Reference variable example in C++.

/*C++ program to demonstrate use of reference variable.*/

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int a=10;

/*reference variable is alias of other variable,

It does not take space in memory*/

int &b = a;

cout << endl << "Value of a: " << a;

cout << endl << "Value of b: " << b << endl;

return 0;
}
Value of a: 10
Value of b: 10

Display all Factors of a Number

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int n, i;
cout << "Enter a positive integer: ";
cin >> n;
cout << "Factors of " << n << " are: " << endl;
for(i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
{
if(n % i == 0)
cout << i << endl;
}
return 0;
}

Output

Enter a positive integer: 60

Factors of 60 are: 1 2 3 4 5 6 12 15 20 30 60
Check Armstrong Number
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int origNum, num, rem, sum = 0;
cout << "Enter a positive integer: ";
cin >> origNum;
num = origNum;
while(num != 0)
{
digit = num % 10;
sum += digit * digit * digit;
num /= 10;
}
if(sum == origNum)
cout << origNum << " is an Armstrong number.";
else
cout << origNum << " is not an Armstrong number.";
return 0;
}

Output

Enter a positive integer: 371

371 is an Armstrong number.

Swap Numbers (Using Temporary Variable)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a = 5, b = 10, temp;
cout << "Before swapping." << endl;
cout << "a = " << a << ", b = " << b << endl;
temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
cout << "\nAfter swapping." << endl;
cout << "a = " << a << ", b = " << b << endl;
return 0;
}

Output

Before swapping.
a = 5, b = 10

After swapping.
a = 10, b = 5

Check Vowel or a Consonant Manually

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char c;
int isLowercaseVowel, isUppercaseVowel;
cout << "Enter an alphabet: ";
cin >> c;

// evaluates to 1 (true) if c is a lowercase vowel

isLowercaseVowel = (c == 'a' || c == 'e' || c == 'i' || c == 'o' || c == 'u');
 // evaluates to 1 (true) if c is an uppercase vowel
isUppercaseVowel = (c == 'A' || c == 'E' || c == 'I' || c == 'O' || c == 'U');
// evaluates to 1 (true) if either isLowercaseVowel or isUppercaseVowel is
true
if (isLowercaseVowel || isUppercaseVowel)
cout << c << " is a vowel.";
else
cout << c << " is a consonant.";
return 0;
}

Output

Enter an alphabet: u

u is a vowel.

Example 1: Find Largest Number Using if

Statement
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
float n1, n2, n3;
cout << "Enter three numbers: ";
cin >> n1 >> n2 >> n3;
if(n1 >= n2 && n1 >= n3)
{
cout << "Largest number: " << n1;
}
if(n2 >= n1 && n2 >= n3)
{
cout << "Largest number: " << n2;
}
if(n3 >= n1 && n3 >= n2) {
 cout << "Largest number: " << n3;
}
return 0;
}

Output

Enter three numbers: 2.3

8.3

-4.2

Largest number: 8.3

Example 2: Find Largest Number Using

if...else Statement
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
float n1, n2, n3;
cout << "Enter three numbers: ";
cin >> n1 >> n2 >> n3;
if((n1 >= n2) && (n1 >= n3))
cout << "Largest number: " << n1;
else if ((n2 >= n1) && (n2 >= n3))
cout << "Largest number: " << n2;
else
cout << "Largest number: " << n3;
return 0;
}

Output
Enter three numbers: 2.3

8.3

-4.2

Largest number: 8.3

Example 3: Find Largest Number Using

Nested if...else statement
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
float n1, n2, n3;
cout << "Enter three numbers: ";
cin >> n1 >> n2 >> n3;

if (n1 >= n2)

{
if (n1 >= n3)
cout << "Largest number: " << n1;
else
cout << "Largest number: " << n3;
}
else
{
if (n2 >= n3)
cout << "Largest number: " << n2;
else
cout << "Largest number: " << n3;
}
return 0;
}

Output

Enter three numbers: 2.3

8.3

-4.2

Largest number: 8.3

Example: Roots of a Quadratic Equation

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;
int main() {
float a, b, c, x1, x2, discriminant, realPart, imaginaryPart;
cout << "Enter coefficients a, b and c: ";
cin >> a >> b >> c;
discriminant = b*b - 4*a*c;

if (discriminant > 0) {
x1 = (-b + sqrt(discriminant)) / (2*a);
x2 = (-b - sqrt(discriminant)) / (2*a);
cout << "Roots are real and different." << endl;
cout << "x1 = " << x1 << endl;
cout << "x2 = " << x2 << endl;
}
else if (discriminant == 0) {
cout << "Roots are real and same." << endl;
x1 = (-b + sqrt(discriminant)) / (2*a);
cout << "x1 = x2 =" << x1 << endl;
}
else {
realPart = -b/(2*a);
 imaginaryPart =sqrt(-discriminant)/(2*a);
cout << "Roots are complex and different." << endl;
cout << "x1 = " << realPart << "+" << imaginaryPart << "i" << endl;
cout << "x2 = " << realPart << "-" << imaginaryPart << "i" << endl;
}
return 0;
}

