tuyhW

ghlj;jpll
; k;
juk; 9
(2018 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLtjw;fhdJ)

r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
www.nie.lk
 cs;slf;fk;

mwpKfk; 1

cs;slf;fk; 2

Njrpa ,yf;Ffs; 3

mbg;gilj; Nju;rr
; pfs; 4 - 5

tuyhW - ghl Nehf;fq;fs; 6

Njrpa nghJf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;Fk; ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;Fkpilapyhd 7

njhlu;Gfs;

ghlj;jpl;lk; 8 - 12

ghlrhiyf; nfhs;iffSk; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSk; 13

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; 14

ghlj;jpl;lj; jahupg;Gf; FO 15

2
 Njrpa ,yf;Ffs;
Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ jdpegu;f;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fj; jdpegu;fSf;Fk;
FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk; jdpegu; NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk;
epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis epu;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhy fy;tp mikg;GfspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff; fhzg;gLk;
gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fUj; jpl;l tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf milaf; $ba gpd;tUk;
,yf;Fj; njhFjpapid Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.

i. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zfUTf;Fs; Njrpag;gpizg;G> Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;>
rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy; %yKk;> ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfhpj;jy; %yKk;
Njrj;ijf; fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifaH vDk; milahsj;ij Vw;gLj;jYk;.

ii. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL Njrpa ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;fPfhpj;jYk;
NgZjYk;.

iii. kdpj chpikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;GzHT> xUtH kPJ xUtH nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j>
,ilawhj mf;fiwAzHT> vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk; [dehaf tho;fi
; fKiw epakq;fSk; cs;slq;fpa Rw;whliy
cUthf;FjYk; Mjhpj;jYk;.

iv. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff;
Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;

v. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fhpa Mf;f rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy; kw;Wk;
cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

vi. jdpeguJk;> Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ijg; Nghrpf;ff; $baJk; ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;
$baJkhd Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd fy;tpA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.

vii. jdpegHfspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g ,zq;fp thoTk;> khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk; jahHgLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy;
rpf;fyhdJk;> vjpHghuhjJkhd epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

viii. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu khpahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rHtNjr rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhH ,lj;ijg;
ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff; $ba kdg;ghq;FfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsHj;jy;.

(%yk; : Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003)

3
 mbg;g ilj; Nju;r;r pfs;
fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.

(I) njhlu; g hly; Nju; r ; r pfs;

njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu mwpT>
jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik.
vOj;jwpT: ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;jwpa thrpj;jy;> rupahfTk;> nrk;ikahfTk;
vOJjy;> gad;jUtifahd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;
vz;zwpT: nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;> xOq;F Kiwahf
msj;jy;
rpj;jpu mwpT: NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;> tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iw
NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why; ntspg;gLj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;
jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik: fzpdp mwpT> fw;wypy;> njhopy; Rw;whlypy;> nrhe;j tho;tpy; jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gq;fisg;
(ICT) gad;gLj;jy;.

(II) MSik tpUj;j p njhlu;g hd Nju;r ;r pfs;

- Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;> EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpe;jid>
mzpapduhfg; gzp nra;jy;> jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;L gpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd jpwikfs;.
- Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;
- kd vOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT

(III) #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r ;r pfs;

,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL njhlu;GWfpd;wd. r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjPfk;
r%fr; #oy;: Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopgG
; zu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk; Ez;Zzu;Tj;
jpwd;fSk;> gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu; elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk; rl;lG+u;tkhdJkhd
rk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy; mf;fiw
capupay; #oy;: thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay;> #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;> fhLfs;> fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupd jhtuk;> tpyq;F>
kdpj tho;T
ngsjpfr; #oy;: ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk; mit kdpj tho;f;if> czT> cil> ciwAs;>
Rfhjhuk;> nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epjj ; piu> ,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T> fopTfs;> capupd fopTg; nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld;
nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G gw;wpa tpopgg ; zu;Tk;> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; fw;wYf;Fk; Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk;> tho;tjw;Fk;
fUtpfisAk; njhopDl;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk; ,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

4
IV). Ntiy cyfj;jpw;F jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
mtu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg; Ngh\pg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu; jpwd;fs;.
nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;
mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;GfisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;
mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;
gadspf;ff; $baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;

