Upadesa Saram PDF

SRI RAMANA’S UPADESA SARAM
The Essence of Spiritual Instruction
A Translation and Commentary

by Rajiv Kapur
©2012-2013 Rajiv Kapur
http://www.rajivkapur.com ~~ http://upadesasaram.weebly.com
I offer this translation and commentary for the
‘Upadesa Saram’ at the Lotus feet of its author,
Bhagavan Sri Ramana Maharshi, who has been my
guiding light. Without Bhagavan’s blessings, I would
not have dared to present his masterpiece in the light of
my own modest understanding.
~ Rajiv Kapur
⇧ Table of Contents
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Table of Contents
You can go directly to any page in this document by clicking on the page number.
Acknowledgements 6
e Origin of the Text 7
Introduction 9
Verses of the Upadesa Saram 12
Karma Yoga: e Path of Action ~ Verses 1 to 4 16
Verse 1 18
Verse 2 21
Verse 3 23
Verse 4 27
Bhakti Yoga: Path of Devotion ~ Verses 5 to 10 29
Verse 5 32
Verse 6 35
Verse 7 37
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Verse 8 40
Verse 9 42
Verse 10 44
Raja Yoga: e Royal Path of Yoga ~ Verses 11 to 15 48
Eight Limbs of Ashtanga Yoga 49
Verse 11 56
Verse 12 59
Verse 13 61
Verse 14 62
Verse 15 64
Jnana Yoga: e Path of Knowledge~ Verses 16 to 30 65
Verse 16 67
Verse 17 69
Verse 18 70
Verse 19 72
Verse 20 73
Verse 21 74
Verse 22 75
Verse 23 79
Verse 24 82
4
Verse 25 85
Verse 26 86
Verse 27 88
Verse 28 90
Verse 29 92
Verse 30 95
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Acknowledgements
Profound gratitude goes to Dr. Anjali Bhelande (Ph.D.) and Jo-Ann

Chinn for their tireless work in helping me in editing, proofreading and
formatting this most precious work. Without their help, encouragement
and hard work I would not have accomplished this.
I also want to thank all my students, seekers and family members who
have inspired me, supported me and loved me in such profound ways that
has encouraged me to share this beautiful text in the light of their
remarkable love for Truth.
~ Rajiv
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e Origin of the Text
Among the various works of Sri Ramana, the ‘Upadesa Undiyar’ is

considered a supreme legacy, much along the lines of his ‘Ulladu
Narpudu’.
ere is a bit of history as to how Sri Ramana came about to write this
text which is considered one of his best works apart from ‘Ulladu
Narpadu’. It is said that the great Tamil poet, Muruganar, was once
composing a poem based upon an ancient legend about a group of ascetics
who were performing various rites in the Daruka forest. ese ascetics
believed that Karma (path of action) is God itself. ey believed that by
performing ritual austerities through their own free will and actions, they
could attain power and happiness. Karma alone was of foremost
importance to them. ey arrogantly believed that their efforts in
performing Karma were bound to yield fruit and that even Gods couldn’t
prevent their fruition. It was Lord Shiva who then appeared in the Daruka
Forest to deflate the pride of the ascetics and to offer them the right
instruction (upadesa) so that they could all be liberated.
As Muruganar came to the point where Lord Shiva was about to give them
his spiritual teachings, his pen came to a halt. He realized that it would be
wrong on his part to expound Shiva’s subtle knowledge and that only Sri
Ramana, being Lord Shiva himself, could do justice to it. Hence,
Muruganar prayed to his Sadguru, Bhagavan Sri Ramana, urging him to
reveal the essence of the teachings which he Himself, in the form of Lord
Shiva, had given to the ascetics of yore who were blinded by their
attachment to the path of ritualistic action or Karma.
ereupon, Sri Ramana Maharshi composed thirty verses in Tamil entitled

‘Upadesa Undiyar’, expounding the various paths to liberation, all of which
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culminate in the path of Self-Inquiry. Sri Ramana himself translated the
work into Sanskrit as the ‘Upadesa Saram’.
In the first 15 verses, Sri Ramana has laid down the path of selfless Karma,
Bhakti and Yoga while the remaining 15 verses (Verses 16 to 30) are
devoted to the path of Self-Inquiry.
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Introduction
Even though Self-Realization or Atma Jnana, is attained only through the

highest path of Self-Inquiry, Lord Shiva knew that this sublime path
would be beyond the scope of the ascetics due to their current spiritual
immaturity and the gross state of their minds. Such minds needed to be
refined and made pure for them to be able to dive deeper and understand
true Self-Inquiry. ey had to be made ready and hence the above three
paths were given to prepare and purify their minds.
us, all paths including the indirect ones like the pujas, japa, and bhakti
paths of worship through a personal God, pranayamas, etc., must be
respected and in fact even be embraced if need be, in order for the seeker’s
mind to be ready for the direct path of Self-Inquiry. Sri Ramana too
offered instruction on every kind of spiritual practice for the benefit of
those who were not yet ready to come to the direct path of Self-Inquiry. It
is well known that Sri Ramana gave mantras to many of his devotees. One
of his very close disciples was Yogi Ramaiah who was an ardent Yoga
practitioner.
is proves that Sri Ramana’s approach was broad and all-encompassing.
He did not advocate the path of Self-Inquiry alone, though he did
strongly recommend it. erein lies Sri Ramana’s greatness. He welcomed
and guided every kind of seeker, irrespective of whether he was a beginner
or an advanced seeker, whether Yogi, Bhakta or Jnani. Even though his
main emphasis was always on the path of Self-Inquiry which is a short-cut
and a direct path to Self-Realization, he knew that it wasn’t an easy
method and that it required maturity of understanding. is is why he
prescribed the three margas (paths).
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He clearly stated: “If, however, the aspirant is not temperamentally suited to
Vichara Marga (to the introspective analytical method), he must develop
bhakti (devotion) to an ideal - may be God, Guru, humanity in general,
ethical laws, or even the idea of beauty. When one of these takes possession of
the individual, other attachments grow weaker, i.e., dispassion (vairagya)
develops...
In the absence of inquiry and devotion, the natural sedative pranayama

(breath regulation) may be tried. is is known as Yoga Marga... If an
aspirant be unsuited temperamentally for the first two methods and
circumstantially (on account of age) for the third method, he must try the
Karma Marga (doing good deeds, for example, social service). His nobler
instincts become more evident and he derives impersonal pleasure. His smaller
self is less assertive and has a chance of expanding its good side...” (Talks with
Sri Ramana Maharshi, Talk 27 - Sri Munagala Venkataramiah).
After much maturation through the preparatory margas (Karma, Bhakti

and Yoga), the path of Self-Inquiry becomes naturally easy to understand
in its true essence and the sadhaka is ready to make the inquiry into the
SELF.
It has been my own experience, both as a sadhaka and now as a teacher,

that a blend of various paths is much required as the capacity of seekers
differs depending on their temperament, natural inclination and their
present level of understanding. Any practice in any form done with
complete dedication, perseverance and devotion will open the doors of
Self-Inquiry automatically just as it happened with me. e path of Self
Inquiry, then, would be an entirely different journey — more natural,
effortless and with least interference from the mind.
ere are two things which every reader or aspirant desires of any text.
First, it should be easy to understand and second, he should be able to put
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that understanding into practice right away. I have tried my best to meet
both these expectations, avoiding jargon and using as few spiritual
concepts as possible.
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Verses of the Upadesa Saram
For an in depth explanation of a particular verse, click on the number beside

that verse and you’ll be taken directly to that verse and its explanation.
1 By the law/will of the Creator, the fruits of actions are realized. How is
action then supreme? It is not. It is inert.
2 e results of actions are impermanent and pass off. Yet, their seeds form
an ocean of Karma which becomes a barrier in the progress of a seeker.
3 Work which is performed as an offering to the Almighty and done without

any expectation of the fruits, helps in purification of the mind and thereby
leads one to Liberation or Realization.
4 The actions performed by the body — ritualistic puja, japa (chanting) and
contemplation (inner meditation) — each is superior to the other in an
ascending order.
5 Worshipping any of the eight forms, thinking they are all forms of God, is
good worship [puja] of God.
6 Singing the Lord’s praises is good but better than that is loud chanting of
Japa, while superior to loud chanting is soft Japa. However, best of all is
silent, mental Japa.
7 Like an unbroken flow of oil or a stream of water; continuous meditation
is better than that which is interrupted.
8 Meditation without duality, that is meditating as ‘I am HE’, is superior to
meditation which assumes a separation between the Bhakta (devotee) and
the beloved Lord.
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9 A state of void, free from thought, is gradually attained, making abidance
in the background state of ‘I AM’ complete. is is supreme devotion.
10 Fixing the mind in the heart (Source) is true Karma (action), Bhakti,
Yoga and Jnana
11 rough breath-control, the movement of the mind is contained, just as a
bird is restrained when caught in a net.
12 The mind and pranas, which carry out various thought processes and
actions within the body, emerge from one common source.
13 Mind control can be achieved through two modes — either through

absorption/abeyance or through complete destruction. In the case of the first
mode, the mind emerges again as it is merely absorbed in the void and
hence temporarily held in abeyance. In contrast, through the second mode,
when the mind is destroyed, it can never emerge again.
14 When the mind is held in suspension through breath control, it must then
be completely destroyed through one-pointed attention to that ONE reality.
15 What action remains for an exalted Yogi whose mind has been completely
destroyed and who is ever established in the SELF?
16 When attention is withdrawn from objects and focused exclusively on the
Self, Truth is revealed.
17 When one inquires “What is the mind?”, he finds out that there is no
mind. is is the direct path to reality.
18 Mind is nothing but a bundle of thoughts. ese thoughts depend upon the
I-thought alone. Hence the mind is nothing but this I-thought.
19 Ask the question: “From where does this I-thought arise?”. On inquiring
deeply, the I-thought will vanish. is is Self-Inquiry.
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20 When the I-thought or Ego is destroyed, the real I springs forth on its own
in the spiritual heart and shines as I-I, in all its fulness.
21 And this unbroken continuous I-I is the real I, as the I-thought (egoic I )
disappears and dissolves in deep sleep.
22 is real I-I is the only Truth or Reality. Neither the body, nor the senses,
nor the vital air (prana), nor breath, nor intellect, nor ignorance may be
considered real as they are all gross, inert, insentient and illusory.
23 Is there any other thing apart from Consciousness that illumines existence?
Indeed, existence itself is Consciousness and Consciousness is ‘I AM’.
24 Between the Jiva (the Individual) and Ishwara (Unity), there is a
difference only with respect to the body and the intellect (gross and subtle
bodies), but from the standpoint of True Nature, the Absolute Reality
alone is.
25 When the various conditionings of body-mind and identifications with

name and form are shed, the SELF is realized. e vision of the Lord as
Self is true Self-Realization.
26 Since the Self is non-dual, establishing oneself in the Self alone is the vision
of the Self, and that alone is abidance in the Self.
27 Consciousness transcends all dualities and is devoid of the thought of

knowledge, as well as the thought of ignorance. Is there any knowledge
other than Self Awareness itself, to know the Self?
28 What is the nature of Me — the Self? us inquiring one realizes the Self
as Indestructible, Unborn, Perfect and of the nature of Consciousness and
Bliss.
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29 e individual who has realized the Divine State (his own real nature)
gains supreme happiness and bliss beyond bondage and freedom, here, in
this world itself.
30 Self-Inquiry, devoid of ego, is a great penance. Realize this truth

