VILLAGE SURVEY REPORT

VILLAGE
India is an agricultural country where more and more people live in rural
areas, because there, they do farming which is said to be main occupation
of the country. But the percentage of people living in rural areas is decreasing
fast due to escape of the people to the towns and cities , in hope of having
a better living conditions.

Rural life has always been a bundle of problems and difficulties. Inspit of
it , more than 80 percent of people would live in rural areas before the
independence. The rural is full of problems. Infact it is true that the picture
of rural areas is changing fast due to the government policy of rural
development. Hence first we studied the conditions of the village, then we
make policies for the development of village. Because we must keep the
continuity in production after the establishment of the industry.

SELECTION OF VILLAGE
We have inspected the Maanpur Gram Panchayat for the establishment of
industry. It is about 19Km away from the Institute . It is enough developed
village. The road of this village is made Ree, and many developing works
being done. The police station is near the village that’s why the
arrangement of law is solid here. Here many governmental and non-
governmental hospitals are also available.
ABOUT VILLAGE AND LOCATION

Gram Sabha is about 19Km away from our institute. Itaunja is the nearest
railway station in east side and 4km far from the village.

The road of the village is connected to the Sitapur highway. Bakshi ka

Talab tehsil is 19Km away from village. It is situated at the Sitapur Highway.

Zonal conditions of the Gram Sabha Manpur is :

Village : Manpur

Post Office : Itaunja

Police Station : Itaunja

Block : Bakshi ka Talab

District : Lucknow

Tehsil : Bakshi ka Talab

Gram Pradhan : Shri Shrikant Lodhi

VILLAGE SURVEY
1. Name of selected village

Village : Manpur

Vikas khand : Bakshi ka talab

Tehsil : Bakshi ka talab

District : Lucknow
2. Institute distance from village

The distance of village of institute is 19Km and distance of tehsil from

village is 19Km

3. Name of Gram Pradhan - Shri Shrikant Lodhi.

4. Details

(1) Population

Families-1800

Peoples- 7250 ( male-45%, female-30%, children-25%)

(2) Literacy

Total literacy – 65%

Male - 20%

Female – 20%

Children – 100%

(3) Condition of employment

The people mainly depends upon agriculture.

65% peoples = farmers

45% people (both man and women ) does labour work under the
MNREGA.

(4) Industries and small industries

20 animal farms

Many of the people have their own shops of fertilizers , pesticides and other
general products.
(5) Solar cooker, smoke less oven , solar energy

60% peoples are introduced to solar energy and near about 1500 peoples
are using the solar energy. More than 700 families use L.P.G stoves. Solar
cooker is not being used in thi village.

(6) Manure gas plant

There are 8 manure gas plant in this village out of which presently 5 are
in use.

(7) Grains storage system

Almost every family has its own grain storage system in its home . A big
storage tank is made available by the Gram Pradhan in which every family
of the village contribute a small amount of its productivity. Which is later
on used by village people when there is a hazard like draught or flood in
the village.

(8) Drinking water sources

Handpumps are used as a drinking water sources. Nearly 140 handpumps

are in the village. Some have the facility of submersible pump.

(9) Agricultural instruments

Tractor, trolley, Threasures, Cultivatures and other automated machines

are used for agriculture.

(10) Residential conditions

85% peoples live in completely cemented house and 15% live in the
cottage.

(11) Nearest bank

This village has two banks near to it. The banks are Uco bank and
Gramin bank . Both banks gives loan for self-employment and also for
agriculture.
(12) Water way-out arrangement

Small canals are made which run almost in whole of the village in
which water from every house is collected and taken out of the village in
a proper way and disposed off in a barren land . Muncipality also at a
regular interval carries out a routine cleaniness programmes.

(13) Solar light condition

Solar light is used in a large quantity. Near 1100 peoples are using solar
light.

(14) Nearest post office

The post office is at a certain distance from the village. It has 24 hour
working employes. The post office also has the facility of speed post.