(V). rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu; ghd Nju;r ;r pfs;

md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk;> ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp
njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg; nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk; cs;thq;fYk;

(VI).Xa;T Neuj;i jg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;w pa Nju;r;r pfs;

mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;T Neug; nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fG+u;tr;
nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; ,itNghd;w kdpj mDgtq;fs;

(VII) “fw;w Yf;F f; fw;w y;” njhlu;ghd

Nju;r;r pfs;
tpiuthf khWfpd;w> rpf;fyhd xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy; xUtu; RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspj;jYk;
khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;Kiw Clhf khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba czu;itAk; ntw;wpiaAk;
ngwr; nra;jy;.

(%yk; : Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003)

5
 tuyhW - ghl Nehf;fq;fs;
6 Mk; juj;jpypUe;J 11 Mk; juk; tiu fiyj;jpl;lj;jpidf; fw;gjd; %yk; fPo;tUk; Nehf;fq;fis khzth;fs;
miltu; vd vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
1. tuyhw;W tsh;r;rpg; Nghf;Ffs; vd;gd gw;wp tpsq;fp tuyhnwq;fpYk; ,lk;ngw;w khw;wq;fisg; Gupe;J
nfhs;sy;.
2. fle;jfhyk; njhlh;ghfg; gapYtjhy; ngWk; tpsf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; epfo;fhyj;ijg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sYk;
vjph;fhy epiyikfisf; fz;lwpjYk;.
3. Njrpa jdpjJ
; tj;jpid ,dq;fz;L> Njrpa mUQ;nry;tq;fisg; ghJfhj;J ehl;Lg;gw;Ws;s gpuirahf cUthjy;.
4. Njrpa gpur;rpidfis xg;gl
P ;L uPjpahf Nehf;Fjy;.
5. Vida gz;ghLfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;.
6. fhy xOq;F> %yhjhu tpku;rdk;> fhuz fhupaj; njhlu;Gfs; vd;gd %yk; fl;b vOg;gg;gLk; gFj;jwpT
uPjpahd fy;tpawpit eilKiw tho;f;ifapy; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
7. Kf;fpa tuyhw;W khe;ju;fspd; rhpijfis Kd;khjphpahff; nfhs;sy;.
8. tuyhw;W hPjpahd cyfg;; Nghf;Ffs; ,e;ehl;L tuyhw;wpy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fq;fs; njhlh;ghf tpsq;fp cyfpd;
Nghf;Ffis vjpu;nfhs;Sk; Mw;wiyg; ngwy;.
9. fhyk;> ntsp Mfpad njhlh;ghd mwpit tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
10. tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fspd; Clhf ,lq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.