articulated by Sri Ramana.
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Karma Yoga: e Path of Action ~
Verses 1 to 4
Most people today believe that Karma Yoga is about doing such actions as
can bestow happiness and joy to them and their family. Many sweat it out
day and night, so that they can meet all the desires of their near and dear
ones. To such people, the results of their actions are more important than
the actions themselves and they delude themselves into believing that
theirs is the path of Karma Yoga, as they are ‘selflessly’ serving their near
and dear ones. ey follow a ritualistic pattern of work where they work
tirelessly to accumulate wealth, property and power so that they can satisfy
every desire. ey see no other God except the actions they perform for
the fruits they will receive. e complete focus of their attention is on the
results of their actions. ey don’t even realize how easily they fall into the
trap of feeling that they are the doers. ey actually believe that they can
bring about any results they desire through action, much like the ascetics
of the Daruka forest who performed rituals believing that they could
acquire siddhis and powers. Happiness and fulfillment completely elude
them because the focus of their attention is on profit-oriented action.
en there are others who feel that Karma Yoga means serving others.
ey engage in humanitarian work, trying to alleviate other people’s
suffering. It is true that Self-Inquiry cannot divorce itself from feeling
compassion for our unfortunate brethren. In fact, deep Self-Inquiry has to
necessarily result in the rise of compassion and love for fellow human
beings. However, just the criterion of doing good to others doesn’t
constitute Karma Yoga. It is not a matter of doing good acts alone but an
inner mental attitude of doing one’s best to serve God and renouncing
actions and their results to Him. e sense of doership is very subtle and
acts done with a sense of pride, lacking humility, can give rise to ego. One
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must be constantly watchful not to fall into this trap. Continuous inquiry
into the sense of doership must be carried out. Any sense of pride or
inflated self-image means ego is very much in place.
Given our current, fast-paced, hyperactive lives, it is crucial for us, perhaps
more than ever before, to understand the nature of ‘right action’ and the
Path of Karma Yoga.
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Verse 1
Karturagya praaypyate phalam
Karma kim param karma tajjadam
By the law/will of the Creator, the fruits of actions are realized. How is action
then supreme? It is not. It is inert.
Before we can discover who the Creator is, let us first find out who can
recognize the Creator. Is it not Consciousness? Unless we are conscious we
cannot recognize the Creator or for that matter anything at all. Can
anything be done or created without Consciousness? Can we act, perform,
perceive or desire anything without the help of Consciousness?
Consciousness has to be present before we can desire or create anything.
Consciousness is hence the Creator. We can refer to it as God or Isvara or
the Lord.
If I were to ask you to point out where your consciousness is directed, you
will say that it is everywhere. It is limitless. But if I were to ask you
specifically where you think it originates from, you will always point to a
place within yourself. e seat of Consciousness lies within you and it is
from there that both creation and the Creator originate. So, if the Creator
originates from within, we need to turn our attention within. en we can
surely know Him.
at is why Sri Ramana said that irrespective of whether we have free will
as regards any act or not, we certainly have the will to turn inwards. No
matter what actions take place, we can always bring our mind within. Sri
Ramana always instructed that we direct our attention to the Self.
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Sri Ramana said that Consciousness or God gives us the fruits of our
action. is truth can easily be realized by the fact that every goal-directed
action we perform will NOT NECESSARILY bring out the results that we
seek for ourselves. Had it been so, then all of us would have worked with
singular focus and got what we desired. But this is not always the case. It is
very evident that there is some other force or power which decides what is
ordained for each of us. God or Consciousness itself ordains what we need
most at a particular time for our inner spiritual upliftment. One must
willingly and whole-heartedly accept even failures as they are in our best
spiritual interest and bring about our evolution. Suffering and setbacks
often become our best teachers in life, offering us an opportunity to
humble our inflated egos.
It is prudent therefore to surrender the fruits of our actions to

Consciousness itself. Our job is to merely perform the act to the best of
our ability and leave the rest to the will of God. God or the Lord, no
matter what name or form you attribute to Him, is always available to us
in the form of pure or still Consciousness. e more we surrender to this
power of still Consciousness within us, the more we will realize how
potent and powerful it becomes in our lives. We will then be able to place
our faith and trust on it in all situations.
We not only have no control over the fruits of our actions, but are also
unable to select the actions. Every act that we perform is already
predestined. Our past patterns of thoughts and tendencies (vasanas) create
a prarabdha for each individual body-mind. Each body-mind then simply
acts according to the prarabdha or acquired habit, conditioned by a series
of past events (pertaining to various past lives). Even if you closely observe
your own actions you can clearly see the reactive body-mind mechanism at
play. We are mere instruments performing acts commanded by our past
samskaras.
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But neither the actions nor the habit-driven samskaras are true. Both are
insentient and false. Only the Absolute Consciousness which is the source
of all is true. For example, when we watch a show on television, there are
various characters that play out their roles. Each may appear as performing
certain acts as if he or she is the one carrying out his or her own wish, but
in actuality each is only enacting his or her respective role as per the
instructions of the director. is director is our past vasanas and samskaras
and we are mere actors carrying out the commands of our inherent
vasanas. But then none of the pictures, characters, actions would even
appear without electricity or the source of power which feeds them.
Everything appears/arises due to that which, in our case, is Consciousness
or the power source. As a natural consequence, the source alone is
important and sentient. at source is manifest Isvara or God.
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Verse 2
Krithi maho dadhau pathana kaaranam
Phalam asashvatham gath nirodhakam
e results of actions are impermanent and pass off. Yet, their seeds form an
ocean of Karma which becomes a barrier in the progress of a seeker.
e common man is prompted to act because he wants to enjoy the results

of his actions. He gets lost in the midst of various activities thinking that
they will help him acquire objects that make him happy. But this ocean of
activities sucks him into the mire of various desires which, when fulfilled,
bring only temporary happiness and when not fulfilled result in anguish
and sadness. He is disillusioned due to that. Even if a particular activity
does bring about a desired result, yet the greed for more never ends.
Indeed, the moment a desired object is acquired, we lose interest in it and
run after another and yet another. is brings about a vicious cycle of
activities and desires.
A mind full of desires is weak and impure. It lacks the power to introspect,
to dive deeper and to apprehend the ultimate reality of who we really are.
It is therefore clear that actions performed with an eye on the results of
such activities will only bring about more discontentment in life due to
the impermanent results they bring about.
Actions themselves are conditioned by time, space and the capability of a

person. Often, people feel that if they can work tirelessly, they will be able
to enjoy a post-retirement pension, the reward of all their hard work when
they grow old. What happens is just the opposite. In most cases the
excessive indulgence in activities without the inner renunciation of the
fruits destroys mental peace and happiness. A person who is a workaholic
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develops the disease of ‘being at no-ease’ with himself. Constantly, and
often subconsciously, he is looking for some work even if there isn’t any.
He can’t stay alone, quiet and still for long. If his body finds no work then
his mind works overtime, often worrying about many petty matters
because it has acquired the habit of constantly working at something.
Often, in old age, when the body is incapable of putting in long hours of
work, such people find themselves victims of depression and other mental
illnesses. e only remedy for such a person is to place faith in God (that
inner stillness, ever present and available), who provides us with
everything we need, rather than in actions.
Effort (prayas) is laudable only when made for the right cause. e ancient
Indian sages differentiated between effort made for preyas or sense-
pleasures linked with the body-mind complex and shreyas or everlasting
spiritual bliss. e wise aspire for the latter, as preyas binds, bringing in its
wake pain and sorrow, while shreyas liberates the sadhaka from time,
bringing eternal joy.
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Verse 3
Ishwara arpitam na icchayaa kritam
Chitta shodhakam mukti sadhakam
Work which is performed as an offering to the Almighty and done without any
expectation of the fruits, helps in purification of the mind and thereby leads
one to Liberation or Realization.
On reading the above two verses, a question may naturally arise in the
mind of the seeker, that if all acts are predestined and if the result of such
acts only gives impermanent results, what is the point in performing any
action at all?
e fact is that no one can remain without some form of action. Not a
moment goes by without some action (physical or mental). It is a very
precarious situation. One can neither give up action nor find everlasting
happiness as a result of actions. What then is the way out?
is verse clarifies this issue brilliantly and is the backbone on which rests
all of Karma Yoga as a path to Self-Realization. While the first two verses
point out the limitations of action, this verse emphasizes how action done
with the right attitude and practice can bring about liberation. It explains
the very essence of Karma Yoga, glimpses of which are often found in the
Bhagavad Gita and the Upanishads.
‘Karma’ means action. ‘Yoga’ means union. Put simply, Karma Yoga means
those actions which result in union with God or Self-Realization. Actions
that are performed as offerings to the Lord are not binding because they
are done without expectation of any personal gains and with a sense of
deep surrender. Such actions become purifying as the mind is now
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constantly engaged not in the fulfillment of outer, carnal desires, or for
egoistic self gratification, but in pleasing God.
But, who then is this God? No one has seen God. It is obvious that to
serve someone I must first know who I am serving. It is also obvious that
He is not someone who is seen or known like any other external object.
We instinctively know that God is not someone or something that lies
outside oneself and that He can be easily recognized within each one of us.
God seems to originate from within us and not outside of us. He can be
known instantly as peace or joy pulsating in our sense of ‘being’ (the
simple feeling that I AM without the thought of being this or that). is
peaceful, joyous sense of being can be felt right here and now provided
thoughts are stilled.
oughts are a hindrance and therefore take us away from that inner
peace and bliss which we know as God. Countless thoughts get triggered
due to expectations and by continuously dwelling on the results. However,
if we don’t focus on the results and rather pay attention only to the act (no
matter how big or small it is), then thoughts subside and there arises a
natural, peaceful state (even in chaotic work situations) which is instantly
recognized as still awareness.
at still awareness is God itself. e more we act for the joy of the act
itself and renounce thoughts associated with the results arising from such
acts, the more we will be able to connect to that inner joy and bliss. With
good practice one will realize that no matter how boring, unpleasant or
chaotic the work situation is, one’s attention which was initially on the act
now shifts to that inner bliss and stillness. Holding on to that stillness and
silence amidst all activities is true Karma Yoga — union with God through
action.
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As an advanced sadhaka further stabilizes in this state, often, he may even
be oblivious of what act is taking place through him. His attention never
wavers from that blissful substratum and he may even be inattentive to
acts and happenings around him. e practice that starts as an attention
to an act, far transcends the act itself in due course of practice and
transforms into deep surrender to that blissful substratum. God is not a
form, name or an image. God is simply recognized as joyous, still
awareness manifesting itself as pure Consciousness or pure I AM.
An ancient story about Raja Janaka will help throw light on the true
essence of Karma Yoga. Once, a brahmin who wondered why Janaka was
praised so highly for his spiritual advancement, visited Mithila (Janaka’s
kingdom). e brahmin was confused as to how Janaka, who was a
wealthy king, enjoying all the pleasures that a palace can bestow, could be
regarded as a great devotee and a renunciate. He appeared to be indulging
in all kinds of administrative duties, wars and above all, various vasanas.
When they met, the king read the brahmin’s mind which was filled with
doubts regarding Janaka’s lofty status. ereupon the king asked the
brahmin to tour the whole of Mithila with his guardsmen. He gave a pot
of oil to the brahmin to be placed on his head and instructed the
guardsmen to cut off the brahmin’s head if even a single drop was spilt! e
brahmin went around the city, constantly paying attention only to the pot
of oil. When the brahmin returned, Raja Janaka asked him what he had
enjoyed seeing in Mithila. e brahmin replied that he had noticed
nothing — his focus never veered away from the pot of oil. Janaka smiled
and explained that he ruled the kingdom in a similar fashion — “I live as
if there is a sword dangling over my throne, suspended by a single hair. I
too see nothing around me. All the time, I just watch my attention.
Where is it going? I make sure that I don’t spill even a drop of oil (the
inner blissful I AM) despite all the happenings around me. If I waver away
from God, I will be destroyed.”
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e dangling sword signifies the possibility of spiritual death and the need
for eternal vigilance to avoid slipping back into ignorance (avidya). In the
absence of beingness or oneness with the Source, the aspirant is as good as
dead. Until the sense of beingness is firmly established and becomes your
true and only nature (sahaja), the sadhaka must be on his guard and put in
conscious effort. Raja Janaka had already attained that effortless state of
being or Self-Realization.
us, Raja Janaka is a wonderful example of a great Karma Yogi. Sadhakas

may feel that Raja Janaka was destined to attain Self-Realization and that
they may not be as capable and blessed as him. Indeed, there are seekers
who wonder whether there is any point in putting in any effort at all, if
their fate is already pre-determined.
‘Free will versus destiny’ is an age-old debate. According to Sri Ramana, in

absolute terms, everything happens according to Divine Will. However, so
long as there is a sense of individuality, there is free will to ‘act’. e
sadhaka would therefore do well to shun laziness, forget the ‘free will
versus destiny’ controversy and put in maximum effort (prayas) to advance
spiritually, without expectation of any reward. In fact, on attaining Self-
Realization, it will be realized on hindsight that the ability to put in efforts
itself is a result of your own good karmas and has attracted Divine Grace.
Furthermore, with Self-Realization the sadhaka’s individuality merges with
the Absolute One, thereby liberating him from the bondage of destiny or
karma. ereafter, all his actions are effortless and unfold according to
Divine Will. e seeming contradiction between free will and destiny is
then resolved. Until that happens, the sadhaka must continue to put in his
best and most sincere efforts.
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Verse 4
Kaya van manah karyam uttamam
Pujanam japa cintanam kramat
e actions performed by the body — ritualistic puja, japa (chanting) and

contemplation (inner meditation) — each is superior to the other in an
ascending order.
As mentioned in the earlier part of this commentary, concerted effort

