PIPING Material – A Complete Guide

Piping components are used to transporting various liquids that can be Flammable,
Corrosive, Explosives, Volatile, Reactive and sometime Hazardous to human health that is
why selection of proper pipe material is important.

Process Conditions for Pipe Material Selection

Piping material selection mainly depends on process conditions such as

 Fluid it transports;
 at what temperature
 at what pressure it transports.

Let’s try to understand this condition in depth.

1st, Process condition that will impact the selection of material is type of fluid it
transport. For corrosive fluids, you have to go for higher corrosion resistance material as
compared to non-corrosive service

 Corrosive fluids such as – crude oil, Sea Water, H2S, Ammonia, Acids etc. required high
corrosion resistance material.
 On the other hand, normal carbon steel is enough for Non-Corrosive fluids such as –
Lube oil, Air, Nitrogen etc.

2nd Process condition that will impact the selection of material is the Temperature of
fluids

 Cryogenic
 Low temperature
 Medium temperature
 High temperature

Increase or decrease in the service fluid temperature will greatly affect mechanical
properties of the pipe material such as impact resistance, elongation, and tensile
strength; hence, you required special material for both high temperature & Cryogenic
services.

3rd Process condition that will impact the selection of material is the

Pressure of service fluids. You required high strength material or higher thickness material
for high-pressure services compare to normal pressure services.

Others non-process factor that also considered during material selection are

 Cost of material
 Availability – whether the material is locally available or import is required.
 Weldability and Manufacturability of material also play a vital role in selection.
Preference is always given to the material which does not require any special
requirement during welding and manufacturing.
Material Properties

Similar to process fluid properties, there are certain material properties that also consider
while selecting pipe material. Some of them are

 Ultimate Tensile Strength – that is the capacity of a material to withstand when

subjected to tension.
 Yield Strength – that is the load at which plastic deformation or you can say permanent
deformation start.
 Elasticity – is the ability of a material to resume its normal shape after the load is
removed just like rubber.
 % Elongation – Percent elongation is a measure of ductility.
 Hardness – is ability of a material to resist plastic deformation.
 Toughness – ability of a material to absorb energy before fracture.
 Creep resistance – ability to resist any kind of distortion when under a load over an
extended period.
 Fatigue Resistance – is ability of material to withstand cyclic load for a given number
of cycles before it fails.

Now considering both process and material property you can choose piping material from a
verity of material available. In this chart, I have listed different types of material that
used in process piping to meet various design condition. Piping material broadly classified
into three categories. Metal, Nonmetal, and composite, which is a combination of metal to
metal or metal to non-metal.

Ferrous Metal

1. Carbon Steel
2. Alloy Steel
3. Stainless Steel

Non-Ferrous Metal

1. Copper and Copper Alloys

2. Nickel and Nickel Alloys
3. Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
4. Titanium and Titanium Alloys
5. Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys
Non-Metal

1. PVC/CPVC
2. HDPE
3. GRE/GRP
4. Cement pipes

Lined & Clad Pipe

Most commonly used ASTM Material grades.

