BGP Tutorial

2/7/14
Dawit Birhanu (dawit@cisco.com)

Technical Marketing Engineer, Cisco Systems
© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1
•  Will be available on
Location will be provided
•  Feel free to ask questions any time
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•  BGP Basics
•  Scaling BGP
•  Using Communities
BGP Basics
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•  What is BGP?
•  BGP Attributes
•  BGP Path Selection Algorithm
•  Applying Policy with BGP
•  BGP Capabilities
What is BGP?
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•  A Routing Protocol used to exchange routing information between

different networks
Exterior gateway protocol
•  Described in RFC4271
RFC4276 gives an implementation report on BGP
RFC4277 describes operational experiences using BGP
•  IETF Working Groups

IDR (Internet-Domain Routing: http://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/idr/)
SIDR (Secure IDR: http://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/sidr/)
•  The Autonomous System is the cornerstone of BGP

It is used to uniquely identify networks with a common routing policy
•  Collection of networks with same routing

policy
•  Single routing protocol
•  Usually under single ownership, trust and

administrative control
•  Identified by a unique AS number (ASN)
AS 100 2-octet(16-bit) integer number, or
4-octet (32-bit) integer number
•  4-octet ASN was introduced by RFC4893
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•  Two ranges
0-65535 (original 16-bit range)
65536-4294967295 (32-bit range - RFC4893)
•  Usage:
0 and 65535 (reserved)
1-64495 (public Internet)
64496-64511 (documentation - RFC5398)
64512-65534 (private use only)
23456 (represent 32-bit range in 16-bit world)
65536-65551 (documentation - RFC5398)
65552-4294967295 (public Internet)
•  32-bit range representation specified in RFC5396
Defines “asplain” (traditional format) as standard notation
•  ASNs are distributed by the Regional Internet Registries

They are also available from upstream ISPs who are members of one of
the RIRs
•  Current 16-bit (2-octet) ASN allocations

Up to 63486+ have been made to the RIRs
Around 40322+ are visible on the Internet
•  Each RIR has also received a block of 32-bit (4-octet) ASNs

Out of 8192 assignments, around 3700 are visible on the Internet
•  See www.iana.org/assignments/as-numbers and

http://www.potaroo.net/tools/asn32/
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Peering
A C
AS 100 AS 101
B D
•  Runs over TCP – port 179 E

•  Path vector protocol
AS 102
•  Incremental updates
•  “Internal” & “External” BGP
A C
DMZ
AS 100 Network AS 101
B D
AS 102
•  Shared network between ASes
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•  Learns multiple paths via internal and external BGP speakers
•  Picks the best path and installs in the forwarding table
•  Best path is sent to external BGP neighbours
•  Policies are applied by influencing the best path selection
•  BGP used internally (iBGP) and externally (eBGP)
•  iBGP used to carry

Some/all Internet prefixes across ISP backbone
ISP’s customer prefixes
•  eBGP used to
Exchange prefixes with other ASes
Implement routing policy
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•  Model representation
eBGP eBGP eBGP
iBGP iBGP iBGP iBGP
IGP IGP IGP IGP
AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4
AS 100 AS 101
C
•  Between BGP speakers in different AS
•  Should be directly connected
•  Never run an IGP between eBGP peers
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•  BGP peer within the same AS
•  Not required to be directly connected

IGP takes care of inter-BGP speaker connectivity
•  iBGP speakers must be fully meshed:
They originate connected networks
They pass on prefixes learned from outside the ASN
They do not pass on prefixes learned from other iBGP speakers
AS 100
B
A
C
•  Topology independent
•  Each iBGP speaker must peer with every other iBGP
speaker in the AS
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AS 100
•  Peer with loop-back interface