(15) condition of educational Institutions

Two primary and one junior high school are there in the village. In
providing mid-day meal , free books, and clothes to the students is
organized by the government.

(16) Nearest factory

Very few factories are available in this area . factories like sugar mills ,
ice cream factories are available at a distance of about 10km is available
for this village.

(17) Nearest hospitals

A primary hospital is there in this village and 150 beded govt hospital
is also available in this village. An half yearly health is also organized by
the government of this village.

(18) Development programme

 Sewage building, residential road rearrangement all are being done . Building
and preparing of pond for rain water storage programme. The different
development programmes providing employment to the peoples are:

(1) MNREGA

(2) Mahamaya Rural Residential Schemes

(3) Aaganwadi

(4) Rural employment guaranteed schemes

(19) Village pollution

The pollution in this village are- soil water and air. Thr causes of air
pollution are chimneys, smokes coming out of homes. The bathing of animals
in pond and in storage ponds causes water pollution. Use of fertilizers and
pesticides causes soil pollution.

(20) Other Details

Police station and law are very solid who takes your responsibility
perfectly. Vehicles are also available at night . Farmers sell their grains in
this village.

Rural Extension

India is an agricultural country. More than 70% people would live in rural
areas before the independence. More than 6Lakh villages 50% of these
villages are economically socially backward. The rural development is must
for the development of country. There are many reasons that I have notice
during survey.

 Poor
 Un-Employment
  Illiteracy
 Social Evil
 Lack of Institution’
 Lack of Industries and small industries
 Water ways out problem
 Lack of Vehicle
 Less electricity
 Less in Unity
 No entertainment sources

For resolving the rural problem it is very necessary that we have to

motivate them. People to be educated the infrastructure of the village should
be improve. Facility of the road, electricity, communication should be
developed and provided for these villages.

Administration

There are three administration implemented in this country

 Local Administration
 State Administration
 Central Administration

Local Administration: It is divided into three parts.

1. Gram Panchayat:- Gram Panchayat is must for the development of

village where the population of villages 250. There is made a Gram
Panchanyat. The age of member must be 18+, Pradhans and
members are selected for 5 years.
 a. Rights and Duties of Gram Panchayat.
i. To drive the village development program
ii. To take correct judgment for village
iii. To keep record of village

Entrepreneurship Activities for Rural Areas:

The government applies the different developing program for the progress
for the village through entrepreneur activities and with the help of state
government.

 TRYSEM Planning It was started in 15 Aug, 1979 with the help of

state government. Under this scheme, they trained the people of
village and made them able to setup a self employment. To select the
people and trained district level during the training. Many facilities
were provided to them like- toolkit, raw material and payments
 Jawahar Employment Planning: The many programs are being
done for the development of entrepreneurship in rural field
1. Residential Scheme
2. To buildup Pond
3. Building of wells
4. Afforestation on private land
5. Public complexes
6. Development work for panchayat
7. Anganwadi Work
8. Medical Development
9. Conservation of land and water
  Nation Biogas Development Program: Biogas is a non conventional
energy source that is cost less and suitable. National biogas
development program is a very important and it is a self financial
program. The aim of the institution is to setup a plant and do
production of biogas. The biogas is used to cook food, light the
lantern. Many driving method are :
1. To increase more and more partnership of the private
entrepreneur in the build of biogas plant
2. To build up the care taker of biogas plant
3. To advertise in rural area of biogas and introduce to profit a
biogas
4. To take care of established plant
 National Progressive hearth program: The implementation of hearth
in rural areas is a very effective step. The use of hearth prevents the
health of women and save the environment that is under taking of
government of India. It also provides an employment and trained the
selected people to care of hearth and make a better worker.
 Million wells Scheme: The objective of this scheme is to make
arrangement of drinking water . They provide an employment to the
villagers to provide an extended facility to the farmers for irrigation
resources and development of land.

The different assumable work is for the development of land and small
irrigation under this policy.