(prayas) for inner bliss (shreyas) must be made to attain Self-Realization.
Verse 4 states various kinds of effort that can be made to attain shreyas and
which among them is the most superior.
Puja (ritualistic worship) offered to a deity, japa (chanting of mantras) and

silent meditation on the I AM (formless sense of being), are such acts or
karmas which lead to liberation. e act of japa is superior to ritualistic
puja, while the act of holding on to the sense of I AM is superior to japa.
erefore, the highest form of practice is holding on to the sense of the
formless I AM. It goes without saying that all these acts have to be done
with nishkamya bhava which means without a thought for the fruit of
one’s actions. In Verse 3, Sri Ramana has already described what true
Karma Yoga is.
When it is stated that holding on to the I AM is superior to puja and japa,

it does not mean that puja and japa are to be shunned. ese are stepping
stones to liberation and bring about the deepening of one’s practice. In
fact, they are almost indispensable and should never be rejected as they go
a long way in moulding the mental quality of a sadhaka.
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Almost invariably, when a sadhaka begins his spiritual journey, he finds it
impossible to meditate on the I AM as his mind has no idea of what it
means. During meditation, his mind tends to wander about in the world
of objects and forms because all his life he has only learnt to gather
knowledge through various forms and objects. How can his mind then
allow him to meditate or to hold on to the I AM for long? It is natural
that when a choice is given to a beginner as to whether to offer ritualistic
puja to a particular deity or do formless meditation, he will choose the
former. is is because his mind feels comfortable holding on to the form.
By focusing on the form, he will find that his mind can easily settle down.
He will find peace by doing so.
Conversely, a very advanced sadhaka may find it extremely hard to focus

on a form or to chant mantras as he will have far transcended that stage.
He will therefore find it easier to hold on to the sense of beingness (I AM)
which is formless.
To conclude, we can say that a beginner will naturally be attracted to

rituals, intermediate sadhakas will be drawn to japa or chanting while
advanced sadhakas will take to meditation on the formless I AM.
However, this does not mean that advanced seekers will never feel like
chanting, doing japa or performing puja. Some may still continue to do so
due to past habits or because they are fond of it. But it is for certain that
no practice satisfies the advanced sadhakas as deeply as holding on to their
sense of being. Such sadhakas find that they quickly return to the practice
of abidance once the chant or puja is over. Even a Self-Realized Jnani may
continue to chant or perform puja, but he would not do so due to force of
habit or because of any particular liking for it. Rather, he would do so
because he finds the SELF in everything he does. He cannot separate the
SELF from anything. Indeed, the SELF captivates his attention no matter
what activities he engages himself in.
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Bhakti Yoga: Path of Devotion ~
Verses 5 to 10
Bhakti Yoga, the path of devotion, is the method of Self-Realization

through the way of love. While in Karma Yoga the practice involves
paying attention to the performance of right action with right attitude as a
means to Self-Realization, in Bhakti Yoga, the attention is directed towards
an object — usually a deity, a guru or any Godly form.
e key word in Bhakti is LOVE. Love is a very powerful emotion. It is

very natural and universal. at is why it is so easy to practise it. Bhakti
exudes the fragrance of love, spreading joy and happiness to one’s own Self
and to others. Love makes us forget ourselves since our complete attention
is focused on the object of devotion. Wondrous are the ways of Bhakti.
e journey of Self-Realization becomes dry without the element of love
and devotion. In contrast, when combined with intense love and longing
for the beloved, the journey itself becomes a blessing.
Traditional Hindu texts such as, Vishnu Purana and the Bhagavad Gita
mention nine types of Bhakti:
Sravanam — Listening to sermons and stories of the Lord’s lilas or

plays.
Kirtanam — Chanting of God’s glories.
Smaranam — Remembering the presence of the Lord constantly by

repeating His name or Mantra.
Padasevanam — Worshiping the Lord’s feet by serving humanity.
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Archanam — Worship of God through rituals such as: puja, havan or
homa, offering flowers, incense, food etc.
Vandanam — Prostrating physically before the Lord in deep

humility.
Dasyam — Feeling of being the Lord’s servant.
Sakhyam — Feeling of friendship and a personal relationship with

God.
Atmanivedanam — Complete surrender of self/ego — experience of

non-duality.
Another traditional classification of types of Bhakti is as follows:
Sakaamya Bhakti — With attachment/desire of fruit.
Nishkaamya Bhakti — Without attachment/desire of fruit.
Apara Bhakti — For beginners, through rituals.
Para Bhakti — Recognizing the transcendental nature of God.
Gauna Bhakti — Secondary devotion based on the qualities/gunas of

the devotee.
Mukhya Bhakti — Primary, spontaneous, unconditional devotion.
Vidwesha Bhakti — With animosity to none and love for all.
Jnana Bhakti — Devotion based on wisdom.
Moodha Bhakti — Devotion based on ignorance.
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Sri Ramana’s Upadesa Saram avoids all elaborate classification and goes
straight to the point. Verses 5 to 10 subtly explore the various, finer
aspects of Bhakti, indeed the very essence of Bhakti, showing how Self-
Realization is possible through it.
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Verse 5
Jagata Ishadhi yukta sevanam
Astha murthy bhr deva poojanam
Worshipping any of the eight forms, thinking they are all forms of God, is good
worship [puja] of God.
e eight forms mentioned in this verse are earth, water, fire, air, space,
moon, sun and living beings (Jivas), all of which are forms of God, the
one Reality underlying the appearance of this whole world.
Usually, when anyone talks about puja, the image of an idol and a devotee
instantly comes to mind. e devotee offers a seat to God, washes His
feet, bathes and clothes Him, offers incense, food, etc. Various mantras are
recited in His glory. But true worship or puja is not just about sitting in
front of an idol of choice and following a ritualistic pattern. Real puja far
transcends all rituals and eventually, also the idol of worship itself. Rituals
can become mechanical and will defeat the purpose of puja if our
reverence and devotion are not extended to everything and everyone
around us. Real puja therefore is not limited to a Diety but extends to
Consciousness Itself as everything within Consciousness is God.
When we look around us, we see that Consciousness manifests as Mother

Nature. We see the mountains, the trees, the rivers. We feel the cool
breeze, the hot summers, the rains and the space that pervades everything.
We immediately see the role of the five elements, viz. earth, water, air, fire
and space, coming into play there. Worshipping these five elements is
worship of Consciousness. All these elements are also within the body. So,
to begin worshipping these five elements, we must start with our own
body. e body is a temple wherein God resides. If we don’t worship and
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take care of our body, how can our mind turn towards the ONE that
resides within us? erefore a healthy body is a must.
To worship the moon is to worship Consciousness for the moon is the

fastest moving planet1, much like our mind. e mind is nothing but the
surging of thought waves — always fluctuating and moving. Hence, the
moon symbolizes the mind. Worship of the mind means keeping a watch
over its movements as no worship is possible without deep attention. With
alert, attentive awareness, we can locate a ‘gap’ between two thoughts and
find a centre in that gap. at ‘gap’ between two thoughts is later found to
be the background witness.
Worshipping the body/mind should not imply an identification with it.

When we identify with the body/mind, we ignorantly fulfill all carnal
desires, mistaking the body/mind to be our own Self. e purpose of true
worship is to keep the body/mind healthy, clean and pure so that the
body/mind instrument can easily turn inwards in pursuit of the highest
goal — SELF REALIZATION.
e sun represents ‘the supreme light’. It denotes illumination. It is

therefore that part of Consciousness which reflects truth. It is the state of
Turiya — the pure unadulterated state of I AMness. It is the Centre from
which the life-force is distributed and the gateway to retire back into the
SOURCE. Worshipping Turiya is to worship Consciousness in its purest
essence.
If we seek to worship Consciousness, how can we avoid serving living

beings? Going within by disassociating with the world in order to serve
the inner divinity, is indeed a great virtue. However, the highest virtue is
to come back into the world and serve all sentient beings. How can we
separate ourselves from each other? All the five elements, thought energy,
consciousness, and prana (life-force) are common to all living beings and
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bind us into oneness. We may appear separate from each other but who
can deny that space connects us all together. ere is always a connection
and if we are open enough, we can feel a strong sense of oneness with each
other. A loving, kind and compassionate heart knows God.
e Buddha said that wisdom and compassion are two important

prerequisites of enlightenment. Wisdom is gained through the worship of
I AM and abidance in the SELF, while compassion is gained by serving all
sentient beings. e word “Namaste”, which is a very common form of
greeting in every Hindu household, symbolizes the worship of living
beings by joining one’s hands close to one’s heart and bowing to each
other.
To conclude, this verse points out that everything is God. e whole of

God’s creation is also God. e waves appear to be different as they arise
and fall into the ocean, yet, who can deny that they are a part of the ocean
itself? at is why there should be reverence for everything around us,
right from the body made up of five elements, to the mind, pure
consciousness and all living beings. ere should be a feeling of gratitude
towards every sentient being and every inanimate object as well. at is
true worship.
1. According to Indian Astrology [which does not always tally with Western science], there are
nine (9) planets [‘Navagraha’] including the sun and the moon; among the nine planets, the
moon is considered the fastest .
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Verse 6
Uttama stavaat uccha mandathah
Chittajam japa dhyaan muttamam
Singing the Lord’s praises is good but better than that is loud chanting of Japa,
while superior to loud chanting is soft Japa. However, best of all is silent,
mental Japa.
A Bhakta (devotee) can approach his beloved Deity in any form and
manner. e Lord accepts all kinds of worship. One can sing hymns of
praises to Him loudly in the form of kirtans, bhajans and chantings. e
mind gets easily absorbed within, thanks to the enchanting atmosphere
created by the accompanying music. e musical notes, the chants and the
voices of other singers in the group intoxicate the mind, making it easy for
it to dive deep within, most effortlessly. As a result, devotion arises
automatically. An ardent devotee will notice that, with the passage of time,
a natural shift takes place which draws his attention away from music,
ambience, etc. and focuses it only on Japa.
Japa is the constant remembrance or repeating of a ‘Mantra’ or the ‘Name’

of a God/Deity. e principle behind recitation of Japa is that by
repeating the same word or words, the mind gets concentrated. A
concentrated mind can focus on the object of its devotion much better.
e ‘Mantra’ or the ‘Name’ denotes all the qualities of the God/Deity
being worshipped. It is a way to invoke the presence of that Deity and
please Him. rough such ‘Mantra Sadhana’, the Deity is pleased and
bestows various forms of blessings. e Mantra vibrates at a certain
frequency of energy which acts as a protective and powerful shield against
many upheavals and setbacks that the devotee may face. e Mantra
serves as a huge support to the Bhakta during challenging times. e
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biggest blessing bestowed by a Deity on a Bhakta is an ever deepening
stillness and peace of mind. It is very important that the Mantra be given
by only a Self-Realized Guru. Such a Guru alone can make the Mantra a
Siddhi, or a charged, instrument of power.
Japa is often chanted aloud with full attention at the outset, because the
articulation of the sounds and syllables needs to be exact. However, later,
with evolving practice, the chanting of Japa becomes softer and more
internalized and this results in chitta shuddi (purification of the mind).
Further, Japa deepens into more of a feeling than actual words. ere
may not be the presence of any words or sound and yet, the feeling of
devotion and love associated with that Japa or name becomes more and
more profound. is mental or silent Mantra Japa, without sounds or
words, is the best. e next verse describes Ajapa-Japa which takes mental
Japa to the next level.
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Verse 7
Aajya dhaarayaa srotasaa samam
Sarala chintanam viralatah param
Like an unbroken flow of oil or a stream of water; continuous meditation is

better than that which is interrupted.
at form of mental Japa which becomes effortless, smooth and

continuous, much like the unbroken flow of oil, is referred to as Ajapa
Japa. In the previous verse, Japa is a deliberate holding (dharana) of the
feeling of the impersonal sense of I AM while in Ajapa it is the other way
round. e non-verbal feeling of I AM is what holds your attention
effortlessly, without any interruption. Ajapa Japa is referred to as real
meditation (Dhyaan). Japa (Dharana) matures into Ajapa (Dhyaan)
automatically through perseverance, devotion and faith. Not once does the
attention move away from the true centre of I AMness. e body/mind
may still appear to be functioning in the world; the senses may still appear
to be indulging in the bhoga vasanas (enjoyments and pains) yet the
intoxicating joy of the pure state of I AM never once leaves a true Bhakta.
An ancient story about Raja Janaka and Sukadev is very illuminating. Raja
Janaka, the great king who ruled Mithila was also a great Bhakta and
Jnani. Sukadev was the son of the great sage, Rishi Vedavyasa. Sukadev
considered himself to be the greatest renunciate among all sages because
he did not even wear clothes. He was completely naked and had started
taking egoistic pride in his spiritual progress. His father saw that this was
becoming an obstacle in his path for Suka. Hence, when Suka approached
him for further spiritual instruction, he advised him to go and meet
Janaka. Vyasa said “ere is only one Guru for you and that is King Janaka of
Mithila.” Suka protested, saying, “Father, are you out of your mind? ere is
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nothing in common between a king and a renunciate like me. How can I
regard him as my Guru?” e sage replied, “ere is nobody else who could
be your Guru”. Reluctantly, since he had to comply with the wishes of his
father, Suka left for the Raja’s palace. Upon arrival, he was shocked beyond
belief at what he saw. Janaka was resting on his throne, with a glass of
liquor in his hand. He seemed completely drunk and was surrounded by
young women who were dancing around him, entertaining him.
Sukadev’s eyes went red with rage on taking in this ‘scandalous’ scene. He
couldn’t believe that his father could send him to such a person who
seemed to be steeped in various vasanas (sensual enjoyments). He was
about to leave the palace in disgust when Janaka noticed him. He
requested Suka to spend some time with him before leaving.
King Janaka knew that Suka was bloated with pride about his
renunciation. With his spiritual powers, Janaka staged an illusory
situation. Just as Suka sat down next to him, a servant came running in
with the news that the entire town was on fire. “It’s all God’s Will.” said
Janaka cooly. After a short while, another report came in that all of the
king’s courts were reduced to ashes. “God’s Will” said the king, once again.
en followed the news that the king’s own palace was on fire. “All God’s
Will” repeated the king. Suka thought that the king was a real fool not to
do anything about the fire. After a short while, another report came in
stating that Janaka’s wife and children had all been burnt to death and that
the fire was making its way to his throne. “God’s Will” Janaka replied
again. Seeing that the fire had almost reached them, Suka grabbed his tiny
bag and took to his heels to save his skin from the approaching fire. Just
then, the king caught hold of his arm and exclaimed, “Look! All my worldly
possessions, including my wife and children, have been burnt to ashes, but I
haven’t been perturbed by these huge losses. Now that the fire has reached the
palace, you have taken hold of this tiny bag with the intention of saving your
possessions. After all, what is your small bag worth compared to what I have
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just lost?” Further, peering deeply into Suka’s eyes, Janaka asked him, “So
tell me now, who, exactly, is more detached — you or I?”
Suka realized his mistake and admitted that the king was indeed a true
Yogi whose renunciation was total. With tears in his eyes, he fell at Janaka’s
feet and urged him for initiation.
Such is the power of effortless Dhyaan. No matter what happens in the