Loop-back interface does not go down – ever!
•  Do not want iBGP session to depend on state of a single interface
or the physical topology
BGP Attributes
Information about BGP
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•  Sequence of ASes a route

has traversed
AS 200 AS 100
•  Used for: 170.10.0.0/16 180.10.0.0/16
Loop detection
Path Selection 180.10.0.0/16 300 200 100
170.10.0.0/16 300 200
Applying policy AS 300
AS 400
150.10.0.0/16
180.10.0.0/16 300 200 100

AS 500 170.10.0.0/16 300 200
150.10.0.0/16 300 400
•  Internet with 2-octet and 4-

octet ASNs
AS 80000 AS 70000
4-octet ASNs are 65536 and 170.10.0.0/16 180.10.0.0/16
above
•  AS-PATH length maintained

180.10.0.0/16 300 23456 23456
170.10.0.0/16 300 23456
AS 300
AS 400
•  AS400 does not support 4- 150.10.0.0/16
octet ASN
180.10.0.0/16 300 80000 70000
AS 90000
170.10.0.0/16 300 80000
150.10.0.0/16 300 400
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AS 200 AS 100
170.10.0.0/16 180.10.0.0/16
140.10.0.0/16 500 300

170.10.0.0/16 500 300 200
AS 300
140.10.0.0/16
AS 500 •  180.10.0.0/16 is not

accepted by AS100 as the
prefix has AS100 in its AS-
180.10.0.0/16 300 200 100 PATH – this is loop
detection in action
170.10.0.0/16 300 200
140.10.0.0/16 300
150.10.1.1 150.10.1.2
iBGP C
AS 200
A B
150.10.0.0/16 eBGP AS 300
150.10.0.0/16 150.10.1.1
160.10.0.0/16 150.10.1.1
AS 100 •  eBGP – address of external neighbor

160.10.0.0/16
•  iBGP – NEXT_HOP from eBGP
•  Well-known mandatory attribute
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120.1.2.0/23
120.1.1.0/24
iBGP C
Loopback
120.1.254.3/32
Loopback B
120.1.254.2/32
AS 300
D
120.1.1.0/24 120.1.254.2
•  Next hop is iBGP router loopback address 120.1.2.0/23 120.1.254.3
•  Recursive route look-up
120.86.1.0/24 150.1.1.3 •  eBGP between Router A and

Router C
AS 200 •  eBGP between RouterA and
RouterB
C •  120.68.1/24 prefix has next hop
150.1.1.1 address of 150.1.1.3 – this is
passed on to RouterC instead of
150.1.1.2
150.1.1.2 150.1.1.3 •  More efficient
A B •  No extra config needed
120.68.1.0/24
AS 201
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•  BGP default is for external next-hop to be propagated unchanged

to iBGP peers
This means that IGP has to carry external next-hops
Forgetting means external network is invisible
With many eBGP peers, it is unnecessary extra load on IGP
•  ISP Best Practice is to change external next-hop to be that of the

local router
•  IGP should carry route to next hops
•  Recursive route look-up
•  Unlinks BGP from actual physical topology
•  Change external next hops to that of local router
•  Allows IGP to make intelligent forwarding decision
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•  Conveys the origin of the prefix
•  Historical attribute
Used in transition from EGP to BGP
•  Transitive and Mandatory Attribute
•  Influences best path selection
•  Three values: IGP, EGP, incomplete

IGP – generated by BGP network statement
EGP – generated by EGP
incomplete – redistributed from another routing protocol
•  Conveys the IP address of the router or BGP speaker generating the

aggregate route
•  Optional & transitive attribute
•  Useful for debugging purposes
•  Does not influence best path selection
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AS 100
160.10.0.0/16
AS 200 AS 300
D 500 800 E
A B
160.10.0.0/16 500
AS 400
> 160.10.0.0/16 800
C
•  Non-transitive and optional attribute
•  Local to an AS – non-transitive
Default local preference is 100 (Cisco IOS)
•  Used to influence BGP path selection
determines best path for outbound traffic
•  Path with highest local preference wins
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120.68.1.0/24 2000 AS 200