6
 Njrpa nghJf; Fwpf;N fhs;f Sf; F k; ghlf; Fwpf;N fhs;f Sf;F kpilapyhd njhlu;G fs;
Njrpa nghJf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; ghlf; F wpf; N fhs; f s; Nju;r;rp kl;l k;
i. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;z pag;gLj;jy; 3. Njrpa jdpjJ; tj;jpid ,dq;fz;L> Njrpa 3.1 ntspehl;L rf;jpfspd; Kd;dpiyapy;
vDk; vz;zfUTf;Fs; Njrpag;gpizg;G> mUQ;nry;tq;fisg; ghJfhj;J Njrpaj;Jtj;ijf; fhj;Jf;nfhs;tjd;
Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;> ehl;Lg;gw;Ws;s gpuirahf cUthjy;.
rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy; %yKk;> mtrpaj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu 4. Njrpa gpur;rpidfis xg;gPl;L uPjpahf
NtWghl; b id mq; f P f hpj; j y; %yKk; Nehf;Fjy;.
Njrj;ijf; fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifaH 5. Vida gz;ghLfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;.
vDk; milahsj;ij Vw;gLj;jYk;.
ii. khw; w KWk; cyfj; jpd; rthy; fSf; Fj; 2. fle;jfhyk; njhlh;ghfg; gapYtjhy; 1.1 fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; xy;yhe;jupd;
jf; f thW Kfq; n fhLj; j NyhL Njrpa ngWk; tpsf; f j; j pd; mbg; g ilapy; nraw;ghLfis tprhuiz nra;thu;.
ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis epfo; f hyj; i jg; Ghpe; J nfhs; s Yk;
mq;fPfhpj;jYk;> NgZjYk;.
vjph;fhy epiyikfisf; fz;lwpjYk;.
iii. kdpj chpikfSf; F kjpg; g spj; j y; > 1. tuyhw;W tsh;r;rpg; Nghf;Ffs; vd;gd 5.1 ,yq;ifapd; ghuhSkd;w Kiwapd;
flikfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wpa gw;wp tpsq;fp tuyhnwq;fpYk; ,lk;ngw;w tsu;r;rpia tprhuiz nra;thu;.
tpopgG
; zHT> xUtH kPJ xUtH nfhz;Ls;s khw;wq;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;sy;.
Mo; e ; j > ,ilawhj mf; f iwAzHT>
vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk; 2. fle;jfhyk; njhlh;ghfg; gapYtjhy;
[dehaf tho;f;ifKiw epakq;f Sk; ngWk; tpsf; f j; j pd; mbg; g ilapy;
cs;slq;fpa Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk; epfo; f hyj; i jg; Ghpe; J nfhs; s Yk;
Mjhpj;jYk;. vjph;fhy epiyikfisf; fz;lwpjYk;.
vi. jdpeguJk; Njrj; j pdJk; tho; f ; i fj; 6. fhy xOq;F> %yhjhu tpku;rdk;> fhuz 6.1 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapd; murp
juj;ijg; Nghrpff
; f; $baJk; ,yq;ifapd; fhupaj; njhlu;Gfs; vd;gd %yk; fl;b ay;> nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpapid tpgupg;
nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff; ghu;.
vOg;gg;gLk; gFj;jwpT uPjpahd
$ b a J k h d M f ; f g ; g z pf S f ; f h d
fy;tpA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts fy;tpawpit eilKiw tho;f;ifapy;
mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;. gad;gLj;Jjy;.
vii. jdpegHfspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g ,zq;fp 8. tuyhw;W hPjpahd cyfg;; Nghf;Ffs; 1.1 fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; xy;yhe;jupd;
thoTk;> khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk; ,e ; e hl; L tu yhw ; w py; Vw; g Lj; j pa nraw;ghLfis tprhuiz nra;thu;.
jahHgLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy; jhf;fq;fs; njhlh;ghf tpsq;fp cyfpd; 2.1 gpupjj
; hdpauJ Ml;rp ,yq;ifapy; epiy
rpf;fyhdJk;> vjpHghuhjJkhd ehl;lg;gl;l tpjj;ijj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
Nghf;Ffis vjpu;nfhs;Sk; Mw;wiyg; 2.2 gpupj;jhdpauJ Ml;rpapy; nghUshjhur;
epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia
tpUj;jp nra;jy;. ngwy;. nraw;ghLfisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
viii. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu khpahij vd;g 7. K f ; f p a t u y h w ; W k h e ; j u ; f s p d ; 4.1 ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l ,af;fj;ij
tw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rHtNjr rhpijfis Kd;khjphpahff; nfhs;sy;. tpsf;Fthu;.
rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhH ,lj;ijg;
ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff; $ba kdg;ghq;F
fisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsHj;jy;.
7
 tuyhW - ghlj;jpl;lk;
juk; 9
ghl
Nju; r ; r p Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;w w; NgWfs;
Ntisfs;