 A53/A53M-02. Standard specification for pipe—steel, black and hotdipped, zinc-

coated, welded, and seamless.
 A105/A105M-02. Standard specification for carbon steel forgings for
piping applications.
 A106-02a. Standard specification for seamless carbon steel pipe for high-
temperature service.
 A134-96(2001). Standard specification for pipe—steel, electric-fusion (arc)- welded
(sizes NPS 16 and over).
 A135-01. Standard specification for electric-resistance-welded steel pipe.
 A139-00. Standard specification for electric-fusion (arc)-welded steel pipe (NPS 4 and
over).
 A179/A179M-90a(2001). Standard specification for seamless cold-drawn low-carbon
steel heat-exchanger and condenser tubes.
 A181/A181M-01. Standard specification for carbon steel forgings, for general-purpose
piping.
 A182/A182M-02. Standard specification for forged or rolled alloy-steel pipe flanges,
forged fittings, and valves and parts for high-temperature service.
 A193/A193M-03. Standard specification for alloy-steel and stainless steel bolting
materials for high-temperature service.
 A194/A194M-03b. Standard specification for carbon and alloy steel nuts for bolts for
high-pressure or high-temperature service or both.
 A210/A210M-02. Standard specification for seamless medium-carbon steel boiler and
superheater tubes.
 A234/A234M-03. Standard specification for piping fittings of wrought carbon steel and
alloy steel for moderate- and high-temperature service.
 A268/A268M-03. Standard specification for seamless and welded ferritic and
martensitic stainless steel tubing for general service.
 A269-02a. Standard specification for seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel
tubing for general service.
 A312/A312M-03. Standard specification for seamless and welded austenitic stainless
steel pipes.
 A320/A320M-03. Standard specification for alloy-steel bolting materials for low-
temperature service.
 A333/A333M-99. Standard specification for seamless and welded steel pipe for low-
temperature service.
 A334/A334M-99. Standard specification for seamless and welded carbon and alloy-steel
tubes for low-temperature service.
 A335/A335M-03. Standard specification for seamless ferritic alloy-steel pipe for high-
temperature service.
 A350/A350M-02b. Standard specification for carbon and low-alloy steel forgings,
requiring notch toughness testing for piping components.
 A358/A358M-01. Standard specification for electric-fusion-welded
austenitic chromium-nickel alloy steel pipe for high-temperature service.
 A369/A369M-02. Standard specification for carbon and ferritic alloy steel forged and
bored pipe for high-temperature service.
 A376/A376M-02a. Standard specification for seamless austenitic steel pipe for high-
temperature central-station service.
 A381-96(2001). Standard specification for metal-arc-welded steel pipe for use with
high-pressure transmission systems.
 A403/A403M-03a. Standard specification for wrought austenitic stainless steel piping
fittings.
 A409/A409M-01. Standard specification for welded large-diameter austenitic steel pipe
for corrosive or high-temperature service.
 A420/A420M-02. Standard specification for piping fittings of wrought carbon steel and
alloy steel for low-temperature service.
 A437/A437M-01a. Standard specification for alloy-steel turbine-type bolting material
specially heat treated for high-temperature service.
 A453/A453M-02. Standard specification for high-temperature bolting materials, with
expansion coefficients comparable to austenitic stainless steels.
 A524-96(2001). Standard specification for seamless carbon steel pipe for atmospheric
and lower temperatures.
 A530/A530M-03. Standard specification for general requirements for specialized
carbon and alloy steel pipe.
 A587-96(2001). Standard specification for electric-resistance-welded lowcarbon steel
pipe for the chemical industry.
 A671-96(2001). Standard specification for electric-fusion-welded steel pipe for
atmospheric and lower temperatures.
 A672-96(2001). Standard specification for electric-fusion-welded steel pipe for high-
pressure service at moderate temperatures.
 A691-98(2002). Standard specification for carbon and alloy steel pipe, electric-fusion-
welded for high-pressure service at high temperatures.
 A789/A789M-02a. Standard specification for seamless and welded ferritic/austenitic
stainless steel tubing for general service.
 A790/A790M-03. Standard specification for seamless and welded ferritic/austenitic
stainless steel pipe.
 A815/A815M-01a. Standard specification for wrought ferritic, ferritic/austenitic, and
martensitic stainless steel piping fittings.
 FERROUS MATERIAL
A. CARBON STEEL
Before you start learning about carbon steel, there is term called killed
carbon steel that you must know.
Fully Killed Carbon Steel Vs Semi-killed Carbon Steel Material
During steel manufacturing, oxygen is forcibly injected into it to ledel. The oxygen combines with
excess carbon and is released as a gas. Excess oxygen is, however, unavoidably left in the molten
steel. This results in the formation of oxide inclusions in the steel, or porosity, which appear upon
solidification. The process of removing the oxygen is known as deoxidizing. Deoxidation is achieved
by adding silicon, aluminum, or other deoxidizing agents to the molten steel. The degree of
deoxidation create three different type of steel.

Killed Carbon Steel is completely deoxidized steel, no free Oxygen is left in the steel. Resulting
uniform composition and superior toughness as compared to other types.

Semi-Killed Carbon Steel is Partially deoxidized and some free Oxygen is still left in the steel.
Properties of semi-killed steel in between fully killed and rimmed steel.

Steel produced without deoxidization is known as a rimmed steel. Which is brittle and have poor
elongation.

Only fully killed steel is used in process piping.

