Cre Equations

Pressure of Reactor
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑚3
PR= 0.01079 x 0.082 atm 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 x 448K
𝑑𝑚3
PR= 0.4 atm + 1 atm = 1.4 atm
Kinetic Parameters:
Table 1: Physical properties data [12], [13]
PROPERTIES VALUES
Molar Mass 96.08gmol-1
Appearance Colourless oily
Odour Almond-like
Density 1.16g.ml-1 at 200C
Melting Point -37oC, (-35oF,
236K)
Boiling Point 162oC, (324oF,
435K)
Solubility in water 83g.L-1
Flash Point 62oC, 144oF, 335K
LD50 (toxicity) 300-500mg.kg-1
(oral, mice)
Viscosity π20D 1.49
Oxygen content. % 33%
Freezing point -37.6oC
Auto-ignition 392oC
temperature
Partial heat of solution +2988Cal.mole-1
in water
Refractive index At 20oC 1.5261
At 25oC 1.5235
Density, d4 at 20oC 1.1598g.cm-3
Vapour Density 3.3
Heat of vaporization 42.8Kj.mol-1
Heat Capacity 1.74J.gk
Heat of combustion 2344Kj.mol-1
Surface tension 40 MN/M
Dielectric constant at 41.9
20Oc
Explosion Limits 2.1 – 19.3
Table 2: Kinetics parameters for the production of furfural [3]
Preexponential Activation Reaction
value(AO,i) energy(EA,0) order
(s-1) 𝐽
(𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙) of the
hydronuim
concentration
in the
acid(mi)
3.27x1014 137,300 1.85
1.608x1022 211,300 0.06
Reactor Head Dimension

Where:
DR = 6m,
𝐷
HH = 2𝑅
6𝑚
HH = 2
HH = 3m
2
VH = 3 𝞹 (rR)3
VH = 0.67 x 3.142 x (3)3
VH = 56.8 m3
Heat generated per unit volume [5], [9]:

qR = (ΔHr) XAk2CA,O (1-XA)
where: ΔHr = -277,604,400 J kmol-1

𝐽 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
qR = (-277,604,400𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙) x 0.95 x 3.0x10-3 s-1 x 10.79 𝑚3 (1-0.95)
𝐽 𝑚3
qR = 426,837.6 𝑠 −1
Mat lab 7.7 is used to solve the design equations to give the
functional parameters of the reactor such as Volume of
reactor, space velocity, space time and length of reactor.
3.10 Heating Jacket Design [5],[9]

Mass Flow Rate of Heating Fluid
𝑄
mw =
𝐶𝑝𝑤 ΔT
where Q = (ΔHr) FA,OXA
𝐽 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
Q = (277,604,40𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙) x 1.09x10-3 𝑠 x 0.95
𝐽 𝐾𝐽
Q = 287,459.36 𝑠 , 𝐶𝑝𝑤 = 1.851 at 200 ℃
𝑘𝑔 𝐾
The heating fluid enters the jacket at 200 ℃ and leaves at 45 ℃
ΔT T1 T2
ΔT = 200 ℃ - 50 ℃
ΔT = 150 ℃ 423K
287.46KJ/s
mw = 𝐾𝐽
1.851 𝑥 423𝐾
𝑘𝑔𝐾
mw = 0.37 kg/s
Jacket Dimension
Height of jacket:
𝐻
Hj = 2𝑅
1.8𝑚
Hj = 2
Hj = 0.9m
Let the pitch (Pj) between the spiral baffles be 0.2m

Number of spiracles:
𝐻
Ns = 𝑃 𝑗
𝑗
0.9𝑚
Ns = 0.2𝑚
Ns = 4.5 5
Length of jacket:
Lj = Ns 𝞹 DR
Lj = 53.142 6m
Lj =94.3m
Area of jacket:
Let the space between the jacket and the reactor be Δb = 0.3m
Aj = 0.3m x 0.2m
Aj = 0.06 m2
Hydraulic diameter (de):

4(0.3𝑥0.2)
de = 2(0.3+0.2)
de = 0.24m
Velocity through channel u: u = ρ𝐴𝑚 𝑗

𝑘𝑔
0.37
Where: ρ = 1000 kg m3 ,u= 𝑘𝑔
𝑠
1000 𝑥 0.06 𝑚2
𝑚3
𝑚
u = 6.17 x 10-3 s
Film Heat Transfer Coefficient for the Jacket
Reynolds number (Re):
ρu𝑑
Re= μ 𝑒
μ = 134.5 x 10-6 Pa s
1000 x 0.48 x 0.24
Re= 134.5 x 10−6
Re= 856505.5
𝐶𝑝 μ
Prandlts number (Pr): Pr= k
Where: Cp = 1.939 KJ. kg−1K−1
W
k= 663.31 10-3 mK
1.939x 134.5x10−6
Pr= 663.31 x10−3
Pr = 0.39
ℎ𝑗 𝑑𝑒
= 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.33
k
Ignoring correction factor or taking it as 1

