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    Study Notes of Fluid Properties

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    Praba Karan
    The document discusses key fluid properties including mass density, viscosity, surface tension, and vapor pressure. It defines ideal and real fluids, intensive and extensive properties, and explores various fluid classification systems. Concepts like cavitation and capillary action are also covered in detail.

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    Study Notes of Fluid Properties

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    Praba Karan
    82 views12 pages
    The document discusses key fluid properties including mass density, viscosity, surface tension, and vapor pressure. It defines ideal and real fluids, intensive and extensive properties, and explores various fluid classification systems. Concepts like cavitation and capillary action are also covered in detail.

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    The document discusses key fluid properties including mass density, viscosity, surface tension, and vapor pressure. It defines ideal and real fluids, intensive and extensive properties, and explores various fluid classification systems. Concepts like cavitation and capillary action are also covered in detail.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    82 views12 pages

    Study Notes of Fluid Properties

    Uploaded by

    Praba Karan
    The document discusses key fluid properties including mass density, viscosity, surface tension, and vapor pressure. It defines ideal and real fluids, intensive and extensive properties, and explores various fluid classification systems. Concepts like cavitation and capillary action are also covered in detail.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    Study Notes of Fluid Properties - Study

    Notes of Fluid Properties


    Day 1 | Fluid Properties | Study Notes on Fluid Properties
    EXIT
    >
    Fluid Mechanics is one of the important subjects in Mechanical Engineering for
    GATE and other exams. Fluid Properties chapter deals with topics such as
    Mass density, specific weight, viscosity and other properties which are basic
    for Fluid mechanics.

    Fluid Properties for GATE Mechanical, ESE &


    Other Exams
    Ideal Fluid

    Characteristics of Ideal Fluid

     A fluid having zero viscosity and zero surface tension.


     Ideal fluid is incompressible.
     There is no ideal fluid but air and water considered as ideal fluid.

    Real fluid

    Characteristics of real fluid

     Fluid having viscosity and surface tension.


     Real fluids are compressible

    Properties of Fluid

    Properties of fluid are

    1. Extensive
    2. Intensive

    Intensive properties

     Intensive properties are independent from mass of system.


     Example – Temperature, pressure, density etc.

    Extensive properties
     Properties which are depends on size or extent of a substance.
     Example – Total mass, Total volume, Total momentum etc.

    Mass Density (ρ):

     Mass of fluid per unit volume at a given temperature and pressure.


     Mass density is function of Temperature and Pressure.
     Mass density for gases directly proportional to pressure and inversely
    proportional to temperature
     Practically, Mass density for liquid is content or little variable with
    pressure but inversely proportional to temp.

    At 4°C and 1 atm pressure ρwater = 1000 kg/m3


    = 1 g/cc

    Specific weight or weight density [w or r]

     Weight of fluid per unit volume known as weight density.

    w for water at 4°C and 1 atm = 1000 × 9.8 N/m3


    = 9.8 kN/m3
    g → acceleration due to gravity.

    Note: g (acceleration due to gravity) is function of position on earth (spatial


    Parameter), so w is also a variable but consider constant [due to little
    variation].
    Specific Volume:

     Specific volume is Reciprocal of specific mass.


     Volume of fluid per unit mass

     Unit of specific volume -

    Specific Gravity or Relative Density


     Specific gravity is the ratio of specific weight of fluid to the specific
    weight of standard fluid.

     Standard fluid
    → Liquid – water at 4ºC
    → Gas – Hydrogen or Air
     Specific gravity has no unit or independent form system of unit
     Relative density is the ratio of density of a fluid to the density of another
    fluid (not necessarily water). Whereas specific gravity is the ratio of
    density of a fluid to the density of standard fluid (i.e., water at 4ºC).
     For taking water as a standard fluid, Specific gravity = Relative density

    Viscosity

     Viscosity is a quantitative measure of the internal resistance of a fluid to


    flow.
     Viscosity relates the strain rate and local shear stresses in moving fluid.
     Viscosity is a measure of resistance offered by a fluid layer to an
    adjacent layer of fluid at motion.
     Viscosity is due to the internal friction force which caused by cohesive
    force between fluid molecules (dominant in fluid) and molecular
    momentum transfer between particles due to collision (dominant in
    gases).

    Assume a system having fluid between two plates.

    Note: Assume linear variation of velocity


    dβ = Angle of deformation during ‘dt’ duration
    Velocity at distance y from bottom plate {from similar

    triangle }

    If consider infinite small element than velocity gradient


    dx = Vdt (Displacement of point p to c during dt duration) ------- (b) eq.

    Angular deformation rate is equal to velocity gradient.

    According to Newton

     Rate of deformation is proportional to shear stress


    So

    μ → Absolute viscosity or Dynamic viscosity or Coefficient of viscosity

    unit:
    Note: Viscosity of water at 20°C = 1 centipoise
    Poise is a CGS unit: poise=Dyne-s/cm2

    Kinematic Viscosity:

     Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of dynamic viscosity (μ) and density (ρ).
     Kinematic viscosity denoted by (ν)

    Units:

    1.

    2. stoke

    And stoke

    Classification of fluid according to relation between shear stress and rate


    of deformation:

    Newtonian Fluid:

     Fluid follow the Newton’s law of viscosity



     Example - Water, petrol, diesel, alcohol, all gases etc.

    Non-Newtonian Fluid:
    Thixotropic {pseudo–plastic}

     Slope of curve b/w “shear stress - deformation rate” is decreases


    with increasing in deformation rate.
     Also known as “shear thinning” fluids
     Example – Printer ink

    Dilatant:

     Slope of shear “shear stress – deformation rate curve” increase


    with rate of deformation.
     Example – Quick sand
     Also known as "shear thickening" fluid.