1.0 ,yq;ifapy; ntspehl; 1.1 fiuNahug; gpuNjrq; 1. ,yq; i fapd; fiuNahug;  fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;f is 10
ltupd; Mjpf;fk; njhlu; fspy; xy; y he; jupd; gpuNjrq; f s; xy;y he; jupd; xy;yhe;ju; ifg;gw;wpa
tpjj;jpid tpgupg;ghu;.
ghff; fw;wwpe;J jkJ nraw;ghLfis Ml;rpapd; fPo; tUjy; xy; y he; j upd; fP o ; ,Ue; j
ehl;bd; ,iwikiag; tprhuiz nra;thu;. 1.1 fiuNahug; gpuNjrq; gpuNjrq;fis ,yq;ifg; Gw
ghJfhf;f eltbf;i f fspy; Ml;rpia epWTjy; tupg;glnkhd;w py; Fwpj;J f;
vLg;ghu;.  xy;yhe;ju; fz;b ,uhr; fhl;Lthu;.
kiyehl;L muRf;Fk;
rpaj; J ld; nfhz; b
xy;yhe;jUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
Ue;j njhlu;Gfs; Kuz;ghLfSf;fhd fhuzq;
1.2 xy;yhe;jupd; Ml;rp> fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
nghUshjhu> r%f> nefpo;r;rpj;jd;ikapd; %yk;
gz;ghl;L eltbf;iffs; Kuz;ghLfisf; Fiwj;Jf;
nfhs; s j; j f; f tpjj; i jg;
gapy;thu;.
 fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;f spy;
xy;yhe;jupd; Ml;rpia
tpgupg;ghu;.
 xy;yhe;jupdf ; o
P ; ,yq;ifapd;
nghUshjhu> r%f> gz;
ghl; L r; nraw; g hLfisj;
njspTgLj;Jthu;.
 xy;yhe;jupd; Ml;rpapd; fPo;
,yq;iff;Ff; fpilj;j Gjpa
mk;rq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;L
thu;.
8
juk; 09

Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs; ghl

Ntisfs;
2.0 ,yq;ifapy; ntspehl;l 2.1 g p u p j ; j h d p a u J 2. ,yq; i fapy; gpupj; j hdpa  gpupj; j hdpauJ Mjpf; f k; 10
tupd; Mjpf;fk; njhlu; Mjpff ; k; ,yq;ifapy; Mjpf;fk; ,yq;ifapy; epWtg;gLtjw;
ghff; fw;wwpe;J jkJ epiy ehl; l g; g l; l 2.1 ,yq;iff;Fg; gpupjj; hdpa fhd fhuzq;fisj; njspT
ehl;b d; ,iwikiag; tpjj; i jj; njspT upd; tUifAk;> mjpfhuj; gLj;Jthu;.
ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s el gLj;Jthu;. ij epiyehl;bf; nfhs;  cs;ehl;ltupd; vjpug ; G
; f;fis
tbf;if vLg;ghu;. sYk; Ak; mtw;wpd; jd;ikiaAk;
 fiuNahug; gpuNjrq; tpsf;Fthu;.
fisf; ifg;gw;wy;  jkJ ,iwikiag; ghJ
 1815 M k ; M z; L fhf;Fk; nghUl;Lg; Nghuhl;
fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij l q ; f i s K d ; n d L j ; j
ifg;gw;wy; jiytu;fspd; nraw;ghl;il
 1818 M k ; M z; L cau;thf kjpg;ghu;.
Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;
 1848 M k ; M z; L
Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lk;

2.2 gpupj;jhdpauJ Ml;rp 2.2 gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo;  tu; j ; j fg; gapu; r ; n ra; i f
apd; fPo;g; nghUsh Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu tsu;rr ; paile;j tpjj;jpidj;
jhu eltbf;if mgptpUj;jp njspTgLj;Jthu;.
fisj; njspTgLj;J  ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r;  gpupjj; hdpaupd; fPo; cs;ehl;L
thu;. nra;if tptrhaf; ifj; n jhopiy
 cs;ehl;L tptrhaj; tpgupg;ghu;.
Jiwia Nkk; g Lj;  gpupjj ; hdpaupdf; o
P ; ,e; ehl;Lg;
Jjy; nghUshjhuj;j py; Vw; g l; l
khw;wq;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;L
thu;.
9
juk; 09

Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs; ghl

Ntisfs;
3.0 ,yq;ifapd; kuGupik 3.1 ntspehl; L r; rf; j p 3. ,yq;ifapd; rka> gz;ghl;L  rka> gz;ghl;L vOr;rpiaj; 08
iag; ghJfhf;Fk; nghU fspd; Kd;dpiyapy; kWkyu;r;rp njspTgLj;Jthu;.
l;L eltbf;if vLg;ghu;. Njrpag; gz;ghl;ilf;  ngsj;j kWkyu;r;rp  ntspehl; L r; rf; j pfspd;
fhj;Jf; nfhs;tjd;  ,e;J kWkyu;r;rp Kd;dpiyapy; Njrpaj;
mtrpaj;ij vLj;Jf;  ,];yhkpa kWkyu;r;rp jiytu; f spd; nraw; g hL
fhl;Lthu;. fis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
 RNjrg; gz;ghl;ilf;fhf;Fk;
nghUl; L Njhs; n fhLj; j
jiytu; f is cau; t hf
kjpg;ghu;.

