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    1.nature of Matter

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    Kate Igtos
    The document discusses the particulate nature of matter and different theories about its composition throughout history. It describes early Greek philosophers' views that matter is made of fundamental particles called atoms. Later scientists discovered that atoms are in constant motion and come in different shapes and sizes, making up all forms of matter. The document also outlines different states of matter and techniques for separating mixtures based on the physical properties of their components.

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    1.nature of Matter

    Uploaded by

    Kate Igtos
    246 views31 pages
    The document discusses the particulate nature of matter and different theories about its composition throughout history. It describes early Greek philosophers' views that matter is made of fundamental particles called atoms. Later scientists discovered that atoms are in constant motion and come in different shapes and sizes, making up all forms of matter. The document also outlines different states of matter and techniques for separating mixtures based on the physical properties of their components.

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    Chemistry

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    1.Nature of Matter

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    The document discusses the particulate nature of matter and different theories about its composition throughout history. It describes early Greek philosophers' views that matter is made of fundamental particles called atoms. Later scientists discovered that atoms are in constant motion and come in different shapes and sizes, making up all forms of matter. The document also outlines different states of matter and techniques for separating mixtures based on the physical properties of their components.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    246 views31 pages

    1.nature of Matter

    Uploaded by

    Kate Igtos
    The document discusses the particulate nature of matter and different theories about its composition throughout history. It describes early Greek philosophers' views that matter is made of fundamental particles called atoms. Later scientists discovered that atoms are in constant motion and come in different shapes and sizes, making up all forms of matter. The document also outlines different states of matter and techniques for separating mixtures based on the physical properties of their components.

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    Matter

    and
    its Properties
    Particulate Nature of Matter

    Heraclitus Thales of
    Miletus

    Empedocles Anaximenes
    Particulate Nature of Matter
    Leucippus & Democritus

    All matter is made up of Atoms


    Atoms are in constant motion around the
    (uncuttable). Matter result from the
    “void”
    clustering or breaking of atoms

    Atoms are uniform, with no internal


    Atoms are solely solid
    structure

    Atoms come in different shapes and sizes


    Particulate Nature of Matter
    Epirucus of Samos Aristotle

    Atomism – matter is made up Matter is made up of the four elements in


    different proportions
    of atoms
    An element can be transformed to
    Atoms have different weight another

    Aether – 5th element found outside earth


    Atoms have same speed
    regardless of size Matter can be divided indefinitely w/o
    changing the fundamental properties
    Matter
    Anything occupying space
    and has mass

    Has many levels of


    organization
    (Molecules, ions, atoms)
    States of Matter

    Solid Liquid Gas


    • Are almost incompressible • Particles are not arranged in a • Can expand to fill any
    • Vibrates in a fixed position rigid manner volume
    • Can’t slide past each other • Can slide past each other • compressible
    • High Density • Can expand when heated • low densities
    • Medium Density
    New States of Matter

    Plasma

    Made up of negatively
    Formed by heating
    and positively charged
    and ionizing gas ions
    New States of Matter
    Bose-Einstein
    Condensate

    Produced when
    cloud of bosons is
    Bosons are a type of
    cooled to
    elementary particle of
    temperatures near matter
    absolute zero
    (T = 0 K)
    Phase Change

