ego-I of the bodymind, and for avoidance of the discomfort and
suffering that result from these strategies. Alas, we then become the apologists and
advocates of these present lifestage developmental limits. Here the view is dualistic
and problem centered, seeking an antidote, seeking reunion, always seeking
something. We exhaust our brief lives justifying our seeking strategies for the
happiness that is already here, abiding within at the spiritual heart (hridyam). The
freedom centered nondual view however, realizes that seeking happiness to relive
suffering is a form of suffering. ‚You cannot become happy; you can only be happy‛
(Adi Da Samraj). We cannot become God. There is only God. There is no ontological
reunion or change in essence upon the realization that ‚I am Brahman,‛ because there
was never a separation. This is the great nondual, non-conceptual realization.
Thus, in the “innermost secret” nondual view of Advaita Vedanta, there is no
soul-self or “higher self” or Atman presence existing within, the individual
bodymind. Rather, the bodymind, and the Atman soul-self, and indeed all of
phenomenal reality is in, or is a manifestation or modification of nondual, perfectly
subjective Absolute Spirit, Brahman, the Supreme Source. ‚If the view is dualistic,
there can be no enlightenment.‛ Therefore, regarding the relative-conventional
dualism of these two apparent entities, our Atman presence and sublime Brahman,
there is no separation. No difference. Atman is the indwelling spiritual awareness of
presence of the absolute subjectivity that is nondual Brahman. Atman and Brahman
are an ontologically interdependent prior unity. The relationship of Atman to Brahman
is that of identity.

Being Here: The Four Bodies of Spirit, The Four Faces of God

Atman, smaller than small, greater than great is hidden in the

hearts of all living beings.
- Katha Upanishad

We have seen that Brahman is the nondual, divine, unqualified, unconditioned

Absolute Reality Itself that transcends yet enfolds, pervades and embraces all of its
relative conditional, spacetime emanations or manifestations. And this unqualified
Absolute Reality is known to Shankara as Nirguna Brahman. Its arising spacetime
manifestations - the dualistic world of subject and object - are Saguna Brahman,
Satchitananda, Brahman with qualities or attributes. Om is the sign of Nirguna
Brahman. And Om is the sign and support of Saguna Brahman (p.206). Eliot Deutsch
points out that the epithet ‚nondual‛ is preferred to ‚monistic‛ to describe the
ultimate subjectivity of Shankara’s Brahman, the Absolute, for monism usually refers
to a unity or ‚oneness‛ of the cosmos of objectively appearing reality, but not beyond

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to the kosmos of the great expanse of perfectly subjective ultimate reality that
transcends and includes mere physical spacetime cosmos. Monism requires
multiplicity, whole and parts. Advaita Vedanta reveals the ultimate non-existence of all
dimensions – physical objective, spiritual subjective – of everything that arises from
the primordial source, including the source itself (Deutsch, 1969).
Saguna Brahman is the Great Love, the ‚Lord of Love,‛ the ‚Refuge of Love,‛ our
‚Father in Brahmaloka” (heaven) who guides us to ‚the other side of Maya” (avidya-
ignorance, hamartia-sin). This divine expression or modification of innermost secret
Absolute Brahman has been, and always will be worshipped throughout relative
earthtime by human beings as Ishvara, Brahma, Shiva, Shakti, Allah, Yahweh, Abba
The Father, and all of the many names and forms of the myriad creator- sustainer-
destroyer Gods worshipped by all of the self-conscious beings, whether physical,
mental or causal, in all of the star systems throughout the infinite kosmos. The divine
ground or base of these dualistic gods is nondual Brahman—by whatever name—
that pervades and embraces all things and all sentient beings, everywhere, the very
unseparate, heart essence-presence of them, whether or not they are aware of it. It is
this Brahman—the organizing, harmonizing, and unifying power of the Great
Love—that binds together the worlds. And it is our intrinsic, indwelling,
Primordial Awareness Wisdom (jnana, yeshe, gnosis) that recognizes, then realizes
this great truth.
Nondual Nirguna Brahman, perfectly subjective Primordial Awareness Itself
manifests into the objective empirical world of becoming as the three conditional
upadhis, the limits or dimensions or states that are the exoteric Gross Body (waking
state), the esoteric Subtle Body (dream state) and the greater esoteric secret Causal
Body (deep sleep state). Turiya, the nondual innermost secret and unobstructed fourth
state is primordial absolute subjectivity, Ultimate Spirit, the nondual always present
Atman presence that is identical to Brahman. That presence is the supreme identity of
each individual. Atman-Brahman, as manifest in the three upadis is given three
functional names. As the Gross Body it functions as Virat. As the Subtle Body it
functions as Prajapati or Hiranyagarbha. As the Causal Body it functions as Prana or
Sutratman (‚thread-self‛) the subtle threads of Turiya the Great Love that is Brahman, in
whom arises all relative-conventional spacetime reality. This great process—these four
faces of God—are the interdependent dialectic of the ‚Two Truths‛—Absolute and
Relative—of our great Primordial Wisdom Tradition (App. A).

The Atman is that by which the universe is pervaded, but which nothing pervades. . .
The wise man understands that the essence of Brahman and of Atman is Pure
Consciousness, and who realizes their absolute identity.
Shankara (Johnston 1946)

The light of that great being is the actual identity of each individual existence, each
sentient being. Tat tvam ami—That I am—without a single exception.
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 Shankara’s Advaita Vedanta

The Purusha, the inner Self, dwells always at the Heart. That One is the
Bright, the luminous immortal Self.
Katha Upanishad

Shankara’s teaching on the Upanishads, Vedanta (Brahma) Sutra and Bhagavad Gita is
the very nondual essence of Vedanta, and a sublime contribution to the world’s
spiritual literature, and to our nondual Great Wisdom Tradition teaching. Shankara
(788-820) was the supreme adept-realizer of the Hindu Upanishadic tradition. In his
thirty two years this great master and scholar re-established the authority of the Vedas
against the prevailing Buddhist ideology of the time.
For Shankara’s Advaita Vedanta the supreme truth of the three Hindu canons (the
Upanishads, Vedanta Sutra and Bhagvad Gita) is the nondual nature of Brahman,
Absolute Spirit that is Reality Itself. For the Advaita Vedanta of Shankara, Brahman is
the nondual primordial awareness that is Absolute or Ultimate Consciousness Being
Itself, ‚One, without a second,‛ without limit, empty of all predicates, attributes and
qualities, beyond concept and belief, or any subject-object dualism whatsoever. As we
have seen, Shankara refers to this prior unity as Nirguna Brahman, the Absolute.
Satchitananda however, is usually understood as Saguna Brahman, Brahman with
relative qualities, the Great Love that is being (sat), consciousness (chit) and bliss
(ananda). Ishvara (usually as the Trimurti) the primordial creator-God or creative
principle of Brahman is also Saguna Brahman, the spacetime limited creator God, the
cause of the conditional state of ananda/bliss and the object of the spiritual devotion of
the devotee. Nirguna Brahman is pure nondual Being Itself; Saguna Brahman is pure
Being in the various states and stages of becoming in spacetime reality. These two
Brahmans are not separate entities. These two aspects of the one great Reality, are the
ontologically prior union of the dualism of being and becoming, of emptiness and
form, of the Two Truths that are one absolute reality with its arising, unfolding
relative phenomenal appearances. ‚The One is. The One is not‛ (Plato, Parmenides).
For Shankara then, Nirguna Brahman is the non-experiential, non-conceptual,
uncreated nondual Base in whom arises the always present enlightened, pure
luminous witness presence, the bright vidya of the Atman-Self that is only Brahman
abiding at the heart of all beings. Saguna Brahman is the yogi’s great bliss, bhakti, the
joyous experiential state of devotion and compassion to God/Ishvara. If Saguna
Brahman is the bliss of conditional savikalpa samadhi, then Nirguna Brahman is the
pure, unelaborated, unconditional Primordial Awareness Itself. This pristine non-
conceptual, nondual awareness realization of the vidya-Atman presence of that
Absolute Reality is nirvikalpa Samadhi. Then, finally sahaj samadhi, paravidya, the yogi’s
perfect direct realization, the nondual Primordial Awareness Wisdom (jnana/gnosis)
that ‘I am Brahman,‛ Tat tvam ami, That I am! This state is the ontologically prior,
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essential unity of the nondual supreme source and its bright vidya presence in beings,
and Brahman is its ground. As savikalpa, nirvikalpa and sahaj samadhi is stabilized in the
lifeworld through the spiritual path of the continuous practice of jnana yoga and the
other yogas, the ignorance (avidya) that binds us to the wheel of samsara is replaced
with vidya, the enlightenment of liberation from this suffering of karma, then the
permanent realization—moksha (mukta)—expressed as compassionate conduct in the
everyday lifeworld. Moksha liberation is the transcendental consciousness of turiya, the
nondual ‚fourth state‛ (after waking, dreaming and deep sleep states) that is the prior
primordial unity of Nirguna Brahman and Saguna Brahman.