4.0 gpuhe;jpa murpay; Nghf; 4.1 ,e;jpa Njrpa Rje; 4. ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l  NguuRthjpfs; ,e;jpahtpy; 10
Ffis Kd; D jhuz jpug; Nghuhl; lj;jpy; ,af;fk; mjpfhuj;ijg; gug;gpa
khff; nfhz;L ehl;bd; me;ehl;L kf;fs;  ,e; j pahtpy; INuhg; gpaupd; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
,iwikiag; ghJfhf;f If;fpag;gl;Lr; nraw; nry;thf;Ffs;  ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l
eltbf;if vLg;ghu;. gl;l tpjj;ijf;  ,e;jpah> gpupj;jhdpa Fb ,af;fj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.
fw;wha;thu;. Naw;wkhjy;  ,e; j pa Njrpa Rje; j pug;
 ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l ,af;fj;jpy; ntt;
Nghuhl;lk; NtW ,dj;jtu;fs; If;fpag;
 Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gl;Lr; nraw;gl;l tpjj;ij
Kd;dpd;w jiytu;fs; kjpg;ghu;.
 ,e; j pa Njrpa Rje; j pug;
N gh u h l; l ,af ; f j; J ld ;
njhlu; G ila ehl; L g;g w; W
kpf;Nfhiu Kd;khjpupahff;
nfhs;thu;.
10
juk; 09

Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs; ghl

Ntisfs;
5.0 ,yq; i fapd; ghuhS 5.1 ,yq;ifapd; ghuhS 5. ,yq;ifapd; murpay; rPu;  gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; nra;ag; 10
kd;w Kiwapd; tsu;r;rp kd;w Kiwapd; jpUj;jq;fSk; Njrpa Rje;jpu gl; l murpay; mikg; G r;
iaAk;> mjd; nghUl;Lj; t s u ; r ; r p i a t pr h ,af;fq;fSk; rPuj
; pUj;jq;fisj; njspTgLj;
Njrpaj; jiytu;f spd; uiz nra;thu;.  Nfhy;GW}f; rPu;jpUj;jk; Jthu;.
gq; f spg;i gAk; EZfp  ,yq;ifaupd; murpay;  murpay; mikg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;
aha;e;J ehl;bd; mikg;G Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs; jq;fs; njhlu;ghf ,yq;if
[dehafj; i jg; ghJ  1910 kf;fyk; rPuj
; pUj;jq;fs; aupd; gq;fspg;gpid vLj;Jf;
fhj; J f; nfhs; t jw; F  1919 Njrpa rq;fk; fhl;Lthu;.
cjTthu;.  1920> 1924 ahg;Gr;  ,yq;i fapd; ghuhSkd;w
rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; Kiw gbg;gbahf tsu;r;rp
 nlhd%u; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; aile; j ikia vLj; J f;
 Nrhy;gup rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; fhl;Lthu;.

11
juk; 09

Nju; r ; r p Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; ghl cs;s lf;f k; fw;w w; NgWfs; ghl

Ntisfs;
6.0 Rje; j puj; j pd; gpd; d u; 6.1 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; 6. Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;if  Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpdd ; u; ,yq;if 10
ngw;w ntw;wpfis ,yq;ifapd; murp  Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; Ml; apd; murpay;> nghUshjhu
kjpj;J> xU ew;gpuir ay; > nghUshjhu rpf;F te;j murhq;fq;fs; eltbf;iffis tpgupg;ghu;.
vd;w tifapy; ehl;bd; tpUj;jpapidf;  Ml;rpfF ; te;j murhq;fq;  Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpdd; u; ,yq;if
mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspg; fw;wha;thu;. fspd; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; apd; r%f eyNdhk; g y;
ghu;.  murpay; mikg;Gr; eltbf;i ffisj; njspT
rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; gLj;Jthu;.
- 1972  Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpdd
; u; ,yq;if
- 1978 apd; mgptpUj;jp eltbf;if
 nghUshjhu tpUj;jpAk; fis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
r%f eyNdhk;gYk;