world outside, a Bhakta like Janaka who is firmly established in the inner
state of joyous, impersonal I AMness, is unperturbed in all circumstances.
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Verse 8
Bheda bhaavanaath soham ithyasau
Bhavanaa bhidha paavani mataa
Meditation without duality, that is meditating as ‘I am HE’, is superior to

meditation which assumes a separation between the Bhakta (devotee) and the
beloved Lord.
e earlier verses speak of the contemplator and the object of his/her

contemplation (the beloved Lord). ere is an assumed separation
between the two. e transition from loud — to soft — to silent, mental
Japa is possible through intense longing, abidance and surrender, until
finally, meditation (Ajapa) is realized. When this state of meditation
further deepens, it leads to Samadhi. is verse describes the state of
Samadhi. When that happens, all names and forms disappear and what
arises is only a deep sense of blissful ‘I AMness’. at feeling of an
impersonal ‘I-I’, arising from within, destroys the illusion of duality, that
is, a subject that is separate from the object.
e devotion is turned inwards to find that the devotee (subject) himself/

herself is the Lord (object). e outward deity of worship merely reflects
the joy and bliss which the devotee as ‘I’ always and already is. e joy ‘I’
seek through puja, meditation, mantras and sadhanas is nothing but ‘Me’.
is ‘Me’, of course, is not the limited ego-self of every-day life but the
expansive, all-encompassing pure I AMness which erases the false sense of
separation in ordinary life, between ‘me’ and ‘you’, ‘self ’ and the ‘other’.
ere is no Krishna, no Rama, no Christ and no Shiva. Everything

appears because the primary principle ‘I AM’ appears. e ‘I AM’ is prior
to all. Without ‘I AM’, can anything even be recognized, let alone
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worshipped? Even in the sentence ‘I am He’ what precedes the word ‘He’
is the expression ‘I AM’.
When devotion matures, all objects disappear and the attention falls back
to the subject (I AM) and remains in that state prior to all names, forms
and distinctions.
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Verse 9
Bhaava soonya sad bhaava susthithih
Bhaavana bhalaath bhakthir uttamaa
A state of void, free from thought, is gradually attained, making abidance in

the background state of ‘I AM’ complete. is is supreme devotion.
Realizing nothingness is the real test of devotion. e word ‘Soonya’

means a state of void. It is in this state, which is devoid of any thought,
that the impersonal ‘I AM’ lies hidden. It is not possible to remain
stabilized in this background state of ‘I AM’, without first being firmly
established in the void.
e Bible says, “Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all
your soul and with all your strength and with all your mind...” Luke 10:27
New International Version (NIV)
at is only possible when your entire life-force, which is normally

dissipated in fulfilling various sensory desires, is pulled back from there
and invested one-pointedly in the background ‘I AM’. e Life-force (i.e.,
Primal force) has to retire from the five senses (sight, hearing, touch, smell
and taste), thoughts and other pranas (life-forces) that look after the
functions of the body/mind instrument. is is real abidance in the
Source. Such abidance happens quite naturally and effortlessly during the
deep sleep state. e five senses are inoperative, thoughts are absent, the
life-force is withdrawn from the body/mind instrument and yet we remain
immersed in the most blissful and joyous state of ‘I AM’.
It is unfortunate that we do not recognize this happy state on waking up,

as our minds don’t allow us to. at is why we must realize this state in
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our meditation, wherein we can move beyond the mind and can witness
this torrential bliss which otherwise lies hidden under the veil of ‘Maya’ or
ignorance. Beyond the objectless state of void, I find myself worshipping
my own Self with my entire attention, energy, strength and love. After
such a realization, I remain continuously aware of myself as a pure state of
impersonal ‘I AM’. is is real devotion.
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Verse 10
Hrit sthale manaah svasthathaa kriya
Bhakthi yoga bhodaascha nishchitam
Fixing the mind in the heart (Source) is true Karma (action), Bhakti, Yoga
and Jnana.
is verse actually is the very essence of Sri Ramana’s teachings. Advaita
(non-duality) is not a path but the destination itself. No matter what path
one adopts, the final destination is the non-dual state of Advaita. Hence,
whether one uses Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Raja Yoga or Jnana Yoga, the
end result is always the same — the merging of the mind through a U-
turn, with its Source (Heart). e mind here does not refer to the usual
inflowing or outflowing thoughts of every-day life, which have already
been arrested much earlier in the case of the advanced seeker. Rather, it
refers to the identification with the single final thought which is of the
pure ‘I AM’. Even this ‘I AM’ sense is false and is therefore the last barrier
to truth.
Having established firmly in the sense of ‘I AM’ (the uninterrupted state

of bliss mentioned in Verse 9), the aspirant further intuits that even this ‘I
AM’ sense is false and retires/goes back to the Source. When he traces
back the origin of this blissful state of pure ‘I AM’ (Turiya), he comes
upon the ‘Timeless’.
‘I AM’ or pure consciousness still has a centre but the ‘Timeless’ has none
as it is not limited by space, time or any other attributes. Any attempt to
describe this state (which is, paradoxically, a ‘stateless’ state) is completely
futile, as it is impossible to capture it in words. Sri Ramana urges the
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aspirant to fix his mind on the ‘Heart’ because it is the Source of ‘I AM’,
whence the sense of ‘I’ arises, and with which it eventually merges.
Once a devotee asked Sri Ramana, “’How do you say that the Heart is on the
right, whereas the biologists have found it to be on the left?’ e man asked for
authority.”
Sri Ramana replied, reiterating the same point (all bolded highlights are
mine):
“Quite so. e physical organ is on the left; that is not denied. But the Heart
of which I speak is non-physical and is only on the right side. It is my
experience, no authority is required by me. Still you can find confirmation in a
Malayalam Ayurvedic book and in Sita Upanishad; and he produced the
quotation (mantra) from the latter and repeated the text (sloka) from the
former.” (from Talk 4, “Talks with Sri Ramana Maharshi”)
And in Talk 97, Sri Ramana says:
“ere is no one who even for a trice fails to experience the Self. For no one
admits that he ever stands apart from the Self. He is the Self. e Self is the
Heart.
In deep sleep you exist; awake, you remain. e same Self is in both states.
e difference is only in the awareness and the non-awareness of the
world. e world rises with the mind and sets with the mind. at which
rises and sets is not the Self. e Self is different, giving rise to the mind,
sustaining it and resolving it. So the Self is the underlying principle.
When asked who you are, you place your hand on the right side of the
breast and say ‘I am’. ere you involuntarily point out the Self. e Self
is thus known...”
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Taking Sri Ramana’s reply literally, many aspirants start to hold the right
side of the chest as an object of meditation. is is not correct practice, for
the mind will be kept alive trying to figure out whether the attention is on
the right side or not. Sri Ramana was clear that the ‘heart’ he was referring
to was not an object — were it an object, the fixing of one’s mind on it
would become a form of concentration. Realizing the true heart is beyond
all practice. To know the true heart, the mind has to disappear first, and
for that, one has to allow it to be submerged within. One has to trust one’s
instinctive awareness and allow the mind to disappear. When the mind
dissolves, the heart appears.
As this point is critical, here is a further explanation by Sri Ramana from

Talk 98:
“e Self is the Heart. e Heart is self-luminous. Light arises from the
Heart and reaches the brain, which is the seat of the mind. e world is seen
with the mind, that is, by the reflected light of the Self. It is perceived with the
aid of the mind. When the mind is illumined it is aware of the world. When it
is not itself so illumined, it is not aware of the world. If the mind is turned in
towards the source of light, objective knowledge ceases and Self alone shines
forth as the Heart.”
e moon shines by the reflected light of the sun. When the sun has set, the
moon is useful for revealing objects. When the sun has risen, no one needs the
moon, although the pale disc of the moon is visible in the sky.
So it is with the mind and the Heart. e mind is useful because of its reflected
light. It is used for seeing objects. When it is turned inwards, the source of
illumination shines forth by itself, and the mind remains dim and useless like
the moon in day-time.
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e Bible is also clear on this point:
“e heart of the wise inclines to the right, but the heart of the fool to the left.”
Ecclesiastes 10:2 (NIV)
e significance of the right side is that, it is the area where the bliss of
pure ‘I AM’ is first experienced, as a recollection, on returning from the
‘Timeless’ to the waking state of consciousness. at is the state of Turiya.
He is speaking here from that level, in the context of the highest state of
samadhi. is is where the pure bliss of ‘I AM’ first arises.
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Raja Yoga: e Royal Path of Yoga ~
Verses 11 to 15
In the next five verses of the Upadesa Saram, Sri Ramana talks about the
Path of controlling the mind with the help of breath control (Pranayama).
is Path is often referred to as Raja Yoga or ‘Ashtanga Yoga’. e phrase
‘Ashtanga Yoga’ immediately brings to mind the famous Sage called
Patanjali who belonged to the 2nd Century B.C. and authored the famous
Yogasutras [i.e. Verses on Yoga].
e term Yoga stands for ‘union’ and implies the alignment/union of

body, mind and spirit, which together give rise to health and happiness.
At the global level today, Yoga is often erroneously projected as just a

mechanical set of exercises performed for the purpose of physical fitness.
In actuality, however, Yoga is a profound philosophy, a whole way of right
living. ere are different schools of Yoga, including the two prominent
ones called ‘Ashtanga Yoga’ and ‘Hatha Yoga’.
Patanjali’s ‘Ashtanga Yoga’, or eight-fold path, comprises eight aspects

which are metaphorically referred to as ‘limbs’. ese limbs intertwine like
the branches of a tree. ey are interconnected and offer guidelines in the
form of rules that could aid the practitioner/student of Yoga. e
understanding and observance of these rules has been known to be
conducive to a transition from ordinary living to a higher state of spiritual
growth.
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Eight Limbs of Ashtanga Yoga
e following are the eight limbs of Patanjali’s ‘Ashtanga Yoga’, each of
which we will discuss briefly here:
1. Yama
2. Niyama
3. Asanas
4. Pranayama
5. Pratyahara
6. Dharana
7. Dhyana
8. Samadhi
1. Yama
Yama refers to a set of social norms and moral principles to be observed in

order to enrich our lives and harmonize our relationships with others.
ere are five yamas as listed below:
Non-violence (ahimsa): Non-violence has to be practiced, not just in

deeds, but also in thoughts and words. It is no use if you are outwardly
non-violent and use sweet words just on the surface, whereas deep within,
you harbor ill-will towards others. oughts of jealousy, anger and hatred
are often suppressed and not expressed outwardly, either due to unwritten
rules of social propriety or fear of the law. However, such suppressed
thoughts arise repeatedly in the mind and consume the persons who
harbor them, thereby harming or doing violence to them. e practice of
non-violence is therefore applicable not just to others but also to one’s
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own self. Moreover, violence that is harbored within for long is bound to
be reflected outside, and vice-versa.
Truthfulness (Satya): is implies being truthful and telling no lies. To be

truthful is a sadhana in itself. Many ancient Yogis affirmed, as well as
demonstrated through their own example, that adherence to even just one
single principle of truthfulness would lend tremendous power to the
words uttered by its practitioner. It bestowed Siddhis [spiritual powers].
Mahatma Gandhi considered Satya (Truth) to be God itself. He based his

life on the two fundamental principles of Satya and Ahimsa. We all know
the impact he had on India’s Freedom Struggle; he paved the way to
India’s Independence through his words and principles. Indeed, his
guiding principles continue to light the lives not only of Indians, but of
different Nationals across the Globe. However, having said that, one must
be aware, mindful and discreet while practicing truthfulness, to the extent
that one must even be ready to abstain from telling the truth in case it is
likely to have any wrong/hurtful impact on someone. Telling a blind man
that he cannot see is definitely a truth, but it is very hurtful and points to
the speaker’s lack of compassion. Truth that serves no righteous purpose or
higher cause, and causes harm instead, is worse than a lie.
Non-stealing (Asteya): is means not to steal from others anything