Kham Brahm, The Bright

Brahman is the Self, Brahman is the world. ‚All is Brahman... the Self is
Brahman< I am Brahman... Brahman is the world.‛ Such piths from the Upanishads
reveal the vital relationship between Brahman, the nondual monadic Absolute Reality,
and the dualistic relative-conventional reality of the phenomenal world arising
therein, including sensing, perceiving, thinking beings to ponder it all.
.
Truly, Thou art that, the Self that is nondual Brahman . . . the truth apart
from which nothing is . . . thou art that because this whole world emanates
from Brahman, which alone is, and is Brahman Itself. . . It can be
comprehended only by the eye of wisdom and the experienced heart of
the yogi. . . It is the substratum of the illusory world (Maya, avidya,
vikshepa) that seems to be superimposed on it. It is the cause of the
emanation, preservation, and re-absorption of the world. It is the supreme
cause, whole, itself has no causes; all the worlds of name and form are its
effects, yet it is distinct from cause and effect. It is neither existence nor
non-existence . . It is without attributes . . . The gross mind cannot reach it.
It can be experienced only through nirvikalpa samadhi. It is Being-
Knowledge- Bliss. It is single in essence . . . That Brahman which is all this,
‚That thou art‛ (Tat tvam asi).
- Sri Ramana Maharshi (1970)

For Shankara, Brahman, as the utterly unconditional Absolute, is the essence or

Atman-Self at the spiritual heart of all sentient beings. Moreover, this self-nature of all
beings, indeed all phenomenal existence arises as and is one with, or identical to
Brahman. The ultimate ‚goal‛ of the path of human existence is the removal of the veil
of ignorance (avidya, Maya) and the recognition (paravidya, gnosis) by the individual of
this primordial relationship of identity with Brahman. From this realization one
attains liberation (moksha) from the cycle of suffering, death and rebirth. This
realization that our actual identity—our supreme identity—is Brahman is the fruition

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of our heart’s desire. This realization is paramananda (Buddhist mahasuka) ultimate
‚Happiness Itself.‛
Beneath the dualism and the theism of the Vedas and Upanishads then, at the very
root of attention, we find an absolute, nondual spiritual unity of matter and spirit that
was to be developed by Adi Shankara into a rigorous, non-objective yet conventionally
realistic, absolute nondual monistic transcendental idealism. Although there are
dualistic, pantheistic and theistic trends in the Vedas, Advaita Vedanta cannot be said to
be theistic for the highest God Ishvara, with its Trimurti, the one whole with three
forms—Shiva, Vishnu, Brahma—arises within, and is ontologically identical to the
unconditional monadic nondual Absolute, beyond all relative experience, concept and
belief. Shankara’s nondual Advaita Vedanta view of the Upanishads was criticized,
unconvincingly, by Ramanuja (Qualified Nondual Vedanta, and Madhva (Dualistic
Vedanta) for this reason. It is exceedingly difficult for the conventional exoteric and
esoteric religious consciousness to transcend theistic concept and belief to the utterly
ineffable supreme nondual Base/source in whom this all arises. It is far easier to
remain in our uncomfortable comfort zones of conceptual belief in a separate theistic
creator God.

Advaita Vedanta and Mahayana Buddhism

The nature of mind is the unity of awareness and emptiness.

- Shakyamuni Buddha (Prajnaparamita Sutra)

Gautama Shakyamuni (c.566-486 BCE), the historical Buddha was acquainted with
the theistic dualism of various Vedic and Upanishadic orthodox schools, and as
Buddhism developed in India the apparent creator monotheism of the Upanishads with
its exoteric, dualistic presumption of a permanent yet separate self Atman was
rejected. (Dualistic theism may be a step toward nondual understanding.) However,
the Vedic/Upanishadic doctrines of Maya, cause and effect karma, and vidya-moksha
liberation from the suffering of karma were integrated into Hinayana and later
Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism. Yet, from the innermost secret nondual view of
Shankara’s Advaita Vedanta there is no contradiction in the Atman-Self doctrine and the
Buddhist doctrine of anatman or no-self, for when the neti, neti (not this, not this)
vichara consideration (p.209) is carried to its ultimate conclusion, the ostensibly
permanent and eternal incarnating Atman-Self that is Brahman of the Upanishads, is
ontologically identical to the ‚emptiness of self‛ (anatman) of the Madhyamaka
Prasangika (Rangtong), the great centrist view of Mahayana Buddhism. That is, the
Atman-Self is not, at its nondual root, an absolute, eternal, permanently existent
substrate or self-entity at all, for it is identical to Nirguna Brahman which is “empty
of all qualities and attributes,” including the attribute of self-existence. The Self that
is Atman-Brahman is rather, the timeless, spaceless nondual Absolute or Ultimate
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Reality. This Reality is eternal, not as temporal duration, but as the timeless moment
now. It is permanent, not as existing forever in space, but as changeless and spaceless.
However, to exoteric, conventional dualistic understanding, the incarnated Soul-Self
Atman that is Brahman is a separate, permanently existing eternal entity. Thus the
Buddhist criticism that nondual Vedanta is eternalist. However, to the nondual mind of
enlightenment—the view of Ultimate Truth—the egoic jivatma self is always changing
and impermanent, while the Atman-Self is unseparate from, identical to, and arises
within the monadic, changeless, timeless, spaceless Nirguna Brahman, the nondual
Ultimate Supreme Source. And, this is analogous to Mahayana shunyata/emptiness.
Again, the Atman-Self that is Brahman is empty of all predicates, including inherent
existence. The Truth—emptiness, Dharmakaya, etc. —is said to be empty in essence,
luminous clarity in its nature, and compassionate in its energy expression. This could
be said of Nirguna Brahman as well. Therefore, the Buddhist criticism targets only
the outer exoteric, theistic, dualistic Hindu view of Brahman, and not the more
subtle nondual view of Advaita Vedanta.
The Emptiness of Emptiness. Do the absolutes of shunyata/emptiness and
Nirguna Brahman actually exist? Are they real? Are they existing entities? Yes and no.
They do exist conventionally, nominally, conceptually. But they cannot be found under
ultimate contemplative analysis, as Absolute Truth. They exist as ‚relative valid
cognition‛ (shadma), but not as ‚ultimate valid cognition‛ (pramana). Thus they have
no ultimate, permanent essence, no essential self-nature. Therefore, they are not
ultimately, essentially intrinsically real. They are not some kind of absolute core,
substrate, or creator of arising forms. The Buddhist Middle Way Consequence School
(Madhyamaka Prasangika) refers to this truth of emptiness as the ‚emptiness of
emptiness.‛ Vedantists speak of nondual Brahman as ‚empty of all qualities and
attributes.‛ Thus Shunyata and Nirguna Brahman share the same nondual ontological
status. ‚Truth is One, many are its names‛ (Rig Veda).
Some may charge that this reduction and identification of the ‚many names‛ of the
great nondual Truth of Absolute Spirit, primordial awareness itself, especially the
ontological identity of Advaita Vedanta’s nondual Brahman and Madhyamaka’s
shunyata/emptiness constitutes the theoretical placement of ‚a yak’s head upon a
sheep’s body‛ (or vice-versa). As seen above, the Buddhist criticism seems to reduce to a
‚straw man‛ argument. In any case, clearly, there are important relative conventional
differences between the great traditions. However, the rime (lit. unbiased) ecumenical
movement of twenty first century Buddhism and the emerging non-sectarian
rapprochement of religion, science and culture of the unfolding New Reformation require
that the relative truths of the exoteric- conventional biases of the old paradigm be
surrendered to this re-emergence of the primordial nondual view, the view of the
absolute or ultimate truth of the great Primordial Wisdom Tradition of humankind.
These relative truths have been debated and fought over by exoteric and esoteric
religion since we evolved a cortex and a sword. Indeed, that there is any greater truth
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than the metaphysical presumptions of scientific materialism – the cult of scientism - is
still denied by the fundamentalist values of the mind states of the first three life stages
(Chap I and Appendix A). Now, at the dawn of this New Reformation of Synthesis, we
are called to surrender our identity in these dualistic conceptual and belief systems of
the past, while yet participating fully in our individual and thereby collective liberation
through the very specific sadhana—view and practice—of a particular tradition within
this Great Wisdom Tradition.

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 Appearance and Reality: Advaita Vedanta Ontology

‚Thou art that‛ because this whole world emanates from Brahman, which
alone is . . . It is the supreme cause. . . all the worlds of name and form are
its effects.
- Sri Ramana Maharshi (1970)

Metaphysics, literally ‚beyond physics,‛ is concerned to discover, to know, and to

realize the ultimate nature of what is, the essential nature and source of all of this
becoming in Being Itself. Thus metaphysics involves ontology, knowing the ultimate
nature or ground of all appearing reality, Reality Itself. Metaphysics, as the ‚science of
Being as such,‛ attempts to reveal and to understand this Ultimate Reality through its
triune nature as it arises in mind as Maya: illusory appearance, empirical (relatively real)
appearance, and the Absolute base or sourceground that transcends yet enfolds all of this
appearance. Our nondual Primordial Wisdom Tradition understands this triad through
the Two Fundamental Truths, the ultimate ground that is Absolute Spirit manifesting as
relative-conventional spacetime appearance, empirical mental and physical phenomena.

Brahman and the World: Maya

In Maya’s Sanskrit root, ma denotes ‚not,‛ and ya denotes ‚that.‛ So Maya is ‚not
that, not that‛ (neti, neti). It cannot be reduced to a concept, archetype or symbol. It is
only through the fiery sadhana of spiritual practice of the Path (marga) that the veil of
Maya may be pierced and its ultimate nature recognized.
Brahma Satya, Jagat Mithya, ‚Brahman is the only Reality, the world is an illusion.‛
Brahman, Atman and Maya, the interdependence of these three reveal the nature and
essence of the prior unity of the Two Truths. The realization of this unity is
paramananda (mahasuka) that is ultimate ‚Happiness Itself.‛
Maya then, is the illusory appearance, and also the empirical, ‚real‛ appearance of
phenomenal arising from the Absolute primordial base of all appearance. Maya is the
power of relative manifestation inherent in Ultimate Brahman. Maya has no
independent self-existence and it has no beginning. Its end is liberation (moksha).
Brahman as Maya is the causal principal of kosmos. Maya through avidya (avidya-Maya)
creates plurality, ‚the many‛ without recognizing the prior unity. Maya is the creative
shakti energy of Brahman, the Absolute, and is therefore unseparate from Brahman,
even as it arises as all the manifestations of phenomenal reality. Without Brahman there
is no matrix (amba) through which such appearances may arise. There could be no
spacetime reality at all. Therefore conditional, phenomenal reality necessarily
requires Brahman as its inconceivable nondual base. Brahman/Atman and Maya
together are Ishvara the Shakti energy of the creator-sustainer-destroyer God of Kosmos,
and of human desire, understanding and worship. Maya draws the veil of ignorance or
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illusion (avidya) over the divine face of Brahman, the changeless (avikari) unreal (mithya)
yet only-existent (satyam), monadic nondual Supreme Absolute such that only the
dualities of relative, conditional reality are perceived. (For twentieth century quantum
theory, Maya is the illusion of objectivity—the real material world—finally refuted by
the inherent and ultimate subjectivity of the uncertainty relations).
Vikshepa (adhyasa/adhyaropa): Vikshepa is the cloaking, veiling or concealing aspect of
avidya or ignorance.1 Ignorance (avidya/ajnana) is the inability to discriminate (viveka)
between Maya, illusion or the unreal, and Brahman, the Ultimate Reality. When ignorance
is present the nondual truth, the Reality matrix that is Brahman is always veiled or cloaked
or overlaid by the mere illusory appearance. Shankara uses Nagarjuna’s analogy of the
coiled rope (Brahman) in the dark that is cloaked (vikshepa) by the illusion of a snake (the
phenomenal world). The illusion of the snake is projected or superimposed by the
perceiver onto the reality of the rope. But in the clear light of vidya the error is sublated or
corrected and the truth of the matter becomes permanently clear, certainty beyond all
doubt, beyond thinking and belief, beyond any experience (nyam) whatsoever.