Output

Enter coefficients a, b and c: 4

Roots are real and different.

x1 = -0.25

x2 = -1

Find Factorial of a given number

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
unsigned int n;
unsigned long long factorial = 1;
cout << "Enter a positive integer: ";
cin >> n;
for(int i = 1; i <=n; ++i)
{
factorial *= i;
}
cout << "Factorial of " << n << " = " << factorial;
return 0;
}

Output

Enter a positive integer: 12

Factorial of 12 = 479001600

Example: Object and Class in C++ Programming

// Program to illustrate the working of objects and class in C++ Programming
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Test
{
private:
int data1;
float data2;
public:
void insertIntegerData(int d)
{
data1 = d;
cout << "Number: " << data1;
}
float insertFloatData()
{
cout << "\nEnter data: ";
cin >> data2;
return data2;
}
};

int main()
{
Test o1, o2;
 float secondDataOfObject2;
o1.insertIntegerData(12);
secondDataOfObject2 = o2.insertFloatData();
cout << "You entered " << secondDataOfObject2;
return 0;
}

Output

Number: 12

Enter data: 23.3

You entered 23.3

C++ program to store and calculate the sum of 5 numbers entered by the user using
arrays.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int numbers[5], sum = 0;
cout << "Enter 5 numbers: ";
// Storing 5 number entered by user in an array
// Finding the sum of numbers entered
for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
{
cin >> numbers[i];
sum += numbers[i];
}
cout << "Sum = " << sum << endl;

return 0;
}

Output
Enter 5 numbers: 3

Sum = 18

C++ Program to display all elements of an initialised two

dimensional array.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int test[3][2] =
{
{2, -5},
{4, 0},
{9, 1}
};
// Accessing two dimensional array using
// nested for loops
for(int i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
{
for(int j = 0; j < 2; ++j)
{
cou t<< "test[" << i << "][" << j << "] = " << test[i][j] << endl;
}
}

return 0;
}

Output

test[0][0] = 2

test[0][1] = -5

test[1][0] = 4

test[1][1] = 0

test[2][0] = 9

test[2][1] = 1

Example 2: Two Dimensional Array

C++ Program to store temperature of two different cities for a week and display it.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
const int CITY = 2;
const int WEEK = 7;
int main()
{
int temperature[CITY][WEEK];
cout << "Enter all temperature for a week of first city and then second
city. \n";
// Inserting the values into the temperature array
for (int i = 0; i < CITY; ++i)
{
for(int j = 0; j < WEEK; ++j)
{
cout << "City " << i + 1 << ", Day " << j + 1 << " : ";
cin >> temperature[i][j];
}
 }
cout << "\n\nDisplaying Values:\n";
// Accessing the values from the temperature array
for (int i = 0; i < CITY; ++i)
{
for(int j = 0; j < WEEK; ++j)
{
cout << "City " << i + 1 << ", Day " << j + 1 << " = " <<
temperature[i][j] << endl;
}
}
return 0;
}

Output

Enter all temperature for a week of first city and then second city.

City 1, Day 1 : 32

City 1, Day 2 : 33

City 1, Day 3 : 32

City 1, Day 4 : 34

City 1, Day 5 : 35

City 1, Day 6 : 36

City 1, Day 7 : 38

City 2, Day 1 : 23

City 2, Day 2 : 24

City 2, Day 3 : 26

City 2, Day 4 : 22
City 2, Day 5 : 29

City 2, Day 6 : 27

City 2, Day 7 : 23

Displaying Values:

City 1, Day 1 = 32

City 1, Day 2 = 33

City 1, Day 3 = 32

City 1, Day 4 = 34

City 1, Day 5 = 35

City 1, Day 6 = 36

City 1, Day 7 = 38

City 2, Day 1 = 23

City 2, Day 2 = 24

City 2, Day 3 = 26

City 2, Day 4 = 22

City 2, Day 5 = 29

City 2, Day 6 = 27

City 2, Day 7 = 23
Example 3: Three Dimensional Array
C++ Program to Store value entered by user in three dimensional array and display it.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
// This array can store upto 12 elements (2x3x2)
int test[2][3][2];
cout << "Enter 12 values: \n";
// Inserting the values into the test array
// using 3 nested for loops.
for(int i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
{
for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j)
{
for(int k = 0; k < 2; ++k )
{
cin >> test[i][j][k];
}
}
}
cout<<"\nDisplaying Value stored:"<<endl;
// Displaying the values with proper index.
for(int i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
{
for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j)
{
for(int k = 0; k < 2; ++k)
{
cout << "test[" << i << "][" << j << "][" << k << "] = " <<
test[i][j][k] << endl;
}
}
}
 return 0;
}

Output

Enter 12 values:

10

11

12

Displaying Value stored:

test[0][0][0] = 1

test[0][0][1] = 2

test[0][1][0] = 3

test[0][1][1] = 4
test[0][2][0] = 5

test[0][2][1] = 6

test[1][0][0] = 7

test[1][0][1] = 8

test[1][1][0] = 9

test[1][1][1] = 10

test[1][2][0] = 11

test[1][2][1] = 12