which does not rightfully belong to you. Usually, stealing refers to the act
of unlawfully taking away someone’s property, money, belongings,
possessions, etc. However, the worst thing to steal is someone’s peace of
mind. Often, we drag others into our conflicts, accuse them, or gossip
behind their backs. One must be wary of committing such acts as they can
cause needless distress to others.
Continence (brahmacharya): is refers to moderation in sexual

indulgence and does not imply total abstinence. Lustful tendencies pull
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one’s attention away from the spiritual heart and fix it on the body. True
celibacy lies in harboring pure thoughts rather than in abstaining from the
sexual act. What kind of thoughts attract a sadhak’s attention and
preoccupy him, is the question he must ask himself from time to time.
Non-possession (Aparigraha): Again, this does not mean living in poverty

without any money, property or luxuries. e question to ask is “Are you
possessed by the desire to keep collecting, accumulating and hoarding as
much as you can? Does greed dominate your daily life?” On the other
hand, it is important to realize that extreme austerity, and being obsessed
with the goal of living in abject poverty, is as much a sign of ignorance as
being obsessed with living a luxurious life. e key factor is not what you
possess or do not possess; rather it is the spirit of true, inner contentment.
2. Niyama
Niyama is the inner discipline needed to purify, harmonize and direct

one’s body, mind and energies. Niyamas are sometimes called observances
and are, in all, five in number:
Purity (Shauca): It is ironic that while we don’t allow dust and dirt to
accumulate inside our homes, we have no problem if such impurities
accumulate within our bodies. We do not realize that the body is the
temple wherein God resides. We must take care of our bodies and remain
healthy so that we are able to worship the God within us. How can a sick
body perform any worship? erefore, without being over obsessed with
our bodies, we must do whatever we can to maintain a healthy body. We
must exercise and eat healthy foods to keep our body in good shape.
Similarly, our minds must be kept away from thinking negative thoughts.
We must keenly observe whether our minds follow a negative pattern of
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thinking and, if it does, we must correct it by replacing negative thoughts
with positive ones. A healthy body/mind is a pure vessel that reflects
divinity.
Contentment (Santosha): No matter what situations we face or live

through, we must be ever content. is doesn’t mean that we shouldn’t try
to better our present lot or strive to upgrade our material and spiritual
goals. What it means is that we must joyously accept every situation that
has arisen, the efforts we put in to change it and the result thereof.
Austerity (Tapas): is refers to putting in effort in order to realize

spiritual goals. Continuous effort is essential until one’s spiritual life-
journey becomes completely effortless (sahaja), with no trace of ego. Never
giving up is the essence of austerity.
Study of I AM (Svadhyaya): Some texts refer to Svadhyaya as the study of

scriptures such as the ancient Vedas and Upanishads. ey believe that the
study of ancient scriptures/spiritual books is enough for the seeker. No
doubt it is very helpful to have an understanding of, and insight into the
ancient texts, for they are authorities in themselves and are wonderful
tools that facilitate the seeker’s journey. However, true study lies in
understanding one’s own inner state of being. at is the real book to read
and understand.
e Sanskrit word Svadhyaya comprises two words — ‘Sva’ and ‘dhyaya’.

‘Sva’ points to Self and ‘dhyaya’ to study. us, the word is self-
explanatory. It is no use studying all the scriptures in the world if one has
little knowledge of the Self. Self-knowing comes through abidance in one’s
true state of being.
Surrender to God (ishvara-pranidhana): Our beingness, or sense of

existence, is primary to knowing God. If I am not, there can be no God
and hence no sense of surrender either. e study of SELF is incomplete
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without surrendering to whatever my being appears to be. at surrender
is only possible when there is acceptance. True acceptance of ‘what is’ is
true surrender.
3. Asana
Sthira sukham asanam is a quote we often find in most yoga schools

(especially in Hatha Yoga). Literally, it implies that our way of sitting
should be steady and comfortable. In order to sit in formal meditation for
a lengthy period of time, one needs a very supple and steady body. Sage
Patanjali advocated a set of asanas or postures to prepare the body for
meditation. However the word “Sthira” doesn’t just mean a steady or firm
physical posture, but also implies mental stillness and vigilance. Asanas
stand for an all-round balance and equanimity — both at the physical and
the mental level.
4. Pranayama
Prana is the life-force or energy that sustains the entire creation. ere are
several types of Prana Vayus/Life Breezes within our bodies as well as
outside in the Universe. Within the human body, five types of Prana Vayus
have been identified. ey are Prana, Apana, Samana, Udana and Byaan
Vayu. Collectively, these five types of Prana Vayus are termed as “Prana”.
e seat of Prana Vayu is the heart and it flows upwards from the navel;
that of Apana Vayu is the anus and it flows downwards from the navel;
that of Samana, is the region of the navel itself; that of Udana is the
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throat; while Byaan is all-pervading and hence moves all over the body.
e word “ayama” means control. erefore, literally, the word
“Pranayama” means control of life-force.
e Yoga system discovered that the breath and life-force are closely
related and inter-dependent; it also found, as a result, that it is easier to
control Prana through breath. erefore, all schools of Yoga refer to
Pranayama as control of breath.
e basic movements of Pranayama are inhalation, retention of breath,

and exhalation. e practice of Pranayama purifies the life-force and
directs it to higher spiritual centres (such as the third eye or the heart
centre). It arrests needless mental distractions and aids meditation,
eventually rendering it totally effortless.
5. Pratyahara
Pratyahara is withdrawal of the life-force from the five senses. It is the

result of pranayama. When the life-force is withdrawn from the senses, the
body feels like a corpse. e five senses (viz. touch, taste, smell, hearing
and sight) are held in abeyance and the entire life-force can then be used
for concentration on the object of attention or devotion.
6. Dharana
e word “Dhar” means to hold. e life-force made available through the

practice of Pratyahara, is used to concentrate or hold on to the object of
attention. Dharana involves a lot of effort, especially in the initial stages,
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as the attention tends to waver or move away from the one, single object
of concentration. Bringing the mind back and re-directing the life-force
to the one, single object of concentration, again and again, through
repeated effort, is called “Dharana”.
7. Dhyana
e uninterrupted flow of attention to an object, without any effort, is

called Dhyana. Concentration (Dharana) leads to the state of meditation.
erefore, effort is a must for the effortless state of meditation to
eventually happen.
8. Samadhi
e ultimate goal of the eight-fold path of Yoga is Samadhi or Divine

Union. Here the barriers of object-subject disappear. e objects and
subject melt into each other as ONE.
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Verse 11
Vaayurodhanaath leeyathe manah
Jaala pakshivad rodhasaadhanam
rough breath-control, the movement of the mind is contained, just as a bird

is restrained when caught in a net.
A slow, calm breath naturally results in a serene and quiet mind. A still
mind can then have communion with the God or Divinity within. To
understand how this is made possible, one has to know the relationship
between breath, life-force (Prana) and the mind.
Our bodies are maintained by a vital energy called Prana. It is this life-
force that governs our heartbeat, sensory impressions, and motor responses
— indeed, it governs all the functions of the body. It supplies energy
directly to the brain, to the heart, lungs, diaphragm — to every organ and
every cell in the body.
A continuous supply of prana is needed to sustain life and its activities.

at is supplied by food, sunshine and the oxygen made available through
breathing. One must realize that Prana is not just inside the body, but also
outside in the cosmos. It is all pervading. Here, too, it is the breath which
acts as the much needed link between the pranas inside and pranas
outside.
Breath supplies energy to the body through the intake of prana, which is
highly concentrated in oxygen. rough such sustained supply of prana,
the body is vitally recharged. Breath, therefore, proves to be a perfect
vehicle to connect and integrate the diverse pranas together.
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e Yogis realized that breath can play an important role in understanding
the life-force or energy which sustains creation. ey therefore turned
their attention to the breath, with the full awareness that any
understanding of the breath would deepen their understanding of prana.
By repeatedly focusing their attention on the breath, the Yogis observed

that the frequency of their breathing [i.e. the number of breaths per
minute] began to reduce, and as a result, the life-force within was also
getting stilled most naturally.
Usually, the various Pranas are scattered throughout the entire body,
looking after the needs of each body and mental function. But by
concentrating on the breath, the energies or life-forces which were
functioning in various parts of the body, independent of each other, were
now being withdrawn from their normal roles and brought together, or
channelled, as one. Naturally, this also resulted in the body requiring less
and less oxygen and therefore proportionately lesser need to breathe.
us, the Yogis realized the interconnection between prana and the breath.
rough breath control, the life-force could be controlled and vice versa.
Often breath is considered to be synonymous with Prana (life-force)
because they are so closely related to each other and it is hard to separate
the two. e breathing technique used by Yogis is called “pranayama” —
a term which actually means life-force control but is often used to mean
breath control. For all practical purposes, the two are one and the same
and hence, we can regard them as one.
Now we will try to understand the relationship between Mind and Breath
(Prana). Mind is a series of thoughts and emotions which we always
identify with. Depending on what the mind projects in terms of thoughts,
ideas, emotions, dreams, imaginations, daily activities, etc., the life-force
(prana) carries out the diverse commands of the mind. We can easily
notice this whenever our mind is calm, our breathing is steady and
normal. Whenever our mind is disturbed due to fear/anger or excited due
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to sexual desires, that inner turbulence too will be reflected in our
breathing pattern. us, the breath/life-force moves wherever, and in
whatever manner, the mind dictates it to move.
Breath or life-force is often compared to a horse, while our mind is

regarded as the rider astride it. If the breath/prana slows down, so does the
mind, and if the breath stops, the mind stops too. at is why Yogis
control the breath, so that the life-force automatically withdraws from all
its activities and the mind is forcibly and effectively brought under
control. Just as a bird can be caught in a net and its movements
restrained, similarly the movements of the mind can be controlled when
its wings (the pranas) are forcefully trapped within through breath control
and it is prevented from flying in all directions. Allowing no “freedom to
the wings” means withdrawing prana from all the activities initiated by the
mind.
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Verse 12
Cittavaayavaas citkriyaayutaah
Saakhayor dvayee saktimulakaa
e mind and pranas, which carry out various thought processes and actions
within the body, emerge from one common source.
e earlier verse points out the inter-relationshp of the breath, pranas and
mind, and emphasizes the inter-dependency among the three. rough
regulation of breath, pranas are controlled and so is the mind. ey are all
one as the existence of each of them depends upon the state of the other
two.
is verse further provides the insight that the three are not just one, but
have one common source — void or nothingness.
Every night we go to sleep, and when that happens, all that we know —
our perceptions, the sensations felt within our body — all retire into this
“nothingness”. Everything withdraws into that one common void. No
thought is perceived, no actions are performed, yet we are happy to
withdraw into that void every night and emerge from it every morning.
Unfortunately, most people don’t develop the ‘skill’ of consciously

knowing this state of void. Only regular meditation as given by one’s
teacher, under his supervision, can provide knowledge of the void. A Yogi,
fervent in practicing various techniques of pranayamas can indeed bring
the mind (thoughts) under control and know the void. In fact, even
without the use of various complex breath control techniques, which
could even prove harmful if done the wrong way, the experience of the
void can be firmly established through the powerful ird Eye Meditation
under the direct supervision of a Self-Realized Master.
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As children we used to play a game of focusing the sun’s rays through a
magnifying glass to the point of burning the paper held beneath. How did
the paper catch fire? at is because the sun rays, which were originally
scattered in various directions, were brought together and concentrated on
one single point. us, at that point, tremendous energy was generated,
which burned the paper underneath.
Something similar happens in the ird Eye Meditation. Energy which is

usually scattered in all places of the body is brought to one place (the
point between the eyebrows) and then from there it is directed inwards
with great force and momentum leading to unusual sensory experiences
(sounds and lights) and ultimately to the experience of the void.
Details of this meditation can be accessed by contacting rajivsatsang. A

point to be noted here, however, is that the goal of the true seeker is not
the void, but the SELF. is is further explained below in Verse 13.
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Verse 13
Layavinasaane ubhayarodhane
Layagatam punarbhavati no mrtam
Mind control can be achieved through two modes — either through