    Ideal Plastic / Bingham Plastic:

     Having an initial yield stress and then exhibit a linear relationship

    between
     Example – Toothpaste, drilling mud etc
    Dependency of Viscosity on temperature:

    For Gases:

     In gases, the molecular momentum transfer is predominant over


    cohesive force.
     So in gases, Viscosity is due to molecular momentum transfer.
     With increasing temperature, molecular momentum transfer increases so
    viscosity increases.

    For liquids:

     In liquids the cohesive force between molecules is predominant over


    molecular momentum transfer.
     With increasing temperature, cohesive force between molecules
    decreasing so viscosity of liquids decreasing with increasing
    temperature.

    Surface Tension:

    Reason:- Cohesive force b/w molecules.


    Definition:- Force required to maintain unit length of the film in equilibrium, i.e.,
    force per unit length.
    Unit:- (N/m)
    → Due to surface tension

     Increase in internal pressure of droplet.


     Tendency of liquid droplet to attain minimum surface area at a given
    volume, only for this reason, shape of droplet is “Sphere”.

    NOTE:-
    Minimum surface area at a given volume = surface area of sphere.
    Example:
    force equillibrium,

    {where b is perimeter}

    Work done, in shifting of wire at (Δx) distance

    From this, surface tension can also be define as: -


    Work done per unit change in the surface area of the liquid.

    Dependency of surface tension:-

    Temperature:-
    If temperature increases, cohesive force decreases and this will results in
    decrease in surface tension.
    If continuous decreasing in temperature takes place than surface tension
    becomes zero at “critical point of temperature”.
    Exces Pressure:Due to surface tension pressure inside the bubble become
    higher than the external atmospheric pressure. Excess Pressure is difference
    between internal pressure (pi) and external pressure (p0).
    For soap bubble:

    For Liquid droplet:


    Inside a liquid jet:

    Where σ is surface tension and R is the radius of curvature for bubble or


    droplets

    Capillary Effect:-

    Reason:- Cohesive force or surface tension and Adhesive forces. (Both force
    responsible for Capillary effect)

     Free surface having Concave or convex top, inside the capillaries is


    called meniscus.
     Rise or fall of liquid inside the tube is due to contact angle b/w liquid
    surface and capillary tube.

    NOTE:-

    if than

     Level of liquid inside the tube is rise


     Liquid is known as Wetting liquid

     In this case:-

    if than

     Level of liquid fall inside the tube


     liquid is known as Non-wetting liquid

     In this case:-

    Angle b/w tangent to the liquid surface and solid surface at contact point.
    Height of capillary rise:
    By equilibrium:-
    Upward force = Downward force (Surface tension= Weight of water)

    Observations

     For water –glass interface


    So this results in

     Height of capillary rise is a function of

     If diameter of tube > 1 cm than Capillary effect negligible

    Vapour Pressure and cavitation:-

     Saturation Temperature:
    For a given pressure, the temperature at which a pure substance
    changes phase is known as saturation temperature.
     Saturation Pressure:
    At a given temperature, the pressure at which a pure substance changes
    phase i known as saturation temperature.

    Example: at 1 atm pressure (const. pressure) saturation temperature is 100°C


    and at constant temp. 100°C saturation pressure for water is 1 atm.
    Vapour Pressure:

     For liquid, pressure exerted by its vapour, in phase equilibrium with its
    liquid at a given temperature is known as vapour pressure.
     Vapour pressure increases with increase in temperature as the rate of
    molecules escaping liquid surface increases.
     The temperature at which the vapour pressure of the liquid i s equal to
    the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding atmosphere –
    boiling occur.

    Cavitation:

     Cavitation is a phenomenon which occurs in a liquid flow system.


     If liquid undergo a pressure below its vapour pressure during flow
    than sudden vaporization takes place and vapour bubbles formed.
     Vapour bubbles collapse as they move from the low-pressure region to a
    high-pressure region, generating highly destructive pressure waves.
     Cavitation can also occur if a liquid contains dissolved air or other gases,
    {Reason-Solubilites Decrease with decreasing pressure and their
    bubbles form}
     The risk of cavitation is greater at a higher temperature.

    Example: Given a flow system (water) and Temperature is 36°C. Find the
    minimum pressure to avoid cavitation?
    Solution: Minimum pressure to avoid cavitation is equal to vapour pressure of
    that liquid at given temperature for water

    Note:

    1. Partial pressure is the pressure exerted by a component in a mixture of


    gases.
    2. For a pure substance, vapour pressure and saturation pressure, both are
    equal.
    3. If the external pressure is equal to or less than the vapour pressure,
    boiling of liquid will start no matter how much temperature.

    Bulk Modulus of Elasticity:

     The compressibility of liquid is measured by bulk modulus of elasticity.


     More is the bulk modulus less is the compressibility.
     Compressibility is reciprocal of Bulk modulus.
     Bulk modulus is represented the compressive stress per unit volumetric
    strain.
     Bulk modulus (k)

     K → always positive or is a positive quantity having unit of pressure.

     Truly incompressible substance: means


    So, K (bulk modulus) = ∞

    Note:
    K increase means Resistance to further compression increases.

     For liquid K increases with decreases in temperature: with a


    decrease in temperature cohesive force between molecules increases,
    which results in higher resistance to further compression.
     For gases, K increases with increases in temperature: With an
    increase in temperature, a collision between gas particle increases and
    results in higher internal pressure so the resistance to further
    compression increases.

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