Solutions to Additional Problems

3.48. Use the defining equation for the DTFS coefficients to evaluate the DTFS representation for the
following signals.

2π
(a) N = 17, Ωo = 17

6π π
x[n] = cos( n + )
17 3
1  j( 6π n+ π ) 
+ e−j( 17 n+ 3 )
6π π
= e 17 3
2
1  j π j(3) 2π n 
+ e−j 3 ej(−3) 17 n
π 2π
= e 3e 17
2

By inspection



1 jπ
2e
3 k=3
1 −j π
X[k] = 2e
3 k = −3


0 otherwise on k = {−8, −7, ..., 8}
2π
(b) N = 19, Ωo = 19

4π 10π
x[n] = 2 sin(n) + cos( n) + 1
19 19
1 j 4π n 1 10π
[e 19 − e−j 19 n ] + [ej 19 n + e−j 19 n ] + 1
4π 10π
=
j 2
2π 2π 1 2π 2π 2π
= −jej(2) 19 n + jej(−2) 19 n + [ej(5) 19 n + ej(−5) 19 n ] + ej(0) 19 n
2
By inspection
 1

 k = −5


2

 j k = −2


 1 k=0
X[k] =

 −j k=2



 1
k=5

 2

0 otherwise on k = {9, −8, ..., 9}
(c)
∞

x[n] = [(−1)m (δ[n − 2m] + δ[n + 3m])]
m=−∞

π
Graph to find N = 12, Ωo = 6

1 
6
x[n]e−jk 6 n
π
X[k] =
12 n=−5
1 −j(−4) π k

+ e−j(−3) 6 k − e−j(−2) 6 k + 2 − e−j(2) 6 k + e−j(3) 6 k + e−j(4) 6 k

π π π π π
= e 6
12
1 2π 1 π 1 π 1
= cos( k) + cos( k) − cos( k) +
6 3 6 2 6 3 6

1
(d) x[n] as depicted in Figure P3.48(a)
N = 8, Ωo = π4

1 
4
x[n]e−jk 4 n
π
X[k] =
8 n=−3
1
[−e−j(−2) 4 k + e−j(2) 4 k ]
π π
=
8
−j π
= sin( k) k ∈ {−3, −2, ..., 4}
4 2

(e) x[n] as depicted in Figure P3.48(b)

N = 10, Ωo = π5

1 
4
x[n]e−jk 5 n
π
X[k] =
10 n=−5
 
1 1 −j(−4) π k 1 −j(−3) π k 3 −j(−2) π k −j(−1) π
= e 5 + e 5 + e 5 +e 5 k
k ∈ {−5, −4, ..., 4}
10 4 2 4

3.49. Use the definition of the DTFS to determine the time-domain signals represented by the following
DTFS coefficients.
(a) N = 21, Ωo = 2π
21

8π
X[k] = cos( k)
21
1 −j(−4) 2π k 1 −j(4) 2π k
= [e 21 + e 21 ]
2 2
By inspection

21
2 n = ±4
x[n] =
0 otherwise on n ∈ {−10, −9, ..., 10}
2π
(b) N = 19, Ωo = 19

10π 4π
X[k] = cos( k) + 2j sin( k)
19 19
1 −j(−5) 2π k
+ e−j(5) 19 k ] + e−j(−2) 19 k − e−j(2) 19 k
2π 2π 2π
= [e 19
2

By inspection



19
n = ±5


2
−19 n=2
x[n] =

 19 n = −2


0 otherwise on n ∈ {−9 − 8, ..., 9}

2
(c)
∞

X[k] = [(−1)m (δ[k − 2m] − 2δ[k + 3m])]
m=−∞
π
Graph to find N = 12, Ωo = 6


6
π
x[n] = X[k]ejk 6 n
k=−5
π π π π
= ej(−4) 6 n + 2ej(−3) 6 n − ej(−2) 6 n − 1 − ej(2) 6 n
π π π
+2ej(3) 6 n + ej(4) 6 n − 3ej(6) 6 n
2π π π
= 2 cos( n) + 4 cos( n) − 2 cos( n) − 1 − 3(−1)n
3 2 3
(d) X[k] as depicted in Figure P3.49(a)
N = 14, Ωo = π7


7
π
x[n] = X[k]ejk 7 n
k=−6

= e−j 2 ej(−4) 7 n + ej 2 ej(−3) 7 n + ej 2 ej(3) 7 n + e−j 2 ej(4) 7 n

π π π π π π π π

3π π 4π π
= 2 cos( n + ) + 2 cos( n − )
7 2 7 2
(e) X[k] as depicted in Figure P3.49(b)
N = 7, Ωo = 2π7


3
2π
x[n] = X[k]ejk 7 n

k=−3
2π 2π 1
= ej(−1) 7 n + ej(1) 7 n −
2
2π 1
= 2 cos( n) −
7 2
(f) X[k] as depicted in Figure P3.49(c)
N = 15, Ωo = 2π15


9
2π
x[n] = X[k]ejk 15 n
k=−5


4
e−j 6 k ejk 15 n
π 2π
=
k=−4
let l = k + 4
 8
ejπ(l−4)( 15 − 6 )
2n 1
=
l=0

8
−j4π( 2n
15 − 6 ) (ejπ( 15 − 6 ) )l
1 2n 1
= e
l=0

1 − ej9π( 15 − 6 )
2n 1
−j4π( 2n
15 − 6 )
1
= e
15 − 6 )
jπ( 2n 1
1−e

3
 2 ( 15 − 6 ))
sin( 9π 2n 1
=
sin(( 2 ( 15 − 6 ))
π 2n 1

3.50. Use the defining equation for the FS coefficients to evaluate the FS representation for the following
signals.
(a) T1 = 23 , T2 = 12 , T = lcm(T1 , T2 ) = 2, ωo = π
lcm is the least common multiple.

x(t) = sin(3πt) + cos(4πt)

1 j(3)πt 1 1 1
= e − ej(−3)πt + ej(4)πt + ej(−4)πt
2j 2j 2 2

By inspection



1
k = ±4


2
1
2j k=3
X[k] =


−1
k = −3

 2j
0 otherwise
(b)
∞
 m 2m
x(t) = (−1)m [(δ(t − ) + δ(t + )]
m=−∞
3 3
4 3π
Graph to find T = 3, ωo = 2

 2  2
3 3
−jkπt
3
[2δ(t) − δ(t − 1) − δ(t + 1)]e−jk
3π
X[k] = x(t)e dt = 2 t dt
4 − 23 − 23

By the sifting property

6 3 −jk 3π 3 jk 3π
X[k] = − e 2 − e 2
4 4 4
6 3 3π
= − cos( k)
4 2 2

(c)
∞
 2π
x(t) = [e 7 m δ(t − 2m)]
m=−∞
π
Graph to find T = 14, ωo = 7
 7
1
x(t)e−jk 7 t dt
π
X[k] =
14 −7
By the sifting property
1 j(k−1) 6π 4π 2π 2π 4π 6π

= e 7 + ej(k−1) 7 + ej(k−1) 7 + 1 + ej(1−k) 7 + ej(1−k) 7 + ej(1−k) 7

14 
1 6π 4π 2π 1
= cos((k − 1) ) + cos((k − 1) ) + cos((k − 1) ) +
7 7 7 7 2

4
(d) x(t) as depicted in Figure P3.50(a)

x(t) = | sin(πt)|
T = 1, ωo = 2π
 1
1
X[k] = [ejπt − e−jπt ]e−jk2πt dt
2j 0
    
1 1 1
= ejπ(1−2k) − 1 − e−jπ(1+2k) − 1
2j jπ(1 − 2k) jπ(1 + 2k)
4k
=
π(1 − 4k)
(e) x(t) as depicted in Figure P3.50(b)
T = 2, ωo = π
 1
1
X[k] = e−t e−jkπt dt
2 0
 1
1
= e−t(1+jkπ) dt
2 0
1 − e−1(1+jkπ)
=
2(jπk + 1)

(f) x(t) as depicted in Figure P3.50(c)

2π
T = 3, ωo =
3
 1  2
1 −jk 2π 1
(3 − 2t)e−jk
2π
X[k] = te 3 t dt + 3 t dt
3 −1 3 1
4π −πk
3 k) −
j2 sin( 2π 4π
3 cos( 2π
3 k) + 3 e cos( π3 k) − j4e−πk sin( π3 k)
= 4π 2
3

By L’Hopital’s rule, X[k] = 0 for k = 0.

3.51. Use the definition of the FS to determine the time-domain signals represented by the following
FS coefficients.
(a) X[k] = jδ[k − 1] − jδ[k + 1] + δ[k − 3] + δ[k + 3], ωo = 2π
∞

x(t) = X[k]ej2πkt
m=−∞

= jej(1)2πt − jej(−1)2πt + ej(3)2πt + ej(−3)πt

= −2 sin(2πt) + 2 cos(6πt)

(b) X[k] = jδ[k − 1] − jδ[k + 1] + δ[k − 3] + δ[k + 3], ωo = 4π

x(t) = jej(1)4πt − jej(−1)4πt + ej(3)4πt + ej(−3)4πt

= −2 sin(4πt) + 2 cos(12πt)

5
(c) X[k] = (− 13 )|k| , ωo = 1

∞
 1
x(t) = (− )|k| ejkt
m=−∞
3
∞
 ∞
1 1
= (− ejt )k + (− e−jt )k
m=0
3 m=1
3
1 −jt
1 3e
= −
1 + 13 ejt 1 + 13 e−jt
8
=
10 + 6 cos(t)

(d) X[k] as depicted in Figure P3.51(a).

ωo = π

∞

x(t) = X[k]ejπkt
m=−∞

= 2e−j0.25π ej(−4)πt + ej0.25π ej(−3)πt + e−j0.25π ej(3)πt

+2ej0.25π ej(4)πt
= 4 cos(4πt + 0.25π) + 2 cos(3πt − 0.25π)

(e) X[k] as depicted in Figure P3.51(b).

ωo = 2π.

X[k] = e−j2πk −4≤k <4


4
x(t) = ej2πk(t−1)
m=−4
sin(9πt)
=
sin(πt)

(f) X[k] as depicted in Figure P3.51(b).

ωo = π.

X[k] = |k| −4≤k <4

x(t) = 8 cos(4πt) + 6 cos(3πt) + 4 cos(2πt) + 2 cos(πt)

3.52. Use the defining equation for the DTFT to evaluate the frequency-domain representations for
the following signals. Sketch the magnitude and phase spectra.
(a) x[n] = ( 34 )n u[n − 4]
∞

X(ejΩ ) = x[n]e−jΩn
m=−∞

6
 ∞
3
= ( )n e−jΩn
m=4
4
∞
3
= ( e−jΩ )n
m=4
4
( 34 e−jΩ )4
=
1 − 34 e−jΩ

( 34 )4
|X(ejΩ )| =
− cos(Ω))0.5
( 25 3
16 2
 
3 sin(Ω)
 X(ejΩ ) = −4Ω + arctan
4 − 3 cos(Ω)

1.4 15

1.2
10

1
5
argX(exp(j omega))
|X(exp(j omega))|

0.8

0.6

−5
0.4

−10
0.2

0 −15
−4 −2 0 2 4 −4 −2 0 2 4
Omega [−pi,pi] Omega [−pi,pi]

Figure P3.52. (a) Graph of the magnitude and phase

(b) x[n] = a|n| |a| < 1

∞
 −∞

−jΩ n
X(e ) jΩ
= (ae ) + (aejΩ )−n
n=0 n=−1

1 aejΩ
= +
1 − ae−jΩ 1 − aejΩ
1−a 2
=
1 + a2 − 2a cos(Ω)
X(ejΩ ) is completely real and nonnegative, thus:
1 − a2
|X(ejΩ | =
1 + a2 − 2a cos(Ω)
 X(ejΩ ) = 0

7
 3 1

0.8

2.5
0.6

0.4
2

argX(exp(j omega))
|X(exp(j omega))|

0.2

1.5 0

−0.2

1
−0.4

−0.6
0.5

−0.8

0 −1
−4 −2 0 2 4 −4 −2 0 2 4
Omega [−pi,pi] Omega [−pi,pi]

Figure P3.52. (b) Graph of the magnitude and phase for a = 0.5

1
2 + 1
2
π
cos( N n), |n| ≤ N
(c) x[n] =
0, otherwise

1 
N
ej N n + e−j N n −jΩn
π π

X(ejΩ ) = (1 + )e
2 2
n=−N

1 sin( 2N2+1 Ω) 1 sin( 2N2+1 (Ω − N

π
)) 1 sin( 2N2+1 (Ω + N
π
))
= + +
2 sin( 12 Ω) 2 sin( 12 (Ω − N
π
)) 2 1 π
sin( 2 (Ω + N ))

8 3.5

7
3

6
2.5

5
argX(exp(j omega))
|X(exp(j omega))|

1.5
3

1
2

0.5
1

0 0
−4 −2 0 2 4 −4 −2 0 2 4
Omega [−pi,pi] Omega [−pi,pi]

Figure P3.52. (c) Graph of the magnitude and phase for N = 7

8
(d) x[n] = 2δ[4 − 2n]

∞
1 
X(e ) = jΩ
2δ[4 − 2n]e−jΩn
2 n=−∞
= 2e−j2Ω
|X(ejΩ )| = 2
 X(ejΩ ) = −2Ω

3 8

2.8
6

2.6
4
2.4

2
argX(exp(j omega))
|X(exp(j omega))|

2.2

2 0

1.8
−2

1.6
−4
1.4

−6
1.2

1 −8
−4 −2 0 2 4 −4 −2 0 2 4
Omega [−pi,pi] Omega [−pi,pi]

Figure P3.52. (d) Graph of the magnitude and phase

(e) x[n] as depicted in Figure P3.52(a)

∞
1 
X(ejΩ ) = x[n]e−jΩn
2 n=−∞
= ej4Ω + ej2Ω + e−j2Ω − e−j4Ω
2 cos(2Ω) + 2j sin(4Ω) =
 1
|X(ejΩ )| = 4 cos2 (2Ω) + 4 sin(4Ω) 2
 
sin(4Ω)
 X(ejΩ ) = arctan
cos(2Ω)

9
 3 1

2.8 0.5

0
2.6

−0.5
2.4

argX(exp(j omega))
|X(exp(j omega))|

−1
2.2
−1.5
2
−2

1.8
−2.5

1.6
−3

1.4 −3.5

1.2 −4
−4 −2 0 2 4 −4 −2 0 2 4
Omega [−pi,pi] Omega [−pi,pi]

Figure P3.52. (e) Graph of the magnitude and phase

(f) x[n] as depicted in Figure P3.52(b)

X(ejΩ ) = −j2 [sin(Ω) + sin(2Ω) + sin(3Ω) + sin(4Ω) + sin(5Ω)]

|X(ejΩ )| = 2 |(sin(Ω) + sin(2Ω) + sin(3Ω) + sin(4Ω) + sin(5Ω)|
π
 X(ejΩ ) = − sgn (sin(Ω) + sin(2Ω) + sin(3Ω) + sin(4Ω) + sin(5Ω))
2

8 2

7 1.5

6 1

5 0.5
argX(exp(j omega))
|X(exp(j omega))|

4 0

3 −0.5

2 −1

1 −1.5

0 −2
−4 −2 0 2 4 −4 −2 0 2 4
Omega [−pi,pi] Omega [−pi,pi]

Figure P3.52. (f) Graph of the magnitude and phase

10
 3.53. Use the equation describing the DTFT representation to determine the time-domain signals
corresponding to the following DTFT’s.
(a) X(ejΩ ) = cos(2Ω) + j sin(2Ω)
 π
1
x[n] = X(ejΩ )ejΩn dΩ
2π −π
 π
1
= ejΩ(2+n) dΩ
2π −π
by orthogonality
= δ[n + 2]

(b) X(ejΩ ) = sin(Ω) + cos( Ω2 )

 π jΩ
e − e−jΩ ej 2 + e−j 2 jΩn
Ω Ω
1
x[n] = ( + )e dΩ
2π −π 2j 2
1 1 1 cos(πn) 1 cos(πn)
= δ[n + 1] − δ[n − 1] + −
2j 2j 2π n + 0.5 2π n − 0.5

1, π/4 < |Ω| < 3π/4,
(c) |X(e )| =
jΩ
arg{X(ejΩ )} = −4Ω
0 otherwise
 0.75π  −0.25π
1 jΩ(n−4) 1
x[n] = e dΩ + ejΩ(n−4) dΩ
2π 0.25π 2π −0.75π
sin(0.75π(n − 4)) − sin(0.25π(n − 4))
=
π(n − 4)
(d) X(ejΩ ) as depicted in Figure P3.53 (a)

 0  π
1 1
x[n] = eΩ(jn+1) dΩ + eΩ(jn−1) dΩ
2π −π 2π 0
1 + e−π (−1)n
=
π(n2 + 1)
(e) X(ejΩ ) as depicted in Figure P3.53 (b)

 0  π
1 1 2
x[n] = − sin(Ω)ej2Ω ejΩn dΩ + sin(Ω)ej2Ω ejΩn dΩ
2π −π2
2π 0
 π

1 2
= sin(Ω) e−j(2+n)Ω + ej(2+n)Ω dΩ
2π 0
 π2
1
= sin(Ω) cos((2 + n)Ω)dΩ
π 0
 π2
1
= sin(Ω(−1 − n)) + sin(Ω(3 + n))dΩ
2π 0
1 1 − cos( π2 (n + 1)) 1 cos( π2 (n + 3)) − 1
= +
2π n+1 2π n+3

11
 π π
1 1−cos( 2 (n+1)) 1 cos( 2 (n+3))−1
2π n+1 + 2π n+3 n = −1, −3
x[n] =
− 2π
1
n = −1, −3

(f) X(ejΩ ) as depicted in Figure P3.53 (c)

 0  π
1 1 2
x[n] = e−jπ ejΩn dΩ + ejΩn dΩ
2π −π
2
2π 0
cos( π2 n) − 1
=
jπn
cos( π n)−1
jπn
2
n = 0
x[n] =
0 n=0

3.54. Use the defining equation for the FT to evaluate the frequency-domain representations for the
following signals.
(a) x(t) = e−2t u(t − 3)
 ∞
X(jω) = x(t)e−jωt dt
−∞
 ∞
= e−2t e−jωt dt
3
e−3(2+jω)
=
2 + jω

(b) x(t) = e−4|t|

 ∞
X(jω) = e−4|t| e−jωt dt
−∞
 ∞  0
−4t −jωt
= e e dt + e4t e−jωt dt
0 −∞
8
=
16 + ω 2