1. Boring
2. Dam
3. Water Tanking dam
 4. Water storage dam
5. Irrigation wells and standardized irrigation and drinking water
well
6. Irrigation ponds
7. Improvement of water plough
8. Water tank
9. Drainage
10.Planning land
11.Improvement in barren land

Drinking Water Scheme: To provide a drinking water for villagers under

this scheme. Survey the area and worked at desirable place.

Environmental Pollution

All organisms depend for their survival on the environment in which they
live . Environment encompasses all the external factor are condition that
influence living organism in any where thus the environment of an organism
includes all other living organism such as plant , animals, and micro
organism and non living things such as air, rock, soil and water etc.

In return what to do the living organism gave to the environment?

Ironically all organism including humans disturb the environment by utilizing
resources and producing waste products. Of all the living organism humans
have been the main culprit in disturbing and damaging the environment by
all kinds of activities for their own comfort without realizing the adverse
consequences they would have on the environment
 In addition some physical factors such as hurricanes , floods, volcanoes,
earthquakes also cause major damage to the earth environment

On the other hand human can surely do something about the damages that
are called mainly by them. For e.g. We can reduce , if not totally stock
contaminating our precious natural recourses such as air, water, by preventing
mixing of harmful toxic substances with them which degrade their quality.

If we seriously think that we are responsible for causing disturbances

in our environment which reduce its quality, then we must do something
and take cossetire measures immediately to save the environment from
further degradation. We must realise that we all are the product of this
environment . Our happiness, health and well being depends upon the quality
of environment that we have.

POLLUTION OF ENVIROMENT

Pollution has been defined in different ways by different environment

lists. It can be defined as “ the process which something becomes impure
defiled, dirty or otherwise unclean ”.

Pollution may be define as an environment disturbance that adversely affect

the well being of an organism directly by natural process upon which it
depends.

CAUSES OF POLLUTION

Some of the main causes of pollution are-

 1. Industrialisation: Toxic substance produced as by-products in various
industrial units are discharge in the air and water bodies.
2. Agricultural chemical: Excessive use of insecticides pesticides and
fertilizer cause their accumulation and pollution.
3. Use of fuels: Burning of fossil fuels like coal in factories and furnace
and petroleum products in vehicle produce smoke and exhaust fumes in
the environment.
4. Radioactive substance: the radioactive substance products from nuclear
plants and weapons of mass destruction cause radioactive which are
very harmful.
5. Wastes from the cities: wastes produce from cities is another major
cause of water pollution.
6. Oil spills: accidental oil spills in the oceans seas are the cause of
marine pollution which affected the aquatic as well as other
organism of the areas very adversely.
7. Smoke: household smokes, smokes from factories chimney fire cause
air pollution.

KINDS OF POLLUTION

There are five major kind of pollution-

1. Air pollution
2. Water pollution
3. Soil pollution
4. Thermal pollution
5. Noise pollution
 6. Radioactive pollution

Air pollution

The world health organisation defines air pollution as ‘ limited to

situation in which outdoor ambient atmosphere contains materials air
concentration which are harmful to men and his environment’. Air
constitutes about 80% of man daily intake by weight . Every human being
breathes about 22,000 times a day inhaling about 16kg of air. But majority
of us do not know that the air we breath is contaminated with dust particles
and gases in harmful portion.

Sources (causes) of air pollution

(a) Natural cause

Occasionally, many natural happenings occur over which humans have

no control whatsoever. Accidental forest fires , ash from volcano, dust storms
, decay of organic matter and pollen grains in the atmosphere are some
natural causes of air pollution.

(b) Manmade causes

Main the main factor that causes maximum main air pollution by
unthoughtful and unbalanced activities. Some of the important man-made
cause of air pollution are given below.

1. fire: Burning of wood produce smoke and other gases. Gradually

various other things like coal and other fossil fuel are use to get(heat)
 energy. The by-product of these fuel are – smoke and other gases
cause pollution.