The seer and the object seen are like the rope and the snake. Just as
knowledge of the rope which is the substrate will not arise unless
the false knowledge (avidya-Maya) of the illusory serpent goes, so
the realization of the Self which is the substrate will not be gained
unless the belief that the world is real is removed.
Sri Ramana Maharshi (1970)

While Hindu metaphysics generally, and monistic Kashmiri Shivaism in particular

are essentially realistic, in Shankara’s centrist Advaita Vedanta, a relative, empirical, real
phenomenal world appears and exists by way of perceptual and conceptual
imputation, designation and reification (realism), but is not the ultimate or absolute
Reality that is Brahman (idealism). ‚It is neither real nor unreal.‛ Brahman is the Real,
the only reality (satyam) in whom arises the unreal (mithya). Phenomenal empirical
reality then, is not merely illusion. From the view of relative truth it is objectively real
(realism). However, from the view of perfectly subjective absolute truth it is unreal or
illusory (idealism). This is a centrist view between monistic objective realism
(eternalism) and absolute subjective idealism (nihilism). Therefore Maya represents the
conditional reality of physical and mental appearance, its inherent impermanence and
selflessness, and our confusion and ignorance in mistaking this illusory reality for the
Purusha, the nondual Supreme Absolute Reality that is Brahman. As we have seen, this
is essentially the nondual view of Mahayana Buddhism’s Dzogchen, Mahamadra and

1
In Vedanta there are two kinds of avidya: mulavidya, the intersubjective mass-mind illusion as to the reality of
relative-conditional existence, and tulavidya, this illusion at the level of the individual. There are also two ways in
which avidya-ignorance functions, concealment (avarna) and mis-representation or cloaking/covering (vikshepa).
Both are examples of perceptual error (mithya jnana) which is the false knowledge that is avidya.
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Saijojo Zen. Thus, the apparently separate ego—the sense of self—is Maya. However,
because Maya is unseparate from Brahman, Maya is also the Atman—bright vidya
presence of Brahman that shines awake at the heart of all beings. In the Buddhist
Dzogchen tradition, Longchen Rabjam (Longchenpa) teaches of ‚the two Mayas,‛
undefiled, ultimate ‚Immaculate Maya,‛ and relative ‚Delusory Maya‛ (Dowman,
2010). It is urgent to remember that the two Mayas are always an ontologically prior
unity – two aspects or views of one non-dual ultimate reality. Even “prakriti
(conditional nature, objective and subjective reality) is Maya and the Great God
(Ishvara) is the Lord of Maya” (Shvetashvatara Upanishad). In his commentaries on the
Vedanta Sutra (Brahma Sutra) Adi Shankara teaches that ‚Everything other than
Brahman, the Supreme Absolute is created by Maya, the ineffable, creative (shakti)
energy of God (Ishvara), and is not the Real.‛ All physical and mental phenomena,
even our concept and belief in God is Maya beside the actual Supreme Absolute.
“Dualistic (reality) is illusory, the nondual is the Absolute Reality” (Shankara).
Shankara’s Maya functions dualistically in the relative, conditional world of appearing
reality and therefore, as with the Dzogchen Maya of Longchenpa, has two faces:
ignorance (avidya) and wisdom (vidya). Avidya—Maya (apara-maya) sees only the
world, veils Brahman, the supreme source. Vidya—maya (para-maya, the light of
realization) guides us on the relative path to moksha, our realization of Brahman that is
the very transcendence of the world of relative truth, conventional spacetime reality.
However, as neither of these are nondual Brahman, both are Maya. Moreover, Maya
functions in two indivisible and interdependent modes: individual or personal
illusion (pratibhasika), and collective, intersubjective mass-mind illusion (vyavaharika).
Then, Maya functions through concealment—the relative – conventional ‚concealer
truths‛—tulavida (collective) and mulavida (individual). Finally, Maya functions
through super-imposition or projection (vikshepa-adhyasa).
Maya’s power then, arises from Brahman, and is not separate from Brahman, the
Absolute Truth that is Reality Itself. Maya co-exists, co-creates and participates with
Brahman, but Maya is not Absolute Brahman. It is because of avidya/ignorance that the
arising of the phenomenal world is reified into solid objects by the ego-I. Mind and
world arise together. Ignorance as relative Maya that arises within absolute Brahman is
the relative cause of this arising of the separated ‚other‛—subject and object, I and
thou, spirit and matter. The effect is the apparently separate objects—mental and
physical—of experience of phenomenal existence. For most sentient beings Maya is
universal, with no beginning and no end. Wherever name and form (namarupa) arises,
there is Maya. Thus, avidya is without beginning—but for human beings may be ended
with jnana-vidya, nondual wisdom-presence of the divine. This is the ‚Immaculate‛ or
Ultimate vidya-maya. As we have seen, Brahman is infinite, atemporal and changeless,
beyond any conceptual attribute or understanding, and with no beginning and no
end. We cannot, without conceptually reducing It, ascribe a creative principle to It.
Indeed, we can ascribe no predicate, quality or attribute to It. Brahman is simply the
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single, monadic primordial Base, the Supreme Source in whom kosmos arises, dwells
and returns again.
We need then, a creative principle through which we may explain this miraculous
arising of the world of relative spacetime reality. That principle is Ishvara, the creator-
sustainer-destroyer God, by whatever name, of all monotheistic religions.

‚Ishvara is the supreme interpretation of Brahman, the divine

Absolute by relative human thought.‛
Swami Vivekananda

Ishvara is the conditional, relative creative principle required by Maya to explain

appearing, real conditional existence. Nirguna Brahman however, remains the utterly
unknowable changeless Absolute (Tao, shunyata). The Trimurti with its triguna or three
qualities of conditional existence (Brahma/rajas, Vishnu/sattva, Shiva/tamas)is the Hindu
expression of Ishvara who is a projection or superimposition on Brahman, much as the
Holy Trinity is the Christian expression of the Hebrew creator-God Yahweh. Brahman
as the Atman, the timeless divine Self, is the always, already present presence, vidya
(light), rigpa, logos of the absolute, changeless source or primordial Base of all arising
relative conditional existence. We arise in Brahman. Brahman/Atman is our actual,
supreme identity. Maya is the illusory, yet conventionally real relative-conditional world
that arises, dwells, and returns without every leaving the ground of Brahman.
Thus, Maya has three fundamental qualities or gunas, the Triguna, which comprise
the relative-conventional phenomenal world that obscures the self-luminous face of
Brahman. Sattva is purity of intention, integrity, peace and clarity; That that is to be
realized. Rajas is energy-motion, activity, desire and passion. Tamas is heavy and
unmoving, laziness, torpor and ignorance. Tamas obstructs realization of sattva. Rajas is
the quality of energy that dispels tamas, while sattva dispels rajas. When the three are in
balance there is the state of no arising, or vidya-samadhi-moksha, nondual liberation that
is the still silence (mouna) of the nondual Absolute that is Nirguna Brahman.
Again, there are the two Mayas: avidya-maya (delusory maya), ignorance of the divine
presence, and vidya-maya (immaculate maya), the wisdom presence that removes Maya’s
veil of ignorance and harmonizes the Triguna toward enlightenment/moksha. The
ultimate realization of Brahman in our lifeworld finally transcends this duality of Maya,
of ignorance and wisdom, dark and light, in the luminous stillness of the monadic
Supreme Source, Nirguna Brahman, the great perfection that is sahij samadhi- moksha.
Here, relative knowledge, Saguna Brahman, including the nondual view, even the
samadhi-moksha experience of Brahman are all transcended in their very nondual source
condition, perfectly subjective, primordial Spirit-Reality Itself that is ineffable Nirguna
Brahman, which for human beings is ananda, happiness-bliss, and when stabilized and
actualized in the conduct of the everyday lifeworld is Paramananda, the ultimate
happiness of luminous Maha-rishi or Christ-Buddhahood.

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 Brahman and the World: Causality

Brahman . . . is the cause of the emanation, preservation, and

reabsorption of the world.
Sri Ramana Maharshi

The Advaita Vedanta of Shankara and Ramana Maharshi is essentially the nondual
Primordial Wisdom teaching: the ego-I of the bodymind, the soul-self, God, and the
Supreme Source, the nondual Absolute sourceground of all appearing physical and
mental phenomena are ‚non-different‛ and identical. Kham Brahm. All is Brahman.
To review: Appearing reality Saguna Brahman arises from Nirguna Brahman, the
nondual source as the creative activity of Ishvara, the spacetime creator-God as the
shakti energy-motion forms (namarupa) of chit or consciousness (Satchitananda).
Sentient beings, including self-aware beings perceive and experience this phenomenal
world through the dualistic gross perceptual and conceptual veil of Maya, illusion.
Through ignorance (avidya-Maya) illusory reality is projected or superimposed upon
nondual Reality Itself, Brahman, just as the coiled rope in the darkness is mistaken for
the snake. This perceptual and conceptual error is vikshepa or adhyasa, the projection of
illusory reality onto Brahman. The apparent transformation of Brahman (as Ishvara)
into the relative-conventional phenomenal world without any change in nondual
Brahman Itself is known as vivarta. Vivarta is the causal explanation that “Brahman
is cause, Maya (as the world) is effect.” But what does this mean?
According to the exoteric, relative-conventional, empirical view (vyavaharika),
under the influence of vikshepa-Maya, Brahman is the ‚material and efficient cause‛ of
the world (Nikhilananda 1947, 1963). The effect that is the phenomenal world ‚pre-
exists‛ in Brahman, its divine cause (satkarya). Brahman transforms Itself, through
Ishvara, into namarupa, the relative conventional world of name and form, because
Brahman is the primordial sourceground of all of the projections (vikshepa) of Maya.
The conditional effect (the snake) is projected on to the nondual absolute cause (the
rope). Thus, from the relative view, an effect is merely its material cause. Such a view
is supported by common sense reality and the general Western philosophical-scientific
materialist view of causality.
From the esoteric view of the nondual absolute however, the vivarta causal doctrine
teaches that, although from the relative view the effect pre-exists in the cause (satkarya),
actually this effect is but an illusory appearance of its cause.2 In Brahman, beyond