(c) x(t) = te−t u(t)

 ∞
X(jω) = te−t e−jωt dt
0
1
=
(1 + jω)2
∞
(d) x(t) = m=0 am δ(t − m), |a| < 1
 ∞ ∞

X(jω) = ( am δ(t − m))e−jωt dt
0 m=0
∞

= (ae−jω )m
m=0
1
=
1 − ae−jω

12
(e) x(t) as depicted in Figure P3.54 (a)

 0  1
−jωt
X(jω) = e dt − e−jωt dt
−1 0
2 cos(ω) − 2
=
jω

2 cos(ω)−2
jω ω= 0
X(jω) =
0 ω =0

(f) x(t) as depicted in Figure P3.54 (b)

 0  2
t −jωt
X(jω) = ee dt + e−t e−jωt dt
−2 0
1 − e−(1−jω)2 1 − e−(1+jω)2
= +
1 − jω 1 + jω
2 − 2e−2 cos(2ω) + 2ωe−2 sin(2ω)
=
1 + ω2

3.55. Use the equation describing the FT representation to determine the time-domain signals corre-
sponding to the
following FT’s.
cos(2ω), |ω| < π4
(a) X(jω) =
0 otherwise
 ∞
1
x(t) = X(jω)ejωt dω
2π −∞
 0.25π
1 ej2ω + e−j2ω jωt
= e dω
2π −0.25π 2
 0.25π  0.25π
1 1 j(t+2)ω 1 1 j(t−2)ω
= e dt + e dω
2π −0.25π 2 2π −0.25π 2
sin(0.25π(t + 2)) sin(0.25π(t − 2))
= +
2π(t + 2) 2π(t − 2)

sin(0.25π(t+2)) sin(0.25π(t−2))
2π(t+2) + 2π(t−2) t = 2, −2
x(t) = 1
8 t = ±2

(b) X(jω) = e−2ω u(ω)

 ∞
1
x(t) = e−2ω ejωt dω
2π 0
 ∞
1
= e(jt−2)ω dω
2π 0
1
=
2π(2 − jt)

13
(c) X(jω) = e−2|ω|

 ∞
1
x(t) = e−2|ω| e−jωt dω
2π −∞
 ∞  0
1 −2ω −jωt 1
= e e dω + e2ω e−jωt dω
2π 0 2π −∞
2
=
π(4 + t2 )
(d) X(jω) as depicted in Figure P3.55 (a)

 2
1
x(t) = e−j2ω e−jωt dω
2π −2
sin(2(t − 2))
=
π(t − 2)

sin(2(t−2)
π(t−2) t =2
x(t) = 2
π t =2
(e) X(jω) as depicted in Figure P3.55 (b)

 3
1 2
x(t) = jωejωt dω
2π −3 3
2 cos(3t) 2 sin(3t)
= −
2πt 3πt2

2 cos(3t) 2 sin(3t)
πt − 3πt2 t =0
x(t) =
0 t =0
(f) X(jω) as depicted in Figure P3.55 (c)

 0  2
j j
x(t) = ejωt dω − ejωt dω
2π −2 2π 0
1 − cos(2t)
=
πt

1−cos(2t)
πt t =0
x(t) =
0 t =0

3.56. Determine the appropriate Fourier representation for the following time-domain signals, using
the defining equations.
(a) x(t) = e−t cos(2πt)u(t)
Continuous and Nonperiodic, use FT.

 ∞
X(jω) = x(t)e−jωt dt
−∞
 ∞
1
= e−t (ej2πt + e−j2πt )e−jωt dt
2 0

14
  
1 ∞ −t(1−j2π+jω) 1 ∞ −t(1+j2π+jω)
= e dt + e dt
2 0 2 0
 
1 1 1
= +
2 1 − j(2π − ω) 1 + j(2π + ω)

π
cos( 10 π
n) + j sin( 10 n), |n| < 10
(b) x[n] =
0, otherwise
Discrete and Nonperiodic, use DTFT.


9
x[n]e−j( 10 −Ω)n
π
jΩ
X(e ) =
n=−9

1 − e−j9( 10 −Ω)
π

= e−j9( 10 −Ω)
π

1 − e−j( 10 −Ω)
π

sin( 192 ( 10 − Ω))

π
=
sin( 12 ( 10
π
− Ω))

(c) x[n] as depicted in Figure P3.56 (a)

Discrete and Periodic, use DTFS.
N = 7, Ωo = 2π 7
choose n, k ∈ {0, ...., 6}

1
(1 + e−j 7 k − e−j 7 k )
6π 8π
X[k] =
7

(d)x(t) = e1+t u(−t + 2)

Continuous and Nonperiodic, use FT.
 2
1
X(jω) = e e(1−jω)t dt
−∞
3−j2ω
e
=
1 − jω
(e) x(t) = | sin(2πt)|
Continuous and Periodic, use FS.
T = 12 , ωo = 4π

ej2πt − e−j2πt −j4πkt
0.5
X[k] = 2 e dt
0 2j
 0.5  0.5
= −j ej2π(1−2k)t dt − j e−j2π(1+2k)t dt
0 0
1 − (−1)1−2k 1 − (−1)(1+2k)
= +
2π(1 − 2k) 2π(1 + 2k)
(f) x[n] as depicted in Figure P3.56 (b)
Discrete and Nonperiodic, use DTFT.

−j
X(ejΩ ) = (sin(Ω) + 2 sin(2Ω) + 3 sin(3Ω) + 4 sin(4Ω))
2

15
(g) x(t) as depicted in Figure P3.56 (c)
Continuous and Periodic, use FS.
T = 4, ωo = π2
 2  3
1 1
e−j 2 kt dt + 3e−j 2 kt dt
π π
X[k] =
4 1 4 2
2(−1)k + e−j 2 k − 3e−j
π 3π
2 k
=
j2πk
π 3π k
2(−1)k +e−j 2 k −3e−j
 0
2
k=
x[k] = j2πk
1 k=0

3.57. The following are frequency-domain representations for signals. Determine the time-domain sig-
nal corresponding
to each.
e−jkπ/2 , |k| < 10
(a) X[k] = Fundamental period of time domain signal is T = 1.
0, otherwise
F S; 2π
Discrete and Nonperiodic ←−−−→ Periodic and Continuous, use FS.


9
e−j 2 k e−j2πk
π
x(t) =
k=−9


9
= (e−jπ(2t−0.5) )k
k=−9

sin( 192 π(2t − 0.5))

=
sin( 12 π(2t − 0.5))

(b) X[k] as depicted in Figure P3.57 (a)

2π
DT F S; 5
Discrete and Periodic ←−−−−→ Discrete and and Periodic, use DTFS.
N = 5, Ωo = 2π5 Choose n, k ∈ {−2, −1, ...2}


2
X[k]e−j
2π
x[n] = 5 kn

k=−2

+ e−j 5 n + 1 − ej 5 n + e−j
4π 4π 2π 2π
= −ej 5 n 5 n

2π 4π
= 1 − 2j sin( n) − 2j sin( n)
5 5

cos( ω4 ) + j sin( ω4 ), |ω| < π
(c) X(jω) =
0, otherwise
FT
Continuous and Nonperiodic ←−−−→ Nonperiodic and Continuous, use FT.

 π
1 ω
x(t) = ej 4 ejωt dω
2π −π
sin(π(t + 0.25))
=
π(t + 0.25)

16

sin(π(t+0.25))
π(t+0.25) k = − 14
x(t) =
1 k = − 14

(d) X(jω) as depicted in Figure P3.57 (b)

FT
Continuous and Nonperiodic ←−−−→ Nonperiodic and Continuous, use FT.

 0  2
1 1
x(t) = −eω ejωt dω + e−ω ejωt dω
2π −2 2π 0
e−2(1+jt) − 1 e2(jt−1) − 1
= +
2π(1 + jt) 2π(jt − 1)
−2
e t(cos(2t) + 1)
=
jπ(1 + t2 )

(e) X(ejΩ ) as depicted in Figure P3.57 (c)

DT F T
Continuous and Periodic ←−−
−−→ Periodic and Discrete, use DTFT.

 π
1 2Ω jΩn
x[n] = e dΩ
2π −π π
Use integration by parts.
2 cos(πn)
=
jπn

2 cos(πn)
jπn n = 0
x[n] =
0 n=0

(f) X[k] as depicted in Figure P3.57 (d)

F S; π
Discrete and Nonperiodic ←−−−→ Periodic and Continuous, use FS, T = 2, ωo = π

x(t) = 2[sin(3πt) + sin(4πt) + sin(5πt) + sin(6πt) + sin(7πt)]

(g) X(ejΩ ) = | sin(Ω)|

DT F T
Continuous and Periodic ←−−
−−→ Nonperiodic and Discrete, use DTFT.

 π
1
x[n] = | sin(Ω)|ejΩn dΩ
2π −π
 0  π
1 1
= − sin(Ω)e jΩn
dΩ + − sin(Ω)ejΩn dΩ
2π −π 2π 0
cos(π(n − 1)) − 1 cos(π(n + 1)) − 1
= +
2π(n − 1) 2π(n + 1)

cos(π(n−1))−1 cos(π(n+1))−1
2π(n−1) + 2π(n+1) k = 2, −2
x[n] =
0 k = 2, −2

17
 3.58. Use the tables of transforms and properties to find the FT’s of the following signals.
(a) x(t) = sin(2πt)e−t u(t)

x(t) = sin(2πt)e−t u(t)

1 j2πt −t 1
= e e u(t) − e−j2πt e−t u(t)
2j 2j

FT 1
e−t u(t) ←−−−→
1 + jω
FT
ej2πt s(t) ←−−−→ S(j(ω − 2π))
 
1 1 1
X(jω) = −
2j 1 + j(ω − 2π) 1 + j(ω + 2π)

(b) x(t) = te−3|t−1|

FT 6
e−3|t| ←−−−→
9 + ω2
FT
s(t − 1) ←−−−→ e−jω S(jω)
FT d
tw(t) ←−−−→ j W (jω)
dω  
d −jω 6
X(jω) = j e
dω 9 + ω2
−jω
6e 12jω −jω
= −
9 + ω2 (9 + ω 2 )2

2 sin(3πt) sin(2πt)
(c) x(t) = πt πt

sin(W t) FT 1 ω≤W
←−−−→
πt 0, otherwise
FT 1
s1 (t)s2 (t) ←−−−→ S1 (jω) ∗ S2 (jω)
2π
 |ω|

 5− π π < |ω| ≤ 5π
X(jω) = 4 |ω| ≤ π


0 otherwise

(d)
d −2t
x(t) = te sin(t)u(t)
dt
d −2t ejt − e−jt
= te u(t)
dt 2j

FT 1
te−2t u(t) ←−−−→
(2 + jω)2

18
 FT
ejt s(t) ←−−−→ S(j(ω − 1))
d FT
s(t) ←−−−→ jωS(jω)
dt  
1 1 1
X(jω) = jω −
2j (2 + j(ω − 1))2 (2 + j(ω + 1))2

t sin(2πτ )
(e) x(t) = −∞ πτ dτ

sin(2πt) FT 1 ω ≤ 2π
←−−−→
πt 0, otherwise
 t FT S(jω)
s(τ )dτ ←−−−→ + πS(j0)δ(ω)
−∞ jω


 πδ(ω) ω =0
X(jω) = 1
|ω| ≤ 2π, ω = 0


jω
0 otherwise

(f) x(t) = e−t+2 u(t − 2)

FT 1
e−t u(t) ←−−−→
1 + jω
FT
s(t − 2) ←−−−→ e−j2ω S(jω)
1
X(jω) = e−j2ω
1 + jω

   

sin(t) sin(2t)
(g) x(t) = πt ∗ d
dt πt

FT
x(t) = a(t) ∗ b(t) ←−−−→ X(jω) = A(jω)B(jω)

sin(W t) FT 1 ω≤W
←−−−→
πt 0, otherwise
d FT
s(t) ←−−−→ jωS(jω)
dt
jω |ω| ≤ 1
X(jω) =
0, otherwise

3.59. Use the tables of transforms and properties to find the inverse FT’s of the following signals.
jω
(a) X(jω) = (1+jω) 2

1 FT
←−−−→ te−t u(t)
(1 + jω)2
FT d
jωS(jω) ←−−−→ s(t)
dt

19
 d −t
x(t) = [te u(t)]
dt
= (1 − t)e−t u(t)
4 sin(2ω−4) 4 sin(2ω+4)
(b) X(jω) = 2ω−4 − 2ω+4

2 sin(ω) FT 1 |t| ≤ 1
←−−−→ rect(t) =
ω 0, otherwise
FT 1 t
S(j2ω) ←−−−→ s( )
2 2
FT
S(j(ω − 2)) ←−−−→ ej2t s(t)

t t
x(t) = rect( )ej2t − rect( )e−j2t
2 2
t
= 2jrect( ) sin(2t)
2
(c) X(jω) = 1
jω(jω+2) − πδ(ω)

1 FT
+ πδ(jω) ←−−−→ u(t)
jω
1 FT
←−−−→ e−2t u(t)
2 + jω
FT
2πδ(ω) ←−−−→ 1
1 1
X(jω) = −0.5
+ 0.5 + 0.5πδ(ω) − 1.5πδ(ω)
(jω + 2) jω
FT 3
X(jω) ←−−−→ x(t) = −0.5e−2t u(t) + 0.5u(t) −
4

(d) X(jω) = d
dω 4 sin(4ω) sin(2ω)
ω

2 sin(2ω) FT 1 |t| ≤ 2
S(jω) = ←−−−→ s(t) = rect(2t) =
ω 0, otherwise
FT
S1 (jω) = 2 sin(4ω)S(jω) ←−−−→ s1 (t) = −js(t + 4)) + js(t − 4))
d FT
X(jω) = S1 (jω) ←−−−→ x(t) = −jts1 (t)
dω
x(t) = −trect(2(t + 4)) + trect(2(t − 4))

2 sin(ω)
(e) X(jω) = ω(jω+2)

2 sin(ω) FT 1 |t| ≤ 1
S1 (jω) = ←−−−→ s1 (t) =
ω 0, otherwise

20
 1 FT
S2 (jω) = ←−−−→ s2 (t) = e−2t u(t)
(jω + 2)
x(t) = s1 (t) ∗ s2 (t)



 0 t <-1
−2(t+1)
2 [1 − e −1 ≤ t < −1
1
x(t) = ]

 e−2t 2 −2
2 [e − e ] t ≥1

4 sin2 (ω)
(f) X(jω) = ω2

2 sin(ω) FT 1 |t| ≤ 1
S(jω) = ←−−−→ s(t) =
ω 0, otherwise
x(t) = s(t) ∗ s(t)

2 − |t| t ≤ 2
x(t) =
0 otherwise

3.60. Use the tables of transforms and properties to find the DTFT’s of the following signals.
 n
(a) x[n] = 13 u[n + 2]

1
x[n] ( )n u[n + 2]
=
3
1 1
= ( )−2 ( )n+2 u[n + 2]
3 3
1 n DT F T 1
( ) u[n] ←−−−−→
3 1 − 13 e−jΩ
DT F T
s[n + 2] ←−−
−−→ ej2Ω S(ejΩ )
9ej2Ω
X(ejΩ ) =
1 − 13 e−jΩ

(b) x[n] = (n − 2)(u[n + 4] − u[n − 5])

sin( 9Ω
2 )
DT F T
u[n + 4] − u[n − 5] ←−−
−−→ Ω
sin( 2 )
DT F T d
ns[n] ←−−−−→ j S(ejΩ )
dΩ
d sin( 9Ω
2 ) sin( 9Ω2 )
x[n] = j − 2
dΩ sin( Ω2 ) sin( Ω2 )

21
(c) x[n] = cos( π4 n)( 12 )n u[n − 2]

π 1
x[n] cos( n)( )n u[n − 2]
=
4 2
π 1 1 n−2
= cos( n) ( ) u[n − 2]
4 4 2
1 DT F T 1
a[n] = ( )n u[n] ←−−−−→ A(ejΩ ) = 1 −jΩ
2 1 − 2e
DT F T
b[n] = a[n − 2] ←−−−−→ B(ejΩ ) = e−j2Ω A(ejΩ )
π DT F T 1 π 1 π
x[n] = cos( n)a[n − 2] ←−− −−→ X(ejΩ ) = B(ej(Ω− 4 ) ) + B(ej(Ω+ 4 ) )
4  2 2 
−j2(Ω− π4) −j2(Ω+ π 4)
jΩ 1 e e
X(e ) = +
8 1 − 12 e−j(Ω− 4 ) 1 − 12 e−j(Ω+ 4 )
π π

sin( π
4 n) sin( π
4 (n−8))
(d) x[n] = πn ∗ π(n−8)

sin( π4 n) FT 1 |Ω| ≤ π4
s[n] = ←−−−→ jΩ
S(e ) =
πn 0, π4 < |Ω| ≤ π
DT F T
−−→ B(ejΩ ) = e−j8Ω S(ejΩ )
b[n] = s[n − 8] ←−−

jΩ jΩ jΩ e−j8Ω |Ω| ≤ π4
X(e ) = B(e )S(e ) =
4 < |Ω| ≤ π
π
0,

2
sin( π
2 n) sin( π
2 n)
(e) x[n] = πn ∗ πn

sin( π4 n) DT F T 1 |Ω| ≤ π2
s[n] = ←−−
−−→ S(e ) = jΩ
πn 0, π2 < |Ω| ≤ π
DT F T 1 
|Ω|
s2 [n] = s[n]s[n] ←−−
−−→ S2 (ejΩ ) = S(ejΩ ) ∗ S(ejΩ ) = 2 − 2
1
|Ω| ≤ π, 2π periodic.
2π
|Ω|
2 − 2 |Ω| ≤ π2
1
X(ejΩ ) = jΩ jΩ
S2 (e )S(e ) =
2 < |Ω| ≤ π
π
0,

3.61. Use the tables of transforms and properties to find the inverse DTFT’s of the following signals.
(a)

X(ejΩ ) = j sin(4Ω) − 2
1 j4Ω 1 −j4Ω
= e − e −2
2 2
1 1
x[n] = δ[n + 4] − δ[n − 4] − 2δ[n]
2 2

sin( 15 Ω) sin( 7 Ω)
(b) X(ejΩ ) = e−j2Ω sin(2Ω )  ∗ sin(2Ω )
2 2

22
Let the first part be A((ejΩ )), and the second be B(ejΩ ).

1 |n − 2| ≤ 7
a[n] =
0, otherwise

1 |n| ≤ 3
b[n] =
0, otherwise
DT F T
X((ejΩ )) ∗ B(ejΩ ) ←−−
= A((ejΩ ))  −−→ x[n] = 2πa[n]b[n]