absorption/abeyance or through complete destruction. In the case of the first
mode, the mind emerges again as it is merely absorbed in the void and hence
temporarily held in abeyance. In contrast, through the second mode, when the
mind is destroyed, it can never emerge again.
As pointed out in the earlier verse, a Yogi can, in a short period of time,
control the mind and bring about a state of Samadhi where thoughts have
ceased and the state of void is realized.
A meditator gains the knowledge that every single thing that he perceives,
every object, arises and falls within this void and when the mind is
controlled, or stilled, those objects no longer appear. Only the void
remains.
is is a big milestone for a serious meditator and he feels he has realized
the SELF, but this is a mistaken belief. is state lasts only as long as the
meditation session lasts. In no time thereafter, the thoughts and mind-
impressions (vasanas) make a comeback and continue to haunt the
meditator once again during the course of the waking state. erefore,
mere laya (or absorption/abeyance) is not the final remedy as the vasanas
are not completely uprooted by virtue of a temporary Samadhi, or
absorption into the void. at is why a further, and deeper, inquiry needs
to be carried out in order to find out where the void itself has arisen from.
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Verse 14
Praana bandhanaath leena maanasam
Eka chintanaath naasham etyada
When the mind is held in suspension through breath control, it must then be
completely destroyed through one-pointed attention to that ONE reality.
is is the most important part of Sadhana. Many meditators and yogis
can reach and attain the void, and can spend lifetimes lost in it, but
realization of the SELF still eludes them. is is because of their failure to
recognize the substratum upon which the void is superimposed.
Knowing the void and and being established in it is no small attainment,

but the real challenge is ahead — knowing that state from which the void
arises.
So how can a Yogi recognize the source?
rough effort and various pranayamas, it is possible to attain the void,

but the state beyond it cannot be attained through will or effort. Wisdom
alone is also not enough. It needs a ‘devotee’ to realize the “Reality”. Only
love in one’s heart, coupled with joyful surrender to the Divine, will help.
Wisdom provides direction, but Love provides the much needed passion,
intensity and drive for one’s beingness to make this vital breakthrough into
the domain of the unknown — which sends blissful and torrential waves
of joy to every part of the body-mind instrument. Every cell explodes with
tremendous joy as latent energies are released and deeper levels of ecstasies
are reached.
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Only a loving heart can be graced with such a blessing. Joy falls on itself
and the mysterious beloved is revealed as the SELF. e joy then flows
uninterruptedly from one’s heart towards one and all. Everything becomes
joy. Until this state of continuous and uninterrupted bliss is realized, the
vasanas persist.
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Verse 15
Nastha maanasotkrishta yoginah
Krityam asthi kim svasthithim yathah
What action remains for an exalted Yogi whose mind has been completely
destroyed and who is ever established in the SELF?
Man works and performs duties in order to obtain objects and fulfill his
aspirations so that he will become happy. But if he realizes that he has
already attained deep joy and happiness, what will be left for him to seek
anywhere?
Nothing will drive or tempt such a Yogi to do any work in that exalted
state. Nothing at all will lure or interest him any more. Words fail to
describe such a state. It is experiential.
Of course, for all practical purposes, the Yogi may still appear to be
working and involved, as viewed from outside, but his actions do not bind
him as they are bereft of any sense of desire or possession. For such a Yogi,
bliss alone decides what needs to be carried out in the outside world while
he remains forever immersed in the ocean of great joy.
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Jnana Yoga: e Path of Knowledge ~
Verses 16 to 30
We now come to the final and the most important section wherein is
expounded the path of Self-Inquiry — viz. Jnana Yoga. Many believe that
this path is for those who have a more intellectual frame of mind. Such a
misconception probably arose because Sri Ramana always urged seekers to
ask themselves the question “Who am I?” or “To whom do these thoughts
or objects occur?”
To many, this appears like an intellectual question-answer session wherein

a seeker poses this question to himself and awaits an answer from within.
is cannot be the correct practice because no matter what answer arises
from within, it is all at the level of the mind and hence false.
When the question “Who am I” is posed in the right spirit, as advocated

by Sri Ramana, no answers are sought and all that arises is a subjective
feeling of awareness upon asking this question.
At the beginning of the practice, it is felt as a stillness or silence which is

intuited as the background substratum on which thoughts, emotions,
images etc. are superimposed. On continuous and relentless inquiry, the
questioning, which begins as a waking-state practice, goes beyond the
waking-state and slips effortlessly into dream, deep sleep and turiya states
wherein the subjective awareness and feeling changes, becoming more and
more subtle, according to the level of consciousness attained through deep
inquiry.
Sri Ramana maintained that Self-Inquiry was only for a few mature or
evolved souls who have prepared themselves by practicing other paths for
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many years, or even incarnations, and are then finally ready to embrace
the challenging path of Inquiry.
Many ardent aspirants who spend years in Bhakti and Raja Yoga
increasingly find themselves experiencing an intense pull towards Self-
Inquiry due to the development of the discriminatory faculty within
them. ey sense, over a period of time, that the practice they are
indulging in regularly, and with intensity, still involves objects outside of
themselves, while something within them begins to crave for an
apprehension of Self (subject).
All forms of worship, or practice of techniques, begin to fade away.

Practice of repetition of mantras, performing breath pranayamas, etc. start
to become very exhausting and laborious exercises while, simultaneously,
the thirst to dive deeper intensifies. ey subconsciously feel that they
need to move more inwards towards the background substratum (Self ).
is very shift is indicated at the the beginning of the section Jnana Yoga,
in the very first verse.
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Verse 16
Drishya vaaritham chittam atmanah
Chittva darshanam Tattva darshanam
When attention is withdrawn from objects and focused exclusively on the Self,
Truth is revealed.
is verse lays down the very basic premise of Jnana Yoga. Withdrawing or
shifting one’s attention away from all distracting outward objects and
fixing attention exclusively on the subject ‘I’, sums up the entire practice
of Self-Inquiry.
e world around us is a ceaseless interplay between subject and object(s).

e subject is ‘I’ or ‘me’ which sees or perceives the object(s) [he/it or
them].
How we perceive the world is based on the relationship the subject has
with the various objects it interacts with. When things or conditions
around us (objects) appear to be in our favor then we (subject) begin to
feel happy and vice versa. e subject is therefore conditioned by the
objects.
e Jnanis and sages, however, warn us that objects are known deserters
and deceive us; the happiness we derive from them is temporary and
fleeting. ese objects appear to exist, but are not at all real, much like a
mirage in a desert. e promises made by the objects are all false. Sages
therefore advise us to pay attention to the subject (the seer) rather than the
objects (the seen).
When we pay exclusive attention to the subject, a feeling/sensing arises in

the background of space or stillness. en all objects (thoughts/emotions/
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stories) are perceived to fall and rise upon that ‘space-like’ awareness. is
is the initial and vital breakthrough in one’s practice. As the practice
deepens further and further, this ‘space-like’ awareness, which is felt as
stillness or peace at the outset, eventually transforms into uninterrupted
joy and bliss (SATCHITANANDA). at bliss is our real nature.
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Verse 17
Maanasam tu kim maargane krithe
Naiva maanasam marge arjavaath
When one inquires “What is the mind?”, he finds out that there is no mind.
is is the direct path to reality.
What makes Self-Inquiry a very direct approach is that it questions the

reality of what appears, discards it when it is found to be unreal, and
instead latches on to what is real.
Most spiritual practices use the mind in order to gain intellectual

knowledge of scripture, use images of deities for devotional purposes,
chant verses and mantras, or even apply energy and attention to stop or
simply eliminate the mind. But how can you trust the mind — something
which is itself unreal — to find the real?
How can you destroy something which doesn’t exist in the first place? e
objects appear due to the mind, thoughts appear due to the mind, your
emotions appear due to the mind, and so do all forms of spiritual
practices. In fact the whole world appears due to the mind.
Where does the world go in one’s sleep? It disappears and so it can’t be real
— but so does the faculty called mind. It too disappears during deep
sleep. How can that be real then?
So the Jnani urges the aspirant to get to know this fact and dive deep into
THAT space where the mind dissolves. ‘Abide by THAT which swallows the
mind and make your effort worthwhile instead of focusing on the mind’, says
the Jnani.
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Verse 18
Vritthayasthvaham vrittim aasrithaah
Vrittayo manah viddhyaham manah
Mind is nothing but a bundle of thoughts. ese thoughts depend upon the I-
thought alone. Hence the mind is nothing but this I-thought.
What is the mind except a continuous flow of thoughts, emotions and

images? Other than that, there is no mind. Look carefully inside and try to
find the mind or thoughts and you simply won’t find them. Without
thought there is no mind, and without mind there is no thought because,
after all, they are one.
Yet, there is something called the ‘I’. is ‘I’ is the feeling of existence,
independent of mind or thoughts.
You know that you exist as a witnesser of the mind and the mind-
generated thoughts and emotions. e feeling of that witnesser is a simple
and basic existence — the ‘I-ness’. Without the presence of this I-ness, no
mind or thoughts can arise and therefore this I-ness is primary to
everything.
is I-ness is the source of the mind. It is easy to know this simple fact.
Every night we withdraw from the outer world into ourselves and fall into
deep sleep, wherein there is no mind or thoughts. Yet on waking up,
‘someone’ tells us that we slept well or not. at ‘someone’ is awareness,
our I-ness.
is knowledge is given to us by this I-ness. is I-ness cannot stay alone
for long and seeks to attach itself to some form or the other, through
identification. erefore, as soon as one wakes up, this I-ness is quick to
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leap up and identify with our body, creating the illusion or false sense that
‘I am the body/mind’, unless it has been permanently arrested in the
spiritual heart through Self-Inquiry.
e I-ness that is ready to rush outwards feeding the body/mind awareness

on waking up is called the ‘I-thought’; while the I-ness that is stilled
within, with its movements arrested at the spiritual heart is called ‘I
AMness’ or pure beingness.
One can thus see that the I-thought is the mind itself.
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Verse 19
Aham ayam kuto bhavathi chinvatha
Ayi patathyaham nija vicharanam
Ask the question: “From where does this I-thought arise?”.

On inquiring deeply, the I-thought will vanish. is is Self-Inquiry.
is is a VERY important verse as it clearly states that for an aspirant to be

practicing correct Self-Inquiry, he must follow the inquiry beyond the
waking-state into dream, deep sleep and turiya.
Most contemporary teachers offer little by way of practice and advocate

only a waking-state feeling of stillness, which is nothing but a pleasant
bodily sensation (pertaining to the outer physical sheath or Annamaya
kosha). is is just a temporary resting place which the ego actually uses
for its perpetuation by disguising it as a ‘spiritual’ state. It is perfect for the
ego to thrive and exist there by such manipulation. e seeker thus
remains in a trance due to the false comfort this state offers.
A true Guru is quick to warn his student against getting intoxicated by

this waking-state “stillness”—”hereness”—”nowness” and instead prods
the aspirant to delve deeper in order to find the source or origin from
where the I-thought arises in the first place.
As explained in the earlier verse, the I-thought only arises in the waking-
state, while I-ness is beyond the waking-state; so one has to consciously
know the state beyond the waking-state. Paradoxical as it may seem to the
logical mind, one has to be awake while in sleep and only then can one
realize how the I-thought dissolves.
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Verse 20
Ahami naasha bhaajyaham aham taya
Sphurathi Hrut Svayam parama poorna sat
When the I-thought or Ego is destroyed, the real I springs forth on its own in
the spiritual heart and shines as I-I, in all its fulness.
When the I-thought dissolves and sinks into the spiritual heart — and
that pure state is realized — the illusion of outer objects is seen through
and Truth shines forth.
Every cell of one’s body, one’s existence and the entirety of the universe
explodes, or rather, implodes, with ever new joy and bliss. e joy is
uninterrupted and continuous, unlike the bliss experienced by a Yogi that
arises only on sitting for meditation, or the joy of a devotee on seeing his
beloved deity or Guru.
is joy is unconditional, uninterrupted and immutable. e I-I is not a

mantra or a word which is heard within, or which needs to be chanted.
Rather, it is symbolic of the changeless nature of our being which is
limitless, ever new, and in continuous joy. is cannot be grasped through
words in any way. It can only be intuited or realized.
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Verse 21
Idam Aham pada abhikyamanvaham
Ahami leenakepyalaya Sattayaa
And this unbroken continuous I-I is the real I, as the I-thought (egoic I )
disappears and dissolves in deep sleep.
is verse highlights the basic ignorance of associating oneself with the I-
thought (egoic I) rather than the real ‘I’.
e I-thought is always associating with names and forms, but none of

these are real and, in fact, often become the cause of one’s suffering.
e I-thought itself is unreal as it dissolves in deep sleep into the spiritual

heart. We are unfortunately oblivious of this truth. Our consciousness is
not able to witness this as we are constantly in a trance, being stimulated
by the objects and the senses that draw us toward them.
e ecstatic pulsations of the real ‘I-I’ that throbs at the center of our
being is unfortunately ignored even though it is the ONLY reality that
exists in all the three states of waking, dream and deep sleep respectively.
is reality is further elucidated in the next verse.
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Verse 22
Vigrahendriya praana dheetamah
Naham eka sat tad jadam hi asat
is real I-I is the only Truth or Reality. Neither the body, nor the senses, nor
the vital air (prana), nor breath, nor intellect, nor ignorance may be
considered real as they are all gross, inert, insentient and illusory.
e real ‘I’ is the only reality, but one fails to apprehend the real ‘I’
because it presents itself as a mixed awareness and is therefore not easily
noticed or grasped.
e real ‘I’ remains hidden under the veil of mixed awareness. is mixed
awareness is our existence as gross body (waking-state), subtle body
(dream state) and causal body (ignorance/nothingness/void state). ese
states are referred to as the five Koshas [Sheaths] in the Yoga system.
e gross body (waking-state) constitutes the Annamaya (physical) Kosha,

the subtle body (dream body) constitutes the Pranamaya (breath), the
Manomaya (mind) and the Vijnanmaya (super mind) Koshas, while the
causal body (the void) constitutes the Anandamaya (joy) Kosha. ese
koshas are false/illusory coverings or wrappings that obscure the real vision
of the SELF.
e relative reality of our existence is never constant and undergoes a

change of form in each of these three states, whereas the primary principle,
the real ‘I’ always remains unchanged. However, due to our ignorance, we
are unaware of the real ‘I’. rough diligent practice of the Self-Inquiry
technique given by one’s Advaita Guru, step by step, the real ‘I’ is teased
out of such mixed awareness (wrapped in the five Koshas). rough deep
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meditation, the body awareness falls away, the movement of the life force
(prana) is arrested, and the breath stilled; then the senses fade away and
finally, the aspirant reaches a state of void which also dissolves and sinks
into the substratum (real ‘I’).
e Implosive Self-Inquiry Protocol (ISIP), which evolved through Sri