Cast Iron Vs Cast Steel VS Carbon Steel

There is difference between Cast iron and Cast Steel. Let’s talk about cast iron.

Cast Iron

 Ferrous metal that contains more than or equal to 2% of Carbon by weight is cast iron
 It is hard and brittle material, so not useful for process piping
 However, Ductile iron pipes are widely used in water distribution network because its good
corrosion resistant property
 Another example of the use of cast iron is Manhole covers for the drainage
 There are other types of cast iron, that also used for different industrial purposes other than
piping. Such as Grey cast iron (ASTM A48), White cast iron, Malleable iron (ASTM A47), A74,
A746.
Cast Steel

 Cast Steel is a ferrous metal that contains less than < 2% Carbon by weight.
 Cast steel is used in various casting material used in process industries. It used in
manufacturing of valve body and cast fittings
 ASTM A216 Gr WCB, A352 Gr LCB/C are example of cast steel grades.

Carbon Steel
Carbon Steel is also fit under the definition of cast steel, but the main difference is in
manufacturing method. Carbon steel is manufactured by rolling, forging and drawing methods.

 Carbon steel is extensively used piping material in process industry

 Iron is the main element in carbon steel with other elements in non-significant amount.
 Please keep in mind that carbon steel is type of alloy steel.

The other elements that present in carbon steel are both metallic and non-metallic in nature

 Metallic alloying elements present in Carbon steel are

 Manganese, Nickel, Chromium, Molybdenum, Vanadium, Aluminum, Copper, Silicon etc.
 Non- Metallic alloying elements present in Carbon steel are
 Carbon, Phosphorus, Sulfur etc.
 These alloying elements have different effects on the metal Some of these elements, when
added in calculated amount will greatly improve material property

Classification of carbon steel

Based on carbon %, steel can further classify as

 Low carbon steel: in which Carbon is in range from- 0.05% to 0.25%

 Medium Carbon Steel: in which Carbon is in range from- 0.25% to 0.5%
 High Carbon Steel it is in range from- 0.5% to less than 2%
Here you can see the some of the commonly use carbon steel grade in
Process piping.
 For Pipes: ASTM A53 Gr A/B, A106 Gr A/B/C, API 5L Gr B
 For Wrought products: ASTM A234 Gr.WPA/B, A420 Gr.WPL6
 For Forged product: ASTM A105, A350 Gr LF1/LF2, A181
 ASTM A53 Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded, and Seamless
 ASTM A106 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
 ASTM A134 Pipe, Steel, Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded (Sizes NPS 16 and Over)
 ASTM A135 Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel Pipe
 ASTM A139 Electric-Fusion (Arc)-Welded Steel Pipe (NPS 4 and Over)
 ASTM A182 Forged or Rolled Alloy-Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for
High-Temperature Service
 ASTM A252 Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe Piles
 ASTM A333 Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low-Temperature Service
 ASTM A335 Seamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
 ASTM A369 Carbon and Ferritic Alloy Steel Forged and Bored Pipe for High-Temperature Service
 ASTM A381 Standard Specification for Metal-Arc-Welded Steel Pipe for Use with High-Pressure
Transmission Systems
 ASTM A426 Centrifugally Cast Ferritic Alloy Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
 ASTM A523 Plain End Seamless and Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel Pipe for High-Pressure
Pipe-Type Cable Circuits
 ASTM A524 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for Atmospheric and Lower Temperatures
 ASTM A530 General Requirements for Specialized Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe
 ASTM A691 Carbon and Alloy Steel Pipe, Electric-Fusion-Welded for High-Pressure Service at
High Temperatures
 ASTM A694 Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for
High-Pressure Transmission Service
 ASTM A714 High-Strength Low-Alloy Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe
 ASTM A733 Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel and Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe Nipples
 ASTM A865 Threaded Couplings, Steel, Black or Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Welded or Seamless,
for Use in Steel Pipe Joints
 ASTM A984 Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain-End, Electric-Resistance-Welded
 ASTM A1005 Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain End, Longitudinal and Helical Seam, Double
Submerged-Arc Welded
 ASTM A1006 Steel Line Pipe, Black, Plain End, Laser Beam Welded
 B. ALLOY STEEL
What is Alloy Steel in Piping? Low vs High Alloy Steel
In this lecture, you will learn about alloy steel.