> 120.68.1.0/24 1000
C D
120.68.1.0/24 2000 120.68.1.0/24 1000

A B
120.68.1.0/24
AS 201
•  Inter-AS – non-transitive & optional attribute
•  Used to convey the relative preference of entry points

determines best path for inbound traffic
•  Comparable if paths are from same AS
Implementations have a knob to allow comparisons of MEDs from
different ASes
•  Path with lowest MED wins
•  Absence of MED attribute implies MED value of zero (RFC4271)
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•  MED is non-transitive and optional attribute

Some implementations send learned MEDs to iBGP peers by default,
others do not
Some implementations send MEDs to eBGP peers by default, others do
not
•  Default metric varies according to vendor implementation
Original BGP spec (RFC1771) made no recommendation
Some implementations handled absence of metric as meaning a metric
of 0
Other implementations handled the absence of metric as meaning a
metric of 232-1 (highest possible) or 232-2
Potential for “metric confusion”
•  Communities are described in RFC1997

Transitive and Optional Attribute
•  32 bit integer
Represented as two 16 bit integers (RFC1998)
Common format is <local-ASN>:xx
0:0 to 0:65535 and 65535:0 to 65535:65535 are reserved
•  Used to group destinations

Each destination could be member of multiple communities
•  Very useful in applying policies within and between ASes
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ISP 2 permit 160.10.0.0/16 out

permit 170.10.0.0/16 out
X
100.10.0.0/16 AS 400
F
E
permit 100.10.0.0/16 in
D ISP 1
AS 300
permit 160.10.0.0/16 in C
permit 170.10.0.0/16 in
A B
AS 100 AS 200
160.10.0.0/16 170.10.0.0/16
ISP 2 160.10.0.0/16 300:1

170.10.0.0/16 300:1
X
100.10.0.0/16 AS 400
F
E
100.10.0.0/16 300:9
D ISP 1
AS 300
160.10.0.0/16 300:1 C
170.10.0.0/16 300:1
A B
AS 100 AS 200
160.10.0.0/16 170.10.0.0/16
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•  Several well known communities

www.iana.org/assignments/bgp-well-known-communities
•  no-export 65535:65281
do not advertise to any eBGP peers
•  no-advertise 65535:65282
do not advertise to any BGP peer
•  no-export-subconfed 65535:65283
do not advertise outside local AS (only used with confederations)
•  no-peer 65535:65284
do not advertise to bi-lateral peers (RFC3765)
105.7.0.0/16
105.7.X.X No-Export
105.7.X.X D
A
105.7.0.0/16
AS 100 AS 200 G
B E
C F
•  AS100 announces aggregate and subprefixes
Intention is to improve loadsharing by leaking subprefixes
•  Subprefixes marked with no-export community
•  Router G in AS200 does not announce prefixes with no-export
community set
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105.7.0.0/16 upstream
105.7.X.X No-Peer D C&D&E are
peers e.g.
Tier-1s
105.7.0.0/16
upstream
E
A
upstream
B
•  Sub-prefixes marked with no-peer community are not sent to bi-lateral peers
They are only sent to upstream providers
•  Communities are widely used for encoding ISP routing policy

32 bit attribute
•  RFC1998 format is now “standard” practice

ASN:number
•  Fine for 2-byte ASNs, but 4-byte ASNs cannot be encoded
•  Solutions:
Use “private ASN” for the first 16 bits
Use AS_TRANS (23456) for the first 16 bits
RFC5668 – 4-Octet AS Specific Extended Community.
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•  Community is an optional attribute

Some implementations send communities to iBGP peers by default, some
do not
Some implementations send communities to eBGP peers by default, some
do not
•  Being careless can lead to community “confusion”

ISPs need consistent community policy within their own networks
And they need to inform peers, upstreams and customers about their
community expectations
BGP Path Selection

Algorithm
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•  Do not consider path if no route to next hop
•  Do not consider a path that has the maximum possible MED (232-1)
•  Highest weight (local to router)
•  Highest local preference (global within AS)
•  Prefer locally originated route
•  Shortest AS path
Skipped if bgp bestpath as-path ignore configured
•  Lowest origin code