2π |n| ≤ 3
x[n] =
0, otherwise

sin( 32 Ω)
(c) X(ejΩ ) = cos(4Ω) sin( Ω2)

sin( 32 Ω) DT F T 1 |n| ≤ 1
A(e ) = jΩ
←−−
−−→ a[n] =
sin( Ω2 ) 0, otherwise
DT F T 1 1
X(ejΩ ) = cos(4Ω)A((ejΩ )) ←−−−−→ x[n] = a[n + 4] + a[n − 4]
2 2
1
2 |n + 4| ≤ 1, |n − 4| ≤ 1
x[n] =
0, otherwise

e−j4Ω π
< |Ω| < 3π
jΩ
(d) X(e ) = 4 4 , for |Ω| < π
0 otherwise

e−j4Ω |Ω − π2 | < π
X(e ) jΩ
= 4 , for |Ω| < π
0 otherwise
π sin( π4 (n − 4)
x[n] = ej 2 n
π(n − 4)

 
(e) X(ejΩ ) = e−j(4Ω+ 2 ) dΩ
π d 2 2
π + π
1+ 14 e−j(Ω− 4 ) 1+ 14 e−j(Ω+ 4 )

2 DT F T 1
S1 (ejΩ ) = 1 −jω ←−−−−→ s1 [n] = 2(− )n u[n]
1+ 4e
4
π DT F T π
S1 (ej(Ω− 4 ) ←−−
−−→ ej 4 n s1 [n]
DT F T
−−→ e−j 4 n s1 [n]
π π
S1 (ej(Ω+ 4 ) ←−−
π π DT F T π
S(ejΩ ) = S1 (ej(Ω− 4 ) + S1 (ej(Ω+ 4 ) ←−−−−→ s[n] = 2 cos( n)s1 [n]
4
d DT F T
−jej4Ω S(ejΩ ) ←−− −−→ −(n − 4)s[n − 4]
dΩ
π 1
x[n] = −4(n − 4) cos( (n − 4))(− )n−4 u[n − 4]
4 4

23

1 |t| < 1 FT
3.62. Use the FT pair x(t) = ←−−−→ X(jω) = 2 sin(ω)
ω
0 otherwise
and the FT properties to evaluate the frequency domain representations
for the signals depicted in Figure P 3.62 (a) − (g).
(a) y(t) = x( t−2
2 )

2 sin(ω)
Y (jω) = e−j2ω 2X(j2ω) = e−j2ω
2ω

(b) y(t) = sin(πt)x(t)

1 1
Y (jω) = X(j(ω − π)) − X(j(ω + π))
2j 2j
sin(ω − π) sin(ω + π)
= −
j(ω − π) j(ω + π)

(c) y(t) = x(t + 1) − x(2(t − 12 ))

1 ω
= ejω X(jω) − e−j 2 X(j )
ω
Y (jω)
2 2
ω
ω 2 sin(
2 sin(ω) 2)
= ejω − e−j 2
ω ω

(d) y(t) = 2tx(t)

FT d
−jtx(t) ←−−−→ X(jω)
dω
d 2 sin(ω)
Y (jω) = 2j
dω ω
2 cos(ω) 2 sin(ω)
Y (jω) = 2j( − )
ω ω2

(e) y(t) = x(t) ∗ x(t)

4 sin2 (ω)
Y (jω) =
ω2

t
(f)) y(t) = −∞
x(τ ) dτ

sin(ω) 1
Y (jω) = 2 + π(2)δ(ω)
ω jω
sin(ω)
= 2 + 2πδ(ω)
jω 2

24
 d
(g) y(t) = dt x(t)

sin(ω)
Y (jω) = jω2
ω
= j2 sin(ω)

 3 |n| DT F T
3.63. We have x[n] = n 4 ←−−
−−→ X(ejΩ ). Without evaluating X(ejΩ ), find y[n] if Y (ejΩ ) is
given by:
(a) Y (ejΩ ) = e−j4Ω X(ejΩ )

3
y[n] = x[n − 4] = (n − 4)( )|n−4|
4

(b) Y (ejΩ ) = Re{X(ejΩ )}

Since x[n] is real and odd,

X(ejΩ ) is purely imaginary, thus y[n] = 0

d
(c) Y (ejΩ ) = jΩ
dΩ X(e )

3
y[n] = −jnx[n] = −jn2 ( )|n|
4

∗ X(ej(Ω−π/2) )
(d) Y (ejΩ ) = X(ejΩ ) 

y[n] = 2πx1 [n]x[n]

π
x1 [n] = ej 2 n x[n]
 2|n|
2 3 π
y[n] = 2πn ej 2 n
4

d
(e) Y (ejΩ ) = dΩ X(e
j2Ω
)

DT F T x[n] n even
jΩ
Xz (e ) = X(e j2Ω
) ←−−
−−→ xz [n] =
0 otherwise
  |n|
−jn2 34 n even
y[n] =
0 otherwise

(f) Y (ejΩ ) = X(ejΩ ) + X(e−jΩ )

3 3
y[n] = x[n] + x[−n] = n( )|n| − n( )|−n| = 0
4 4

25
   
e−j4Ω X(ej(Ω+ 4 ) ) + X(ej(Ω− 4 ) )
d π π
(g) Y (ejΩ ) = dΩ

= −jn e−j 4 (n−4) x[n − 4] + ej 4 (n−4) x[n − 4]

π π
y[n]
 
π 3
= −jn 2 cos( (n − 4))(n − 4)( )|n−4|
4 4

F S; π
3.64. A periodic signal has FS representation x(t) ←−−−→ X[k] = −k2−|k| . Without determining
x(t), find the FS representation (Y [k] and ωo ) if y(t) is given by:
(a) y(t) = x(3t)

Y [k] = −k2−|k| , ωo = 3π.

d
(b) y(t) = dt x(t)

Y [k] = jkωo X[k] = jk 2 π2−|k| , ωo = π.

(c) y(t) = x(t − 1)

Y [k] = e−jkπ X[k] = e−jkπ k2−|k| , ωo = π.

F S; π
(d) y(t) = Re{x(t)} ←−−−→ Y [k] conjugate symmetric

Re{Y [k]} = even{Re{X[k]}}

X[k] + X[−k]
Re{Y [k]} =
2
−k2−|k| + k2−|k|
=
2
= 0
Im{Y [k]} = odd{Im{X[k]}}
= 0

(e) y(t) = cos(4πt)x(t), ωo = π

1 j4πt 1
y(t) =
e x(t) + e−j4πt x(t)
2 2
1 1
Y [k] = X[k − 4] + X[k + 4]
2 2
1 1
= − (k − 4)2−|k−4| − (k + 4)2−|k+4|
2 2

26
 ∗ x(t − 1)
(f) y(t) = x(t) 

T = 2, ωo = π
F S; π
∗ z(t) ←−−−→ T X[k]Z[k]
x(t) 
F S; π
x(t − 1) ←−−−→ e−jkπ X[k]
Y [k] = 2e−jkπ (−k2−|k| )

π
sin( 11π DT F S;
20 n)
10
3.65. Given x[n] = sin( 20
π
n)
←−−
−−→ X[k], evaluate the time signal y[n] with the following DTFS
coefficients using only DTFS properties.
π
DT F S; 10
−−→ [ej 2 n + e−j 2 n ]x[n]
π π
(a) Y [k] = X[k − 5] + X[k + 5] ←−−

π sin( 11π
20 n)
y[n] = 2 cos( n) π
2 sin( 20 n)

  π
DT F S; 10
(b) Y [k] = cos k π5 X[k] ←−− −−→ 12 [x[n − 2] + x[n + 2]]

 
20 (n − 2))
1 sin( 11π sin( 11π
20 (n + 2))
y[n] = +
π
2 sin( 20 (n − 2)) π
sin( 20 (n + 2))

π
DT F S; 10
∗ X[k] ←−−
(c) Y [k] = X[k]  −−→ (x[n])2

sin2 ( 11π
20 n)
y[n] = 2 π
sin ( 20 n)

π
DT F S; 10
(d) Y [k] = Re{X[k]} ←−−
−−→ even(x[n])

x[n] + x[−n]
y[n] =
2
sin( 11π
20 n)
= π
sin( 20 n)

3.66. Sketch the frequency response of the systems described by the following impulse responses. Char-
acterize each system as lowpass, bandpass, or highpass.
(a) h(t) = δ(t) − 2e−2t u(t)

2
Y (jω) = 1−
2 + jω
jω
=
2 + jω

27
Highpass filter
(a) The magnitude of X(exp(j omega)) (a) The phase of X(exp(j omega))
0 2

1.5
−5

−10

argX(j omega) in radians

20log(X(j omega)) in dB

0.5

−15 0

−0.5
−20

−1

−25
−1.5

−30 −2
−40 −20 0 20 40 −40 −20 0 20 40
0mega 0mega

Figure P3.66. (a) Graph of the magnitude and phase

(b) h(t) = 4e−2t cos(50t)

FT jω
a(t) = e−2t u(t) ←−−−→ A(jω) =
2 + jω
FT
h(t) = 4 cos(50t)a(t) ←−−−→ H(jω) = 2A(j(ω − 50)) + 2A(j(ω + 50))
2 2
H(jω) = +
2 + j(ω − 50) 2 + j(ω + 50)

Bandpass filter with maximum gain at ω = 50, −50.

28
 (b) The magnitude of X(exp(j omega)) (b) The phase of X(exp(j omega))
10 2

1.5
0

−10

argX(j omega) in radians

20log(X(j omega)) in dB

0.5

−20 0

−0.5
−30

−1

−40
−1.5

−50 −2
−100 −50 0 50 100 −100 −50 0 50 100
0mega 0mega

Figure P3.66. (b) Graph of the magnitude and phase

1
 7 n
(c) h[n] = 8 8 u[n]

1
H(ejΩ ) = 8
7 −jΩ
1− 8e

Low Pass filter.

(c) The magnitude of X(exp(j omega)) (c) The phase of X(exp(j omega))
0 1.5

1
−5
argX(exp(j omega)) in radians
20log(X(exp(j omega))) in dB

0.5

−10

−15

−0.5

−20
−1

−25 −1.5
−4 −2 0 2 4 −4 −2 0 2 4
0mega 0mega

Figure P3.66. (c) Graph of the magnitude and phase

29

(−1)n |n| ≤ 10
(d) h[n] =
0 otherwise

ejπn |n| ≤ 10
h[n] =
0 otherwise
sin( 212 (Ω − π))
H(ejΩ ) =
sin( 12 (Ω − π))

High pass filter.

(d) The magnitude of X(exp(j omega)) (d) The phase of X(exp(j omega))
30 3.5

20
3

10
2.5
argX(exp(j omega)) in radians
20log(X(exp(j omega))) in dB

0
2

−10

1.5
−20

1
−30

0.5
−40

−50 0
−4 −2 0 2 4 −4 −2 0 2 4
0mega 0mega

Figure P3.66. (d) Graph of the magnitude and phase

3.67. Find the frequency response and the impulse response of the systems having the output y(t) for
the input x(t).
(a) x(t) = e−t u(t), y(t) = e−2t u(t) + e−3t u(t)

1
X(jω) =
1 + jω
1 1
Y (jω) = +
2 + jω 3 + jω
5 + 2jω
=
(2 + jω)(3 + jω)

Y (jω)
H(jω) =
X(jω)
5 + 7jω + 2(jω)2
=
(2 + jω)(3 + jω)

30
 1 2
= 2− −
2 + jω 3 + jω
h(t) = 2δ(t) − (e−2t + 2e−3t )u(t)

(b) x(t) = e−3t u(t), y(t) = e−3(t−2) u(t − 2)

1
X(jω) =
3 + jω
1
Y (jω) = e−j2ω
3 + jω

H(jω) = e−j2ω
h(t) = δ(t − 2)

(c) x(t) = e−2t u(t), y(t) = 2te−2t u(t)

1
X(jω) =
2 + jω
2
Y (jω) =
(2 + jω)2

2
H(jω) =
(2 + jω)
h(t) = 2e−2t u(t)

 1 n 1
 1 n  1 n
(d) x[n] = 2 u[n], y[n] = 4 2 u[n] + 4 u[n]

1
X(ejΩ ) = 1 −jΩ
1− 2e
 
1 1 1
Y (ejΩ ) = +
4 1 − 12 e−jΩ 1 − 14 e−jΩ

1 1 − 12 e−jΩ
H(ejΩ ) = +
4 1 − 14 e−jΩ
1 1 1 1
h[n] = δ[n] + ( )n u[n] − ( )n−1 u[n − 1]
4 4 2 4

 1 n  1 n  1 n−1
(e) x[n] = 4 u[n], y[n] = 4 u[n] − 4 u[n − 1]

1
X(ejΩ ) =
1 − 14 e−jΩ

31
 1 e−jΩ
Y (ejΩ ) = 1 −jΩ −
1− 4e 1 − 14 e−jΩ

H(ejΩ ) = 1 − e−jΩ
h[n] = δ[n] − δ[n − 1]

3.68. Determine the frequency response and the impulse response for the systems described by the
following differential and difference equations.
d
(a) dt y(t) + 3y(t) = x(t)

jωY (jω) + 3Y (jω) = X(jω)

Y (jω)
H(jω) =
X(jω)
1
=
jω + 3
h(t) = e−3t u(t)

d2
(b) dt2 y(t)
d
+ 5 dt y(t) + 6y(t) = − dt
d
x(t)

(jω)2 Y (jω) + 5jωY (jω) + 6Y (jω) = −jωX(jω)

−jω
H(jω) =
(jω)2 + 5jω + 6
3 2
= − +
3 + jω 2 + jω
h(t) = (−3e−3t + 2e−2t )u(t)

(c) y[n] − 14 y[n − 1] − 18 y[n − 2] = 3x[n] − 34 x[n − 1]

1 1 3
(1 − e−jΩ − e−j2Ω )Y (ejΩ ) (3 − e−jΩ )X(ejΩ )
=
4 8 4
3 − 34 e−jΩ
H(ejΩ ) =
1 − 14 e−jΩ − 18 e−j2Ω
1 2
= +
1 − 12 e−jΩ 1 + 14 e−jΩ
 
1 1
h[n] = ( )n + 2(− )n u[n]
2 4

(d) y[n] + 12 y[n − 1] = x[n] − 2x[n − 1]

1
(1 + e−jΩ )Y (ejΩ ) = (1 − 2e−jΩ )X(ejΩ )
2

32
 1 − 2e−jΩ
H(ejΩ ) =
1 + 12 e−jΩ
1 1
h[n] = (− )n u[n] − 2(− )n−1 u[n − 1]
2 2

3.69. Determine the differential or difference equation descriptions for the systems with the following
impulse responses.
(a) h(t) = a1 e− a u(t)
t

Y (jω)
H(jω) =
X(jω)
1 1
= 1
a a + jω
1 1
( + jω)Y (jω) = X(jω)
a a
1 1
( + jω)Y (jω) = X(jω)
a a
1 d 1
y(t) + y(t) = x(t)
a dt a

(b) h(t) = 2e−2t u(t) − 2te−2t u(t)

2 2
H(jω) = −
2 + jω (2 + jω)2
2 + j2ω
=
(2 + jω)2
(4 + 4jω + (jω)2 )Y (jω) = (2 + j2ω)X(jω)
d d2 d
4y(t) + 4 y(t) + 2 y(t) = 2x(t) + 2 x(t)
dt dt dt

(c) h[n] = αn u[n], |α| < 1

Y (ejΩ )
H(ejΩ ) =
X(ejΩ )
1
=
1 − αe−jΩ
Y (ejΩ )(1 − αe−jΩ ) = X(ejΩ )
y[n] − αy[n − 1] = x[n]

 1 n  −1 n
(d) h[n] = δ[n] + 2 2 u[n] + 2 u[n]

2 1
H(ejΩ ) = 1+ +
1 − 12 e−jΩ 1 + 12 e−jΩ

33
 4 + 12 e−jΩ − 14 e−j2Ω
=
1 − 14 e−j2Ω
1 1 1
Y (ejΩ )(1 − e−j2Ω ) = (4 + e−jΩ − e−j2Ω )X(ejΩ )
4 2 4
1 1 1
y[n] − y[n − 2] = 4x[n] + x[n − 1] − x[n − 2]
4 2 4

3.70. Determine the differential or difference equation descriptions for the systems with the following
frequency responses.
2
(a) H(jω) = 2+3jω−3(jω)
1+2jω

Y (jω)
H(jω) =
X(jω)
2 + 3jω − 3(jω)2
=
1 + 2jω
(1 + 2jω)Y (jω) = (2 + 3jω − 3(jω)2 )X(jω)
d d d2
y(t) + 2 y(t) = 2x(t) + 3 x(t) − 3 2 x(t)
dt dt dt

1−jω
(b) H(jω) = −ω 2 −4

1 − jω
H(jω) =
(jω)2 − 4
d2 d
y(t) − 4y(t) = x(t) − x(t)
dt2 dt

1+jω
(c) H(jω) = (jω+2)(jω+1)

1 + jω
H(jω) =
(jω)2 + 3jω + 2
d2 d d
y(t) + 3 y(t) + 2y(t) = x(t) + x(t)
dt2 dt dt

1+e−jΩ
(d) H(ejΩ ) = e−j2Ω +3

1 + e−jΩ
H(ejΩ ) =
e−j2Ω + 3
3y[n] + y[n − 2] = x[n] + x[n − 1]

34
 e−jΩ
(e) H(ejΩ ) = 1 + (1− 12 e−jΩ )(1+ 14 e−jΩ )

e−jΩ
H(ejΩ ) = 1+
(1 − 12 e−jΩ )(1 + 14 e−jΩ )
3 −jΩ
1+ 4e − 18 e−j2Ω
= 1 −jΩ
1− 4e − 18 e−j2Ω
1 1 3 1
y[n] − y[n − 1] − y[n − 2] = x[n] + x[n − 1] − x[n − 2]
4 8 4 8

3.71. Consider the RL circuit depicted in Fig. P3.71.

(a) Let the output be the voltage across the inductor, yL (t). Write a differential equation description for
this system and find the frequency response. Characterize this system as a filter.

x(t) = yR (t) + yL (t)

= i(t)R + yL (t)

1 t
= yL (τ ) dτ + yL (t)
L −∞
d d
L x(t) = yL (t) + L yL (t)
dt dt
jωL
H(jω) =
1 + jωL

High pass filter.