ℎ𝑗 x 0.24
= 0.023 (856505.5)0.8 (0.39)0.33
663.31 x 10−3
𝑊
hj = 2597 𝑚2 𝐾−1
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

ℎ ℎ𝑑
Uo = ℎ 𝑗+ℎ
𝑗 𝑑
1
Where: hd = 𝑓
𝑑
Where,
𝑚2 ℃
𝑓𝑑 = 0.0025
𝑊
1
ℎ𝑑 = 0.0025
𝑊
ℎ𝑑 = 400 𝑚2 ℃
Therefore
1 1 1
= +
𝑈𝑜 2597 400
𝑊
𝑈𝑜 = 346.62
𝑚−2 ℃−1
Heat transfer area of the jacket

ρu𝑑
Q= 𝑈 ΔT𝑒
𝑜 𝑙𝑚
Take the log mean temperature as arithmetic mean of the temperatures

200+50
ΔT𝑙𝑚 = 2
ΔT𝑙𝑚 = 125 ℃
287,459.36 𝐽/𝑠
A= 𝑊
346.62 𝑥 125℃
𝑚−2 ℃−1
A= 6.63 𝑚2
Mechanical design Aspect of the Reactor [1]

Stirrer Design
Stirrer clearance (C):

1
C= 6 DR
6𝑚
C= 6
C= 1.0 m
Stirrer Length (Lst):

Lst = HR – C
Lst = 1.8m – 1.0m
Lst = 0.8m
Diameter of stirrer (Dst)

𝐷
Dst = 4𝑅
6𝑚
Dst = 4
Dst = 1.5m
Stirrer blade width (W):

𝐷
W= 5𝑠𝑡
1.5𝑚
W= 5
W= 0.3m
Wall baffle
𝐷
W= 10𝑅
6𝑚
W= 10
W= 0.6m
Power consumption
n𝐷2𝑠𝑡 ρ
Re= μ
Using the viscosity of water since the mixture is water-base;
ρ = 1424 kg m3
W= 1791.2 x 10-6 Pa s
90𝑟
Taking n= min
The stirrer type is a radial turbine with 6 blades
90
𝑥 (1.5)2 𝑥1424
Re= 1.7912 10−2
60
Re 2,683,117.46
Since Re > 104, the flow regime is turbulent and the power consumption is independent of the
Reynolds number
Np = Kr
Where Kr = 6.30 (Peters M.S, 2004)
2 3
P = Kr ρ 𝐷𝑠𝑡 n
1424 90
P = 6.30 x 1000 x (1.5)2 x (60)3
P = 0.229 KW 0.23KW
Standard Plate Thickness:

𝑃𝑅 𝐷 𝑅
t= 𝑆𝐸 −0.6𝑃 +𝑐
𝑓 𝑅
𝑃𝑅 = 1.4 atm x 1.013x102 𝑁𝑚−2 = 141, 855 Pa
𝐷𝑅 = 6m
S= 66,900 x 103 𝑃𝑎
𝐸𝑓 = 0.6
c= 0.0032
141,855 x 6
t= 66,900 x 103 𝑥 0.6−0.6 𝑥 141,855 + 0.0032
t= 0.024 m

Cre Equations

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Cre Equations

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Pressure of Reactor

PR= 0.4 atm + 1 atm = 1.4 atm

Reactor Head Dimension

Heat generated per unit volume [5], [9]:

where: ΔHr = -277,604,400 J kmol-1

3.10 Heating Jacket Design [5],[9]

Let the pitch (Pj) between the spiral baffles be 0.2m

Hydraulic diameter (de):

Velocity through channel u: u = ρ𝐴𝑚 𝑗

Ignoring correction factor or taking it as 1

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

Heat transfer area of the jacket

Take the log mean temperature as arithmetic mean of the temperatures

Mechanical design Aspect of the Reactor [1]

Stirrer clearance (C):

Stirrer Length (Lst):

Diameter of stirrer (Dst)

Stirrer blade width (W):

Standard Plate Thickness:

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