Ramana’s Grace, operates effectively by breaking the knots at the throat,
navel and third eye (Nadi knot). In this approach, after stabilizing the
throat and navel, the attention is first brought to the ‘third eye’ and the life
force is directed upwards towards the sahasrara (the crown of the head).
is helps in arresting the incessant flow of thought and also pulls the life-
force away from the sense organs. is, in turn, brings about what appears
to be a complete collapse of the body-mind mechanism, laya (Samadhi or
total equanimity) is attained and the Nadi knot at the third eye is severed.
is is the first phase of the ISIP.
With no distracting pull from the body/mind, consciousness is then

redirected downwards, or sent spiraling backwards (through an extension
of Shushumna), into the ‘heart’ through an intuitive perception of
surrender. is results in the untying of the Heart knot, whereby even the
first principle ‘I’ folds into the timeless. e sadhaka/aspirant then enjoys
uninterrupted periods of peace and bliss. is constitutes the second phase
of the ISIP but it cannot be accomplished consciously as it requires Grace,
which may descend on oneself if one can function in a spirit of total
surrender and the absence of doership.
Quoted below are a few sentences from NĀYANA, the biography of Sri
Ganapati Muni, the chief disciple of Sri Ramana. is biography, by
Gunturu Laksmikantam, was originally in Telugu and has been adapted
into English by Dr. G. Krishna. erein, the biographer, using symbols
from Hindu iconography, specifically talks about the close relationship
between the third eye and the Amrit Nadi:
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“In the case of those who had achieved the power of inner vision, this energy
like the vajra (weapon of Indra) rends the Rudragranthi (the nerve-knot
behind the centre of the eyebrows) leading the aspirant to the heart centre
through the Amruta Nadi. is Amrutha Naadi which leads to self-
realisation, is represented by the single faced Kumaraswamy (Eka Mukha
Kumaraswamy). is achievement was called the Amrita (the deathless)
Siddhi. e first part of the achievement, leading to demolition of Rudra
Granthi, was described as grace of God Ganapati, the elder brother, and his
trunk was the Vajra Ayudha (weapon) or the spine (Sushumna Naadi) the
vehicle of Kundalini Sakthi. e second part of the achievement which settles
the aspirant in the SELF is described as the grace of Kumaraswamy the
younger brother and his Shakthi weapon was represented by the Amruta
Naadi.” (Excerpts from pages 104 and 105 of NĀYANA - Kavyakantha
Vasistha Ganapati Muni - a biography)
A Vajra is a weapon, and here it refers to the weapon of Lord Indra, which
stands for the collective life force that feeds our Indriyas (the ten senses).
With the pulling of the life force upwards, through concentration on the
third eye, a slight thrust or jerk is applied at the 3rd eye to sever the Rudra
Granthi. Once the Rudra Granthi is severed through such concentrated
awareness, energy moves effortlessly to the heart through the Amrita Nadi.
Lord Ganesha/Ganapati is placed at the mooladhar chakra (base of spine)

and it is from there that the Shushumna nadi (middle channel) originates.
e trunk of Lord Ganapati is long and is symbolic of the Shushumna
nadi which is along one’s spine. Kumaraswamy is referred to as the
younger brother of Ganesha, thereby symbolizing the close connection
that the Amrita Nadi has to Shushumna Nadi. e Amrita Nadi is actually
an extension of the Shushumna which leads the aspirant to his ultimate
goal -- the spiritual heart.
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Kumaraswamy, in Hindu iconography, is shown to be mounted on a
peacock, the proud bird, which again symbolizes the taming/conquest/
destruction of one’s ego.
Indian scriptures are rich in deep spiritual truths, but these are conveyed
in symbolic form. ese scriptures and symbols can be understood, truly,
only in the presence of — and under the guidance of — a Self-Realized
Jnani.
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Verse 23
Satva bhaasikaa chit kvavetharaa
Sattayaa hi chit chittayaa hi aham
Is there any other thing apart from Consciousness that illumines existence?
Indeed, existence itself is Consciousness and Consciousness is ‘I AM’.
ere are two forms of existence. One is what is commonly known and
experienced as individual consciousness (Jiva), while the other is Unity
consciousness (Ishwara).
e part of individual consciousness that predominates our sense of

‘reality’, and keeps us hooked on a false trance-like state, is Human
consciousness.
Human consciousness, however, is a fragmented form of existence. We are

divided on the basis of religion, caste, gender, social class, nationality, the
roles we play, and many other factors. ese divisions often create conflicts
resulting from our rigid association with a particular identity.
Great wars have been waged throughout world history on the basis of
religion, class, etc. is has led to untold violence, bloodshed, destruction
and misery — all because we are habituated to living a fragmented life and
haven’t looked deeper (in totality) as to whether there could be some form
of unifying consciousness that holds together and binds all our identities.
e world, the objects and all our identities actually have no existence
apart from deep consciousness. Can they exist on their own unless a deep
consciousness lies underneath them? Every night, when we go into deep
sleep, our identities disappear altogether and they return, as does the
world, only when we wake up. is world that we worship so much, this
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body that we care so much for, the family that we nurture and love so
much — ALL of these cease to exist every single night!
As far as we are concerned, the existence of ALL of them is dependent on

one factor alone — that we will wake up the next day, fully conscious. If
we don’t wake up one day, but die in our sleep, none of these will exist for
us. Well, one may argue that they may still exist when one is no more, but
if one is dead, one won’t be able to pose that question. How, then, would
it matter anymore?
Unity consciousness is THAT substratum on which individual

consciousness appears and disappears, rises and falls. Unity consciousness
knows no caste, religion, gender, class, nationality, etc. It only knows itself
as pure existence, devoid of any quality or attribute, except eternal peace
and bliss.
Unity consciousness is the big, blank screen (or backdrop), on which

images comprising various human forms of existence and dreams — and
also the sensation/thought/image-free state of nothingness as in deep sleep
— appear and disappear. Images are all illusory sensations, concepts or
emotions while the screen alone is real.
One must, therefore, identify with the bigger screen rather than the
fleeting images that appear on it which constantly undergo change. After
all, the screen remains eternally. is big screen in the background is, in
fact, the I AM itself.
It must be emphasized here that we are not to deny our humanness — our

human existence with all its sensations, emotions, relationships and
existence. We can be actively playing various human roles at the outer
level, but it is important for us to inwardly remain detached and
untouched. e human roles we need to play outwardly should be in
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adherence to Dharmic (i.e., basic, universal, life-enhancing, moral)
principles of non-violence in thought, speech and action.
Violation of Dharmic principles will never reveal the I AMness and may at
best provide only a glimpse of pure beingness (I AM) rather than stability
and sustained peace and bliss.
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Verse 24
Isha Jeevayoh Vesha Dhee bhidaah
Sat Svabhaavatah Vasthu Kevalam
Between the Jiva (the Individual) and Ishwara (Unity), there is a difference
only with respect to the body and the intellect (gross and subtle bodies), but
from the standpoint of True Nature, the Absolute Reality alone is.
e seeming dichotomy between the Individual (Jiva) and Unity (Ishwara)

established in the previous verse is shown to be invalid in this verse; for in
the absolute sense both are the same — as their common essence is the
same.
e beauty of the Advaita teaching is that it doesn’t require anyone to

suppress or deny anything, be it one’s gross body, emotions, intellect, even
thoughts and stories; instead it advises one to accept everything that arises
in the moment, embrace it totally and then observe it attentively and
aloofly, without forming a judgement or opinion about anything.
Many seekers brush aside their human existence as trivial and begin to
‘look’ for the ‘Divine Soul’ within, thereby creating false images in their
minds about themselves. All images are false as they are projections of
one’s own mind. erefore, to arrive at the truth, Advaita practice
advocates keen observation of what is taking place within and outside
oneself as an impersonal witness. But such keen witnessing will not be
possible if there is already a bias or judgement. erefore, ALL must be
accepted, whether it is an emotion or a thought, whether it seems pleasant
or unpleasant, desirable or undesirable, ‘good’ or ‘bad’ — whatsoever it
appears to be — and then such a thought/emotion must be observed very
keenly and objectively.
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us, for example, if you suffer from a foul temper, Self-Inquiry practice
requires that you first accept that there arises within you such anger and
then watch it as a witness without getting involved with the ‘stories’ that
usually trigger such anger. After sustained practice, one’s attention
naturally and effortlessly falls backwards to the still Subject ‘I’. is way,
every emotion or story can actually lead one to the subject and every
moment of one’s life can be a moment of Self-Inquiry practice.
Another important feature that specifically needs to be stressed here is that

acceptance of one’s negative tendencies does not mean indulging them. It is
NOT a validation of these tendencies or in any way a sanction to nurture
or feed them. Allowing one to accept one’s emotions or habits is merely to
admit to oneself that they are there, without resisting them or escaping
into some other thought/activity in order not to face them. ere is a huge
difference between accepting/understanding these unwelcome tendencies with a
view to overcoming them on the one hand, and on the other indulging in
them, validating them, thereby giving them energy to persist. While the
former (i.e., acceptance) will eventually help one overcome unwanted
tendencies and arrive at the background subject, the latter (i.e.,
indulgence/validation) will only strengthen and perpetuate these deep-
rooted tendencies which bind one to the ‘I am body-mind’ awareness.
e correct view therefore is to accept them, observe them, and allow

them to manifest as they arise and fall naturally (without suppression or
resistance) so that they can be fully understood and attention can then be
re-directed and focused on the Subject ‘I’ or the experiencer. Acceptance
brings up what is hidden deep within oneself. Unless one accepts it and
allows it to rise and manifest fully, how can it be seen through and
overcome/transcended?
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When one sees through one’s bodily sensations, thoughts, emotions,
tendencies, etc., one is not affected by them and allows them to arise and
manifest, knowing full well that one’s background state of absolute bliss,
upon which they rise and fall, is undisturbed by their presence or absence,
being totally tranquil.
One’s humanness is part of the Divine and is, indeed, the Divine itself,
much as the waves of an ocean, appearing to rise and fall on the surface
and the calm depth of the ocean are basically one and the same, both
being constituted by WATER. It is only at a superficial level that they
appear to be separate and are felt as different from each other. e ocean
need not, and does not, get rid of the waves as they are very much a part
of it. After all, the ocean depth is calm and unaffected in all circumstances.
e ocean just knows that it is not bound by the limitations of the surface
waves.
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Verse 25
Vesha haanatah svaatma darshanam
Isha Darshanam Svaatmaroopatah
When the various conditionings of body-mind and identifications with name

and form are shed, the SELF is realized. e vision of the Lord as Self is true
Self-Realization.
e ‘I am the body’ idea cannot thrive without the support of various

concepts and conditionings that have been harbored and nurtured over
many incarnations. Such conditionings become hardened tendencies and
habits which get stored in our causal body (plane of ignorance) and
perpetually compel us to act in set patterns that replicate themselves
automatically. It is these cumulative patterns that reinforce the ‘I am the
body’ idea.
With guidance from one’s Guru, and the sustained practice of systematic
modes of Self-Inquiry, such as the Implosive Self-Inquiry Protocol (ISIP),
these ego-patterns are reversed, sent back to the source I AM, and then
held there permanently. God is then realized as the ever-joyous, ever-free
and ever-blissful SELF.
e habit-ridden tendencies of the ego may still seem to arise in a God-

realized Jnani, but they will be ineffectual in that they will leave no
imprints within him to compel him to act according to ego-patterns,
much like a burnt rope which still appears to be a rope but has lost its
strength to tie someone/something up.
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Verse 26
Atma Samsthithih Svaatma Darshanam
Atma nirdvayaat Aatmanisthathaa
Since the Self is non-dual, establishing oneself in the Self alone is the vision of
the Self, and that alone is abidance in the Self.
So far, the Self-Inquiry practice has been described as follows:
1) Acceptance of ‘what is’.
2) Impersonal witnessing of all without judging or giving opinion.
3) Attending to the background subject ‘I’ on which everything arises

and falls.
4) Practicing the Implosive Self-Inquiry Protocol (ISIP) sitting

meditation to raise consciousness to higher spiritual centers.
5) To direct and sustain such heightened attention to the background