(b) Determine and plot the voltage across the inductor if the input is the square wave depicted in
Fig. 3.21 with T = 1 and To = 1/4.

35
 One period of the output for yL(t)
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
yL(t)

−0.2

−0.4

−0.6

−0.8

−1
−0.5 −0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t

Figure P3.71. Plot 1 of 2

(c) Let the output be the voltage across the resistor, yR (t). Write a differential equation description
for this system and find the frequency response. Characterize this system as a filter.

x(t)
= yR (t) + yL (t)
d
= yR (t) + L yR (t)
dt
1
H(jω) =
1 + jωL

Low pass filter

(d) Determine and plot the voltage across the resistor if the input is the square wave depicted in Fig.
3.21 with T = 1 and To = 1/4.

1 −1t
h(t) =e L
L
 t 
1 −1t τ
v(t) = u(t) ∗ h(t) = e L e L dτ u(t)
L
 t 0 
−L1
= e t
e L − 1 u(t)

(1 − e− L )u(t)
t
=
yR (t) = v(t + 0.25) − v(t + 0.25)

36
 One period of the output for yR(t)
1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
yR(t)

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
−0.5 −0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t

Figure P3.71. Plot 2 of 2

3.72. Consider the RLC circuit depicted in Fig. P3.72 with input x(t) and output y(t).
(a) Write a differential equation description for this system and find the frequency response. Characterize
this system as a filter.

 t
d 1
x(t) = y(t) + L y(t) + y(τ ) dτ
dt C −∞
d d d2 1
x(t) = y(t) + L 2 y(t) + y(t)
dt dt dt C
jω
H(jω) = 1
C + jω + L(jω)2


4
Bandpass filter centered at ωc = 10L .
(b) Determine and plot the output if the input is the square wave depicted in Fig. 3.21 with T = 2π ∗10−3
and To = π2 ∗ 10−3 .
Assume L = 10mH.
This filter picks off the first harmonic of the signal, thus ignoring the smaller terms, y(t) ≈ π2 sin(1000t).

37
 (i) L = 10mH, One period of the output for y(t)
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
y(t)

−0.2

−0.4

−0.6

−0.8
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
t −3
x 10

Figure P3.72. Plot 1 of 1

3.73. Use partial fraction expansions to determine the inverse FT for the following signals.
(a)
6jω + 16
X(jω) =
(jω)2 + 5jω + 6
A B
= +
3 + jω 2 + jω
6 = A+B
16 = 2A + 3B
2 4
X(jω) = +
3 + jω 2 + jω
x(t) = (2e−3t + 4e−2t )u(t)

(b)
jω − 2
X(jω) =
−ω 2
+ 5jω + 4
A B
= +
4 + jω 1 + jω
1 = A+B
−2= A + 4B
2 1
X(jω) = −
4 + jω 1 + jω
x(t) = (2e−4t − e−t )u(t)

38
(c)
jω
X(jω) =
(jω)2 + 6jω + 8
A B
= +
4 + jω 2 + jω
1 = A+B
0 = 2A + 4B
2 1
X(jω) = −
4 + jω 2 + jω
x(t) = (2e−4t − e−2t )u(t)

(d)

−(jω)2 − 4jω − 6
X(jω) =
((jω)2 + 3jω + 2)(jω + 4)
A B C
= + +
2 + jω 1 + jω 4 + jω
−1 = A + B + C
−4 = 5A + 6B + 3C
−6 =
4A + 8B + 2C
1 1 1
X(jω) = − −
2 + jω 1 + jω 4 + jω
x(t) = (e−2t − e−t − e−4t )u(t)

(e)

2(jω)2 + 12jω + 14
X(jω) =
(jω)2 + 6jω + 5
4
= 2+
(5 + jω)(1 + jω)
A B
= 2+ +
5 + jω 1 + jω
0 = A+B
4
= A + 5B
1 1
X(jω) = 2 − +
5 + jω 1 + jω
x(t) = 2δ(t) + (e−t − e−5t )u(t)

(f)
jω + 3
X(jω) =
(jω + 1)2
A B
= +
1 + jω (1 + jω)2
1 = A

39
 3
= A+B
1 2
X(jω) = +
1 + jω (1 + jω)2
x(t) = (e−t + 2te−t )u(t)

3.74. Use partial fraction expansions to determine the inverse DTFT for the following signals.
(a)
2e−jΩ
X(ejΩ ) =
1 − 14 e−j2Ω
A B
= +
1 − 12 e−jΩ 1 + 12 e−jΩ
1 1
2 = A− B
2 2
0 = A+B
2 2
jΩ
X(e ) = −
1 − 12 e−jΩ 1 + 12 e−jΩ
 
1 1
x[n] = 2( )n − 2(− )n u[n]
2 2

(b)
2 + 14 e−jΩ
X(ejΩ ) =
− 18 e−j2Ω + 14 e−jΩ + 1
A B
= 1 −jΩ +
1 + 2e 1 − 14 e−jΩ
1 1 1
= − A+ B
4 4 2
2 = A+B
1 1
X(ejΩ ) = +
1 + 12 e−jΩ 1 − 14 e−jΩ
 
1 n 1 n
x[n] = (− ) + ( ) u[n]
2 4

(c)
2
X(ejΩ ) =
−e−j2Ω + e−jΩ + 6
A B
= 1 −jΩ +
1 + 2e 1 − 13 e−jΩ
1 1
0 = − A+ B
3 2
1
= A+B
3
1 2
X(ejΩ ) = 5
1 −jΩ + 15
1 −jΩ
1+ 1−
2e 3e
 
1 1 n 2 1 n
x[n] = (− ) + ( ) u[n]
5 2 15 3

40
(d)
6 − 2e−jΩ + 12 e−j2Ω
X(ejΩ ) =
(− 14 e−j2Ω
+ 1)(1 − 14 e−jΩ )
A B C
= 1 −jΩ + 1 −jΩ +
1 + 2e 1 − 2e 1 − 14 e−jΩ
6 = A+B+C
3 1
−2 = − A+ B
4 4
1 1 1 1
= A− B− C
2 8 8 4
4 4 2
X(ejΩ ) = + −
1 + 12 e−jΩ 1 − 12 e−jΩ 1 − 14 e−jΩ
 
1 n 1 n 1 n
x[n] = 4(− ) + 4( ) − 2( ) u[n]
2 2 4

(e)
6 − 23 e−jΩ − 16 e−j2Ω
X(ejΩ ) =
− 16 e−j2Ω + 16 e−jΩ + 1
A B
= 1+ 1 −jΩ +
1 + 2e 1 − 13 e−jΩ
5 = A+B
1 1 1
− = − A+ B
2 3 2
4 1
X(ejΩ ) = 1+ 1 −jΩ + 1 −jΩn
1 + 2e 1− e
  3
1 n 1 n
x[n] = 4(− ) + ( ) u[n] + δ[n]
2 3

3.75. Evaluate the following quantities.

(a)
2 DT F T 1
1 −jΩ ←−−−−→ 2( )u[n]
1− 3e
3
 π ∞
2 1
| |2 dΩ = 2π |2( )n u[n]|2
−π 1 − 13 e−jΩ n=−∞
3
∞
1
= 8π |( )n |
n=0
9
8π
=
1 − 19
= 9π

(b)

sin(k π8 ) F S; π 1 |t| ≤ 8ωπo
X[k] = ←−−−→ x(t) =
πk 0, 8ωπo < |t| ≤ 2π
ωo

41
 ∞
  0.5T
sin2 (kπ/8) π2
π 2
= |x(t)|2 dt
π2 k2 T −0.5T
k=−∞
 π
πωo 8ωo
= |1|2 dt
2 − 8ω
π
o

ωo 2π 2
=
2(8)ωo
π2
=
8

(c)
2(2) FT
X(jω) = 2 ←−−−→ x(t) = e−2|t|
ω + 22
  2  ∞
1 ∞ 4
dω = π |x(t)|2 dt
2 −∞ ω 2 + 22 −∞
 ∞
= 2π e−4t dt
0
π
=
2

(d)

sin(πt) FT 1 |ω| ≤ π
x(t) = ←−−−→ X(jω) =
πt 0, otherwise
 ∞ 2 
sin(πt) 1 ∞
π dt = |X(jω)|2 dω
−∞ πt 2 −∞

1 π
= 1 dω
2 −π
= π

3.76. Use the duality property to evaluate

(a)
FT
x(t) ←−−−→ e−2ω u(jω)
FT 1
e2t u(−t) ←−−−→
2 − jω
thus:
1 FT
←−−−→ 2πe−2ω u(ω)
2 − jt
1 1
x(t) =
2π 2 − jt

(b)
FT 1
X(jω) ←−−−→
(2 + jt)2

42
 FT 1
te−2t u(t) ←−−−→
(2 + jω)2
thus:
1 FT
←−−−→ −2πωe2ω u(−ω)
(2 + jt)2
X(jω) = −2πωe2ω u(−ω)

(c)
 
sin 11π n DT F S; π
10
x[n] = π 
20
←−−
−−→ X[k]
sin 20 n
π
ωo = implies N = 20
10
1 |n| ≤ 5 sin( 11π
π
20 k)
DT F S; 10
←−−
−−→ π
0, 5 < |n| ≤ 10 sin( 20 k)
implies

sin( 11π 1 |k| ≤ 5
π
20 k)
DT F S;
1 10
π ←−−
−−→
sin( 20 k) 20 0, 5 < |k| ≤ 10

1
20 |k| ≤ 5
X[k] =
0, 5 < |k| ≤ 10
X[k + iN ] = X[k + i20] = X[k] where k, i are integers.

3.77. For the FT X(jω) shown in Figure P3.77, evaluate the following quantities without explicitly
computing x(t)
(a)
 ∞
x(t)dt = X(j0)
−∞
= 1

(b)
 ∞  ∞
1
|X(jω)|2 dω = |x(t)|2 dt
2π −∞ −∞

 −3  −1  1  3 
1
= 2
(ω + 5) dω + (−ω − 1) dω +
2 2
(ω + 1) dω + 2
(−ω + 3) dω
2π −5 −3 −1 1
16
=
3π

(c)
 ∞
x(t)ej3t dt = X(j(−3))
−∞
= 2

43
(d) arg{x(t)}

X(jω) is a real and even function shifted by 1 to the left, i.e. X(jω) = Xe (j(ω − 1)). Since Xe (jω) is
real and even, so is xe (t), thus x(t) = xe (t)e−j(1)t = |xe (t)|e−j(1)t which means,
arg[x(t)] = −t

(e)
 ∞
1
x(0) = X(jω)dω
2π −∞
 −3  −1  1  3 
1
= (ω + 5)dω + (−ω − 1)dω + (ω + 1)dω + (−ω + 3)dω
2π −5 −3 −1 1
4
=
π

DT F T
3.78. Let x[n] ←−−−−→ X(ejΩ ) where x[n] is depicted in Figure P3.78. Evaluate the following without
explicitly computing X(ejΩ ).
(a) X(ej0 )

∞

X(ej0 ) = x[n]
n=−∞
= 0

(b) arg{X(ejΩ )}

x[n] is a real and odd function shifted by 2 to the right, i.e. x[n] = xo [n − 2]. Since xo [n] is a real
and odd, Xo (ejΩ ) is purely imagniary, thus X(ejΩ ) = |Xo (ejΩ )|e−j2Ω ej 2 , which means,
π

arg{X(ejΩ )} = π
2 − 2Ω

(c)
 π ∞

|X(ejΩ )|2 dΩ = 2π |x[n]|2
−π n=−∞
= 28π

(d)
 π
X(ejΩ )ej3Ω dΩ = 2πx(3)
−π
= −2π

DT F T
(e) y[n] ←−−
−−→ Re{ej2Ω X(ejΩ )}

44
 y[n] = Re{ej2Ω X(ejΩ )}
= 0

Since X(ejΩ ) is purely imaginary, see part (b).

3.79. Prove the following properties.

(a) The FS symmetry properties for
i) Real valued time signals.
If x(t) is real-valued: x(t) = x ∗ (t)
 T
1
X[k] = x(t)e−jkωo t dt
T 0
 T
1
X ∗ [k] = x∗ (t)ejkωo t dt
T 0

∗ 1 T
X [k] = x(t)e−j(−k)ωo t dt
T 0
= X[−k]

ii) Real and even time signals.

Further, if x(t) is even: x(−t) = x(t)

 T
1
X[−k] = x(t)ejkωo t dt
T 0
 T
1
X[−k] = x(−t)ejkωo t dt
T 0

1 −T
X[−k] = − x(τ )e−jkωo τ dτ
T 0
τ = −t, dτ = −dt
Then flip order of integration.
X[−k] = X[k]
X[−k] = X ∗ [k]

Therefore, X[k] is real valued or Im{X[k]} = 0

(b) The DTFT time shift property.

 π
1
x[n − no ] = X(ejΩ )ejΩ(n−no ) dΩ
2π −π
 π
1
= X(ejΩ )ejΩno ejΩn dΩ
2π −π   !

45
 DT F T
−−→ X(ejΩ )e−jΩno
x[n − no ] ←−−

(c) The DTFS frequency shift property.


N −1
x[n]ejko Ωo n = x[n]ejko Ωo n ejkΩo n
k=0

N −1
= x[n]ej(k−ko )Ωo n
k=0
= X[k − ko ]

(d) Linearity for the FT.

FT
Let ax(t) + by(t) ←−−−→ S(jω)

 ∞
S(jω) = [ax(t) + by(t)]e−jωt dt
−∞
 ∞  ∞
= a x(t)e−jωt dt + b y(t)e−jωt dt
−∞ −∞
= aX(jω) + bY (jω)
FT
Therefore ax(t) + by(t) ←−−−→ aX(jω) + bY (jω)

(e) The DTFT convolution property.

DT F T
Let x[n] ∗ y[n] ←−−
−−→ C(ejΩ )

∞
 ∞

C(e )jΩ
= x[l]y[n − l]e−jΩn
n=−∞ l=−∞
∞
 ∞

= x[l] y[n − l]e−jΩ(n−l) e−jΩl
l=−∞ n=−∞
  !
Y (ejΩo )
∞

= x[l]e−jΩl Y (ejΩ )
l=−∞

= X(ejΩ )Y (ejΩ )
DT F T
Therefore x[n] ∗ y[n] ←−−
−−→ X(ejΩ )Y (ejΩ )

(f) The DTFT multiplication property.

DT F T
Let x[n]y[n] ←−−
−−→ M (ejΩ )

∞

M (ejΩ ) = x[n]y[n]e−jΩn
n=−∞

46
  π
1
x[n] = X(ejΓ )ejΓn dΓ
2π −π
∞  π
1
jΩ
M (e ) = y[n] X(ejΓ )ejΓn dΓe−jΩn
n=−∞
2π −π
 π ∞
1
= X(ejΓ ) y[n]ejΓn e−jΩn dΓ
2π −π n=−∞
 π ∞
1
= X(e )jΓ
y[n]e−j(Ω−Γ)n dΓ
2π −π n=−∞
  !
Y (ej(Ω−Γ) )
 π
1
= X(ejΓ )Y (ej(Ω−Γ)) dΓ
2π −π
1
= X(ejΩ ) ∗ Y (ejΩ )
2π
DT F T
Therefore x[n]y[n] ←−−
−−→ 1 jΩ
2π X(e ) ∗ Y (ejΩ )

(g) The DTFS convolution property.

DT F S; Ωo
∗ y[n] ←−−
Let x[n]  −−→ C[k], N = 2π
Ωo

N −1 N −1
1  
C[k] = ( x[l]y[n − l])e−jkΩo n
N n=0
l=0

N −1 
N −1
1
= x[l] y[n − l]e−jkΩo (n−l) e−jkΩo l
N
l=0 n−l=0
  !
Y [k]


N −1
1
= N x[l]e−jkΩo l Y [k]
N
l=0
  !
X[k]

= N X[k]Y [k]
2π
DT F S; N
∗ y[n] ←−−
Therefore x[n]  −−→ N X[k]Y [k]

(h) The FS multiplication property.

F S; ωo
Let x(t)y(t) ←−−−→ M [k]


1 T
M [k] = x(t)y(t)e−jkωo t dt
T 0
∞

x(t) = X[l]ejlωo t
l=−∞
 T ∞

1
M [k] = X[l]ejlωo t y(t)e−jkωo t dt
T 0 l=−∞

47
 ∞  T
1 
= X[l] y(t)e−j(k−l)lωo t dt
T 0
l=−∞
∞

= X[l]Y [k − l]
l=−∞
= X[k] ∗ Y [k]

F S; ωo
Therefore x(t)y(t) ←−−−→ X[k] ∗ Y [k]

(i) The Parseval relationship for the FS.

 T  T ∞

1 1
|x(t)|2 dt = x(t) X ∗ [k]e−jkωo t dt
T 0 T 0 k=−∞
∞ 
1  ∗ 1 T
= X [k] x(t)e−jkωo t dt
T T 0
k=−∞   !
X[k]
∞

= X ∗ [k]X[k]
k=−∞
∞
= |X[k]|2
k=−∞

3.80. Define a signal that is zero except at integer multiples of the scaling parameter p. That is, let

xz [n] = 0, unless n/p is integer

Figure P3.80 (a) illustrates such a signal for p = 3.

(a) Show that the DTFT of z[n] = xz [pn] is given by Z(ejΩ ) = Xz (ejΩ/p ).

∞

xz [n]e−j p n
Ω
Xz (ejΩ/p ) =
n=−∞
let n = pr sum over r.
∞
= xz [pr]e−jΩr
r=−∞
∞
= xz [pn]e−jΩn
n=−∞

= Z(ejΩ )

(b) Use the DTFT of the signal w[n] depicted in Fig. P3.80(b) and the scaling property to determine the
DTFT of the signal f [n] depicted in Fig. P3.80 (b).

DT F T 1
w[n] = (0.9)n u[n] ←−−
−−→ W (ejΩ ) =
1 − 0.9e−jΩ

48

w[ n2 ] n even DT F T 1
f [n] = ←−−
−−→ F (ejΩ ) = W (ej2Ω ) =
0, n odd 1 − 0.9e−j2Ω

(c) Assume xz [n] is periodic with fundamental period N so z[n] = xz [pn] has fundamental period N/p
where N/p is a positive integer. Show that the DTFS of z[n] satisfies Z[k] = pXz [k].
N
−1
1 
p

Z[k] = N
z[n]e−jknΩo
p n=0
2π
Ωo = N
= pΩo
p
N
−1
1 
p

Z[k] = p xz [pn]e−jknpΩo
N n=0
let l = pn
N −1
1 
Z[k] = p xz [l]e−jklΩo
N
l=0
= pX[k]

3.81. In this problem we show that Gaussian pulses acheive the lower bound in the time-bandwidth
product. Hint: Use the definite integrals in Appendix A.4.
t2 ω2
(a) Let x(t) = e− 2 , X(jω) = e− 2 . Find the effective duration, Td , bandwidth, Bw , and evaluate the
time-bandwidth product.