When you add various metallic and non-metallic elements in a specific amount to carbon steel, it
will change the properties of carbon steel. We can manipulate these percentages of alloying
elements in steel to achieve better property than plain carbon steel.

Alloy steel can further classify as

 Low alloy steels: in which sum of total Alloying elements is < 5%

 High alloy steels: in which sum of total Alloying elements is > 5%

Alloying Elements
Commonly used alloying elements are

 Chromium – Increases Resistance to corrosion and oxidation. Increases harden ability and
wear resistance. Increases high temperature strength.
 Nickel – Increases harden ability. Improves toughness. Increases impact strength at low
temperature.
 Molybdenum – Increases harden ability, high temperature hardness and wear resistance.
Enhances the effects of other alloying elements. Eliminate temper brittleness in
steels. Increases high temperature strength.
 Manganese – Increases harden ability. Combines with sulphur to reduce its adverse effects.
 Vanadium – Increases harden ability, high temperature hardness and wear resistance. Improves
fatigue resistance.
 Titanium – Strongest carbide former. Added to stainless steels to prevent precipitation
of chromium carbide.
 Silicon – Removes oxygen in steel making. Improves toughness. Increases hardness ability
 Boron – Increases harden ability. Produces fine grain size.
 Aluminium – Forms nitride in nitriding steels. Produces fine grain size in casting.
Removes oxygen in steel melting.
 Cobalt – Increases heat and wear-resistance.
 Tungsten – Increases hardness at elevated temperatures. Refines grain size.

Role of alloying elements

Depending on the quantities of alloying elements following properties of material get affected such
as

 Corrosion resistance
 Hardenability
 Machinability
 High or low-temperature Stability
 Ductility
 Toughness
 Better Wear resistance
 Improved Weldability
Use of Alloy Steel
Alloy steel can be used in process area where carbon steel has limitation such as

 High-temperature services such as Heater tubes

 Low-temperature services such as Cryogenic application
 Very High presser service such as Steam Header

Here you can see the common alloy steel grade that you will come across.

 For Pipes: ASTM A335 Gr P1, P5, P11, P9

 For Wrought Fittings: ASTM A234 Gr.WP5, WP9, WP11
 For Forged Fittings: ASTM A182 F5, F9, F11 etc.

These p5, WP5, and F5 are having similar chemistry so that they can weld together.
STAINLESS STEEL
Types of Stainless Steel used in Piping
There are different types of stainless steel used in piping. After carbon steel, Stainless
Steel is most widely used material in Process industries because of its excellent corrosion
resistance property. Stainless steel (SS) is an alloy steel with a minimum chromium
content of 10.5 % or more, and a maximum carbon content of less than 1.20%.

SS has excellent resistance to corrosion and good ductility. Stainless steel becomes
corrosion resistive due to the formation of non-reactive chromium oxide (Cr2O3) film that
adheres tightly to the surface of metal. This film acts as a barrier and protects metal
against corrosion.

Types of Stainless Steel

There are different types of Stainless Steel used in industries. Based on microstructure SS
can be classified as

 Austenitic stainless steel

 Ferritic stainless steel
 Martensitic stainless steel
 Precipitation Hardened stainless steel
 Duplex / Super Duplex stainless steel

Austenitic stainless steel

 Austenitic stainless steel is non-magnetic in nature and has very high corrosion
resistance.
 High Corrosion resistance at temp up to 1500°F.
 Hardenable by cold working.
 Face centered Cubic –FCC (fine grain structure).
 Possess high impact strength at low temp.
 These types of SS are widely used in the process industry and a variety of industrial
applications, cookware are also manufactured from Austenitic stainless steel.
 Type 304, 304L, 316, 316L are some of the examples of Austenitic stainless steel.

Ferritic stainless steel

 Ferritic stainless steel is magnetic and contains high carbon, therefore it is brittle and
relatively poor corrosion resistance than austenitic SS.
 Non hardenable by heat treatment.
 Body centered cubic -BCC (coarse grain structure).
 Ferritic stainless steel has a high resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking so it is used in
marine, petrochemical, heat exchangers, furnace application, where high chloride content is
there.
 Type 409, 430, 439 are an examples of Ferritic stainless steel.