IGP < EGP < incomplete
•  Lowest Multi-Exit Discriminator (MED)

Order the paths before comparing
(BGP spec does not specify in which order the paths should be compared. This
means best path depends on order in which the paths are compared.)
If bgp always-compare-med, then compare for all paths
otherwise MED only considered if paths are received from the same AS
(default)
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•  Prefer eBGP path over iBGP path
•  Path with lowest IGP metric to next-hop
•  Lowest router-id (originator-id for reflected routes)
•  Shortest Cluster-List
Client must be aware of Route Reflector attributes!
•  Lowest neighbor IP address
•  In multi-vendor environments:
Make sure the path selection processes are understood for each brand of
equipment
Each vendor has slightly different implementations, extra steps, extra features,
etc.
Watch out for possible MED confusion
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Applying Policy with BGP
Controlling Traffic Flow and Traffic Engineering
•  Network operators rarely “plug in routers and go”
•  External relationships:
Control who they peer with
Control who they give transit to
Control who they get transit from
•  Traffic flow control:

Efficiently use the scarce infrastructure resources (external link load
balancing)
Congestion avoidance
Terminology: Traffic Engineering
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•  Policies are applied by:

Setting BGP attributes (local-pref, MED, AS-PATH, community), thereby
influencing the path selection process
Advertising or Filtering prefixes
Advertising or Filtering prefixes according to ASN and AS-PATHs
Advertising or Filtering prefixes according to Community membership
•  Most implementations have tools to apply policies to BGP:

Prefix manipulation/filtering
AS-PATH manipulation/filtering
Community Attribute setting and matching
•  Implementations also have policy language which can do various match/

set constructs on the attributes of chosen BGP routes
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BGP Capabilities
Extending BGP
•  Documented in RFC2842
•  Capabilities parameters passed in BGP open message
•  Unknown or unsupported capabilities will result in NOTIFICATION

message
•  Codes:
0 to 63 are assigned by IANA by IETF consensus
64 to 127 are assigned by IANA “first come first served”
128 to 255 are vendor specific
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Current capabilities are:

0 Reserved [RFC3392]
1 Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4 [RFC4760]
2 Route Refresh Capability for BGP-4 [RFC2918]
3 Outbound Route Filtering Capability [RFC5291]
4 Multiple routes to a destination capability [RFC3107]
5 Extended Next Hop Encoding [RFC5549]
64 Graceful Restart Capability [RFC4724]
65 Support for 4 octet ASNs [RFC6793]
66 Deprecated
67 Support for Dynamic Capability [ID]
68 Multisession BGP [ID]
69 Add Path Capability [ID]
70 Enhanced Route Refresh Capability [ID]
See www.iana.org/assignments/capability-codes
•  Multiprotocol extensions
This is a whole different world, allowing BGP to support more than IPv4
unicast routes
Examples include: v4 multicast, IPv6, v6 multicast, VPNs
Another tutorial (or many!)
•  Route refresh is a well known scaling technique – covered shortly
•  32-bit ASNs have recently arrived
•  The other capabilities are still in development or not widely

implemented or deployed yet
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Scaling BGP
•  BGP Scaling Techniques

•  Dynamic Reconfigurations
•  Route Reflectors
•  BGP Confederations
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BGP Scaling Techniques
•  Original BGP specification and implementation was fine for the Internet
of the early 1990s
But didn’t scale
•  Issues as the Internet grew included:

Scaling the iBGP mesh beyond a few peers?
Implement new policy without causing flaps and route churning?
Keep the network stable, scalable, as well as simple?
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•  Current Best Practice Scaling Techniques

Route Refresh
Configuration Templates
Update Groups
Route Reflectors (and Confederations)
Route Aggregation
•  Deploying 4-octect ASNs
•  Deprecated Scaling Techniques