12
(,) ghlrhiyf; nfhs; i ffSk; Ntiyj;j pl;l q; f Sk;
tuyhW ghlg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s ghl tplaq;fis ntw;wpfukhfTk; tpisjpwDs;sthWk; fw;gjw;fhfTk;> mjd;
%yk; fw;wy; mDgtq;fisg; ngWtjw;fhfTk; khztuJ <LghL mjpfupf;Fk; tifapy; ghlrhiy Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fisj;
jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;tJ ngupJk; gaDilajhFk;.

mt;thwhd rpy ghlrhiy Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; khj;jpuNk ,q;F Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. nghUj;jkhd NtW Mf;fG+u;tkhd
Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fisAk;> nfhs;iffisAk; jpl;lkpl;Lg; gad;gLj;Jk; Rje;jpuk; tuyhW fw;gpf;Fk; MrpupaUf;F cz;L vd;gijf;
ftdj;jpy;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

 “tuyhW” rq;fnkhd;W mikg;gjd; %yk; khztuJ mwpit tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd fye;Jiuahly;fs;> tpthjq;fs;>
fUj;juq;Ffs;> fz;fhl;rpfs; Nghd;wtw;iw xOq;F nra;J elj;Jtjw;Fk; rQ;rpif> RtNuL Nghd;w Mf;fg+u;tkkhd
fUkq;fspy; <LgLtjw;Fk; topg;gLj;jyhk;.
 tUlj;jpy; Fiwe;j gl;rk; xU jlitNaDk; Kf;fpakhd Xu; ,lj;Jf;F my;yJ gpuNjrj;Jf;Ff; fy;tpr;Rw;Wyh nry;y
xOq;Ffis nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. tFg;giwapy; ngw;w mwpit cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;> NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;J nra;J
nfhs;tjw;fhfTk; JizahFkhW Neufhyj;Jld; jpl;lkpl;L> fy;tpr; Rw;Wyhf;fis xOq;F nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 fUj;juq;Ffis xOq;F nra;J ehl;bd; jiy rpwe;j tuyhw;whrpupau;fisg; ghlrhiyf;F mioj;J> mtu;fsJ mDgtq;fisg;
gfpu;e;J nfhs;sr; re;ju;gg
; kspj;jy;.
 gpuNjrj;jpy; njhy;nghUspay; Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s epidTr;rpd;dq;fs; gw;wpj; NjbawptNjhL mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf
ghlrhiy kl;l kw;Wk; rKjha kl;l Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;.
 tuyhw;Wg; ghl tplaq;fSld; njhlu;Gila Xtpaq;fs;> rpw;gq;fs;> nrJf;fy; Ntiyg;ghLfs;> Vida mUk;nghUs;fis
mtjhdpg;gjw;Fk; mtjhdpg;G mwpf;iffisj; jahupg;gjw;Fkhf mUk;nghUl;fhl;rpr;rhiyfs; rhu;e;j Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis
xOq;F nra;jy;
 tuyhw;Wg; ghl tplaq;fSld; njhlu;Gilajhf ,izaj;jsq;fs; %yk; jfty;fs; jpul;Ljy;

13
(<) fzpg;g PLk; kjpg;g PL k;
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwapd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgWfis khztu;fs; mile;Js;sduh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;tjw;Fk;> khztu; mile;Js;s ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ij ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fkhd tFg;giwapy; ,yFthf eilKiwg;gLj;jj;jf;f
,ilj;njhlu;Gfisf; nfhz;l ,uz;L Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fshf fzpg;gL P > kjpg;gPL Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. fzpg;gL
P rupahf
epfOnkddpd; tFg;gpy; fw;Fk; khztu;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Nju;r;rpfspy; fpl;ba ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ij vl;LtJ xU fbdkhd
fhupakhfhJ. khztd; mile;Js;s ghz;bj;jpa kl;lk; ahJ vd;gij ,dq;fhz;gNj kjpg;gPL vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