    T
    E
    M
    P
    E
    R
    A
    T
    U
    R
    E
    Classify each of the following changes in
    matter as physical [P] or chemical [C].
    1. Grinding chalk into powder
    2. Dissolving salt in water
    3. Dissolving zinc in acid
    4. Tearing a piece of paper
    5. Stretching copper into wire
    6. Burning gasoline
    7. Hammering gold into foil
    8. Melting ice
    9. Digesting food
    10. Making Hydrogen from water
    Properties of Matter
    Physical Chemical
    Properties Properties
    • Observable property of
    matter without changing the • Observable property of
    composition of the substance matter with the changing of
    composition
    • Examples: Phase, Color,
    Solubility, Density, Melting and • Examples: Toxicity,
    Boiling pt., Volatility, Viscosity, Flammability, oxidation state
    Conductivity
    Classify each of the following properties
    of matter as physical [P] or chemical [C].
    1. Color _______
    2. Density _______
    3. Burns easily (flammable) _______
    4. Not affected by acids _______
    5. Boils at 450oC _______
    6. Reacts violently with chlorine_______
    7. Good conductor of heat _______
    8. Dissolves readily in water _______
    9. Melts at 145oC _______
    10. Malleable _______
    Properties of Matter
    Extensive Intensive
    Properties Properties
    • Also called Intrinsic
    • Also called Extrinsic
    properties. These are
    properties. These are
    properties that rely on the type
    properties that depend on the
    of matter.
    amount of matter
    • Examples: Density, Color,
    • Examples: Mass, Length, Size,
    Melting and Boiling pt.,
    Volume
    Thermal Conductivity
    Classify each of the following as an intensive
    property [I] or extensive property [E].
    1. Mass
    2. Density
    3. Melting point
    4. Color
    5. Volume
    6. Length
    7. Thermal conductivity
    8. Amount of matter
    9. Freezing points
    10. Size
    Classifications of Matter
    Pure Substances

    Elements

    simplest type of matter that is


    composed of one kind of atom
    Pure Substances

    Compounds

    composed of two or more


    elements combined chemically
    Classifications of Matter
    Mixtures

    Homogeneous
    • Mixture in a single phase.

    • Appearance, properties,
    and composition are
    uniform
    Mixtures

    Heterogeneous
    • Components of the
    mixture is not in uniform

    • Have localized regions


    with different properties
    Write E in the blank if the material is
    heterogeneous or O if it is homogeneous.
    1. Wood _______
    2. Freshly-brewed black coffee _______
    3. Water _______
    4. Gummy bears _______
    5. Salt _______
    6. Dirt _______
    7. Three-Cheese Bacon Pizza _______
    8. Air _______
    9. Milk _______
    10. Gold _______
    Consumer Products
    Consumer Products
    Household Cleaning Materials

    Bleach
    (NaOCl)
    Soap and Detergents
    (H2O2) (Surfactant)
    Consumer Products
    Personal Care Products

    Makeup Lotion Toothpaste


    (Talc) (NaF)
    (Glycerin)
    (SnF2)
    Separation Techniques
    Find a difference in
    How do we separate their physical
    mixtures? properties and utilize
    them
    Physical Separation Techniques
    Washing
    • Insoluble solids like noble metals and
    compounds like silica can be washed
    with water until all the other impurities
    leave them.

    • Washing can also be done with organic


    solvents when there is a mixture with
    soluble impurities and insoluble
    compound.
    Physical Separation Techniques
    Decanting
    • When the densities of two liquids that
    are immiscible in one another are to be
    separated this method can be used.

    • Separating funnel helps to separately


    collect the tow liquids. In case of solids
    the lighter solids can be separated by
    decanting it in water medium when
    both of the solids are not soluble.
    Physical Separation Techniques
    Distillation
    • A process that depends on
    differences in the volatility (how
    readily substances become gases) of
    the components.

    • The most volatile component


    vaporizes at the lowest temperature,
    and the vapor passes through a
    cooled tube (a condenser), where it
    condenses back into its liquid state.
    Physical Separation Techniques
    Filtration
    • Filtration is good for separating an
    insoluble solid from a liquid. (An
    insoluble substance is one that does
    not dissolve).

    • Sand, for example, can be separated


    from a mixture of sand and water using
    filtration. That's because sand does not
    dissolve in water.
    Physical Separation Techniques
    Chromatography
    • employ a system with two phases
    (states) of matter: a mobile phase and a
    stationary phase. The stationary phase is
    a solid, and the mobile phase is either a
    liquid or a gas.

    • It works because some of the colored


    substances dissolve in the liquid better
    than others, so they travel further up the
    paper.

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