2
Sankarya, that the effect pre-exists in its cause is the relative view of Advaita Vedanta and is the objective counterpart of
vivarta which holds that the effect (reality) is but the illusory appearance of its cause (Brahman). The transformation is
apparent, not actual. The Hindu Mimamsa, Nyaya and Vaisheshika view of causality is asatkarya, that is, the denial of satkarya,
the denial of an ultimate material causality. Here effects are independent of their causes (Deutsch, 1969). Parinama or vikara
in Samkhya yoga is the actual transformation of the cause into its effect as opposed to mere apparent transformation.
Buddhist Madhayamaka utilizes relative causality – the cause and effect of karma – but denies that Buddhahood has a cause
because Tathagatagarbha, Buddha Nature, is already present in all beings from the very beginning.
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spacetime causality altogether, there can be no distinction between cause and effect.
Brahman, the apparent cause, is the absolutely Real, nondual Reality Itself, ‚yet is distinct
from cause and effect, without attributes‛ (Ramana Maharshi). Brahman’s apparent effects
are merely namarupa, interdependent relative-conventional names and forms arising
through Brahman’s power as vikshepa-Maya. They have no ultimate reality. In the nondual
view the ‚One without a second‛ cannot transform Itself (vivarta) into ‚the many‛ without
ceasing to be the One, the nondual Absolute All. Rather, phenomenal reality arises, un-
separate from the One, yet it appears through the obscuring superimposition power of
Maya as the many. Brahman, perfectly subjective Reality Itself, appears through Ishvara
as namarupa, name and form, but there is no actual creation, merely avidyic
appearances. Therefore, in the Advaita Vedanta nondual view, there can be no causal
relation between Absolute Brahman—ultimate truth—and the relative spacetime
world. Nondual Brahman (Ultimate Spirit) transcends yet embraces this empirical
domain of Relative Truth. And wonder of wonders, “All is Brahman...” That is our
ultimate Relationship. This is essentially the Buddhist non-causal or contextual-causal
view of dependent origination (pratitya samutpada). However, in the relative,
conditional world, ‚Brahman is cause, Maya is effect.‛

Brahman and the world are different in kind; qualitatively, they are
incommensurable. In order to set forth a causal relation between
two things, a minimum requirement is that they be of the same
order of being . . . one cannot establish relations between disparate
levels of being.
Eliot Deutch (1969)

We cannot therefore, logically derive a relative, temporal and finite effect (the
phenomenal world) from an absolute, infinite cause (Brahman). In the nondual view
Brahman, the ‚cause‛ is Ultimate Reality Itself, ‚The Real,‛ and its ‚effect,‛ the
phenomenal world, is merely real by conventional imputation and designation. There is
no causal relationship between the objects of the realm of relative truth (Maya), and
Ultimate Truth (Brahman). Absolute Reality is utterly nondual. The finite conditional
mind of the ego-I can do no more than reduce the infinite to finite conceptual names,
forms and experience (nyam). Indeed, that is its primary and constant activity; our
constant seeking strategy. Alas, until the full bodhi of liberation, the bodymind of the
ego-I must exist and function through the relative-conventional veil of avidya-Maya-
vikshepa, in ignorance, suffering and separation from the bright ‚always, already‛
present vidya-rigpa-logos presence of infinite divine Spirit-Being Itself, awaiting its
realization, now, at the spiritual Heart (hridyam).

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 Consciousness is Matrix is Godhead

Something lives within you that lives longer than the suns. It
abides at the place in the heart.
Chandogya Upanishad

The Western Tradition’s view of consciousness is steeped in 400 years of Cartesian

dualism of thinking mind and physical body, the ‚ghost in the machine.‛ René
Descartes’ (1596-1650) infamous dictum, cogito ego sum, ‚I think therefore I am,‛ was
intended to refute skepticism’s doubt that God, or anything else, really exists — the
one certain proposition that proves that something, in this case the self-aware thinking
‚I‛, objectively and independently exists. One can doubt everything, yet there exists
that one who doubts. I doubt therefore I am.
To the Eastern mind however, particularly the genius of the Indian mind that
produced the great Vedic teaching of Vedanta, (and from this tradition the Buddhist and
Greek Orphic and Dionysiac teachings) ‚I am‛ also when I am not thinking.
Consciousness is not merely intentional, that is, it need not always intend or direct itself
toward a separate object. Indeed, in life stages five, six and seven consciousness is not
intentional in this way. Thus, there need not be a split between knowing subject and
perceived object. Indeed, at its root, consciousness is a prior unity, an all-embracing
unbounded whole. Thus, for the Eastern mind conceptual thought is not the sine quo non of
being, for clearly “That I Am” (Tat Tvam Ami) in preconscious and superconscious
awareness states of deep sleep and samadhi-moksha or turiya, just as surely as “I am”
in waking-thinking, and in dreaming states. Indeed, the nondual view of Advaita Vedanta
is that it is not logically possible to doubt the subjective spiritual presence of Atman-
Brahman, because the very process of doubt necessarily participates in that which it
denies, namely the awareness or consciousness (chit) that is identical to and only Brahman,
nondual Absolute Spirit, Consciousness-Being Itself. The denial of consciousness
necessarily requires the very consciousness that is denied. Therefore, Absolute
Consciousness or Absolute Spirit alone cannot be denied. Any object of consciousness
may be denied without contradiction, but Consciousness Itself is, ipso facto, the very
sourceground and essence base or matrix of any and all of the experienced subjects and
objects of the phenomenal world. Thus, for the relative, logical view the denial of
consciousness involves a logical contradiction. This observation is interesting, and would
be more so were we logically motivated beings. But, as students of behavior know, we are
motivated, indeed ruled, not by our reason, but by our emotions — desire, fear and anger,
pride and envy—and with practice and training these negative emotions may be
transmuted into compassion and joy-bliss (ananda, mahasuka).
Consciousness in self-conscious beings—reflective awareness—including affirmations
and doubts about being, is continuous, coincidental and identical with Brahman, That
Absolute Consciousness Being, the Base or ultimate subjective matrix in whom arises,
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dwells and returns all relative phenomenal physical and mental existences. But this great
truth cannot be logically derived or proven in the realm of relative, conditional thinking or
reasoning, as we have seen. That is why the logical necessity of consciousness and the
impossibility of its denial is of only minor interest. Absolute truth necessarily transcends,
yet includes relative truth. This supreme nondual perennial wisdom teaching is “Tat Tvam
Asi,” ‚That Thou art.‛ We are always vidya, the luminous divine presence arising within
each human form.‛This cannot be taught‛ (Shakyamuni Buddha). It can only be realized
(samadhi) through liberation (moksha) from the ignorance (avidya) and illusion (Maya) of the
rational (logical) conditional reality that separates us from this Supreme Source. Through
practice we accomplish identity with the selfless Atman-Self as we gradually remove
the veil of Maya by surrendering and releasing our narcissistic self-contraction from
the divine that is the constant activity of the embodied, seeking ego-I (jiva).
Through this process the self-stimulating seeking strategies of our “great spiritual
search,” including our attachment to the bliss of “advanced” spiritual practice, is
destroyed and our identity is realized as the always present luminous Absolute
Reality that is Brahman Itself. Brahman then, stands in the same relation to the
divine Atman-self as Abba, the Father of the ‚I Am That I Am‛ of Christianity stands to
the Son, the divine logos-Christos presence that is the essence of each human being; that
presence that was realized and demonstrated by the avataric incarnation of Jesus, the
Christ (Chap. IV).
Advaita Vedanta however, views the Supreme Source, or Brahman as nondual
rather than ‚One.‛ Brahman is the prior ‚unity‛ of substance or essence (homoousia) of
the Christian Trinity that is ultimately the nondual Depth (Bathos) of Abba, the
Primordial Father. ‚Nondual‛ avoids the dualism of the ‚One and the Many,‛ of the
infinite and the finite, of being and becoming. ‚One‛ and ‚unity‛ suggest a prior or
initial condition of separation, whereas the nondual Absolute (‚not one, not two‛) is
‚unseparate and nondual from the very beginning.‛ It is true that Brahman is
described as ‚One, without a second.‛ But this ‚One‛ is not the dualistic ‚One‛
wherein a separate perceiver-subject observes or experiences the object perceived.
‚One, without a second‛ means that Brahman is not an objective monotheistic entity,
but simply Is, non-conceptual inseparate, nondual absolute ultimate subjectivity, the
perfect divine source in whom all subject-object dualities, including sentient beings
and their theologies, arise, evolve and return. This Brahman is the Absolute Truth in
whom all of the objects—objective and subjective—of spacetime Relative Truth arise.
This understanding of the “Two Truths”, the exoteric, Relative Truth (the finite),
and the greater esoteric, Absolute Truth (the infinite), forms the root or the heart of
any religious/philosophical view. Coomaraswamy has described this relationship as
it effects the three classical views or interpretations of Vedanta: nondualism (Shankara),
qualified nondualism (Ramanuja), and dualism (Madhva):

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 [The Absolute] is an essence without duality (advaita) . . . but not
without relations (visishthadvaita) . . . [this] essence (asti) subsists in a
two-fold nature (dvaitibhava); as being and as becoming.
- A.K. Coomaraswamy (1943)

In the lila play of Absolute Brahman, the illusion of phenomenal reality, arises as
the content of mind, projected onto Brahman. This reality is an insubstantial,
impermanent emptiness, utterly devoid of inherent existence, merely the allegorical
veil of Maya drawn over the ineffable, luminous face of Brahman. Yet, for the
participant in this nondual Reality play that is Consciousness Being Itself, there
remains a diaphanous presence, the faintest luminous glow of the face of the divine
Reality of all-that-is. That primordial face is our own original face ‚that is brighter
than a thousand suns.‛ Kham Brahm. All of this is Brahman.