Route Flap Damping
Dynamic Reconfiguration
Route Refresh
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•  BGP peer reset required after every policy change

Because the router does not store prefixes which are rejected by policy
•  Hard BGP peer reset:
Terminates BGP peering & Consumes CPU
Severely disrupts connectivity for all networks
•  Soft BGP peer reset without Route Refresh capability
BGP peering remains active
Router needs to keep full update received from each peer (memory resource
intensive)
•  Soft BGP peer reset (or Route Refresh):
BGP peering remains active
Impacts only those prefixes affected by policy change
•  Facilitates non-disruptive policy changes
•  For most implementations, no configuration is needed

Automatically negotiated at peer establishment
•  No additional memory is used
•  Requires peering routers to support “route refresh capability” –

RFC2918
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•  Use Route Refresh capability if supported

find out from the BGP neighbour status display
Non-disruptive, “Good For the Internet”
•  If not supported, see if implementation has a workaround
•  Only hard-reset a BGP peering as a last resort

Consider the impact to be equivalent to a router reload
Route Reflectors
Scaling the iBGP mesh
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•  Avoid n(n-1)/2 iBGP mesh
n=1000 ⇒ nearly 14 routers = 91

half a million iBGP sessions
ibgp sessions!
§  Two solutions

Route reflector – simpler to deploy and run
Confederation – more complex, has corner case advantages
•  Reflector receives path Clients

from clients and non-clients
•  Selects best path
•  If best path is from client,

reflect to other clients and Reflectors
A
non-clients
•  If best path is from B C
non-client, reflect to clients
only
•  Non-meshed clients
AS 100
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•  Divide the backbone into multiple clusters
•  At least one route reflector and few clients per cluster
•  Route reflectors are fully meshed
•  Clients in a cluster could be fully meshed
•  Single IGP to carry next hop and local routes
•  Originator_ID attribute
Carries the RID of the originator of the route in the local AS (created by the
RR)
•  Cluster_list attribute
The local cluster-id is added when the update is sent by the RR
Best to set cluster-id is from router-id (address of loopback)
(Some ISPs use their own cluster-id assignment strategy – but needs to be
well documented!)
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•  Multiple RRs can be configured in the same cluster – not advised!

All RRs in the cluster must have the same cluster-id (otherwise it is a different
cluster)
•  A router may be a client of RRs in different clusters

Common today in ISP networks to overlay two clusters – redundancy achieved
that way
→ Each client has two RRs = redundancy
PoP3
AS 100
PoP1 PoP2
Cluster One
Cluster Two
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•  Solves iBGP mesh problem
•  Packet forwarding is not affected
•  Normal BGP speakers co-exist
•  Multiple reflectors for redundancy
•  Easy migration
•  Multiple levels of route reflectors
•  Where to place the route reflectors?

Always follow the physical topology!
This will guarantee that the packet forwarding won’t be affected
•  Typical ISP network:

PoP has two core routers
Core routers are RR for the PoP
Two overlaid clusters
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•  Typical ISP network:

Core routers have fully meshed iBGP
Create further hierarchy if core mesh too big
Split backbone into regions
•  Configure one cluster pair at a time

Eliminate redundant iBGP sessions
Place maximum one RR per cluster
Easy migration, multiple levels
AS 300
A
B C
AS 100
D
E G
F
AS 200
•  Migrate small parts of the network, one part at a time
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BGP Confederations
•  Divide the AS into sub-AS

eBGP between sub-AS, but some iBGP information is kept
Preserve NEXT_HOP across the
sub-AS (IGP carries this information)
Preserve LOCAL_PREF and MED
•  Usually a single IGP
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•  Visible to outside world as single AS – “Confederation Identifier”

Each sub-AS uses a number from the private AS range (64512-65534)
•  iBGP speakers in each sub-AS are fully meshed