 ∞ " 12
t2 e−t dt
2

Td = −∞∞
−∞
e−t2 dt
1 3 √ " 12
( √2 ) 2π
= √
( √12 ) 2π
1
= √
2
 ∞ " 12
ω 2 e−ω dω
2

−∞
Bw = ∞
−∞
e−ω2 dω
1
= √
2
1
Td Bw =
2

t2
(b) Let x(t) = e− 2a2 . Find the effective duration, Td , bandwidth, Bw , and evaluate the time-bandwidth
product. What happens to Td , Bw , and Td Bw as a increases?
t FT
f ( ) ←−−−→ aF (jωa)
a
ω 2 a2
so X(jω) = ae− 2

49
  2
1
 ∞ t2 e− at 2 dt  2
−∞
Td =
  ∞ e− at22 dt 
−∞
a 3 √ " 12
( √2 ) 2π
= √
( √a2 ) 2π
a
= √
2
 ∞ "1
ω 2 e−ω a dω 2
2 2

−∞
Bw = ∞
−∞
e−ω2 a2 dω
1 3 √ " 12
( √2a ) 2π
= √
( √12a ) 2π
1
= √
2a
1
Td Bw =
2

If a increases:
(1) Td increases
(2) Bw decreases
(3) Td Bw stays the same

3.82. Let
1, |t| < T
x(t) =
0, otherwise
Use the uncertainty principle to bound the effective bandwidth of x(t) ∗ x(t).

2T − |t| |t| < 2T
x(t) ∗ x(t) =
0 otherwise

 2T  2T
t2 (2T − |t|)2 dt = 2 4T 2 t2 − 4T t3 + t4 dt
−2T 0
32 5
= T
15
 2T  2T
(2T − |t|)2 dt = 2 4T 2 − 4T t + t2 dt
−2T 0
16 3
= T
3
& 32 5 ' 12
15 T
Td = 16 3
T
(3
2
= T
5
√
5
Bw ≥ √
8T

50
 3.83. Use the uncertainty principle to bound the effective bandwidth of x(t) = e−|t| .
1
Td Bw ≥
2
1
Bw ≥
2Td
 ∞ " 12
t2 e−2|t| dt
Td = −∞
∞
−∞
e−2|t| dt
  12
1
=
2
√
= 2
√
2
Bw ≥
2

3.84. Show that the time-bandwidth product, Td Bw , of a signal x(t) is invariant to scaling. That is,
use the definitions of Td and Bw to show that x(t) and x(at) have the same time-bandwidth product.
 ∞ " 12
t 2
|x(t)|2
dt
Td = −∞
∞
−∞
|x(t)|2 dt
 ∞ "1
(s) −∞
t2 |x(at)|2 dt 2
Td = ∞
−∞
|x(at)|2 dt
Let u = at
∞ 2 "2 1

a3 −∞ u |x(u)| du
1 2
(s)
Td = 
1 ∞
a −∞ |x(u)| du
2

1
Td
=
a
FT 1 jω
x(at) ←−−−→ X( )
|a| a
 ∞ "1
−∞
ω 2 |X(jω)|2 dω 2
Bw = ∞
−∞
|X(jω)|2 dω
1 ∞ " 12
a2 −∞ ω |X( a )| dω
2 jω 2
(s)
Bw = ∞
a2 −∞ |X( a )| dω
1 jω 2

ω
Let v = a
∞ " 12
a3 v 2 |X(jv)|2 dv
(s)
Bw = −∞
∞
a −∞ |X(jv)|2 dv
= aBw
(s) (s)
Td Bw = Td Bw

Thus the time-bandwidth product is invariant to scaling.

51
 3.85. A key property of the complex sinusoids used in the DTFS and FS expansions is orthogonality.
By orthogonality we mean that the inner product of two harmonically related sinuoids is zero. The inner
product is defined as the sum or integral of the product of one signal times the conjugate of the other
over a fundamental period.
(a) Show orthogonality for discrete-time complex sinusoids, that is, prove
N −1

1  jk 2π n −jl 2π n 1, k = l
e N e N =
N n=0 0, k = l

Here we assume that |k − l| < N .

Use finite-term geometric series formulas.

N −1

1  j(k−l) 2π n 1 N k=l
e N = 1−ej2π(k−l)
N n=0 N j 2π (k−l)
k = l
1−e N

k, l are integers, thus ej2π(k−l) = 1

this implies
−1

1 
N
1 k=l
j(k−l) 2π
N n
e =
N n=0
0 k = l

(b) Show orthongoality for harmonically related continuous-time complex sinusoids, that is, prove

1 T jk 2π t −jl 2π t 1, k = l
e T e T =
T 0 0, k = l

If k = l
 T  T
1 2π 1
j
e T (k−l)t dt = 1 dt
T 0 T 0
= 1
If k = l
 )T
1 ej T (k−l)t ))
T 2π
1 j 2π
e T (k−l)t dt = )
T 0 T (k − l)
T j 2π )
0
ej2π(k−l) − 1
=
j2π(k − l)
= 0

(c) Show orthogonality of harmonically related sines and cosines, that is, prove

1 T 2π 2π 1/2, k = l
sin(k t) sin(l t) =
T 0 T T 0, k = l

If k = l
 T  T  
1 2π 1 1 2π
sin2 (k t) dt = 1 − cos(2k t) dt
T 0 T T 0 2 T

52
  )T
1 T 4π ))
= t− sin(k t) )
2T 4πk T 0
1
=
2
If k = l
 T  T  
1 2π 2π 1 1 2π 2π
sin(k t) sin(l t) dt = cos( t(k − l)) − cos( t(k + l)) dt
T 0 T T T 0 2 T T
 )T
1 T 2π T 2π )
= sin( t(k − l)) − sin( t(k + l)) ))
2T 2π(k − l) T 2π(k + l) T 0
= 0


T
1 2π 2π 1/2, k = l
cos(k t) cos(l t) =
T 0 T T 0, k = l

If k = l
 T  T
1 2π 1 1 2π
cos2 (k t) dt = (1 + cos(2k t)) dt
T 0 T T 0 2 T
 )T
1 T 4π )
= t+ sin(k t) ))
2T 4πk T 0
1
=
2
If k = l
 T  T  
1 2π 2π 1 1 2π 2π
cos(k t) cos(l t) dt = cos( t(k − l)) + cos( t(k + l)) dt
T 0 T T T 0 2 T T
 )T
1 T 2π T 2π )
= sin( t(k − l)) + sin( t(k + l)) ))
2T 2π(k − l) T 2π(k + l) T 0
= 0

 T
1 2π 2π
cos(k t) sin(l t) = 0
T 0 T T

If k = l
 T  T
1 2π 2π 1
1 2π
cos(k t) sin(l t) dt = sin(2k t) dt
T 0 T T T
0 2 T
 )T
1 T 4π )
= − cos(k t) ))
2T 4πk T 0
= 0
If k = l
 T  T  
1 2π 2π 1 1 2π 2π
cos(k t) sin(l t) dt = sin( t(k − l)) + sin( t(k + l)) dt
T 0 T T T 0 2 T T
 )T
1 T 2π T 2π )
= − cos( t(k − l)) − cos( t(k + l)) ))
2T 2π(k − l) T 2π(k + l) T 0

53
 = 0

3.86. The form of the FS representation presented in this chapter,

∞

x(t) = X[k]ejkωo t
k=−∞

is termed the exponetial FS. In this problem we explore several alternative, yet equivalent, ways of
expressing the FS representation for real valued periodic signals.
(a) Trigonometric form.
(i) Show that the FS for a real valued signal x(t) can be written as
∞

x(t) = B[0] + B[k] cos(kωo t) + A[k] sin(kωo t)
k=1

where B[k] and A[k] are real valued coefficients.

∞

x(t) = X[k] (cos(kωo t) + j sin(kωo t))
k=−∞
∞
x(t) = (X[k] cos(kωo t) + X[k]j sin(kωo t))
k=−∞
x(t) is real, which implies: X[−k] = X ∗ [k]
cos(−u) = cos(u)
sin(−u) = − sin(u)
Thus
∞

x(t) = X[0] + [(X[k] + X ∗ [k]) cos(kωo t) + j(X[k] − X ∗ [k]) sin(kωo t))]
k=1
∞
x(t) = X[0] + [2Re{X[k]} cos(kωo t) − 2Im{X[k]} sin(kωo t))]
k=1
compare with
∞

x(t) = B[0] + B[k] cos(kωo t) + A[k] sin(kωo t)
k=1

(ii) Express X[k] in terms of B[k] and A[k].

B[0] = X[0]
B[k] = 2Re{X[k]}
A[k] = −2Im{X[k]}
since
X[k] + X ∗ [k] = B[k]
X[k] − X ∗ [k] = −jA[k]

54
 X[0] = B[0]
B[k] − jA[k]
X[k] =
2

(iii) Use the orthogonality of harmonically related sines and cosines (See Problem 3.85) to show

1 T
B[0] = x(t)dt
T 0

2 T
B[k] = x(t) cos kωo tdt
T 0

2 T
A[k] = x(t) sin kωo tdt
T 0

 T
1
B[0] = X[0] = x(t)e−j(0)ωo t dt
T 0
 T
1
= x(t)dt
T 0
 T
2
B[k] = Re{ x(t)e−jkωo t dt}
T 0

2 T
= x(t)Re{e−jkωo t }dt
T 0

2 T
= x(t) cos(kωo t)dt
T 0

2 T
A[k] = − x(t)Im{e−jkωo t }dt
T 0

2 T
= x(t) sin(kωo t)dt
T 0

(iv) Show that A[k] = 0 if x(t) is even and B[k] = 0 if x(t) is odd.
If x(t) is even: X[k] = X ∗ [k]
Thus: X[k] is real valued, i.e. Im{X[k]} = 0
Therefore,

A[k] = −2(0)
A[k] = 0

If x(t) is odd: X[k] = −X ∗ [k]

Thus: X[k] is imaginary, i.e. Re{X[k]} = 0
Therefore,

B[k] = 2(0)
B[k] = 0

55
(b) Polar form.
(i) Show that the FS for a real valued signal x(t) can be written as

∞

x(t) = C[0] + C[k] cos(kωo t + θ[k])
k=1

where C[k] is the magnitude (positive) and θ[k] is the phase of the k th harmonic.
Write X[k] in polar form as X[k] = |X[k]|ejarg{X[k] = C[k]ejθ(k)

∞

From (a): x(t) = B[0] + B[k] cos(kωo t) + A[k] sin(kωo t)
k=1
Let: B[k] = cos(θ[k])C[k]
A[k] = − sin(θ[k])C[k]
where:
*
C[k] = B 2 [k] + A2 [k]
since
cos(θ[k]) cos(kωo t) − sin(θ[k]) sin(kωo t) = cos(θ[k] + kωo t)
∞ *
Thus: x(t) = B[0] + B[k]2 + A[k]2 cos(θ[k] + kωo t)
k=1
∞

Compare with: x(t) = C[0] + C[k] cos(kωo t + θ[k])
k=1

(ii) Express C[k] and θ[k] as a function of X[k].

*
C[k] = B[k]2 + A[k]2
*
= 2 Re{X[k]}2 + Im{X[k]}2
 
A[k]
θ[k] = − arctan
B[k]
 
Im{X[k]}
= − arctan
Re{X[k]}

(iii) Express C[k] and θ[k] as a function of B[k] and A[k] from (a).
*
C[k] =B[k]2 + A[k]2
 
A[k]
θ[k] = − arctan
B[k]

3.87. In this problem we derive the frequency response of the continous- and discrete-time LTI systems
described by the state-variable representations.
(a) Define q(jω) as the FT of each element of the state vector in the state-variable representation for a

56
system. That is,  
Q1 (jω)
 
 Q2 (jω) 
q(jω) = 
 .. 

 . 
QN (jω)
FT
where the ith entry in q(jω) is the FT of the ith state variable, qi (t) ←−−−→ Qi (jω). Take the FT of the
d
state equation dt q(t) = Aq(t) + bx(t) using the differentiation property to express q(jω) as a function
of ω, A, b, and X(jω). Next take the FT of the output equation y(t) = cq(t) + Dx(t) and substitute for
q(jω) to show that:

H(jω) = c(jωI − A)−1 b + D

d
q(t) = Aq(t) + bx(t)
dt
jωQ(jω) = AQ(jω) + bX(jω)
Q(jω)(jωI − A) = bX(jω)
Q(jω) = (jωI − A)−1 bX(jω)

y(t) = cq(t) + Dx(t)

Y (jω) = cQ(jω) + DX(jω)
= c(jωI − A)−1 bX(jω) + DX(jω)
Y (jω)
H(jω) =
X(jω)
= c(jωI − A)−1 b + D

(b) Use the time shift properties to express the frequency response of a discrete-time LTI system in terms
of the state-variable representation as:

H(ejΩ ) = c(ejΩ I − A)−1 b + D

q[n + 1] = Aq[n] + nx[n]

e Q(ejΩ )
jΩ
= AQ(ejΩ ) + bX(ejΩ )
Q(ejΩ ) = (ejΩ − A)−1 bX(ejΩ )
y[n] = cq[n] + Dx[n]
Y (ejΩ ) = cQ(ejΩ ) + DX(ejΩ )
= c(ejΩ − A)−1 bX(ejΩ ) + DX(ejΩ )
H(ejΩ ) = c(ejΩ A)−1 b + D

57
 3.88. Use the result of Problem 3.87 to determine the frequency response, impulse response, and dif-
ferential equation descriptions for the continuous-time systems described by the following state variable
descriptions.
   
−2 0 0

(a) A = , b= , c = 1 1 , D = [0]
0 −1 2

H(jω) = c(jωI − A)−1 b + D

2
=
jω + 1
h(t) = 2e−t u(t)
Y (jω)
=
X(jω)
Y (jω)(jω + 1) = 2X(jω)
d
y(t) + y(t) = 2x(t)
dt

   
1 2 1

(b) A = , b= , c= 0 1 , D = [0]
−3 −4 2

H(jω) = c(jωI − A)−1 b + D

2jω − 5
=
(jω)2 + 3jω + 2
Y (jω)
=
X(jω)
Y (jω)((jω)2 + 3jω + 2) = X(jω)(2jω − 5)
d2 d d
2
y(t) + 3 y(t) + 2y(t) = 2 x(t) − 5x(t)
dt dt dt
A B
H(jω) = +
2 + jω 1 + jω
2 = A+B
−5 = A + 2B
9 7
= −
2 + jω 1 + jω
h(t) = (9e−2t − 7e−t )u(t)

3.89. Use the result of Problem 3.87 to determine the frequency response, impulse response, and
difference equation descriptions for the discrete-time systems described by the following state variable
descriptions.
   
− 12 1 0

(a) A = 1
, b = , c = 1 0 , D = [1]
0 4 1

H(ejΩ ) = c(ejΩ I − A)−1 b + D

1
= 1 + jΩ 1 jΩ 1
(e + 2 )(e − 4 )

58
 1 + 14 e−jΩ + 78 e−j2Ω
=
1 + 1 e−jΩ − 18 e−j2Ω
 4 
8 1 n 16 1 n
h[n] = (− ) + ( ) u[n] − 7δ[n]
3 2 3 4
Y (ejΩ )
H(ejΩ ) =
X(ejΩ )
   
1 −jΩ 1 −j2Ω 1 −jΩ 7 −j2Ω
jΩ
Y (e ) 1 + e − e jΩ
= X(e ) 1 + e + e
4 8 4 8
1 1 1 7
y[n] + y[n − 1] − y[n − 2] = x[n] + x[n − 1] + x[n − 2]
4 8 4 8
   
1 3
1

(b) A = 4 4 , b= , c= , D = [0]
0 1
1
4 − 14 1

H(ejΩ ) = c(ejΩ I − A)−1 b + D

ejΩ
=
ej2Ω − 14
e−jΩ
=
1 − 14 e−j2Ω
A B
= 1 −jΩ +
1 + 2e 1 − 12 e−jΩ
0 = A+B
1 1
1 = − A+ B
2 2
1 1
H(ejΩ ) = − +
1 + 12 e−jΩ 1 − 12 e−jΩ
1 1
h[n] = [−(− )n + ( )n ]u[n]
2 2
Y (ejΩ )
H(ejΩ ) =
X(ejΩ )
1
Y (ejΩ )(1 − e−j2Ω ) = X(ejΩ )e−jΩ
4
1
y[n] − y[n − 2] = x[n − 1]
4

3.90. A continuous-time system is described by the state variable description

   
−1 0 0

A= , b= , c = 0 1 , D = [0]
0 −3 2
Transform the state vector associated with this system using the matrix
 
1 −1
T=
1 1
to find a new state variable description for the system. Show that the frequency response of the original
and transformed systems are equal.

H(jω) = c(jωI − A)−1 b + D

59
 H  (jω) = c (jωI − A )−1 b + D
−1
A = TAT
 
−2 1
=
1 −2
b = Tb
 
−2
=
2
c = cT−1

= − 12 1
2

D = D
= 0
Use these two equations to verify H(jω) = H  (jω).
H(jω) = c(jωI − A)−1 b + D
H  (jω) = c (jωI − A )−1 b + D
2
=
3 + jω

Solutions to Advanced Problems

3.91. A signal with fundamental period T is said to possess halfwave symmetry if it satisfies x(t) =
−x(t − T2 ). That is, half of one period of the signal is the negative of the other half. Show that the FS
coefficients associated with even harmonics, X[2k], are zero for all signals with halfwave symmetry.