The Finite and the Infinite

The primary dilemma for religion, science and culture is this relationship, this
duality of the finite and the infinite. The difficulty for conventional, ‚natural‛
theology and religious philosophy, as well as for philosophy of religion, is the logical
and ontological impossibility of the finite, thinking mind to transcend itself, that is, to
grasp and conceive the infinite, a different or more subtle ontological order or strata of
being. This is the paradox of mind. We may however, approach the infinite through the
conditional vehicles of contemplative spiritual practice, and through poetry: analogy,
allegory and metaphor (Appendix B). Just as the eye cannot see itself, finite conceptual
thought cannot know its infinite source. From the relative view, the infinite and the
finite are qualitatively different. Again, the egoic, discursive mind or intellect must
always reduce and thereby limit the infinite to finite, conceptual terms. The
conditional, rational-dualistic mind must separate the infinite from the finite, as if the
former somehow precedes the latter in time or is beyond it, or outside it in space.
However, the infinite is not eternal, but timeless, the timeless moment now (Turiya). It
is not space, but spaceless (dhatu/ying). It is not permanent substance, but changeless,
impermanent emptiness. The infinite transcends yet includes time and space and all
relative terms and conditions, conceptual qualities and attributes (namarupa). Absolute
Being Itself, ultimate nondual godhead, when perceived and conceived in the relative,
ideational terms of spacetime, or a spacetime creator God, becomes logically and
ontologically separate from the human perceiver. If the nondual Absolute is reduced
to a conceptual, relative, spacetime creator God, then such a God becomes limited
and finite. By “his” very act of creation “he” exits nondual infinite Reality itself and
becomes limited and finite, a separate “other” dualistically co-existing with his
creations in a relative conventional spacetime reality.

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 Again, the finite mind cannot grasp the infinite unbroken whole. Dualistic concept
mind cannot know the nondual Absolute. The Absolute can only be realized through
the sadhana of marga, the spiritual path in, satsang, ‚the company of truth‛ of the
Master. Qualitatively different orders or strata of being necessarily refer beyond to
ever subtler levels. The Great Chain or Nest of Being: the nondual infinite, Absolute
Spirit transcends and includes soul, as soul transcends and includes mind, and mind
transcends and includes life, while life transcends and includes matter. Thus, the
nondual infinite transcends and includes (embraces, loves) the finite, or the potential
of the finite, including all of its values, relationships and free will. For Vedanta the
infinite nondual absolute is Brahman. The nondual presence of Brahman in the
relative world is Atman, the vidya witness (saksin), the impermanent, empty Self who
knows its identity with ever changeless Brahman, its supreme source. Knowledge of
the Absolute, paravidya, is direct and immediate. It transcends and includes the
reason-logic of the discursive ego-I because it arises at the more subtle primary
operation of mind, the sensory-perceptual level (dhyana), prior to the secondary
operation of attention, concept and belief (Chap. I).
Brahman, the infinite Absolute Reality then, manifests the apparent phenomenal
world of relative-conventional finite reality through a nested holarchy of being,
without Itself becoming finite. Brahman is not the One creating the Many. This is the
role of Ishvara and the Trimurti. Brahman remains the infinite, eternal, unconditional
Absolute Spirit. However, through the non-conceptual eye of contemplation, Reality
Itself is simply nondual (non-conceptual, non-separate). All of the objects of sensation,
perception and conceptual thought are projected or superimposed (vikshepa) upon this
Absolute Reality through the mechanism of attention-ideation (concept and belief),
the secondary operation of mind. There is no ‚other‛ reality, no real prakriti (nature),
only an intersubjectively verified conventional reality of projected appearances, the
material, objective reality of delusory avidya-maya that is ignorance (avidya, ajnana).
Again, according to Shankara, appearing objects are neither existent, nor non-
existent. They are not existent because, like the snake in the darkness, they are
sublated or corrected in the light of vidya; nor are they non-existent because they
initially appear and are thereby conventionally real. This view of Shankara is
influenced by Nagarjuna’s dialectic of the Madhyamaka or Middle Way, and
demonstrates not only the similarity of Advaitic and Buddhist centrist idealism, but the
constancy of our great nondual Primordial Wisdom teaching. Thus the supreme,
nondual views of both Buddhism (Dzogchen, Essence Mahamudra, Madhyamaka of
the Definitive Meaning, Saijojo Zen) and of Hinduism (Advaita Vedanta), with their
nondual teachings of our Primordial Wisdom Tradition , offer both a relative,
objective realism and a nondual, subjective idealism which transcends and
includes it, just as the real world of finite, relative, empirical reality is transcended,
embraced and pervaded by the infinite nondual Absolute Reality.

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 Again, for the Advaita Vedanta of Shankara, the nondual transcendent Absolute that
is Brahman, is for self-conscious beings, always present at the spiritual heart (hridyam).
This witness presence is saksin, the Atman-Self. As we have seen, this ‚always already‛
present presence is recognized and realized‛—brief moments, many times—by way of
the three yogic disciplines of the Path (Marga) as transmitted by a living spiritual guru
or master who points out and mirrors the inner guru of the aspirant student. These are
the three: the study of the scriptures, the study of the nondual nature of Reality, and
non-conceptual meditative contemplation on the supreme identity of the luminous
Atman-Self presence with Brahman, Absolute Reality Itself. From this View and
Meditation spontaneously arises the Conduct, the wisdom of kindness, wise
compassionate acts in the everyday lifeworld.

Knowledge and Liberation: Advaita Vedanta Epistemology

There is a self-existent Reality which is the base of our awareness of our

ego-I . . . that Reality is the primordial witness . . . luminous Spirit Itself.
- Shankara

Epistemology or knowledge theory is concerned with what and how we know.

Thus it is concerned with the limits of finite relative-conventional conceptual
knowledge, which leads necessarily to ontology or metaphysics and the realization of
absolute truth. What is the epistemological status of mental and physical phenomenal
reality as it arises in mind from its absolute, supreme sourceground? Is it objectively
real (realism)? Or is it transcendental manifestations of a subjective reality, even a
supreme Reality arising in mind (idealism)? Is its nature dualistic, monistic, or
nondual? These questions of epistemology parallel the concern of metaphysics and
ontology to know and realize the subtle nature of the sourceground, Absolute Being
Itself. So the questions and distinctions of epistemology and metaphysics overlap. Just
as nondual absolute or infinite Consciousness-Being-Spirit Itself transcends yet
embraces finite relative-conventional phenomenal appearance arising therein, so
metaphysical ontology is prior to and includes its second order, epistemology, how
and what we can know of what is given of the whole to the senses and the heart
through appearing phenomenal reality.

Brahman and the World: the Two Fundamental Truths

The ancient Vedas, as with our entire Primordial Wisdom Tradition, describes two
aspects of knowing, Two Truths. Para or vidya, is the light, the absolute or Ultimate
Truth (paramaratha–satya, don dam denpa, gnosis), and apara or avidya is the world of
Relative Truth, the ‚concealer truths‛ of spacetime, cause and effect reality (samvriti–
satya, kundzob denpa). Para (the beyond) as absolute, nondual essence is Brahman,
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‚The Bright,‛ the Light of Absolute Being, Reality Itself, Brahmavidya, the Base or
divine source of avidya (ignorance) our limited illusory knowledge of relative, physical
and mental phenomenal reality. In the Upanishads these two modes of knowing are
referred to as Brahman without attributes or Para Brahman, and Brahman with
attributes, Apara Brahman. We have seen that in Shankara’s Advaita Vedanta these two
aspects of the knowledge of Reality that is Brahman are Nirguna Brahman and Saguna
Brahman. Nirguna Brahman is Absolute Truth transcending spacetime causality and
indeed all relationship, yet remaining as the changeless substrate or sourceground
that is the possibility of all relationships. Saguna Brahman as Ishvara (Creator God)
and Satchitananda (Being/Consciousness/Bliss arising) as the concepts and
experiences of our existence conditioned by ignorance (avidya-maya). Therefore,
this creator, sustainer, and destroyer (the Trimurti) of the ever-changing phenomenal
worlds is not the nondual Absolute. In Advaita Vedanta however, this apparent dualism
of the two Brahmans of the Vedas and Upanishads is resolved in a nondual view of
Brahman. Here, Nirguna Brahman is ultimate subjectivity, the perfectly subjective
absolute source condition of phenomenal reality. This reality arises and appears as
Maya. The Shad-darshana, the Upanishads and Vedas variously describe Brahman in
dualistic, idealistic, realistic, theistic and pantheistic language. Sometimes the nondual
transcendence of Brahman is emphasized. Sometimes the permanent quality is
emphasized over against illusory and impermanent Maya. The Buddhist argument
against Vedanta seems always to target these dualistic, realistic and theistic views, but
not the nondual view of Advaita Vedanta.
Adi Shankara insisted upon both an objective realism, and a subjective idealism. As
with Buddhist Madhyamaka, this centrist view (between eternalism and nihilism) is of an
objectively real world arising from its perfectly subjective nondual source
(Prabhavananda 1947, Johnston 1946, Thibaut 1890 in Deutsch, 1969, Nikhilananda
1963). The direct, objective, empirical reality of the unfolding phenomenal world
then, is acknowledged (realism), yet this manifest apparent reality is enfolded in and
is not different or other than Brahman. Indeed it is identical in essence with Nirguna
Brahman, the perfectly subjective Absolute Reality (idealism). Thus, realism is
required in order to understand our relative-conditional existence, but is ultimately
transcended and embraced by the subjective idealism of the perfectly ultimate
subjectivity that is Brahman. So, Shankara’s epistemological realism is embedded in an
ontological idealism. But an absolute subjective idealism with its denial of relative
spacetime reality altogether is precluded for, as with the nondual Buddhist view of
Dzogchen and Saijojo Zen (Ch.II, III), from the view of relative truth, phenomenal
empirical reality is truly, objectively real, appearing as the primordial, creative prana-

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shakti energy of the illusory and impermanent namarupa of Maya, the objective aspect or
power of perfectly subjective Brahman.3
However, from the liberated nondual view (vidya-moksha) of absolute truth (paramartha
satya), only Brahman, the supreme source, the self-luminous, unchanging, utterly ineffable
Absolute is the Real, Ultimate Reality Itself. To the enlightened master (maharishi) all of the
illusions of Maya—including these interminable concepts about Brahman—are only
Brahman. Kham Brahm, ‚All is Brahman.‛ Thus, in Advaita Vedanta, as with the ‚highest‛ or
subtlest nondual teachings of our entire Primordial Wisdom Tradition, the exoteric,
objective relative-conventional view is transcended in an ontological absolute subjective
nondual monism that includes all relative views.
Let us now consider the Two Truths in the Buddhist Heart Sutra (Prajnaparamita), with
the intention of clarifying nondual Vedanta. ‚Form is emptiness‛ (idealism). This is ‚self-
emptiness‛ or emptiness of intrinsic existence and negates the extreme view of eternal or
absolute existence. But ‚Emptiness is form‛ (realism). This is ‚emptiness of other‛ or
emptiness of all phenomena and negates the extreme view of nihilism. Further, ‚form is
form< and emptiness is emptiness‛ (nondual monism). This is the union of appearance
(dependent arising) and emptiness (shunyata). These four constitute the centrist, Middle
Way (Madhyamaka) between the extreme views of nihilism (nothing exists) and existential
absolutism (phenomena have a permanent, absolute existence) [Mipham, 1999].