The total number of neighbours is reduced by limiting the full mesh
requirement to only the peers in the sub-AS
Can also use Route-Reflector within sub-AS
Sub-AS
65530
AS 200
A
Sub-AS
Sub-AS
65532
65531
C B
•  Configuration (Router C):
router bgp 65532
bgp confederation peers
65530
65531
!
bgp confederation identifier 200
neighbor 10.10.1.1
remote-as 65530
!
neighbor 10.10.2.2
remote-as 65531
!
!
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180.10.0.0/16 200
A
Sub-AS
65002
B
180.10.0.0/16 {65004 65002} 200 180.10.0.0/16 {65002} 200
Sub-AS
65004
Sub-AS G D E Sub-AS
H 65003 F 65001
Confederation
180.10.0.0/16 100 200
100
•  Same as with “normal” BGP:
From peer in same sub-AS → only to external peers
From external peers → to all neighbors

•  “External peers” refers to
Peers outside the confederation
Peers in a different sub-AS
Preserve LOCAL_PREF, MED and NEXT_HOP
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Internet Multi-Level Policy Migration

Scalability
Connectivity Hierarchy Control Complexity
Anywhere
Confed- Medium
In the Yes Yes Medium
erations to High
Network
Anywhere
Route Very Very
In the Yes Yes
Reflectors High Low
Network
Most new service provider networks now deploy Route Reflectors from Day One
•  Can ease “absorbing” other ISPs into you ISP – e.g., if one ISP buys
another
Or can use AS masquerading feature available in some implementations to do
a similar thing
•  Can use route-reflectors with confederation sub-AS to reduce the sub-

AS iBGP mesh
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Service Provider use of Communities
Some examples of how ISPs make life easier for

themselves
•  Another ISP “scaling technique”
•  Prefixes are grouped into different “classes” or communities within the

ISP network
•  Each community means a different thing, has a different result in the ISP
network
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•  Communities are generally set at the edge of the ISP network

Customer edge: customer prefixes belong to different communities
depending on the services they have purchased
Internet edge: transit provider prefixes belong to difference communities,
depending on the loadsharing or traffic engineering requirements of the
local ISP, or what the demands from its BGP customers might be
•  Two simple examples follow to explain the concept
•  This demonstrates how communities might be used at the

customer edge of an ISP network
•  ISP has three connections to the Internet:
IXP connection, for local peers
Private peering with a competing ISP in the region
Transit provider, who provides visibility to the entire Internet
•  Customers have the option of purchasing combinations of the

above connections
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•  Community assignments:
IXP connection: community 100:2100
Private peer: community 100:2200
•  Customer who buys local connectivity (via IXP) is put in community
100:2100
•  Customer who buys peer connectivity is put in community
100:2200
•  Customer who wants both IXP and peer connectivity is put in
100:2100 and 100:2200
•  Customer who wants “the Internet” has no community set
We are going to announce his prefix everywhere
CORE
Aggregation Router
Border Router
Customers Customers Customers

•  Communities set at the aggregation router where the prefix is
injected into the ISP’s iBGP
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•  No need to alter filters at the network border when adding a new

customer
•  New customer simply is added to the appropriate community
Border filters already in place take care of announcements
⇒ Ease of operation!
•  This demonstrates how communities might be used at the peering

edge of an ISP network
•  ISP has four types of BGP peers:
Customer
IXP peer
Private peer
Transit provider
•  The prefixes received from each can be classified using
communities
•  Customers can opt to receive any or all of the above
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•  Community assignments:
Customer prefix: community 100:3000
IXP prefix: community 100:3100
Private peer prefix: community 100:3200
•  BGP customer who buys local connectivity gets 100:3000
•  BGP customer who buys local and IXP connectivity receives
community 100:3000 and 100:3100
•  BGP customer who buys full peer connectivity receives community
100:3000, 100:3100, and 100:3200
•  Customer who wants “the Internet” gets everything
Gets default route originated by aggregation router
Or pays money to get all 450k+ prefixes
•  No need to create customised filters when adding customers