1 0.5T
X[k] = x(t)e−jkωo t dt
T −0.5T
  0 "
0.5T
1 −jkωo t −jkωo t
= x(t)e dt + x(t)e dt
T 0 −0.5T
  0 "
0.5T
1 −jkωo t −jkωo τ −jkπ
= x(t)e dt + −x(τ )e e dt
T 0 −0.5T
 "
0.5T
1 −jkωo t
= x(t)e (1 − (−1) )dt
k
T 0

when k is even( = 0, ±2, ±4, ...), the integrand is 0

Thus:  0.5T
1
T { 0
2x(t)e−jkωo t dt} k = odd
X[k] =
0, k = even
3.92. The FS of piecewise constant signals may be determined using the differentiation and time-shift
properties from the FS of the impulse train as follows. Differentiate the time-domain signal to obtain a
sum of time-shifted impulse trains. Note that differentiation introduces an impulse at each discontinuity
in the time-domain signal. Next use the time-shift property and the FS of the impulse train to find the
FS of the differentiated signal. Finally, use the differentiation property to obtain the FS coefficient of the
original signal from the differentiated signal.

60
Assume x(t) has discontinuities at times Tl , l = 1, 2, ..., L, and at these discontiniuities the height differ-
ence is represented by cl = limt→T + x(t) − limt→T − x(t), then
l l

∞
 F S; ωo 1
a(t) = δ(t − pT ) ←−−−→ A[k] =
p=−∞
T
F S; ωo 1 −jkωo Tl
x(t) = a(t − Tl ) ←−−−→ X[k] = e
T
d
y(t) = x(t)
dt
L
= cl a(t − Tl )
l=1
Whose Fourier Series representation is

L
Y [k] = cl A[k]e−jkωo Tl
l=1

(a) Can this method be used to determine the FS coefficient for k = 0? How can you find it?

X[k] is the average value of x(t).

(b) Use this method to find the FS coefficients for the piecewise constant waveforms in Fig. P3.92.

(i)
In one period, d
dt x(t) has a delta function of height 2 at t = −1, and a height of -2 at t = 1. T = 4,
so ωo = π2 .

∞

d
x(t) = 2δ(t + 1 − pT ) − 2δ(t − 1 − pT )
dt p=−∞

2e−jk 2 (−1) 2e−jk 2 (1)

π π

X[k] = −
jk2π jk2π
2 π
= sin( k)
kπ 2

2
kπ  0
sin( π2 k) k =
X[k] = 1
2 k=0

(ii)
d
In one period, dt x(t) has 4 delta functions, one of height −2 at t = −2, another of height of −1 at
t = −1, another of height of 4 at t = 0, and one of height of −1 at t = 1. T = 4, so ωo = π2 .

∞

d
x(t) = [−2δ(t + 2 − pT ) − δ(t + 1 − pT ) + 4δ(t − pT ) − δ(t − 1 − pT )]
dt p=−∞

61
 2e−jk 2 (−2) e−jk 2 (−1) e−jk 2 (1)
π π π
4
X[k] = − − + −
jk2π jk2π jk2π jk2π
 
1 kπ
= 2 − ekπ − cos( )
jkπ 2

 
1
jkπ 2 − ekπ − cos( kπ
2 ) k = 0
X[k] =
−1, k=0

3.93. The method for finding the FS coefficients described in the previous problem may be extended
to signals that are piecewise linear by differentiating twice to obtain a sum of impulse trains and doublet
trains. The time-shift property and FS of the impulse train and doublet train are then used to find the
FS for the twice-differentiated signal and the differentiation property is used to obtain the FS coefficients
of the original signal from the twice differentiated signal.
(a) Find the FS coefficients for the doublet train
∞

d(t) = δ (1) (t − lT )
l=−∞

∞
 FT 1
a(t) = δ(t − lT ) ←−−−→ A[k] =
T
l=−∞
d FT
b(t) = a(t) ←−−−→ B[k] = jkωo A[k]
dt
implies:
∞
 d FT 1
δ(t − lT ) ←−−−→ jkωo
dt T
l=−∞
Thus:
jkωo
D[k] =
T
(b) Use this method to find the FS coefficients for the waveforms in Fig. P3.93.
(i)
Since two derivatives were taken to find the impulses, divide by (jkωo )2 to find X[k].

∞
  
d2 FT 1 2 −jkπ(1) 2
x(t) = (−2δ(t − l2) + 2δ(t − 1 − l2)) ←−−−→ X[k] = e −
dt2 (jkωo )2 T T
l=−∞

 
1
k2 π 2 1 − (−1)k k = 0
X[k] = 1
2 k =0

π
(ii) T = 4, ωo = 2. Take 2 derivatives to find:

∞

d2
x(t) = [δ(t − lT ) − 2δ(t − 1 − lT ) + δ(t − 2 − lT )]
dt2
l=−∞

62
 ∞


+ δ (1) (t + 1 − lT ) − 2δ (1) (t − 1 − lT ) + δ (1) (t − 2 − lT )

l=−∞
FT 1  jkωo  1  
x(t) ←−−−→ X[k] = e − 2e−jkωo + e−j2kωo + 2
1 − 2e−jkωo + e−j2kωo
jkωo T (jkωo ) T
1  jπk  1  
e 2 − 2e−j 2 k + e−jπk + 2 2 2e−j 2 k + e−jπk − 1
π π
X[k] =
jk2π 2k π

 jπk   
e 2 − 2e−j 2 k + e−jπk + 2k21π2 2e−j 2 k + e−jπk − 1 k = 0
1 π π

X[k] = jk2π  
4 1− π
1 2j
k=0

3.94. The FT relates the electromagnetic field at a distant point to the electric field distribution at
the antenna. This problem derives this result for a one-dimensional antenna with monochromatic (single
frequency) excitation of ωo . Let the electric field at a point z within the antenna aperture have amplitude
a(z) and phase φ(z) so the electric field as a function of z and t is x(z, t) = a(z) cos(ωo t + φ(z)). Define
the complex amplitude of the field as w(z) = a(z)ejφ(z) so that
 
x(z, t) = Re w(z)ejωo t

Huygen’s principle states that the electric field at a distant point is the superposition of the effects of each
differential component of the aperture electric field. Suppose the point of interest is at a distance r. It
takes time to = r/c for the differential component between z and z + dz to propagate a distance r where
c is the propagation velocity. Thus the contribution to the field at r from this differential component of
the aperture is given by

y(z, t)dz = x(z, t − to )dz

 
= Re w(z)e−jωo to dzejωo t

Since the wavelength λ satisfies λ = 2πc/ωo , we have ωo to = 2πr/λ and the complex amplitude associated
with this differential volume is w(z)e−j2πr/λ .
(a) Consider a point P at an angle θ with respect to the axis normal to the aperture and at a distance
R from z = 0 as shown in Fig. P3.94. If R is much greater than the maximum extent of the aperture
along the z-axis, then we may approximate r as r = R + zs where s = sin θ. Use this approximation to
determine the contribution of the differential component between z and z + dz to P .

To an approximation
r = R + z sin(θ)
= R + zs
s = sin(θ)
then
 
Re w(z)e−j2πr/λ dzejωo t
becomes
 
Re w(z)e−j2πR/λ e−j2πzs/λ dzejωo t

63
(b) Integrate all differential components of the antenna aperture to show that the field at P is given by
 
Y (s, R) = Re G(s)e−j2πR/λ ejωo t

where  ∞
G(s) = w(z)e−j2πzs/λ dz
−∞
represents the complex amplitude of the field as a function of sin θ. Comparison to the definition of the
Fourier Transform indicates that G(s) is the FT of w(z) evaluated at 2πs/λ.

Integrating out the differential compenent dz leads to:

 
∞ 
Y (s, R) = Re w(z)e−j2πR/λ e−j2πzs/λ dzejωo t
−∞
& ∞ '
= Re w(z)e−j2πzs/λ dze−j2πT /λ ejωo t
−∞
 
= Re G(s)e−j2πR/λ ejωo t

(c) Use the FT relationship developed in (b) to determine the far-field pattern, |G(s)|, for the following
aperture distributions
w(z). Assume λ = 1 and sketch |G(s)| for −π/2 < θ < π/2.
1, |z| < 5
(i) w(z) =
0, otherwise
) ∞ )
) )
)
|G(s)| = ) w(z)e −j2πzs/λ
dz ))
−∞
) 5 )
) )
= )) e−j2πzs/λ
dz ))
−5
) )
) sin(10π λs ) )
= )) )
)
π λs

ejπz/4 , |z| < 5
(ii) w(z) =
0, otherwise
) 5 )
) )
)
|G(s)| = ) ejπ z4 −j2πz λ
e
s
dz ))
−5
) )
) sin(5π(0.25 − 2 λs ) )
)
= ) )
π(0.25 − 2 λs ) )

1/2 + (1/2) cos(πz/5), |z| < 5
(iii) w(z) =
0, otherwise
) 5  5 )
) 1 −j2πzs/λ πz )
|G(s)| = )) e dz + cos( )e−j2πzs/λ dz ))
−5 2 −5 5
) )
) 1 sin(10π λs ) sin(5π(0.2 − 2 λs ) sin(5π(0.2 + 2 λs ) )
= )) + + )
2 π λs 2π(0.2 − 2 λs ) 2π(0.2 + 2 λs ) )

64
 (iv) w(z) = e−z . Using Fourier Transform tables:
2

) )
) ∞ )
|G(s)| = ) e−z 2 −j2πz λ
e
s
dz ))
)
−∞
FT √ 2π 2 s2
g(t) ←−−−→ G(s) = πe− 4

(i) (ii)
10 10

8 8

(ii) |G(s)|
6 6
(i) |G(s)|

4 4

2 2

0 0
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
s s

(iii) (iv)
5 2

4
1.5
(iv) |G(s)|
(iii) |G(s)|

3
1
2

0.5
1

0 0
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
s s

Figure P3.94. Plot 1 of 1

3.95. Figure P3.95 depicts a system known as a beamformer. The output of the beamformer is the
weighted sum of signal measured at each antenna in the antenna array. We assume the antenna measures
the complex amplitude of propagating plane waves of a single frequency, ω and that the antennas are
equally spaced by a distance d along a vertical line. A plane wave p(t) = ejω0 t is shown arriving at the
array from direction θ. If the top antenna measures p(t), then the second antenna measures p(t − τ (θ))
where τ (θ) = (d sin θ)/c is the time delay required for the plane wavefront to propagate from the top
to the second antenna. Since the antennas are equally spaced, the k th antenna measures the signal
p(t − kτ (θ)) and the output of the beamformer is

N −1
y(t) = wk p(t − kτ (θ))
k=0

N −1
= ejω0 t wk e−jω0 kτ (θ)
k=0

N −1
= ejω0 t wk e−j(ω0 kd sin θ)/c
k=0

65
We may interpret this as a complex sinusoidal input from direction θ resulting in a complex sinusoidal
output of the same frequency. The beamformer introduces a magnitude and phase change given by the
complex number


N −1
b(θ) = wk e−j(ω0 kd sin θ)/c
k=0

The gain of the beamformer, |b(θ)| is termed the beampattern. Note that the gain is a function of the
direction of arrival and thus the beamformer offers the potential for discriminating between signals ar-
riving from different directions. For convenience we shall assume that operating frequency and spacing
are chosen so that ω0 d/c = π. Assume θ is in the range −π/2 < θ < π/2.
(a) Compare the expression for the beampattern to the frequency response of a discrete-time system
having only N non-zero impulse response coefficients. That is, assume h[k] = 0 for k < 0 and k ≥ N .


N −1 
N −1
H(ejΩ ) = h[k]e−jΩk compared to b(θ) = wk e−j(ω0 kd sin θ)/c
k=0 k=0

ωo d sin(θ)
One can see that this is a 1-1 mapping where Ω ∈ (−π, π) is mapped into c , where θ ∈ (−π/2, π, 2)
For this case Ω is mapped into π sin(θ) with −π ≤ π sin(θ) ≤ π.

(b) Evaluate and plot the beampattern for N = 2 with w0 = w1 = 0.5 and w1 = 0.5, w2 = −0.5.
Beampatterns for part (b)
1

0.8
ω1 = ω2 = 0.5

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
−2 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

0.8
ω1 = −ω2 = 0.5

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
−2 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
phase(radians)

Figure P3.95. Plot 1 of 3

(c) Evaluate and plot the beampattern for N = 4 with wk = 0.25, k = 0, 1, 2, 3.

66
 Beampattern for part (c)
1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
ωk = 0.25

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
−2 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
phase(radians)

Figure P3.95. Plot 2 of 3

(d) Compare the beampatterns obtained for N = 8 with

wk = 1/8 k = 0, 1, . . . , 7 and wk = 1/8ejkπ/2 k = 0, 1, . . . , 7.
Beampatterns for part (d)
1

0.8
ωk = 0.125

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
−2 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

0.8
ωk = 0.125e(j0.5kπ)

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
−2 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
phase(radians)

Figure P3.95. Plot 3 of 3

3.96. In Problem 2.97 we determined that the solution to the equations of motion for a vibrating string

67
have the form yk (l, t) = φk (l)fk (t), 0 ≤ l ≤ a where

fk (t) = ak cos(ωk ct) + bk sin(ωk ct), φk (l) = sin(ωk l)

and ωk = kπ/a. Since yk (l, t) is a solution for any ak and bk , the most general solution has the form
∞

y(l, t) = sin(ωk l) (ak cos(ωn ct) + bk sin(ωn ct))
k=1
)
We may use the initial conditions y(l, 0) = x(l) to find the ak and ∂t ∂
y(l, t))t=0 to find the bk .
(a) Express the solution for ak in terms of the FS coefficients of x(l). Hint: consider Eqs.(3.25) and (3.26)
with l replacing t.
Use the initial condition that:

∞
 kπl
y(l, 0) = x(l) = ak sin( )
a
k=1
This solution is of the form of the Fourier sine series
By applying the principle of orthogonality:

2 a nπl
ak = x(l) sin( ) dl
a 0 a

(b) Express the solution for bk in terms of the FS coefficients of g(l).

Use the initial condition that:

∞

d kπ kπl
y(l, t) = g(l) = bk c sin( )
dt a a
k=1
This solution is of the form of the Fourier sine series
By applying the principle of orthogonality:
 a
2 kπl
bk = g(l) sin( ) dl
kπc 0 a

(c) Find y(l, t) assuming g(l) = 0 and x(l) is as shown in Fig. P3.96. Then bk = 0 for n = 1, 2, 3, ... and

 5  10 
2 2l kπl 2l kπl
ak = 0.1 sin( ) dl + 0.1(2 − ) sin( ) dl
10 0 10 10 5 10 10
8(0.1) sin(0.5kπ)
=
π2 k2
Thus the complete solution is:
∞
8(0.1)  sin(0.5kπ) kπl kπcl
y(l, t) = 2 2
sin( ) cos( )
π k 10 10
k=1

3.97. In this problem we explore a matrix representation for DTFS. The DTFS expresses the N time
domain values of an N periodic signal x[n] as a function of N frequency domain values, X[k]. Define

68
vectors    
x[0] X[0]
   
 x[1]   X[1] 
x=
 .. , X = 
  .. 

 .   . 
x[N − 1] X[N − 1]
(a) Show that the DTFS representation

N −1
x[n] = X[k]ejkΩo n , n = 0, 1, . . . , N − 1
k=0

can be written in matrix vector form as x = VX where V is an N by N matrix. Find the elements of V.


N −1
x[n] = X[k]ejkΩo n , n = 0, 1, ..., N − 1
k=0
is equivalent to:
x[0] = X[0]ej(0)Ωo (0) + ... + X[N − 1]ej(N −1)Ωo (0)
x[1] = X[0]ej(0)Ωo (1) + ... + X[N − 1]ej(N −1)Ωo (1)
.
.
.
x[N − 1] = X[0]ej(0)Ωo (N −1) + ... + X[N − 1]ej(N −1)Ωo (N −1)
can be written as:
    
x[0] ej(0)Ωo (0) . . . . ej(N −1)Ωo (0) X[0]
    
 x[1]   ej(0)Ωo (1) . . . . ej(N −1)Ωo (1)  X[1] 
  =   
 ..   ..  .. 
 .   .  . 
x[N − 1] ej(0)Ωo (0) . . . ej(N −1)Ωo (N −1) X[N − 1]
which is: x = VX, V is an N xN matrix
The entries pf V are defined as:
[V]r,c = ej(c)Ωo (r)
where r(= row) = 0, 1, ..., N − 1
where c(= column) = 0, 1, ..., N − 1

(b) Show that the expression for the DTFS coefficients

N −1
1 
X[k] = x[n]e−jkΩo n , k = 0, 1, . . . , N − 1
N n=0

can be written in matrix vector form as X = Wx where W is an N by N matrix. Find the elements of W.

N −1
1 
X[k] = x[n]e−jkΩo n , k = 0, 1, ..., N − 1
N
k=0

69
 1

X[0] = x[0]e−j(0)Ωo (0) + ... + x[N − 1]e−j(N −1)Ωo (0)

N
1

X[1] = x[0]e−j(0)Ωo (1) + ... + x[N − 1]e−j(N −1)Ωo (1)

N
.
.
.
1

X[N − 1] = x[0]e−j(0)Ωo (N −1) + ... + x[N − 1]e−j(N −1)Ωo (N −1)

N
can be written as:  
 
Ωo Ωo
e−j(0) N (0) . . . . ej(N −1) N (0)  
X[0]   x[0]
 ej(0) No (1) . . . . ej(N −1) No (1)  
Ω Ω
    
 X[1]   ..  x[1] 
  =   
 ..   .  .. 
 .    . 
 
X[N − 1] Ωo Ωo x[N − 1]
ej(0) N (0) . . . ej(N −1) N (N −1)
which is: X = Wx, W is an N xN matrix
the entries of W are defined as:
1 −j(c)Ωo (r)
[W]r,c = e
N
where r(= row) = 0, 1, ..., N − 1
where c(= column) = 0, 1, ..., N − 1

(c) The expression x = VX implies that X = V−1 x provided V is a nonsingular matrix. Comparing
this equation to the results of (b) we conclude that W = V−1 . Show that this is true by establishing
WV = I. Hint: Use the definitions of V and W determined in (a) and (b) to obtain an expression for
the element in the lth row and mth column of WV and use the result of Problem 3.85.