Martensitic stainless steel

 Martensitic stainless steel has high hardness and poor corrosion resistant than austenitic SS.
 Heat treatable to high hardness level.
 Crystallographic form-distorted structure.
 It used in manufacturing of sports knives and multi-purpose tools.
 Type 410,420 are an examples of Martensitic stainless steel.
Precipitation Hardened stainless steel

 Precipitation Hardened stainless steel are magnetic and heat treatable to high strength, it has
very high strength-to-weight ratio with good corrosion resistance.
 It used in making aerospace components and springs.
 17-7PH, 17-4PH are an examples of Precipitation Hardened stainless steel.

Duplex / Super Duplex stainless steel

 Duplex and Super Duplex stainless steel contain both Austenite and Ferrite in microstructure
 It offers benefits of both Austenite & Ferrite stainless steel
 It has good resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion.
 Also has a high strength and high resistance to stress corrosion cracking.
 Used in the sea water system, heat exchanger, and structural application
 EX- UNS S32205, S31803, S32760 are examples of Duplex and Super Duplex stainless steel

Commonly used stainless Steel ASTM Material Grades

 ASTM A312 Seamless, Welded, and Heavily Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes
 ASTM A358 Electric-Fusion-Welded Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Alloy Steel Pipe for High-
Temperature Service
 ASTM A376 Seamless Austenitic Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Central-Station Service
 ASTM A409 Welded Large Diameter Austenitic Steel Pipe for Corrosive or High-Temperature
Service
 ASTM A451 Centrifugally Cast Austenitic Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
 ASTM A790 Seamless and Welded Ferritic /Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe
 ASTM A813 Single- or Double-Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe
 ASTM A814 Cold-Worked Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe
 ASTM A872 Centrifugally Cast Ferritic /Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe for Corrosive
Environments
 ASTM A928 Ferritic /Austenitic (Duplex) Stainless Steel Pipe Electric Fusion Welded with
Addition of Filler Metal
 ASTM A943 Spray-Formed Seamless Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe
 ASTM A949 Spray-Formed Seamless Ferritic /Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe
 ASTM A954 Austenitic Chromium-Nickel-Silicon Alloy Steel Seamless and Welded Pipe
 ASTM A999 General Requirements for Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe
Non-ferrous Material
Copper, Nickel, Aluminum, Titanium and their Alloys
Non-ferrous materials are a small part of the total piping materials, and they are used in the very
aggressive environment. Non-ferrous material contains no iron or in very insignificant amount.
These materials are more expensive than ferrous metals. Some of the non-ferrous material that
used in Process Industries are listed below. The non-ferrous materials are also known as exotic
material.

 Copper and Copper Alloys

 Nickel and Nickel Alloys
 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
 Titanium and Titanium Alloys
 And Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys

Copper and Copper Alloys

 Good thermal conductivity and good corrosion resistance
 Brasses, Bronzes (Cu-Sn) and Cupronickels (Cu-Ni) are some of the examples of the copper alloy
 Cupronickels have the highest corrosion resistance among Cu alloys
 Cupronickels are used for heat exchanger tubing and sea water application
 It can be used as cladding material with carbon steel in heat exchanger tube sheets.

Nickel and Nickel Alloys

 Good resistance to oxidation and corrosion
 Monel 400 and Hastelloy are a well-known example of nickel alloys
 These alloys are used in piping systems, pressure vessel, turbine blades, valves, and
power plant accessories that handle steam at very high pressure and temperature
 Nickel alloys are frequently used as a cladding material with carbon steel

Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys

 Good thermal conductivity
 It is most workable metal
 Highly resistant to atmospheric conditions
 But When coupled with more noble materials it is subject to galvanic attack
 And Loses strength rapidly above 175°C
 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys rarely used in process piping
 However, it is used as an external cladding material to protect the insulation from water
ingress.

Titanium and Titanium Alloys

 High strength to weight ratio
 Similar to SS, Titanium Oxide is formed on the surface which prevents corrosion
 Titanium and Titanium Alloys has a resistant to nitric acid, which is very corrosive in nature.
Hence, it is used in this kind of process environments.
 However to Weld Titanium and Titanium Alloys, the inert atmosphere is required.
 It starts losing its strength above 400°C
 Titanium is also used as a clade material with carbon steel to reduce the cost of equipment

Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys

 Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys are used, where strong acids and alkalis are present, where other material
cannot be used due to the very aggressive environment.
NON METAL PIPE
PVC, CPVC, HDPE, GRE, GPR and Cement Pipes
Non-metallic materials are used in non-critical services such as water and drainage, where
operating pressure and temperature are not significant. In this lecture, I will give you an overview
of these materials.

