TDP 623B - Water Cooled - Chillers Omar Rojas PDF
TDP 623B - Water Cooled - Chillers Omar Rojas PDF
TDP 623B - Water Cooled - Chillers Omar Rojas PDF
COMMERCIAL HVAC
CHILLER EQUIPMENT
Water-Cooled Chillers
PRESENTED BY:
Omar Rojas
Sales Engineer
Introduction
Section 1 – Introduction
© 2013 Carrier Corporation
Early Centrifugal Chiller
Section 1 – Introduction
© 2013 Carrier Corporation
Smithsonian Institute
Section 1 – Introduction
© 2013 Carrier Corporation
Evolution of Centrifugal Chillers
Section 1 – Introduction
© 2013 Carrier Corporation
Water-Cooled vs. Air-Cooled Chillers
Section 1 – Introduction
© 2013 Carrier Corporation
Typical Water-Cooled Chiller System
Water-cooled packaged chillers are available
up to about 3000 tons of capacity.
Water-Cooled
Condenser
Chiller
Condenser
Water Pump
Cooling Tower
Section 1 – Introduction
© 2013 Carrier Corporation
SECTION 2
WATER-COOLED CHILLERS
44° F
54° F
Evaporator
Pc Saturated Condensing
PRESSURE
LIFT
Ps Saturated Suction
RE
ENTHALPY
SUBCOOLING
tc
Pc
PRESSURE
Vgs
Ps
ts
RE
hfc ENTHALPY hgs
Orifices in
subcooler
Pc
PRESSURE
Pe
P2
Ps
RE
WATER-COOLED CHILLERS
Chiller Components
Return water in
54º F
Refrigerant out
Water Out
Water In
Waterbox Ring
Water in tubes
Liquid Refrigerant
Liquid Refrigerant
Distribution Box
Section 3 – Chiller Components
© 2013 Carrier Corporation
End Tube Support Sheet
Double Grooves
Float Valve
Chamber Waterbox Ring
Orifice
Float Valve
Tube
Chamber Liquid
Outlet Support Sheets
Tubes
Subcooler
Return to
Cooling Tower Water
From
Cooling Tower
Two Categories:
- Positive Displacement
- Dynamic Compression
(Centrifugal)
Motor
Semi-Hermetic
Compressor
Section 3 – Chiller Components
© 2013 Carrier Corporation
Reciprocating Compressor
Hermetic
Shell
Pressure Relief
Suction
Inlet
Hermetic
Motor
Condenser
Screw Compressor
Inlet Guide
Vanes Impeller
Open Drive
Impeller
Inlet
Hermetic Guide
Housing Vanes
Low Speed
Shaft
Electric Motor
Rotor
Oil Filter
Oil Pump
Drive Shaft
Condenser
Tubes
Liquid
Refrigerant
Nozzles
2-Pass
Marine
Waterbox
CONDENSER
Inlet
Purge Unit
Negative Pressure
Centrifugal Chiller
WATER-COOLED CHILLERS
Chiller Controls
WATER-COOLED CHILLERS
Screw Compressor
Operational Details
Rotors
Transmission
WATER-COOLED CHILLERS
Centrifugal Compressor
Operational Details
GAS
BALL
MOLECULE
LENGTH
DIAMETER
STRING
Suction
(inlet) pressure
PD
Discharge (outlet)
pressure
Section 6 – Centrifugal Compressor
Operational Details
© 2013 Carrier Corporation
Lift
Lift = SCT less SST Saturated temperatures are
surrogates for pressures
95F
85F To condense, refrigerant
must be warmer than the
leaving condenser water.
SCT = 95F + 2F approach
= 97F
Lift 55°F
ENTHALPY
Cooling
Chiller Tower
Lift 55°F
Lift = 35° F
ENTHALPY
100%
75%
50%
25%
Head Factor
Stone Wall
Load line
plotted on
compressor map
Flow Factor
Single-Stage Design
(one impeller)
Earlier
Multi-Stage
Design
WATER-COOLED CHILLERS
Guide Inlet
Vane Guide
Motor Vanes
Inlet
Shroud
Impeller
Inlet
Guide
Vanes
Closed
70%
60%
Lift
Open Vanes
50% Vanes
25% Vanes
10% Vanes
Capacity (Tons)
% Pressure/Head
% Input Power
% Flow
0.580
0.530
0.480
0.430
0.380
0.330
0.280
20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Lift 100%
90% 100%
90 %
80% 70%
Efficiency 60% Speed
Capacity (Tons)
WATER-COOLED CHILLERS
HFC-134a
Exposure Limits
1000 ppm
50 ppm
25 ppm
HCFC 123
Ammonia
Safety
High A3 B3
Flammability Propane
Low A2 B2
Flammability R-142b, 152a Ammonia
No Flame A1 B1
Propagation R-11, R-12, R-22, R-123, SO2
R-114, R-500, R-134a
ASHRAE Standard 34
Section 8 – Refrigerant Related Topics
© 2013 Carrier Corporation
SECTION 9
WATER-COOLED CHILLERS
Heat Transfer
Refrigerant Temperature
Temperature “t"
tR tR
Dt Lvg
t2
Dt
Ent
The refrigerant is changing
from a gas to a liquid and is
t1 releasing its latent heat of
condensation
Temperature “t"
t1
The refrigerant is changing
from a liquid to a
gas while absorbing its
Dt latent heat of vaporization
Ent
t2
tR Refrigerant Temperature Dt
t
Lvg R
gpm * DtF
tons =
24
gpm = Flow rate for evaporator or condenser
DtF = Difference in fluid entering and leaving
24 = Conversion to tons for fresh water
q = U * A * LMTD
Log Mean Temperature Difference
D tF
LMTD =
æ D t Ent ö
Log ç ÷
è D t Lvg ø
e
1 /U = R W + R F + R M + R R
HEAT OF Dt
Dt CONDENSATION Lvg
Ent
t2
t1
t1
Dt t2
Ent HEAT OF
VAPORIZATION Dt
Lvg
Heat Flow
• ARI 0.00025 fouling factor Scale
– Basis of chiller ratings (Fouling) RF
for condensers Metal RM
– For evaporators 0.0001
Refrigerant
• Lower water velocities Film RR
result in higher Refrigerant
fouling rates
Fluid Film
RW 0.000985 64% (4 fps velocity)
RF 0.000250 16%
RM 0.000029 2%
RR 0.000277 18%
RT 0.001541 100%
Section 9 – Heat Transfer
© 2013 Carrier Corporation
Resistances With Tube Material Change
RW 0.000469 35%
RF 0.000250 18%
70 – 30 CuNi
RM 0.000350 26% Tube Material
RR 0.000277 21%
RT 0.001346 100%
Section 9 – Heat Transfer
© 2013 Carrier Corporation
Evaporator Tubing Materials Chart
WATER-COOLED CHILLERS
Percent Entering
Percent
Chiller Condenser
Weighting
Load Temp
100 85 1
75 75 42
50 65 45
25 65 12
*kW/TON =
3.516/COP
0.660
0.640
/TonRequired
0.620
0.600
IKW
0.580
0.560
0.540
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Conde ns e r De lta T
Install refrigerant
leak detector
interlocked to
ventilation fan
and alarm
Store refrigerant in
approved storage
vessels only
Restrict mechanical
room access to
authorized personnel
WATER-COOLED CHILLERS
Selection Criteria
WATER-COOLED CHILLERS
Summary
Thank You
This completes the presentation.