N −1
1
[WV]l,m = ejkΩo l e−jkΩo m , n = 0, 1, ..., N − 1
N
k=0
N −1
1 
= X[k]ejkΩo (l−m)
N
k=0
N −1

1  1   l=m
X[k]ejkΩo (r−c) = 1−ejN Ωo (l−m)
N
k=0 N
1
1−ejΩo (l−m)
l = m
Since N Ωo = 2π, we have:

1 l=m
[WV]l,m =
0 l = m
which is an identity matrix, therefore:
WV = I

3.98. We may find the FS coefficients by forming the inner product of the series expansion with the
conjugate of the basis functions. Let
∞

x(t) = X[k]ejkωo t
k=−∞

70
Derive the expression for X[k] using the result of Problem 3.85 by multiplying both sides of this equation
by e−jkωo t and integrating over one period.
 T  T1  ∞
2
−jkωo t
x(t)e dt = X[l]ejlωo t
e−jkωo t dt
0 0 l=−∞
∞
  T
= X[l] ej(l−k)ωo t dt
l=−∞ 0

by the orthogonality of sinusoids (Problem 3.85)

T X[k] l = k
=
0 l = k
implies

1 T
X[k] = x(t)e−jkωo t dt
T 0
3.99. In this problem we find the FS coefficients X[k] by minimizing the mean squared error (M SE)
between the signal x(t) and its FS approximation. Define the J-term FS

J
x̂J (t) = A[k]ejkωo t
k=−J

and the J term M SE as the average squared difference over one period

1 T 2
M SEJ = |x(t) − x̂J (t)| dt
T 0
(a) Substitute the series representation for x̂J (t) and expand the magnitude squared using the identity
|a + b|2 = (a + b)(a∗ + b∗ ) to obtain
 1  2
1 T J
1 T
∗ −jkωo t
M SEJ = |x(t)| dt −
2
A [k] x(t)e dt −
T 0 T 0
k=−J
1  2 1  2
J
1 T ∗ J 
J
1 T −jkωo t jmωo t
jkωo t ∗
A[k] x (t)e dt + A [k]A[m] e e dt
T 0 T 0
k=−J m=−J k=−J

(x(t) − x̂J (t))(x∗ (t) − x̂∗J (t))

2
|x(t) − x̂J (t)| =
= |x(t)|2 − x(t)x̂∗J (t) − x̂J (t)x∗ (t) + x̂J (t)x̂∗J (t)

J
x̂∗J (t) = A∗ [k]e−jkωo t
k=−J
Thus:
 T 
J  T 
J  T
1 1 1
M SE = |x(t)|2 dt − A∗ [k]( x(t)e−jkωo t dt) − A[k]( x∗ (t)ejkωo t dt)
T 0 T 0 T 0
k=−J k=−J


J 
J  T
1
+ A∗ [k]A[m]( e−jkωo t ejmωo t dt)
T 0
m=−J k=−J

(b) Define
 T
1
X[k] = x(t)e−jkωo t dt
T 0

71
and use the orthogonality of ejkωo t and ejmωo t (See Problem 3.85) to show that
 T 
J 
J 
J
1
M SEJ = |x(t)|2 dt − A∗ [k]X[k] − A[k]X ∗ [k] + |A[k]|2
T 0 k=−J k=−J k=−J

Substitute
 T
1
A[k] = x(t)e−jkωo t dt
T 0
To obtain
 T 
J 
J
1
M SEJ = |x(t)|2 dt − A∗ [k]X[k] − A[k]X ∗ [k]
T 0 k=−J k=−J


J 
J  T
1
+ A∗ [k]A[m]( e−j(k−m)ωo t dt)
T 0
k=−J m=−J
Now
 T
T k=m
e−j(k−m)ωo t dt =
0 0 k = m
= T δm,k
And thus

J 
J 
J
A∗ [k]A[m]δm,k = A∗ [k]A[k]
k=−J m=−J k=−J


J
2
= |A[k]|
k=−J
Thus
 T 
J 
J 
J
1
A∗ [k]X[k] − A[k]X ∗ [k] +
2
M SEJ = |x(t)|2 dt − |A[k]|
T 0 k=−J k=−J k=−J

(c) Use the technique of completing the square to show that

 T 
J 
J
1
M SEJ = |x(t)| dt −
2
|A[k] − X[k]| − 2
|X[k]|2
T 0 k=−J k=−J

Note that

J 
J 
J 
J 
J
A∗ [k]X[k] − A[k]X ∗ [k] =
2 2 2
− |X[k] − A[k]| − |X[k]| − |A[k]|
k=−J k=−J k=−J k=−J k=−J
Thus we can re-write the result in (b) as:
 T 
J 
J
1 2 2
M SEJ = |x(t)|2 dt + |X[k] − A[k]| − |A[k]|
T 0 k=−J k=−J

(d) Find the value for A[k] that minimizes M SEJ .

T
M SEJ is minimized when the sum at the middle vanishes, i.e., when A[k] = X[k] = T1 0 x(t)e−jkωo t dt.
(e) Express the minimum M SEJ as a function of x(t) and X[k]. What happens to M SEJ as J increases?

72
  T 
J
1 2
min M SEJ = |x(t)|2 dt − |X[k]|
T 0 k=−J

As J increases: |X[k]| is always greater than or equal to zero, so the sum

2


J
2
|X[k]| > 0
k=−J
 T
1
we also have |x(t)|2 dt > 0
T 0

J
2
As J increases: , |X[k]| increases or remains constant and min M SEJ decreases.
k=−J

3.100. Generalized Fourier Series. The concept of the Fourier Series may be generalized to sums of
signals other than complex sinusoids. That is, given a signal x(t) we may approximate x(t) on an interval
[t1 , t2 ] as a weighted sum of N functions φ0 (t), φ2 (t), . . . , φN −1 (t)


N −1
x(t) ≈ ck φk (t)
k=0

We shall assume that these N functions are mutually orthogonal on [t1 , t2 ]. This means that
 t2
∗ 0, k = l,
φk (t)φl (t)dt =
t1 fk , k = l

The M SE in using this approximation is

 ) )2
t2 ) 
N )
1 ) )
M SE = )x(t) − ck φk (t)) dt
t2 − t1 t1 ) )
k=1

 t2
(a) Show that the M SE is minimized by choosing ck = 1
fk t1
x(t)φ∗k (t)dt. Hint: Generalize steps out-
lined in Problem 3.99 (a) - (d) to this problem.

) )2
) 
N ) 
N −1 
N
) )
)x(t) − ck φk (t)) = |x(t)|2 − x(t) c∗k φ∗k (t) − x∗ (t) ck φk (t)
) )
k=1 k=0 k=0

N −1 N
 −1
+ ck c∗m φk (t)φ∗m (t)
m=0 k=0
Thus:
 t2  t2 
N −1  
1 1
M SE = |x(t)| dt − 2 ∗
x(t)φk (t)dtc∗k
t2 − t1
t1 t2 − t1 t1
k=0

N −1   t2  N −1 N
 −1   t2 
1 ∗ ∗ 1 ∗
− ck x (t)φk (t)dt + ck cm φk (t)φm (t)dt
t2 − t1 t1 m=0 k=0
t2 − t1 t1
k=0
 t2
1
Let A[k] = x(t)φ∗k (t)dt and use orthogonality
fk t1

73
  N −1
1 t2
fk  ∗
M SE = |x(t)|2 dt − ck A[k]
t2 − t1 t1 t2 − t1
k=0
 −1 N −1
fk 
N
fk
− ck A∗ [k] + |ck |2
t2 − t1 t2 − t 1
k=0 k=0
 t2 −1 N −1
fk 
N
1 fk 2 2
= |x(t)|2 dt + |ck − A[k]| − |A[k]|
t2 − t1 t1 t2 − t1 t 2 − t1
k=0 k=0
 t2
1
Analogous to Problem 3.99(d), ck = A[k] = x(t)φ∗k (t)dt
fk t1

(b) Show that the M SE is zero if

 t2 
N −1
|x(t)|2 dt = fk |ck |2
t1 k=0

If this relationship holds for all x(t) in a given class of functions, then the basis functions φ0 (t), φ2 (t), . . . , φN −1 (t)
is said to be “complete” for that class.

 N −1
1 t2
fk  2
min M SE = |x(t)|2 dt − |ck |
t2 − t1 t1 t 2 − t 1
k=0
 −1

1 t2 N
= |x(t)| dt −
2
fk |ck |2
t2 − t1 t1 k=0
min M SE = 0 when:
 t2 
N −1
|x(t)|2 dt = fk |ck |2
t1 k=0

(c) The Walsh functions are one set of orthogonal functions that are used for signal representation on
[0, 1]. Determine the ck and M SE obtained by approximating the following signals with the first six
Walsh functions depicted in Fig. P3.100. Sketch the signal and the Walsh function approximation.
2, 12 < t < 34
(i) x(t) =
0, 0 < t < 12 , 34 < t < 1
We can see that the orthogonality relation for the Walsh function is as follows:


1
1 k=l
φk (t)φ∗l (t) =
0 0 k = l, so fk = 1
 0.75
1
c0 = 2dt =
0.5 2
 0.75
1
c1 = − 2dt = −
0.5 2
 0.75
1
c2 = − 2dt = −
0.5 2
1 1
c3 = 2 =
4 2
c4 = 2(0) = 0

74
 c5 = 2(0) = 0
Let

5
x̂(t) = ck φk (t)
k=0
1
x̂(t) = (φ0 (t) − φ1 (t) − φ2 (t) + φ3 (t))
2

Approximation of x(t) by xhat(t)

2.5

1.5
x(t)

0.5

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
t

2.5

1.5
xhat(t)

0.5

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
t

Figure P3.100. Plot 1 of 2

From the sketch, we can see that x(t) = x̂(t), so M SE = 0.
(ii) x(t) = sin(2πt)

 1
c0 = sin(2πt)dt = 0
0
 1  1
2 2
c1 = sin(2πt)dt − sin(2πt)dt =
0 1
2
π
 1
1
c2 = φ2 (t) sin(2πt)dt =
0 π
c3 = 0, by inspection.
c4 = 0, by inspection.

 1  3  1

8 8 2
c5 = 2 sin(2πt)dt − sin(2πt)dt + sin(2πt)dt
1 3
0 8 8

2 √ 1
= (1 − 2) ≈ − (0.83)
π π

75
 Approximation of x(t) by xhat(t)
1

0.5
x(t)

−0.5

−1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
t

1.5

0.5
x(t)

−0.5

−1

−1.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
t

Figure P3.100. Plot 2 of 2

 1
2
M SE = |sin(2πt) − x̂(t)| dt
0
)  )2  28 ) )2  38 ) )2
) 2.17 )) ) ) ) )
1

)sin(2πt) − 3.83 ) dt + 2 )sin(2πt) − 1.83 ) dt

8
)
= 2 )sin(2πt) − π ) + 2 1 ) π ) 2
) π )
0 8 8
 12 ) )2
) 0.17 )
+2 )sin(2πt) − ) dt
3
) π )
8

≈ 0.1265

(d) The Legendre polynomials are another set of orthogonal functions on the interval [−1, 1]. They are
obtained from the difference equation
2k − 1 k−1
tφk−1 (t) −
φk (t) = φk−2 (t)
k k
using the initial functions φ0 (t) = 1 and φ1 (t) = t. Determine the ck and M SE obtained by approximat-
ing the following signals with the first six Legendre polynomials.

φ0 (t) = 1
φ1 (t) = t
3 1 1
φ2 (t) = t(t) − (1) = (3t2 − 1)
2 2 2
5 1 2 2 1
φ3 (t) = t (3t − 1) − t = (5t3 − 3t)
3 2 3 2
7 1 3 31 2 1
φ4 (t) = t (5t − 3t) − (3t − 1) = (35t4 − 30t2 + 3)
4 2 42 8
9 1 41 3 1
φ5 (t) = t (35t − 30t + 3) −
4 2
(5t − 3t) = (315t5 − 350t3 + 75t)
5 8 52 40

76
The orthogonality relation for Legendre polynomials is:
1
−1 k
φ (t)φ∗l (t)dt = δk,l 2k+1
2

2
so: fk = 2k+1

2, 0 < t < 12
(i) x(t) =
0, −1 < t < 0, 12 < t < 1

 1
1 2 1
c0 = 2(1)dt =
2 0 2
 1
3 2 3
c1 = 2tdt =
2 0 8
 1
5 2 15
c2 = (3t2 − 1)dt = −
2 0 16
 1
7 2
c3 = (5t3 − 3t)dt = −1.039
2 0
 1
9 2 1
c4 = (35t4 − 30t2 + 3))dt = 0.527
2 0 4
 1
11 2 1
c5 = (315t5 − 350t3 + 75t))dt = 1.300
2 0 20


5
x̂(t) = ck φk (t)
k=0
 
1
1
2 
5
2
M SE = 4 dt − |ck |2
2 1 2k + 1
k=0
= 0.1886

(ii) x(t) = sin(πt)

 1
1
c0 = sin(πt) dt = 0
2 −1
 1
3
c1 = t sin(πt) dt = 0.955
2 −1
 1
5
c2 = (3t2 − 1) sin(πt) dt = 0
2 0
 1
7
c3 = (5t3 − 3t) sin(πt) dt = −1.158
2 0
 1
9 1
c4 = (35t4 − 30t2 + 3)) sin(πt) dt = 0
2 0 4
 1
11 1
c5 = (315t5 − 350t3 + 75t)) sin(πt) dt = 0.213
2 0 20

77
 
5
x̂(t) = ck φk (t)
k=0
 
1 1 
5
2
M SE = | sin(πt)|2 dt − |ck |2
2 −1 2k + 1
k=0
= 3 ∗ 10−4

3.101. We may derive the FT from the FS by describing an nonperiodic signal as the limiting form of
a periodic signal whose period, T , approaches infinity. In order to take this approach, we assume that
the FS of the periodic version of the signal exists, that the nonperiodic signal is zero for |t| > T2 , and that
the limit as T approaches infinity is taken in a symmetric manner. Define the finite duration nonperiodic
signal x(t) as one period of the T periodic signal x̃(t)

x̃(t), − T2 < t < T2
x(t) =
0, |t| > T2

(a) Graph an example of x(t) and x̃(t) to demonstrate that as T increases, the periodic replicates of x(t)
in x̃(t) are moved farther and farther away from the origin. Eventually, as T approaches infinity, these
replicates are removed to infinity. Thus, we write

x(t) = lim x̃(t)

T →∞

Notice how as T → ∞, x(t) → x̃(t)

Plot of xhat(t), with T = 15, x(t) = T/3 − t
5

3
xhat(t)

0
−20 −15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15 20
time

Plot of xhat(t), with T = 30, x(t) = T/3 − t

5

3
xhat(t)

0
−40 −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40
time

Figure P3.101. Plot 1 of 1

(b) The FS representation for the periodic signal x̃(t) is
∞

x̃(t) = X[k]ejkωo t
k=−∞

 T
1 2
X[k] = x̃(t)e−jkωo t dt
T − T2

78
 1
Show that X[k] = T X(jkωo ) where
 ∞
X(jω) = x(t)ejωt dt
−∞

 T
1 2
X[k] = x̃(t)e−jkωo t dt
T − T2
T T
Since x̃(t) = x(t) for − < t <
2 2
 T2
1
X[k] = x(t)e−jkωo t dt
T − T2

1 ∞
= x(t)e−jkωo t dt
T −∞
Since x(t) = 0 for |t| > T
2
Compare with the equation of the FT, and one can see,
1
X[k] = X(jkωo )
T

(c) Substitute this definition for X[k] into the expression for x̃(t) in (b) and show that
∞
1 
x̃(t) = X(jkωo )ejkωo t ωo
2π
k=−∞

∞
 1
x̃(t) = X(jkωo )ejkωo t
T
k=−∞
2π
since T =
ωo
∞
1 
= X(jkωo )ejkωo t ωo
2π
k=−∞

(d) Use the limiting expression for x(t) in (a) and define ω ≈ kωo to express the limiting form of the sum
in (c) as the integral  ∞
1
x(t) = X(jω)ejωt dω
2π −∞
x(t) = lim x̃(t)
T →∞
∞
1 
= lim X(jkωo )ejkωo t ωo
T →∞ 2π
k=−∞
let ω = kωo
as T → ∞, ωo → 0, k → ∞, ω → ∞
implies:
∞
1 
x(t) = lim X(jω)ejωt ωo
ωo →0 2π
ω=−∞
 ∞
1
= X(jω)ejωt dω
2π −∞

79
 Solutions to Computer Experiments

3.102. Use MATLAB to repeat Example 3.7 for N = 50 and (a) M = 12. (b) M = 5. (c) M = 20.
0.5 1
B[1]cos(omega*n)

x1[n]
0 0.5

−0.5 0
−20 −10 0 10 20 −20 −10 0 10 20
n n
0.2
1
B[3]cos(omega*n)

0.1

x3[n]
0 0.5

−0.1
0
−0.2
−20 −10 0 10 20 −20 −10 0 10 20
n n

0.1 1
B[5]cos(omega*n)

0.05
x5[n]

0 0.5
−0.05
−0.1 0
−20 −10 0 10 20 −20 −10 0 10 20
n n

Figure P3.102. Plot 1 of 6

0.04 1

0.8
B[23]cos(omega*n)

0.02

0.6
x23[n]

0
0.4

−0.02
0.2

−0.04 0
−20 −10 0 10 20 −20 −10 0 10 20
n n

0.02 1

0.8
B[25]cos(omega*n)

0.01

0.6
x25[n]

0
0.4

−0.01
0.2

−0.02 0
−20 −10 0 10 20 −20 −10 0 10 20
n n

Figure P3.102. Plot 2 of 6

80
 0.4 0.6
B[1]cos(omega*n) 0.2 0.4

x1[n]
0 0.2

−0.2 0

−0.4
−20 −10 0 10 20 −20 −10 0 10 20
n n

1
B[3]cos(omega*n)

0.1

x3[n]
0 0.5

−0.1
0
−20 −10 0 10 20 −20 −10 0 10 20
n n
0.04
1
B[5]cos(omega*n)

0.02
x5[n]
0 0.5

−0.02
0
−20 −10 0 10 20 −20 −10 0 10 20
n n

Figure P3.102. Plot 3 of 6

−3
x 10
1
6
0.8
B[23]cos(omega*n)

4
2
0.6
x23[n]

0
0.4
−2
−4 0.2
−6
0
−20 −10 0 10 20 −20 −10 0 10 20
n n

0.02 1

0.8
B[25]cos(omega*n)

0.01

0.6
x25[n]

0
0.4

−0.01
0.2

−0.02 0
−20 −10 0 10 20 −20 −10 0 10 20
n n

Figure P3.102. Plot 4 of 6

81
 B[1]cos(omega*n)
1
0.2

x1[n]
0
0.5

−0.2

0
−20 −10 0 10 20 −20 −10 0 10 20
n n
0.2
1
B[3]cos(omega*n)

0.1

x3[n]
0 0.5
−0.1

−0.2 0
−20 −10 0 10 20 −20 −10 0 10 20
n n
1
B[5]cos(omega*n)

0.02
x5[n]
0.5
0

−0.02
0

−20 −10 0 10 20 −20 −10 0 10 20

n n

Figure P3.102. Plot 5 of 6

0.015 1

0.01 0.8
B[23]cos(omega*n)

0.005
0.6
x23[n]

0
0.4
−0.005

−0.01 0.2

−0.015 0
−20 −10 0 10 20 −20 −10 0 10 20
n n

0.02 1

0.8
B[25]cos(omega*n)

0.01

0.6
x25[n]

0
0.4

−0.01
0.2

−0.02 0
−20 −10 0 10 20 −20 −10 0 10 20
n n

Figure P3.102. Plot 6 of 6

82
 3.103. Use MATLAB’s fft command to repeat Problem 3.48.