2. Emission from vehicle: the percentage of major pollutant used to be

released from vehicle previously was carbon monoxide (77.2%), oxide
of nitrogen(7.7%) and hydrocarbons(13.7). however adaption of stricter
pollutant control law. The percentage of these harmful gases has
come down put still it Is high. Effort need to be made to be produce
vehicle with zero level pollution.
3. Industrialization: industries are one of the major cause of the air
pollution. The give out smoke which contain various of organic and
inorganic gases.
The most common ones are carbon dioxide , carbon monoxide, sulphur
dioxide, nitrogen oxide etc . In addition to this small particles of dust,
carbon, metals other solid liquid and radioactive material get mixed
with smoke which pollute the air.
4. Increasing human population: the increase in population has serious
repercussion on the atmosphere. Already there is a storage of
natural resources and if the population increase anticipated rate, there
would be chaos around.
5. Deforestation: Plant , big or small, purify the air they take in co2 and
give out life supporting oxygen. In this way balance is maintain. But
when deforestation on large scale for agriculture, urbanization and
industrialization, the balance in nature is got disturbed due to
decreased in the forest which are consider the green being.
6. Agriculture activities: Spraying of poisonous insecticides and
weedicides over the crop also causes air pollution because some
 amount of these poisonous substance are carried away by the wind to
distant placed. These inhaled , cause trouble to the animals include
men.
7. War: war among small or big nation also cause air pollution. Various
kind of explosion released lots of poisonous gases which pollute the
air and disturb the ecology of the area. Nuclear explosion pollute the
air by radioactive rays which though non-visible cause untold suffering
to mankind. The effect of air nuclear explosion on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki are well know example and not been forgotten even today.

Control on air pollution:

Various measure by which we can control the air pollution to a large extant are
as under-

1. By separating the pollutants form hameful gases: it is not an easy

method but some gases which are more soluble in a particular liquid
then air can be separated by dissolving then in it.
2. By constructing all chimney (stacks): construction of all chimney helps to
considerable extent to check the air pollution at the ground level. The smoke
and pollutant are released high in the atmosphere.
3. Electrostatic precepation : in this method effluent particulates are electrically
charged and attracted to plates having an opposite charge. At maximum
efficiency, electrostaticprecipate can improved upto 99% of the ash emission
from the stock of coal fired electric plants. Fly ash as you know is the solid
by-product of a coal burning.
4. Use of filters: In this process the particle laden air stream is focused through
a series of filters commonly composed of fiber glass. These are called bag
 houses. Filters are porous. Thus they allow to gases to pass through but trap
the particle. The bag house are good and efficient for collecting the fine
particulates. Larger particulates can be separated by cyclone collector which
induced gravitational setting of havier particle.
5. Scrrubing method for sulphur dioxide gas removal: Today the most effective
method of removal sulphur dioxide is by scrubbing or the flue gases
desulphurization (fgp). In this method effluent containing sulphur dioxide
are passed through a slurry of water and ground limestone (caco3). The
calcium in the limestone combines chemically with the sulphur to produced
calcium sulphate (caso4) which is colleted and disposed of.
6. Vehicles which are another major factor causing air pollution should be fuel
efficient and adhere to pollution norms.
7. Forestation and planting of trees should be done on large scale. The trees
purifies air.

Global dimensions of air pollution: Air know no boundaries. It moves globally.

Hence air pollution causes three major problems:

 Contamination of upper atmosphere.

 Damage to ozone layer, and global warming.
 Bring change in the climate and hydrological cycles.

Water pollution: Water is essential for our life. In fact more than 70% of our
bodies is just water. Through 2/3 of the earth is covered with water, man feels its
scarcity all the year round. To man, water is available from different sources, such
ponds, rivers, wells and the seas. But the water in it natural forms is not suitable for
human consumption because of the presence of certain foreign matter in it. The
foreign matter may be in the form of organic, inorganic, biological, radiological or
physical substance. Such as water which is unfit for human consumption.
Constituting a health hazard is called polluted water.

Major water pollutants are:

 Dissolved water.
 Wastes from industries.
 Dirt, filth, sewage, household waste, dead bodies of animal and plants.
 Harmful organisms.