Subject ‘I’ for an increasingly longer duration of time.
e goal of Self-Inquiry, however, is reached only when there is neither the

witnesser, nor the witnessed, nor witnessing. No observer, no observed
and no observation.
When the relationship between subject-object no longer exists, and there

is no state that is arrived at or known, then this non-dual Self or stateless
state is realized. It is then known that there are no bodies, no pranas, no
mind, no koshas, no vasanas, no birth or death; those were all figments of
our imagination in an illusory dream-world. en, abidance in this
86
stateless state or non-dual Self becomes the natural state of a Jnani.
Indeed, abiding in that state then becomes as effortless as breathing.
87
Verse 27
Jnaana varjita ajnaana heena chit
Jnaanam asthi kim jnaatum antharam
Consciousness transcends all dualities and is devoid of the thought of

knowledge, as well as the thought of ignorance. Is there any knowledge other
than Self Awareness itself, to know the Self?
All knowledge of the outer world stems from a relationship between the
Subject and the Object. is knowledge is ‘object(ive) knowledge —
knowledge about various external objects and the corresponding impact
they have on the Subject ‘I’.
No ‘object(ive)’ knowledge is complete or perfect because all objects

depend on the Subject ‘I’, or consciousness, for their very existence and
hence are all relative. Vedanta asserts that whatever is relative cannot be
real because it depends on something else (a substratum) for its existence.
e objects are therefore inert and non-existent in themselves.
e Self on the other hand is self-luminous. It requires nothing else to

illumine it. e Sun, which makes objects visible to the eyes of all beings,
is self-luminous. It does not depend on an electric bulb, or a candle, to be
known or seen. e waves can never measure the ocean, as the vastness of
the ocean will consume the waves the moment they rise upon its surface.
Similarly the mind or intellect, which are limited instruments used to
perceive the world and have ‘objective’ knowledge of it, can never be used
to know the limitless Self.
It must be stressed, however, that though the Self cannot be known

through the mind/intellect, it is not a form/state of ignorance, as in the
88
case of sleep, wherein the awareness of the Self slips into unawareness.
ere is a definite ‘SELF-knowing’/’SELF-knowledge’, but it is NOT an
‘objective’ knowing.
Eyes cannot see themselves, yet they do exist. ere is awareness that eyes
exist, irrespective of whether the instrument of sight is used to know this
fact. Similarly, awareness of the Self is known only by going beyond the
five senses (which are used to attain ‘objective knowledge’ of the world)
and the mind/intellect which interprets the sensory data sent in by the five
senses. e next verse (Verse 28) attempts to capture in words the very
nature and qualities/features of such ‘SELF-awareness’.
89
Verse 28
Kim svaroopam ithi Atma darshane
Avaya abhava aapurna chit sukham
What is the nature of Me — the Self? us inquiring one realizes the Self as
Indestructible, Unborn, Perfect and of the nature of Consciousness and Bliss.
is verse clearly lays down the nature of the Self as uninterrupted and
unchanging bliss and joy. is verse also brings out the difference between
mere spiritual awakening, and true Self-Realization.
Awakening merely points to what you are not (not the body, mind,
intellect, life force, void); but true Self-Realization brings out what you
actually are — unending bliss.
Most contemporary non-dual/Advaita teachers or Gurus may be

awakened to what they are not (not the body, mind, intellect, prana, void,
etc.), or may be able to point their students to what is ‘here’ and ‘now’,
but they are clueless as to what the Self is because their apparent vasanas
do not let them stabilize at the spiritual heart for long. e ‘here’ and
‘now’, or ‘what is’, is often just a background bodily sensation of stillness
or peace, which a simple recognition of the present moment may bring
about, but that is not Self-Realization.
At best, they have glimpses of joy and bliss but these quickly leave them,
as they still have unfulfilled vasanas (tendencies) which prevent the bliss
from being permanent. A Self-Realized Jnani knows himself as
SATCHITANANDA all the time.
90
One must go beyond the five senses and uproot the vasanas from their
origin, for then alone can the mind find itself resting in the spiritual heart;
then, the realization of the timeless that continuously emanates from the
spiritual heart dawns.
91
Verse 29
Bandha Muktyatheetham param sukham
Vindhathi iha jeevah thu daivikah
e individual who has realized the Divine State (his own real nature) gains
supreme happiness and bliss beyond bondage and freedom,
here, in this world itself.
Every individual in this world wants to be happy, and to be so he realizes

that he needs to be in a state which can make him feel liberated and free.
By accumulating wealth, property and power, he may, temporarily,
experience the freedom and happiness he seeks inwardly. However, as
mentioned several times earlier, objects are known deceivers. e promises
they make are all honey traps and soon the individual finds that he is
increasingly becoming a prisoner of his own needs and wants, rather than
actually feeling free. is is because of the vasanas (tendencies) that leave
imprints as ego-patterns and force an individual to act contrary to dharmic
[i.e., moral, life-enhancing] principles which are liberating.
Once an individual becomes aware of this, he is disenchanted with the

world, turns away from material objects, which are the cause of bondage,
and dives within in search of real freedom. However, no matter how deep
he dives in meditation, he still feels that his freedom is not complete.
Merely withdrawing from objects that bind is not enough because one’s
inherent attachments and self-centered tendencies or vasanas still remain
and stand in the way of complete freedom. e tendencies or vasanas
themselves are projected on to the objects and hence the remedy does not
lie in renouncing objects but in addressing the root cause — viz. the
vasanas which need to be uprooted from their origin.
92
Even those who have long hours of sitting meditation, controlling breath
and mind, find that they only manage to suppress the vasanas for some
time (laya) but sooner or later, falls prey to them again. us, it is
important to stress that the solution does not lie in either non-possession
of material objects or in suppression.
A radical method (like ISIP) involves addressing the hidden vasanas, while
being in constant interaction with the world, its objects and people.
rough the application of this protocol, the tendencies (vasanas) which
are stored in the causal body are addressed naturally, even in the waking
state, and not through manipulation/escape, using visualization, mind-
control and breathing techniques. rough a combination of waking and
sitting meditation in a specific way, as given by one’s Guru, the vasanas
stored up in the causal body begin to stir up and surface with full ferocity.
is may be a very unpleasant, even unbearable state. By watching this

process impersonally, accepting and embracing one’s feelings without
trying to fix them or getting rid of them, a dense form of energy is initially
felt within the body (usually at the solar or heart plexus). is dense form
of energy slowly begins to loosen up, causing intense burning (tapas or
purification) and turmoil, often for days. If one has the detachment and
courage to stay with the burning, it eventually melts into the background
or substratum, causing the vasanas to dissolve and merge with the source
wherefrom they emerged originally.
When that happens, a Jnani realizes that trying to ‘fix’ a vasana or getting
rid of it (i.e., struggling to be free), is itself a vasana. At that stage, both
the idea of being free and that of being in bondage are known to be
unreal. You are beyond the need to be free because you realize that you
were never in bondage in the first place.
93
e individual imagines/dreams of being in bondage and wanting to be
free. It is all part of a dream much like the way one takes the dream of
falling off a cliff for real, only to realize on waking up that it was just a
dream.
e falling off the cliff, and the measure one took to prevent oneself from
falling off, were all part of a dream and unreal. All it took to realize this
fact was waking up from the dream. But it is obvious that you cannot
awaken by merely reading these words or understanding their meaning
through the instrument of the mind. is is because the instrument (the
mind) itself is a part of the dream.
One has to find a way to locate/arrive at an awareness that is independent

of the mind, as well as the five senses, in order to realize this Truth.
94
Verse 30
Aham apethakam nija vibhaanakam
Mahad idam tapo ramana Vaageyam
Self-Inquiry, devoid of ego, is a great penance*.

Realize this truth articulated by Sri Ramana.
In this final verse, Sri Ramana assures the seeker of the value of devoting
his time, energies and attention to the practice of Self-Inquiry (Atma
Vichara), sincerely and with honesty.
When practiced with total dedication, humility, inner silence and

surrender, Self-Inquiry proves to be the fastest and most direct method of
purification (tapas) as it takes you to the very source from which
ignorance/the ego is born.
May all earnest aspirants have the staying power and Grace to return to
the eternal Source and realize their freedom!
* The Sanskrit word “tapas” is usually referred to as “penance”. “Penance” doesn’t have a
negative connotation in Vedanta translation — it is a quite positive quality. It is a qualification
needed to study Vedanta to burn past karmas (prayashchit). The literal translation of
“tapas” means ‘to burn’ and the discomfort that arises from this is often referred to as
“penance”. In some spiritual texts “penance” is used to denote inner purification and discipline.
“Tapas” is a term with absolutely positive connotations that is rather difficult to translate, but
perhaps may best be denoted metaphorically by the English term “smelting” which refers to the
process used for obtaining pure metal [such as gold or iron] by burning ore and getting rid of all
the dross/impurities.
It is important to stress here that “tapas” is a wholesome, positive process of self-purification,
far removed from any perverse, life-denying self-mortification/self-flagellation. It is a case of
being ‘cruel to be kind’, like undergoing a surgery/surgical procedure, wherein both patient and
doctor are objective and courageous, with full faith in the life-enhancing procedure.
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SRI RAMANA’S UPADESA SARAM

The Essence of Spiritual Instruction

A Translation and Commentary

©2012-2013 Rajiv Kapur

e Origin of the Text 7

Verses of the Upadesa Saram 12

Karma Yoga: e Path of Action ~ Verses 1 to 4 16

Bhakti Yoga: Path of Devotion ~ Verses 5 to 10 29

Raja Yoga: e Royal Path of Yoga ~ Verses 11 to 15 48

Eight Limbs of Ashtanga Yoga 49

Jnana Yoga: e Path of Knowledge~ Verses 16 to 30 65

Profound gratitude goes to Dr. Anjali Bhelande (Ph.D.) and Jo-Ann

Among the various works of Sri Ramana, the ‘Upadesa Undiyar’ is

ereupon, Sri Ramana Maharshi composed thirty verses in Tamil entitled

Even though Self-Realization or Atma Jnana, is attained only through the

In the absence of inquiry and devotion, the natural sedative pranayama

After much maturation through the preparatory margas (Karma, Bhakti

It has been my own experience, both as a sadhaka and now as a teacher,

For an in depth explanation of a particular verse, click on the number beside

3 Work which is performed as an oﬀering to the Almighty and done without

13 Mind control can be achieved through two modes — either through

25 When the various conditionings of body-mind and identifications with

27 Consciousness transcends all dualities and is devoid of the thought of

30 Self-Inquiry, devoid of ego, is a great penance. Realize this truth

It is prudent therefore to surrender the fruits of our actions to

e common man is prompted to act because he wants to enjoy the results

Actions themselves are conditioned by time, space and the capability of a

us, Raja Janaka is a wonderful example of a great Karma Yogi. Sadhakas

‘Free will versus destiny’ is an age-old debate. According to Sri Ramana, in

e actions performed by the body — ritualistic puja, japa (chanting) and

As mentioned in the earlier part of this commentary, concerted eﬀort

Puja (ritualistic worship) oﬀered to a deity, japa (chanting of mantras) and

When it is stated that holding on to the I AM is superior to puja and japa,

Conversely, a very advanced sadhaka may find it extremely hard to focus

To conclude, we can say that a beginner will naturally be attracted to

Bhakti Yoga, the path of devotion, is the method of Self-Realization

e key word in Bhakti is LOVE. Love is a very powerful emotion. It is

Sravanam — Listening to sermons and stories of the Lord’s lilas or

Kirtanam — Chanting of God’s glories.

Smaranam — Remembering the presence of the Lord constantly by

Padasevanam — Worshiping the Lord’s feet by serving humanity.

Vandanam — Prostrating physically before the Lord in deep

Dasyam — Feeling of being the Lord’s servant.

Sakhyam — Feeling of friendship and a personal relationship with

Atmanivedanam — Complete surrender of self/ego — experience of

Another traditional classification of types of Bhakti is as follows:

Sakaamya Bhakti — With attachment/desire of fruit.

Nishkaamya Bhakti — Without attachment/desire of fruit.

Apara Bhakti — For beginners, through rituals.

Para Bhakti — Recognizing the transcendental nature of God.

Gauna Bhakti — Secondary devotion based on the qualities/gunas of

Mukhya Bhakti — Primary, spontaneous, unconditional devotion.

Vidwesha Bhakti — With animosity to none and love for all.

Jnana Bhakti — Devotion based on wisdom.

Moodha Bhakti — Devotion based on ignorance.

When we look around us, we see that Consciousness manifests as Mother

To worship the moon is to worship Consciousness for the moon is the

Worshipping the body/mind should not imply an identification with it.

e sun represents ‘the supreme light’. It denotes illumination. It is