fzpgg
; l
P b
; y; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; Mrpupau;fs; jkJ khztu;fs; njhlu;ghf ,uz;L tpjkhd topfhl;ly;fis toq;fyhk;. mt;topfhl;ly;fs;>
nghJthf gpd;D}l;ly; (Feed Back) vdTk; Kd;Kft+l;ly; (Feed Forward) vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. khztuJ eypTfisf;
fz;lwpe;jtplj;J> mtu;fsJ fw;wy; rhu;e;j gpur;rpidfis eptu;j;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gpd;D}l;liyAk; khztuJ
,aYikfisAk; typTfisAk; ,dq;fz;ltplj;J mj;jpwd;fis NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf Kd;KfT+l;liyAk;
toq;FtJ Mrpupaupd; gzpahFk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nra;Kiwapd; ntw;wpf;fhf> ghlj;Nju;r;rpfSs; vj;Nju;r;rpfis; ve;nje;j kl;lj;jpy; mila Kbe;jJ vd;gij
khztu;fs; ,dq;fz;L nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;. kjpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; topNa khztu;fs; mile;Js;s ghz;bj;jpa
kl;lj;ijj; jPu;g;Gr; nra;tNj ,q;F Mrpupauplk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ,g;ghlj;jpl;lk;> khztu; ika> Nju;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs; rhu;e;j
mZFKiwia cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. nraw;ghl;Lf; fw;wypd;ghy; (Active Learning) khztiu Mrpupau; topg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk; vd
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. khztu;fs; nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; NtisfspYk; nraw;ghLfspd; ,WjpapYk; fzpg;gL
P > kjpg;gPL
Mfpatw;iw elj;jyhk;.

fzpg;gPL kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;i l ,yFthf elj;jj;jf;fthwhf nghJ epakq;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ nghUj;jkhdJ vd

tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Ie;J epakq;fSs; Kjy; %d;W epakq;fSk; Fwpj;j Nju;r;rpiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf xUq;F
Nru;e;Js;s mwpT> jpwd; kdg;ghq;Ffis Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. kPjp ,uz;L epakq;fisAk;
tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd jpwd;fis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;sj;JizahFk; tifapy; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. tFg;giwapy;
khztu;fs; nraw;gLk; NghJ ,e;epakq;fs; njhlu;ghd elj;ij khw;wq;fis ,dq;fhz Mrpupau; Kaw;rp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
$lNt fzpg;gl P ;bd; Clhf me;elj;ijfis NkYk; tYg;gLj;JtjpYk;> kjpg;gPl;bd; Clhf mtw;iw mse;jwptjpYk; Mrpupau;
ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;NwhL> tFg;giwapy; vOj;Jr; Nrhjidfs;> nraw;wpl;lq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpYk; khj ,WjpapYk;>
jtiz ,WjpapYk;> Mz;bWjpapYk; elj;jg;gLk; ghlrhiy kl;l> tya kl;lg; guPl;irfspYk; khztiu <LgLj;jyhk;.

14
 ghlj;jpl;lk; jahupg;G f;FO

vOj;jhsu; FO - cs;thup
B.vr;.re;jpkh ep\hdp ju;kghy - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
lgps;A+.v];.v];. Fztu;j;jd - cjtp tpupTiuahsu;> r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

vOj;jhsu; FO (ntspthup)
Nguhrpupau;. ,e;jpuhzp Kzrpq;f - nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofk; (jifrhu; Nguhrpupau;)
Nguhrpupau; A+.gP. fUzhde;j - fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk; (jifrhu; Nguhrpupau;)
Nguhrpupau; Nf.vk;.gP. FyNrf;fu - fspdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
Nf.v];. uQ;rdp - Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> n`huiz
Nf.tp.v];. tp[akhyh - Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfk;> fsdp
vk;.vk;. espd;gz;lhu - Mrpupau; Nrit> FUtpl;il kj;jpa kfh tpj;jpahyak;> FUtpl;il
mUl; rNfhjup Nkup nlhNdl;lh - mjpgu; Nrit (Xa;T epiy)> Gdpj me;Njhdpahu; Njrpa ghlrhiy> tj;jis

15