Commonly used non-metallic piping materials are

 PVC / CPVC
 HDPE
 GRE/GRP
 And Cement pipes

These non-metallic materials offer some great advantage over metallic piping but also have some
limitation. They are resistant to chemical attack but poor in strength.

PVC / CPVC
 PVC – is Polyvinyl Chloride and
 CPVC – Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (that is having a higher strength at elevated temperatures than
PVC)
 PVC and CPVC are tough and exceptionally resistant to chemical attack
 PVC and CPVC required protection from ultraviolet exposure if installed outdoor and start softening when
subjected to high temperature.
 PVC/CPVC Pipes are made by Extrusion process
 And Fittings, flanges and valves are manufactured by injection molding method
 PVC has many applications in industries and it’s also used in home water piping.

PE/HDPE
 High-Density Polyethylene has many desirable qualities over LDPE and PVC,
 It has improved tensile strength
 Improved low-temperature brittleness
 Higher softening point
 Higher chemical resistance
 HDPE pipes are manufactured by extrusion process
 It is widely used in water distribution and low-pressure natural gas services
 It also used as lined material with carbon steel pipe

GRE/GRP
GRE/GRP pipes are getting popularity in sea water and sewage transport applications. These pipes offer
excellent corrosion resistance property over all other types of pipes. The main difference between the GRE
and GRP is the resin used for bonding the glass fiber.

GRP pipe used Isophthalic Resin whereas GRE pipe used Epoxy Resin.

 GRP that is Glassfibre reinforced plastic are used in

 Water supply application, Wastewater / Sewerage collection and sea water transport application
 GRE that is Glassfibre reinforced epoxy
 Pipes are used for industrial application, as it can withstand higher temperature compare to GRP
pipe.
 GRE pipes are used in the offshore platform and water treatment plant to handle salty water.
 Due to Excellent chemical and corrosion resistance, it also used as lining material in sewage effluent tanks
 GRP/GRE pipes are manufactured using the filament winding process.
Cement Pipes
Cement Pipes are not used for any process application. However, it is used in process facility for various other
purposes

 Cement pipes are manufactured from reinforced or non-reinforced concrete

 They mainly used in storm water and gravity services
 They also used in culverts and irrigation application
Lined and Clad Pipe
Difference Between Line and Clad Pipes
With the increase in technological advance, lined and clad materials are getting popular in Process
industries. By combining two materials, we can get the advantage of the two materials at low cost.
In this lecture, I will teach you about lined & clad material used in piping.

Lined Pipe
The lined pipe has a Mechanical bonding between pipe and line material.

 By applying a lined material to carbon steel pipe, we can get the benefit of anti-corrosion
property of lined material and strength of carbon steel
 Commonly used lined material are
 PTFE
 Rubber
 Glass
 FRP (Fiber reinforced plastic)

You can see the images of lined pipe.

Advantages of Lined Pipe

 A lined pipe can withstand in tough chemical environments

 And Also offer abrasion resistant property with hard lined material
 It is a cost-effective solution for non-critical services

Disadvantages of Lined Pipe

 Lined Pipe has a limitation of non-metal such as it cannot be used in high temperature and
pressure services
 The lined pipe is manufactured in small length pipe spools hence, large no of flange joints in
line, which increased maintenance costs and chances of leakages.

Clad Pipe
A clad pipe has a Metallurgical bond between pipe and cladding material

 The cladding is done by an explosive bonding process or by welding of clad material on a pipe
 High strength carbon steel materials are cladded with high corrosion resistant metal to achieve
cost benefits
 Here you can see the clad pipe
Advantages of Clad Pipe

Clad carbon steel can withstand in tough chemical environments.

 Clad pipe can be used in high temperature and pressure services

 It is cost effective for critical services as carbon steel can be used with cladding of exotic
materials.

Disadvantages of Clad pipe

 Fabrication of clad material is difficult, a special skill required for welding

 Clad pipes are costly compared to lined pipe