Prevention and control of water pollution:

1. Treatment of sewage: sewage should be prevented from being discharged

with into water podics. if there is no alternative, it should be treated before
its discharge. The sewage at first should be passed through a grinding
mechanism. It then should be allowed to pass through many setting tanks
and neutralised with line. The process upto this stage is called primary
treatment. The treated sewage still contains pathogenic and non- pathogenic
organism along with organic matter. This treated sewage is then sent to
UASB (upplow Anarobic organism sludge blanhet) section.

Here anaerobic organism act as a degrade the biodegradable present in it.

During the process foul odour and methane is released. Methane can be utilized
elsewhere.

All the above step reduced pollution level upto 85% next, the water is sent to
aeration tank where it gets mixed with air and bacteria.

Bacteria eat the organic waste matter. This called the secondary treatment the
water still contains harmful micro-organism. The tertiary treatment is the
phenol step in disinfection process in which traces of organic matter, bacteria,
 dissolved inorganic solids etc are neutralized method like chlorination,
evaporation exchange and absorption are also employed.

1. Household wasted, paper, [plastic, etc should not be thrown into the open
drains.
2. Effluent from distallaries and other wastes should be seprated and used for
making biogas.
3. Oil slicks should be removed with the help of sucker devices.

Water treatement:

Domestic and sewage wastes should be suitably treated before realising them in
water. The various step involved in the treatment of wasteare-

1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary

Even after these treatment water is to be tested for it suitability.

Soil pollution:

Like air and water, soil is also very important living beings. It supports the
vegetation entire living organism depends . like air and water, soil also gets
polluted. Any substance that reduce the productivity of the soil is considered as
soil pollution. The common soil pollutants are:

1. Pollutant washed out of the atmosphere.

 2. Various kind of pesticide and biocide.
3. Artificial fertilizer.

The effect of first two on the soil is serious.

They kill essential organism and make the soil toxic for plant growth. Inorganic
fertilizer also pollute the soil in the long run.

1. Positive soil pollution: positive pollution means addition of some

undesirable substance into the soli. Non-judicious use of pesticides,
herbicides and fertilizer in modern agriculture has pollute the soil. These
pollutant are stable and have comulatier effect. This pollutant kill not only
the organism found on the surface of the soil but also organism lying deep in
the soil by reaching deep layer of the soil through irrigation.

Various types of chemicals like zinc, cadmium, nickel, arsenic are released from
smelting the mining complexes in the soil are not only toxic to plants but render
these plant unfit for human consumption

2. Negative soil pollution: it is caused by the removal of some useful

component from soil. The main cause negative pollution is soil erosion,
deforestation and improper method of agriculture.
3. Soil pollution of dumping: it is caused by discarded and unserviuable
object thrown away by the men on soil. Thry include worn out furniture,
glass pieces, ash, aluminium, food scrap, packing material, empty tins, old
components of automobile and machines.
These object give a noxious look to the landscape and cause considerable
nuisance. if these objects are allowed to accumulated, they become home for
rat, flies, mosquitoes, bacterial and other potential vectors of various
diseases. The pollution caused by solid rubbish is also called third pollution.
Salination of soil: intensive forming and poor drainage are responsible for
increased in concentration of soluble salts. Moreover, in summer season salt
from the lower layer move up by capillary action and are deposited as white
crust on the surface. The adversely affected the soil productivity and degrades
the quality of land.

Control of soil pollution:

Various measures to control soil pollution are –

 Transfer station should be constructed at various points in a city for

bulk transfer of refused to discharge sites.
 Pneumatic stripes should be laid for collecting and disposing wastes.
 Material such as glass, paper and some kind of plastic can be re
cycled.
 Animal refused and agriculture waste can be utilized for production
of biogas which can be further used to generate electricity.
 The manufactured and use of chemical fertilised can be reduced by
applying bio-fertilizers and manures.
 Biological control method of pest control can be also reduce the
use of pesticides and thereby minimise soil pollution.
 Soil erosion can be checked by planting more trees and checking
the process of deforestation.
 Overgrazing should be avoided.