0.4 100

< Xa[k] deg

| Xa[k] |

0.3
0
0.2
0.1 −100
0
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15

1
100

< Xb[k] deg

| Xb[k] |

0.5 0

−100
0
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15

0.4 150
< Xc[k] deg
| Xc[k] |

0.3 100
0.2
50
0.1
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10

Figure P3.103. Plot 1 of 2

0.25

0.2 50
< Xd[k] deg

0.15
| Xd[k] |

0
0.1

0.05 −50

0
0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6

0.25
150

0.2 100

50
< Xe[k] deg

0.15
| Xe[k] |

0
0.1
−50

0.05 −100

−150
0
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8

Figure P3.103. Plot 2 of 2

83
 3.104. Use MATLAB’s ifft command to repeat Problem 3.2.
10
100

< xa[n] deg

| xa[n] |

5 0

−100
0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

8
100

< xb[n] deg

6
| xb[n] |

0
4

2 −100

0
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15

8
150
6
< xc[n] deg
| xc[n] |

100
4

2 50

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10

Figure P3.104. Plot 1 of 2

150
1.5
< xd[n] deg
| xd[n] |

1 100

0.5 50

0 0
0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6

2 150
< xe[n] deg

1.5
| xe[n] |

100
1
50
0.5

0 0
0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6

8
50
< xf[n] deg

6
| xf[n] |

0
4

2 −50

0
0 5 10 0 5 10

Figure P3.104. Plot 2 of 2

3.105. Use MATLAB’s fft command to repeat Example 3.8.

Simply take the fft of the samples of one period of the time waveform and scale by the number of
samples used.

84
 1.5

1
x[n]:normal

0.5

−0.5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time index(n)

2.5

1.5
y[n]:vent tach

0.5

−0.5

−1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Time index(n)

Figure P3.105. Plot 1 of 2

0.25

0.2
X[k]:normal

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Frequency index(k)

0.25

0.2
Y[k]:vent tach

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Frequency index(k)

Figure P3.105. Plot 2 of 2

3.106. Use MATLAB to repeat Example 3.14. Evaluate the peak overshoot for J = 29, 59, and 99.
The peak overshoot for J = 29 is 0.0891 above 1.

85
 0.02
B[29]*cos(29*wo.t)
0.01

−0.01

−0.02
−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t

0.8

0.6
x29(t)

0.4

0.2

0
−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t

Figure P3.106. Plot 1 of 3

The peak overshoot for J = 59 is 0.0894 above 1.

0.01
B[59]*cos(59*wo.t)

0.005

−0.005

−0.01
−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t

0.8

0.6
x59(t)

0.4

0.2

0
−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t

Figure P3.106. Plot 2 of 3

The peak overshoot for J = 99 is 0.0895 above 1.

86
 −3
x 10
6

4
B[99]*cos(99*wo.t)

−2

−4

−6
−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t

0.8

0.6
x99(t)

0.4

0.2

0
−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t

Figure P3.106. Plot 3 of 3

3.107. Let x(t) be the triangular wave depicted in Fig. P3.107.

(a) Find the FS coefficients, X[k].

 T
1
x(t)e−j T
2π
kt
X[k] = dt, T = 1
T 0

From Example 3.39 with T = 1, x(t) = 2y(t + 14 ) − 1

1
2, k = 0,
Y [k] = 2 sin( kπ
2 )
jk2 π 2 , k = 0
F S; ωo
x(t − t0 ) ←−−−→ e−jkωo t X[k]
1
X[k] = 2ejk2π 4 Y [k] − δ[k]
implies:

− 12 , k = 0,
X[k] = 4 sin( kπ
2 ) j 2 (k−1)
π
k2 π 2 e , k = 0

(b) Show that the FS representation for x(t) can be expressed in the form
∞

x(t) = B[k] cos(kωo t)
k=0

since x(t) is real and even, X[k] is also real and even with X[k] = X[−k]

87
 ∞
 −1

x(t) = X[k]ejωo kt + X[k]ejωo kt + X[0]
k=1 k=−∞
∞ ∞
= X[k]ejωo kt + X[−k]e−jωo kt + X[0]
k=1 k=1
since X[k] = X[−k]
∞
 
= X[k] ejωo kt + e−jωo kt + X[0]
k=1
∞
= B[k] cos(kωo t)
k=0
where

X[0], k = 0,
B[k] =
2X[k], k = 0

(c) Define the J term partial sum approximation to x(t) as


J
x̂J (t) = B[k] cos(kωo t)
k=0

Use MATLAB to evaluate and plot one period of the J th term in this sum and x̂J (t) for J = 1, 3, 7, 29,
and 99.

0.4

0.2
B[1]*cos(1*wo.t)

−0.2

−0.4
−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t

−0.2

−0.4
x1(t)

−0.6

−0.8

−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

t

Figure P3.107. Plot 1 of 5

88
 0.04

0.02
B[3]*cos(3*wo.t)

−0.02

−0.04
−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t

−0.2

−0.4
x3(t)

−0.6

−0.8

−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

t

Figure P3.107. Plot 2 of 5

−3
x 10

5
B[7]*cos(7*wo.t)

−5

−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

t

−0.2

−0.4
x7(t)

−0.6

−0.8

−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

t

Figure P3.107. Plot 3 of 5

89
 −4
x 10

B[29]*cos(29*wo.t) 4

−2

−4

−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

t

−0.2

−0.4
x29(t)

−0.6

−0.8

−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

t

Figure P3.107. Plot 4 of 5

−5
x 10
4
B[99]*cos(99*wo.t)

−2

−4
−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t

−0.2

−0.4
x99(t)

−0.6

−0.8

−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

t

Figure P3.107. Plot 5 of 5

3.108. Repeat Problem 3.107 for the impulse train given by

∞

x(t) = δ(t − n)
n=−∞

90
(a)
 1
1 2
X[k] = δ(t)e−j2πkt dt = 1 for all k
1 − 12

(b)

1, k = 0,
B[k] =
 0
2, k =

1
B[1]*cos(1*wo.t)

−1

−2
−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t

2
x1(t)

−1
−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t

Figure P3.108. Plot 1 of 5

1
B[3]*cos(3*wo.t)

−1

−2
−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t

7
6
5
4
x3(t)

3
2
1
0
−1
−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t

91
 Figure P3.108. Plot 2 of 5

1
B[7]*cos(7*wo.t)

−1

−2
−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t

15

10
x7(t)

−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

t

Figure P3.108. Plot 3 of 5

2
B[29]*cos(29*wo.t)

−1

−2
−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t

50

40

30
x29(t)

20

10

−10
−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t

Figure P3.108. Plot 4 of 5

92
 2

B[99]*cos(99*wo.t)
1

−1

−2
−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t

150

100
x99(t)

50

−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

t

Figure P3.108. Plot 5 of 5

3.109. Use MATLAB to repeat Example 3.15 using the following values for the time constant.
(a) RC = .01 s.
(b) RC = 0.1 s.
(c) RC = 1 s.

1
RC sin( kπ
2 )
Y [k] = 1
j2πk + RC
kπ

100
y(t) = Y [k]ej2πkt
k=−100

93
 1
0.8
0.6
y(t)

0.4
0.2

−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

t

0.8
0.6
y(t)

0.4
0.2

−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

t
0.6
0.55
y(t)

0.5
0.45
0.4
−0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t

Figure P3.109. Plot 1 of 1

3.110. This experiment builds on Problem 3.71.

(a) Graph the magnitude response of the circuit depicted in Fig. P3.71 assuming the voltage across the
inductor is the output. Use logarithmically spaced frequencies from 0.1 rads/S to 1000 rads/S. You
may generate N logarithmically spaced values between 10d1 and 10d2 using the MATLAB command
logspace(d1,d2,N).

(ωL)2
|H(jω)| =
1 + (ωL)2

(b) Determine and plot the voltage across the inductor if the input is the square wave depicted in Fig.
3.21 with T = 1 and To = 1/4. Use at least 99 harmonics in a truncated FS expansion for the output.

2j sin(k π2 )
Y [k] = 1
L + j2kπ

99
y(t) = Y [k]ejk2πt
k=−99

(c) Graph the magnitude response of the circuit depicted in Fig. P3.71 assuming the voltage across the
resistor is the output. Use logarithmically spaced frequencies from 0.1 rad/s to 1000 rad/s.

1
|H(jω)| =
1 + (ωL)2

94
(d) Determine and plot the voltage across the resistor if the input is the square wave depicted in Fig.
3.21 with T = 1 and To = 1/4. Use at least 99 harmonics in a truncated FS expansion for the output.

2j sin(k π2 )
Y [k] =
kπ(1 + j2kπL)

99
y(t) = Y [k]ejk2πt
k=−99

(a) Magnitude response across the inductor

1

0.8

0.6
|H(jw)|

0.4

0.2

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
w(rad/s)
(b) One period of the output for yL(t) using 200 harmonics
1

0.5
yL(t)

−0.5

−1
−0.5 −0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t

Figure P3.110. Plot 1 of 2

(c) Magnitude response across the resistor
1

0.8

0.6
|H(jw)|

0.4

0.2

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
w(rad/s)
(d) One period of the output for yR(t) using 200 harmonics
1

0.8

0.6
yR(t)

0.4

0.2

0
−0.5 −0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
t

Figure P3.110. Plot 2 of 2

95
 3.111. This experiment builds on Problem 3.72.
(a) Graph the magnitude response of the circuit depicted in Fig. P3.71 assuming the voltage across the
inductor is the output. Use 401 logarithmically spaced frequencies from 100 rads/S to 104 rad/S. You
may generate N logarithmically spaced values between 10d1 and 10d2 using the MATLAB command
logspace(d1,d2,N).
(i) Assume L = 10mH.
(a) L = 10mH Magnitude response in dB
0

−20

−40

−60
20log10(|H(jw)|)

−80

−100

−120

−140

−160
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
w(rad/s)

Figure P3.111. Plot 1 of 2

(b) Determine and plot the output if the input is the square wave depicted in Fig. 3.21 with T = 2π ∗10−3
and To = π2 ∗ 10−3 . Use at least 99 harmonics in a truncated FS expansion for the output.
(i) Assume L = 10mH.

j1000 sin( πk
2 )
Y [k] =
π(1/C + j1000k + L(j1000k)2 )

99
y(t) = Y [k]ejk1000t
k=−99

96
 (b) L = 10mH, One period of the output for y(t) using 99 harmonics
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
y(t)

−0.2

−0.4

−0.6

−0.8
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
t −3
x 10

Figure P3.111. Plot 2 of 2

3.112. Evaluate the frequency response of the truncated filter in Example 3.46. You may do this in
MATLAB by writing an m-file to evaluate


M
Ht (ejΩ ) = h[n]e−jΩn
n=−M

for a large number (> 1000) values of Ω in the interval −π < Ω ≤ π. Plot the frequency response
magnitude in dB (20 log10 |Ht (ejΩ )|) for the following values of M .
(a) M = 4
(b) M = 10
(c) M = 25
(d) M = 50
Discuss the effect of increasing M on the accuracy with which Ht (ejΩ ) approximates H(ejΩ ).
It can be seen that as M increases:
(1) The ripple decreases
(2) The transition rolls off faster
1
Observe that h[n] = πn sin( πn
2 ) is symmetric, hence:


M −1

Ht (ejΩ ) = h[n]e−jΩn + h[n]e−jΩn + h[0]
n=1 n=−M


M
= 2h[n] cos(Ωn) + h[0]
n=1

This is the same basic form as a Fourier Series approximation using M terms. The approximation is

97
more accurate as M increases.
1
|Ht(Omega)| M=4

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
Omega

1
|Ht(Omega)| M=10

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
Omega

Figure P3.112. Plot 1 of 2

1
|Ht(Omega)| M=25

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
Omega

1
|Ht(Omega)| M=50

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
Omega

Figure P3.112. Plot 2 of 2

3.113. Use the MATLAB command freqs or freqz to plot the magnitude response of the following sys-
tems. Determine whether the system has a low-pass, high-pass, or band-pass characteristic.
8
(a) H(jω) = (jω)3 +4(jω) 2 +8jω+8

Low pass filter

3
(jω)
(b) H(jω) = (jω)3 +2(jω) 2 +2jω+1

High pass filter

98
 −jΩ
+3e−j2Ω +e−j3Ω
(c) H(ejΩ ) = 1+3e 6+2e−j2Ω
Low pass filter

−jΩ 4
0.02426(1−e )
(d) H(ejΩ ) = (1+1.10416e−jΩ +0.4019e −j2Ω )(1+0.56616e−jΩ +0.7657e−j2Ω )

High pass filter

(a) (b)
0 0

−20
−20
Magnitude in dB

Magnitude in dB
−40
−40
−60

−60 −80

−100
−80
−120
−100 −140
−2 0 2 −2 0 2
10 10 10 10 10 10
omega omega

(c) (d)
0 0

−50
−50
Magnitude in dB

Magnitude in dB

−100
−100
−150

−150 −200

−250
−200
−4 −2 0 2 4 −2 0 2
Omega Omega

Figure P3.113. Plot 1 of 1

3.114. Use MATLAB to verify that the time-bandwidth product for a discrete-time square wave is
approximately independent of the number of nonzero values in each period when duration is defined as
the number of nonzero values in the square wave and bandwidth is defined as the mainlobe width. Define
one period of the square wave as

1, 0 ≤ n < M
x[n] =
0, M ≤ n ≤ 999

Evaluate the bandwidth by first using fft and abs to obtain the magnitude spectrum and then count the
number of DTFS coefficients in the mainlobe for M = 10, 20, 40, 50, 100, and 200.

99
 P3.114−1
M=10 10

0
300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700

20

15
M=20

10

0
400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600

40

30
M=40

20

10

0
450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550

Figure P3.114. Plot 1 of 2

P3.114−2
50
40
30
M=50

20
10
0
450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550

100
M=100

50

0
480 485 490 495 500 505 510 515 520

200

150
M=200

100

50

0
490 492 494 496 498 500 502 504 506 508 510

Figure P3.114. Plot 2 of 2

100
 M Bw
10 201
20 101
40 51
50 41
100 21
200 11

3.115. Use the MATLAB function TdBw introduced in Section 3.18 to evaluate and plot the time-
bandwidth product as a function of duration for the following classes of signals:
(a) Rectangular pulse trains. Let the pulse in a single period be of length M and vary M from 51 to 701
in steps of 50.
(b) Raised cosine pulse trains. Let the pulse in a single period be of length M and vary M from 51 to
701 in steps of 50.
(c) Gaussian pulse trains. Let x[n] = e−an , −500 ≤ n ≤ 500 represent the Gaussian pulse in a single
2

period. Vary the pulse duration by letting a take the following values: 0.00005, 0.0001, 0.0002, 0.0005,
0.001, 0.002, and 0.005.
2000

1500
TdBw

1000

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Duration M : rectangular pulse

600

500
TdBw

400

300

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Duration M : raised cosine
82
TdBw

81.5

81
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Pulse duration a : Gaussian pulse −3
x 10

Figure P3.115. Plot 1 of 1

3.116. Use MATLAB to evaluate and plot the solution to Problem 3.96 on the interval 0 ≤ l ≤ 1 at
t = 0, 1, 2, . . . , 20 assuming c = 1. Use at least 99 harmonics in the sum.

101
 t=0 t=0.25
0.1 0.1

0.05 0.05

0 0

−0.05 −0.05

−0.1 −0.1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

t=0.5 t=0.75
0.1 0.1

0.05 0.05

0 0

−0.05 −0.05

−0.1 −0.1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Figure P3.116. Plot 1 of 2

t=1.0 t=1.25
0.1 0.1

0.05 0.05

0 0

−0.05 −0.05

−0.1 −0.1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

t=1.5 t=1.75
0.1 0.1

0.05 0.05

0 0

−0.05 −0.05

−0.1 −0.1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Figure P3.116. Plot 2 of 2

3.117. The frequency response of either a continuous- or discrete-time system described in state-
variable form (see problem 3.87) may be computed using freqresp. The syntax is h = freqresp(sys,w)

102
where sys is the object containing the state-variable description (see section 2.13) and w is the vector
containing the frequencies at which to evaluate the frequency response. freqresp applies in general to
multiple-input, multiple-output systems so the output h is a multidimensional array. For the class of
single-input, single-output systems considered in this text and N frequency points in w,h is a dimension
of 1-by-1-by-N. The command squeeze(h) converts h to an N-dimensional vector that may be displayed
with the plot command. Thus we obtain the frequency response using the commands:
 h = freqresp(sys,w);
 hmag = abs(squeeze(h));
 plot(w,hmag);
 title(‘System Magnitude Response’);
 xlabel(‘Frequency(rad/s)’); ylabel(’Magnitude’);
Use MATLAB to plot the magnitude and phase response for the systems with state-variable descriptions
given in Problems 3.88 and 3.89.
3.88(a) System Magnitude Response
2

1.5
Magnitude

0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency (rad/s)

3.88(a) System Phase Response

0

−0.5
Phase

−1

−1.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency (rad/s)

Figure P3.117. Plot 1 of 4

103
 3.88(b) System Magnitude Response
2.5

2
Magnitude

1.5

0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency (rad/s)

3.88(b) System Phase Response

4

2
Phase

−1

−2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Frequency (rad/s)

Figure P3.117. Plot 2 of 4

3.89(a) System Magnitude Response

3

2.5

2
Magnitude

1.5

0.5

0
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
Frequency (rad/s)

3.89(a) System Phase Response

1.5

0.5
Phase

−0.5

−1

−1.5
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
Frequency (rad/s)

Figure P3.117. Plot 3 of 4

104
 3.89(b) System Magnitude Response
1.5

1.4

1.3
Magnitude

1.2

1.1

0.9

0.8
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
Frequency (rad/s)

3.89(b) System Phase Response

4

2
Phase

−2

−4
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
Frequency (rad/s)

Figure P3.117. Plot 4 of 4

105