‚Existence is the view of realism. Non-existence is the view of nihilism.

Therefore the wise dwell neither in existence, nor non-existence.‛
- Chandrakirti

Yet, Ramana Maharshi reminds us, ‚everything is just concepts.‛ And the fundamental
truth that is the emptiness of Brahman cannot be reduced by conceptual elaboration to a
concept or a symbol by the intellect (try as we may). Again, no relative mind-created
object can grasp ultimate Reality Itself. ‚Truth is One,‛ forever ‚neti, neti‛—not that,
not that. Thus it is, even though arising phenomena do have a relative existence, from
the view of the nondual absolute, there is no name, no form and no view. The Heart
Sutra continues,

‚Therefore Shariputra, in emptiness there is no form, no feeling, no

mental formation, and no consciousness< There is no body and no

3
Indeed, in Tantra (Shaktism) it is the divine ‚Mother Shakti‛ aspect of Absolute God through whom the seven chakras
(spiritual energy centers) are awakened allowing the shakti spirit current (kundalini) to ascend up the spinal chakras to the
crown where it unites with Shiva, the male energy as the Trimurti. It is through such yogic practice or sadhana in
relationship with a living master (satsang), and by the grace of the Mother Shakti, that the student is enabled to realize the
absolute source condition of the primordial shakti energy (prana, c’hi, tsal, lung), which in self-aware beings is liberation into
the primordial love-wisdom (gnosis, jnana, yeshe) of ananda-bliss, Ultimate Happiness Itself.
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 mind< There is no ignorance, no suffering< no wisdom, no
attainment and no non-attainment<‛

Is Brahman, the Ultimate Truth merely Buddhist emptiness? Are either of these an
existent entity? Do they exist, ultimately, from their own side? No. Ultimate Truth,
nondual Reality Itself, as ultimate subjectivity, the unbounded whole—by whatever
name—is utterly beyond the conceptual understanding. It is empty of all predicates,
qualities and attributes. Yet, miraculously it may be touched, recognized, then realized
at the spiritual heart of each human being.

Why Do I Exist? Who Am I?

Why does anything at all exist? What is the meaning and purpose of creation? Why is
there ignorance and evil? The Avdaita Vedanta of Adi Shankara—as with the other
nondual traditions of our Great Wisdom Tradition—answers that the ‚Why Question‛
can have no answer. The realm of relative conventional reality arises necessarily and
spontaneously as Lila, the unintelligible divine Play and display of Brahman, the
nondual primordial absolute, through the activity of Ishvara, the Creator. It is
Brahman’s very nature to create, to arise as itself through the apparition of form. There
is no motive, no intention, no purpose, no ‚why‛ and therefore no Creator
responsibility for evil and suffering in this created world. Thus there is no theistic
‚problem of evil‛ to brood about. The ‚why question‛ then, is but the futile effort of
the limited, concept-bound ego to understand its apparent existence in what is, in the
ultimate view, a Reality utterly beyond conceptual cause and effect understanding. In
this ultimate view not even the Lila of Brahman exists. The empirical realm of Relative
Truth exists relatively. The nondual reality of Absolute Truth exists only relatively, as
conventional concept and belief. Who is it then that asks this ‚why‛ question? Who
am I?

As with the Buddhist Madhyamaka Prasangika view of the ‚Two Truths,‛ from the
nondual view of the Paravidya of Absolute Brahman, Ultimate Truth, all else is
aparavidya-maya and adhyasa, the tainted ignorance of Relative Truth. All of the
pramanas—attention, perception, deductive and inductive inference, discriminating
wisdom, emotion—have truth value, but only in the realm of Relative Truth. Thus, for
the realizer of paravidya, the ultimate nondual noetic knowledge that is Brahman, all
arising phenomena are mere illusory aparavidya, the ignorance that is Maya. For the
non-realizer, the means of knowledge of the pramanas are valid cognition (pramana) so
long as they are recognized to be avidya-maya, and not confused with vidya-maya. This

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is the Vedanta theory of svatah pramanyavada.4 ‚Knowledge and ignorance cannot co-
exist in the same individual, for they are contradictory, like light and darkness‛
(Shankara, Brahmasutrabhasya, Apte, 1960). From this absolute view of the enlightened
rishi (jivamukta) there is only primordial wisdom, non-conceptual nondual paravidya.
There is no ignorance and no existence which needs to be explained. From the view of
relative truth the ‚why‛ question is ever present. From the wisdom view of
enlightenment the ‚why‛ question does not, indeed, cannot arise. Ultimately, there is
no ‚why‛. Ultimately there is only Silence (mouna) from whence arises the cacophony
of the world. This is ‚That by being known, everything is known‛ (Mundaka
Upanishad). Who am I? ‚Tat Tvam Ami.‛ That I Am. Without a single exception.

4
The doctrine of svatahpramanyavada does not preclude the Cartesian Cogito, ‚I think, therefore I am.‛ We may have
a doubting cognition, ‚Do I exist?‛, but we cannot doubt that this is a pramana cognition. In Relative Truth, the
possibility of error exists. In Ultimate Truth, it does not.
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 OM
Creation and Completion: The Descent and Ascent of Spirit

The goal which all the Vedas declare . . . the heart’s desire . . . is Om. . . Om
is indeed Brahman . . . this is the highest support.
Katha Upanishad

As we have seen, Brahman, primordial Absolute Spirit, Reality Itself, the source of
all arising conditional phenomenal reality manifests in spacetime through its illusory
power of Maya (ignorance, avidya, ajnana, nature-prakriti). Maya then, is an aspect of
the creative power of Brahman. First arises Saguna Brahman as Ishvara, the Trimurti,
(Shiva, Vishnu, Brahma), the triune God from which arises the entire kosmos. After
Ishvara arises akasha, vast empty space, the ether or quantum field from whence arises
prana-vayu, the kosmic, then vital breath followed by the subtle and then gross material
elements of air, fire, water, and earth. From these, matter, life, mind and all beings
evolve in relative, causal spacetime reality. Om is this descent of Absolute Spirit—
Brahman— into the names and forms of conditional spacetime reality. And Om is
the ascent, the touchstone, the mantra, sign and support for the practitioner on the
ascending path of return to this supreme source.
The Vedas, Upanishads and Vedanta utilize archetypal symbols, as do all religious
traditions, to represent the process of creation, destruction and the Divine Person,
Purusha, the world soul that is actually Brahman in whom this all arises, abides, and
passes away. Aspirants on the path cannot comprehend or relate to a Being with no
attributes, thus until the full bodhi of enlightenment, Ishvara, Satchitananda, Om and the
indirect experience of its relative symbols serve as support to the spiritual devotional
(bhakti) path of the devotee-aspirant.
Akasha is vast empty space (dhatu/ying alaya, the quantum field); vayu, eternal wind
is the kosmic breath; prana is the vital breath of life and the energy of all living beings,
aditya is the spiritual sun, the dwelling place of the divine self-luminous Purusha, and
manas is the mind. But the most important symbol of esoteric Vedic-Hindu spiritual
practice is the sacred seed syllable Om, the direct outpicturing of Brahman Itself, both
as Nirguna Brahman (the nondual Absolute), and as Saguna Brahman or God, and the
created subtle, mental and material worlds of arising and evolving conditional reality.
For Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhism Om is equally important, representing the
sourceground of Being Itself, dharmakaya, dharmata, tathata, shunyata, alaya that is the
Buddha Nature, tathagatagarbha, sugata, the body of all Buddhas and supreme identity
of all sentient beings. And the realization of this great truth is HUM.
The Four States or Dimensions of Consciousness. In Advaita Vedanta, Om is the
sign of the nondual divine Atman presence that is Brahman within each manifested
form of Maya. Herein, self-conscious beings participate in the Absolute through the
four dimensions (kosha) or mind states of consciousness: the waking state, the dream
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state, the deep sleep state, and turiya, ‚The Fourth,‛ the nondual state of primordial,
transcendental Absolute Consciousness-Being Itself, Nirguna Brahman in whom the
‚other‛ states arise for our experience. The first three states are aspects of Saguna
Brahman, Brahman with attributes, and includes the transpersonal divine creator-god
Ishvara, his Trimurti and all his created relative-conditional existence (Satchitananda). The
waking state represents our pre-personal and personal sensory-perceptual and mental
experience (life stages 1, 2, 3, Appendix A). This is the consciousness dimension of
relative mind (manas, sems, citta). Through the cognitive mechanisms of perception-
attention and the mental-emotional operators, such relative consciousness is always
consciousness-of an object, that is, it is intentional consciousness. The subject’s
perceptual-mental consciousness is intended or directed toward its object. This is our
Gross Body dimension. It is located upon the curve inside the base of the sacred syllable
(1 in fig. below). This represents lifestages 1, 2, and 3. Beyond these stages and
dimensions consciousness is not intentional or ‚other directed‛. The dream state
represents our transpersonal Subtle Body or dimension or consciousness state (buddhi,
higher mental, psychic, mystic, life stage 4). This dimension is located inside the second
curve, on the right side of the syllable (2). The deep (dreamless) sleep state or
dimension represents our Causal Body (life stage 5 and 6), the spiritual completion
stage (the witness practice, nirvakalpa samadhi), so named because of its identity with the
ultimate cause of Reality rather than its finite, temporal effects. This causal dimension is
located inside the upper curve (3). The Fourth State of consciousness is turiya, ultimate
nondual Reality Itself, Brahman. Turiya is the silent timeless moment between thoughts.
Turiya is the perfect divine liberation of sahaj samhadi-moksha (life stage 7). It is located at
the point to the upper right of the sacred syllable (4). Turiya is the permanent realization
and release from the egoic self-contraction of the bodymind. Turiya is completion, final
ascent and return to the source by a liberated self-conscious being; return to the self-
radiant nondual Absolute, Ultimate Happiness Itself. In the Mandukya Upanishad we are
told:

Turiya [is] neither subjective nor objective experience, neither

knowledge of the senses, nor relative knowledge, nor derived
knowledge . . . [it] is pure, nondual consciousness, shanti-peace and
the very nature of the Atman (that is Brahman).
- Shankara

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 The Path: Liberation Now

All beings are ever free from bondage and pure by nature.
They are ever illumined and liberated from the very beginning.
- Chandogya Upanishad

Transcendence of the Five Koshas. In step-by-step practice or sadhana with the

master (satsang, the company of truth) the devotee gradually penetrates, and
ultimately transcends altogether the five koshas, sheaths or cloaks obscuring the
radiant light of the selfless Atman presence, the liberated individual soul-self that is
identical with Brahman. The spiritual purpose of each empirically real individual soul
or jivatma is the transcendental realization of its already present supreme identity with
the divine Atman presence (vidya, rigpa, logos) that is at its very heart, the essence of
Brahman, the nondual Absolute.
In the Svetasvatara Upanishad we discover that the divine Atman-soul-self, through
the veiling power of Maya (avidya-ignorance) projects or superimposes
(vikshepa/adhyasa) arising phenomenal physical and mental reality with all of its
upadhis, the desire-mind limitations of name and form (namarupa), from or upon its
own Divine Being—Brahman—without ever separating Itself into these apparently
‚other‛ forms. And the experiencer of this illusory phenomenal reality is the
embodied jiva or egoic conditional soul-self of the Atman-descended bodymind.
Again, the goal of the Path is liberation from the illusory power of avidya-Maya, our
relative view, such that the prior, nondual identity of the dualism of the apparently
‚two souls‛ is realized. From this non-conceptual, absolute view there is no
separation, no duality, no ‚other,‛ no path and no goal; indeed, no view and no reality
at all. All appearing reality is merely the essence of Brahman. “Kham Brahm, All is
Brahman.‛
We have seen that Brahman, the Absolute, manifests the divine Atman presence in
whom arises akasha (space), prana-vayu (breath of life/kosmic wind) and mind (citta/
manas). From mind arises the ten indriyas, the sensory-perceptual and activity organs.
The organs of sensing and perceiving are the ears, eyes, nose, tongue and skin. The
organs of action are the hands, feet and procreation and elimination organs. However,
the primary organ is the mind whose dimensions, nature and essence is always
Brahman. All of the conditional limitations (upadhis) and all of the brightness
(vidya), indeed all consciousness (chit) arises through this bright awareness that is
mind. The relative mind (citta or manas) is our primary relating instrument. Desire,
will and volition, fear and anger, buddhi-soul or dualistic discriminating intelligence
(prajna) and the greater nondual primordial awareness wisdom (jnana/gnosis), faith
and the disciplines of meditative concentration and contemplation all arise through
the mind. It is through this process of mind that sensation-perception and attention
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are figured into mental-emotional concepts, beliefs, will and action (sankalpa). All of
the suffering of samsara, the separation from the divine, and the ultimate happiness of
nirvana (moksha) arise through the mind. The ten organs, the five pranas, and the buddhi
of mind together comprise the five obscuring koshas or Maya bodies of conditional
existence: the gross physical body or dimension (annamaya-kosha); the life body or
dimension (pranamaya-kosha), the vital prana or breath of life, the life energy that
animates the bodymind of all life forms; the mental body (manas/citta) or dimension of
mind (manomaya-kosha) through which arises perception, concept and belief; the
subtle body, buddhi or soul dimension (vijnanamaya-kosha) discriminating wisdom and
will; the causal body or dimension of spirit-bliss (anandamaya-kosha), all of these
productions of Maya arise in the light (vidya) of Brahman, Absolute Spirit-Being Itself
(Appendix A). Regarding the Path, the sheaths or bodies of the nondual Atman
become progressively more subtle and difficult to penetrate as dimensional duality is
transcended to ever subtler ontological strata of the enlightened awareness of Being
Itself. However, the goal of the path is the penetration, transcendence and ultimate
realization of the very nondual selfless source of the Self and its five koshas, these
relative dimensions of conditional existence. Again, Om is the touchstone, the sign and
support for the yogi or yogini on the path of creation, the spiritual ascent from the
descended, incarnate relative-conditional reality, the return to the divine domain of
Brahman, the completion that is Ultimate Truth, Absolute Reality, and for human
beings, Happiness Itself (paramananda, mahasuka).

Self-Inquiry: The Atma-Vichara of Ramana Marharshi

The great Twentieth Century Indian master Sri Ramana Maharshi (1879-1950)
spontaneously developed and transmitted an advaitic (nondual) spiritual practice or
path to self-realization based upon relentless self-inquiry in the form of the
consideration, ‚Who am I?‛

The true Self is not the gross body. Nor is it the five senses of perception,
or the organs of action. Neither is it prana, or the mind, or the state of deep
sleep . . . After all of this is negated and you can say I am not this, not this
(neti, neti), what remains is the true Self, and that is Awareness (Itself), that
is Satchitananda in whom there is not the slightest trace of the ego-I. It is
called mouna, Silence, or Atman the true Self. It is the only thing that really
exists. . . Put the question ‚Who am I‛ only once and then concentrate on
finding the source of the ego and preventing the occurrence of thoughts
(concentration on the spiritual center [hridyam] of the body-mind at the
heart) ... No answer the ego can give can be right ... (remain in the silence)
and the reply will come (through arising heart current awareness). . .
-Sri Ramana Maharshi (trans. A. Osborne, 1970)
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 Sri Ramana Maharshi’s path (marga, lam), although in the nondual tradition of
Shankara and his Advaita Vedanta, shares the spirit of the non-sectarian rime tradition
of the Vajrayana’s nondual Dzogchen and Mahamudra teaching. However, Maharshi’s
teaching is unique in the Indian wisdom tradition, both Vedic and Buddhist, in that he
did not adhere to the traditional scriptures. Maharshi’s self-inquiry utilizes two of the
traditional yogic disciplines of Vedanta, jnana yoga and karma yoga. Jnana yoga (jnana
marga) is the path of meditation and discriminating wisdom. Karma yoga (karma magra)
is the path of compassionate selfless activity and charity. The traditional Hindu
renunciate path of silent, isolated jnana meditation was discouraged by Marharshi.
Maharshi’s devotees were encouraged to bring the wisdom-bliss of their jnana yogic
contemplation into the earth-path of compassionate karma yoga service in the everyday
lifeworld. This is a path of the unity of love and wisdom; wise, compassionate service
to others, and devotion to the outer guru in the form of Maharshi who mirrors to the
devotee his/her inner guru who is the very heart essence of the incarnate bodymind.
This is the wisdom of kindness. When love is objective, wisdom is subjective. When
wisdom is objective, love is subjective. This is a path that anyone, from householder to
nun or monk, can follow to liberation from samsara.

There are two ways: either ask yourself ‚Who am I,‛ or submit to me and I
will strike down the mind. . . God, Guru, and Self are the same.
-Sri Ramana Maharshi (Osborne 1970)

Morality and The Path

Ultimately, the whole purpose of religion is to facilitate love and

compassion . . . Until we put our own spiritual teachings into practice, we
will never be taken seriously.
-H.H the Dali Lama

Because Brahman, the Absolute, transcends relative morality, from the view of the
Absolute, Brahman transcends good and evil, and a fully realized being is likewise
beyond relative moral injunctions. However, for the yogi or yogini on the spiritual
path the inexorable Law of Karma, or the law of cause and effect, reaping what is
sown, dictates very specific moral behavior and precludes antinomial behavior.
Thoughts, intentions and actions are good that ‚first, do no harm‛ to others, or that
help others, while leading the aspirant toward realization of Brahman, the highest
good. The behavior that promotes the fulfillment of the egoic desires that lead away
from liberation (moksha/mukti) is to be avoided. The primary injunction for the devotee
on the path is truthfulness (satya) and constant practice of the dharma (Taittiriya
Upanishad). Moral virtues are the everyday practice of compassion, non-aggression

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(ahimsa), equanimity (sama), and the wise, selfless service to others that is love (Toward
a Secular Ethic of Compassion, Appendix B).

Growing is cultivating and sustaining the fire of our own inner

spirit. It is not something that allows us to become comfortable. It
allows us to become deeply peaceful. It illuminates the selfless
inner Self, the universal view, the Absolute.
- Swami Chetananda (1955)

Liberating Narcissus

How do I cross this ocean of the world?

-Shankara

The fruit or result of the yogic View and Path to liberation is moksha (mukti),
liberation from the false presumption of the ego-I and its transmigrating soul that is
the illusion of Narcissus, the destructive essential permanent self. It is this ignorance
(avidya/ajnana) that binds us to the law of karma and continuous transmigration on the
terrible wheel of birth and death. According to Shankara (Vedanta Sutra Commentaries,
Apte 1960), the goal of the path is progressive discrimination and renunciation: the
development of the sadhana catustaya, the fourfold spiritual discipline: (1)
discrimination (viveka-wisdom) between illusory desire-mind physical and mental
appearance (avidya-maya) and the outshining Absolute Reality of Brahman; (2)
renunciation or divine indifference (vairagya) to desire and the distracting pleasures of
the senses; (3) mind disciplines, sama or equanimity, uparati or mental indifference,
dama or mental and emotional control, titiksa or mental concentration, and sraddha or
faith in and trust in the master and the dharma; (4) desire for realization (mumuksutva),
the desire and the will to proceed, all the way to the end of it. The goal of the path then,
is not a nihilistic, renunciate escape from the suffering of conditional existence, but an
on-going surrender, an opening to, and magnifying of the living Atman- witness
presence through the disciplines of karma, bhakti, jnana, and raja yoga in the very midst of
the continuing drama of the everyday lifeworld. Although compassionate service to
others (ahimsa) through karma yoga is a vital part of the path, the fully developed
bodhisattva ideal (bodhicitta, tonglen) of Mahayana/Vajarayana Buddhism is seemingly
absent.
There are three stages or levels of the path: (1) hearing (sravana), listening to the
teaching (dharma) and to master’s darshan, and the study of the scriptures; (2) seeing or
reflection (manana) on the symbols of Saguna Brahman — Satchitananda, prana, akasha,
Om —and the intermediate knowing of the workings of ignorance — Maya, avidya,
vikshepa/adhyasa, and the pramanas (the six modes of relative knowledge); (3) the witness
practice, moment to moment surrender (wu-wei), the non-goal oriented, non-meditation
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(dhyana/ nididhyasana) then demonstration of the nondual state of contemplation, the
experience of which is moksha-nirvikalpa samadhi leading ultimately to nondual sahaj
samadh. This realizaiton is demonstrated in the lifeworld as ahimsa/compassion. This
witness practice then, is the on-going atma-vichara, the ‚Who am I?‛ “neti, neti”
consideration that results in the realization of the always present presence of Atman-
Brahman, the nondual Absolute, beyond all the symbols, beyond cause and effect and
karma, moment to moment in the everyday lifeworld.
Moksha-Samadhi: The ultimate realization of Brahman, the divine Absolute Reality
is moksha, the stabilization of nirvikalpa samadhi, and potentially, the seventh lifestage
realization of sahaj samadhi in the lifeworld (Ch.I). Yet, according to our Great Wisdom
Tradition, this realization is always present now, that prior, inherently real source
condition of Reality Itself, albeit cloaked by ignorance (avidya-Maya). What realization is
not, is a process of the evolutionary development of the always seeking conditional
egoic bodymind. Evolutionary seeking strategies of this nondual ultimate goal of the
path remain exoteric and dualistic, missing the mark that the path is the goal—the
divine Atman presence already present—beyond any egoic effort or “positive,”
agreeable seeking strategy for ego-self-improvement and happiness at some future
time. The time is now. Happiness is already present. This great truth—the truth of wu-
wei, ego surrender, non-action—has been told a thousand ways throughout the many
traditions our nondual Primordial Wisdom Tradition. ‚All jivas (embodied ego-selves) are
ever free from bondage and pure by nature. They are ever illumined and liberated from
the very beginning‛ (Chandogya Upanishad). The primordial essence or nature of mind is
Brahman, our indwelling inherent self-nature. Realization or liberation then, is not an effect
or result of the cause of seeking acquired knowledge of Brahman. All seeking strategies are
founded in ignorance. Realization is always, already Brahman, here now, beyond the
duality of the relative, evolutionary phenomenal sphere of the law of cause and effect,
subject and object, good and evil, hope and fear, nirvana and samsara. Realization or
moksha, the divine domain, requires the transcendence of the conditional existence of the
ego-I and the cosmic domain altogether. Realization, nirvana (literally ‚blown out‛) is That
(Tat) remaining when the conditional ego-self is blown out, like a flame. That is the infinite,
changeless, transcendent self-condition (Atman), liberated from the desire-mind
attachments of the impermanent soul-self and ego-self. That is the ‚selfless Self‛ that is
actually no-self, the fruit of the neti neti, ‚Who am I‛ consideration, perfectly present and
identical to Brahman, that perfectly subjective Reality Itself. Realization then, is the
‚selfless Self‛ that acts in the world as the witness (saksin, Atman), without attachment, yet
with great compassion. And wonder of wonders, Tat Tvam Ami, That I Am! ‚When all the
desires that dwell in the heart are gone, then such a one, having been mortal, is immortal
Brahman in this very body‛ (Chandogya Upanishad).
Advaita Vedanta then, participates in our great nondual Primordial Wisdom tradition.
All of the nondual spiritual paths result in the same fruit, the realization of That (Tat)
that is changeless, and infinite; That that cannot be reduced or sublated in light of
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something else; That that illumines all that is, beyond doubt and error, transcending yet
embracing and pervading the pseudo-sadhana of spiritual materialist egoic self-
fulfillment with its painful, chronic self-contraction from the divine by the ego-I
(ahamkara) of the bodymind. In the nondual view of Advaita Vedanta and our great
Primordial Wisdom Tradition the presumed ‚problem‛ of ignorance/suffering is already
transcended in its perfectly subjective source condition. This nondual view is not problem-
centered, but freedom-centered from the very beginning. The ultimate subjectivity that is
the Absolute Truth of Brahman, Tao, shunyata/emptiness, Samantabhadra, the Trikaya of
the Base, Ein Sof cannot therefore be objective, but lives in a relation of identity with, yet
ontologically prior to arising relative, spacetime existent reality. Again, the goal of the path
is to ‚make the goal the path.‛ The sadhana, the real work is this moment to moment
realization that the divine presence (Atman, vidya, rigpa, logos) of that ultimate Reality is
always, already present as the ‚abode of Brahman‛ in the space-like akasha (dhatu, ying),
the secret place at the spiritual heart (hridyam, nyingpo, anshin) of each self-conscious being
in every world system.5

Om Shanti Shanti Shanti

5
For information on Vedanta practice contact the Vedanta Society, 1946 Vedanta Pl., Los Angeles, CA 90068,
(323) 465-7114.

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 Appendix A: part II
Kosmos: Descent and Ascent of Spirit In Advaita Vedanta and Mahayana Buddhism*
Life Stage/Mind State Consciousness Dimension/State (avastha) Corresponding Energy-Body/Kosha
(evolutionary, developmental) (non-developmental, inherent in all beings.) Dimension/Vijnana
1, 2, 3 Egocentric (Body, Mind, Soul, Spirit)
Physical, Emotional, Mental Stage; Waking State (Exoteric) Gross Body
Individuation of lower mind. Dualistic (vaishvanara/jagrat) (sthula-sarira)
material seeking strategies dominate the Intentional, ego-motivated, desire-mind Gross physical matter-energy body
view and behavior. Sleepwaiting denial of awareness, estranged and ignorant (avidya) (annamaya-kosha). Life, Prana or Emotional
spirit-presence. Exoteric, relative- of nondual Atman that is Brahman. Body (pranamaya-kosha). The Quantum
conventional response. Gross ignorance of Empirical reality. Subject-object separation potential. Mental Body (manomaya-kosha),
the essencelessness and impermanence of and dependence. The physical and lower manas desire-mind/sense-mind (citta or
the five skandhas of existence and the five mental phenomenal worlds. Physical and sems). Brahman as Virat. Conditional self
sense consciousnesses. emotional body of desire. Lifeworld ruled and its identities. The five skandhas/sense
Om Gate . . . by fear and hope. Prepersonal to personal. consciousnesses (panchdvara-vijnana) plus
4 The Bardo of Living. mind (manovijnana)
Ethnocentric Nirmanakaya Om . . .
Spiritual development ground and path Dream State (Esoteric) Subtle Body (sukshma-sarira)
stage; dualist conventional religious and (svapna) (vijnanamaya-kosha)
beginning mystical seeking; finding the Prepersonal, preconscious, subtle body of Transcends & embraces previous koshas.
master; conditional savikalpa Samadhi; the desire. Non-empirical illusory (maya) Buddhi, higher mental, citta, reflecting and
lesser esoteric response. Shamatha subject-object independence. Objective, discriminating mind. The will. Intelletual
mindfulness practice. The Mahatman or relative-conventional realism. Beginning and subtle dharma understanding.
essence-self recognition; deity practice. compassion. Fear and hope. Personal to Beginning insight and bhakti/devotional
Spiritual materialism. Path of form. transpersonal. "State effects" not yet "trait meditation (dhyana). Path of the
Kindness. Quiescence practice. effects." The Bardo of Becoming. yogis/saints (love wisdom). Brahman as
Para gate. . . Nirmanakaya Prajapati or Hiranyagarbha. Klishta-
Manovijnana, subtle body, the root of ego-I.
5, 6 Worldcentric Mani . . .
Spiritual completion fruition stage;deity, Deep Sleep State (Greater Esoteric) Causal Body (karana-sarira)
formless and kosmic mysticism; the greater (formless sushupti/prajna) (anandam aya-kosha)
esoteric inner most secret response, Transpersonal, transrational; profound, Soul, transcendent mental, wisdom-spirit-
vipashyana practice. Moksha-nirvikalpa wise compassion. A lifeworld devoted to bliss; path of sages and arhats, bodhisattva
samadhi. Karma ceases only when in turiya surrender, renunciation and service. late bhumi levels. Nondual witness practice
(vidya/rigpa); compassionate transcendent Subjective idealism. Transpersonal subtle bridging causal dimension to nondual
Witness practice, Dzogchen, Essence to causal cognition. Path of the siddhas, Absolute. Saguna Brahman as prana-vayu
Mahamudra Frequent ‚clicking‛ from rishis, arhats, saints and bodhisattvas. or sutratman. Alayavijnana(store
asleep to awake states. Transcendent Witness Presence awareness. consciousness). Very subtle body.
Parasam gate . . . The Bardo of Dharmata. Realization of the unity of the Two Truths.
Sambhogakaya Padme . . .
7 Theocentric
Spiritual perfection stage; final, fruition, Turiya (“The Fourth”) Atman
alpha pure nondual response and (The innermost secret, nondual The nondual untainted divine presence
realization; full bodhi; Atman identity with transcendent Witness) (vidya, rigpa, logos), Supreme Identity, the
Brahman; no more learing; muni; Realization (liberation) of personal identity Witness (saksin) that is identical to Nirguna
transcendent integration of conditional self with Absolute Reality, Brahman, Dharma- Brahman, the Supreme Source. Transcends
in lifeworld (moksha-sahaj samadhi), beyond kaya, Buddhahood, primordial, nondual and embraces previous samadhis, koshas and
fear and hope. Karma ceases; Maha-rishi, Spirit Itself in whom arises all phenomena all conditional experience. Mouna, the
Christ-Buddhahood. Realization of Kham Great compassion. Transcends and great Peace in the Silence. Om Shanti Om.
Brahm, ‚The Bright,‛ Ultimate Spirit Itself, includes the previous relative states. The Tao, shyunyata/emptiness, Dharmakaya. The
Tao, Dharmakaya, Dharmata. timeless ‚fourth time,‛prior unity of unobstructed Pure Alaya (amala-
Bodhi Svaha Svabhavakakaya/Trikaya of the Base; vijnana).Vuddha Nature Ultimate Mind
emptiness (shunyata) realized through Nature (sems nyid/cittata, gnosis). Tao
yeshe/jnana/gnosis, the nondual Primordial Hum.
Awarness Wisdom. This final realization is
turiyatita (sahaj) the fifth state.
Dharmakaya
*The multidimensional pie of Spirit descending as phenomenal reality and the ascending realization of our non-dual Source is sliced in slightly
different ways by different wisdom traditions, and even within traditions. Moreover, although the koshas of Vedanta and the vijnanas and kayas of
Buddhism generally correlate, there is at present, no agreement on the definitions and correlation of consciousness dimensions, lifestages, bodies,
levels, structures, and mindstates. Excerpted from The Nature of Mind: The New Reformation in Religion, Science and Culture.©2010, David Paul Boaz,
Copper Mountain Institute 505-898-9592 www.coppermount.org or www.davidpaulboaz.org
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