Border router already sets communities
Installation engineers pick the appropriate community set when establishing
the customer BGP session
⇒ Ease of operation!
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•  Two examples of customer edge and Internet edge can be combined to

form a simple community solution for ISP prefix policy control
•  More experienced operators tend to have more sophisticated options
available
Advice is to start with the easy examples given, and then proceed onwards
as experience is gained
•  There are no recommended ISP BGP communities apart from

RFC1998
The five standard communities
www.iana.org/assignments/bgp-well-known-communities
•  Efforts have been made to document from time to time
totem.info.ucl.ac.be/publications/papers-elec-versions/draft-quoitin-bgp-
comm-survey-00.pdf
But so far… nothing more… L
Collection of ISP communities at www.onesc.net/communities
NANOG Tutorial: www.nanog.org/meetings/nanog40/presentations/
BGPcommunities.pdf
•  ISP policy is usually published
On the ISP’s website
Referenced in the AS Object in the IRR
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More info at https://www.sprint.net/index.php?

p=policy_bgp
More info at www.us.ntt.net/about/policy/

routing.cfm
49
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aut-num: AS702
descr: Verizon Business EMEA - Commercial IP service provider in Eur
remarks: VzBi uses the following communities with its customers:
702:80 Set Local Pref 80 within AS702
702:120 Set Local Pref 120 within AS702
702:20 Announce only to VzBi AS'es and VzBi customers
702:30 Keep within Europe, don't announce to other VzBi AS
702:1 Prepend AS702 once at edges of VzBi to Peers
702:2 Prepend AS702 twice at edges of VzBi to Peers
702:3 Prepend AS702 thrice at edges of VzBi to Peers
Advanced communities for customers
702:7020 Do not announce to AS702 peers with a scope of
National but advertise to Global Peers, European
Peers and VzBi customers.
702:7001 Prepend AS702 once at edges of VzBi to AS702
peers with a scope of National.
702:7002 Prepend AS702 twice at edges of VzBi to AS702
(more)
(more)
702:7003 Prepend AS702 thrice at edges of VzBi to AS702
702:8020 Do not announce to AS702 peers with a scope of
European but advertise to Global Peers, National
Peers and VzBi customers.
702:8001 Prepend AS702 once at edges of VzBi to AS702
peers with a scope of European.
702:8002 Prepend AS702 twice at edges of VzBi to AS702
702:8003 Prepend AS702 thrice at edges of VzBi to AS702
--------------------------------------------------------------
Additional details of the VzBi communities are located at:
http://www.verizonbusiness.com/uk/customer/bgp/
--------------------------------------------------------------
mnt-by: WCOM-EMEA-RICE-MNT
source: RIPE
50
2/7/14
aut-num: AS5400
descr: BT Ignite European Backbone
remarks:
remarks: Community to Community to
remarks: Not announce To peer: AS prepend 5400
remarks:
remarks: 5400:1000 All peers & Transits 5400:2000
remarks:
remarks: 5400:1500 All Transits 5400:2500
remarks: 5400:1501 Sprint Transit (AS1239) 5400:2501
remarks: 5400:1502 SAVVIS Transit (AS3561) 5400:2502
remarks: 5400:1503 Level 3 Transit (AS3356) 5400:2503
remarks: 5400:1504 AT&T Transit (AS7018) 5400:2504
remarks: 5400:1506 GlobalCrossing Trans(AS3549) 5400:2506
remarks:
remarks: 5400:1001 Nexica (AS24592) 5400:2001
remarks: 5400:1002 Fujitsu (AS3324) 5400:2002
remarks: 5400:1004 C&W EU (1273) 5400:2004
<snip>
notify: notify@eu.bt.net And many
mnt-by: CIP-MNT
source: RIPE many more!
aut-num: AS3356
descr: Level 3 Communications
<snip>
remarks: -------------------------------------------------------
remarks: customer traffic engineering communities - Suppression
remarks: -------------------------------------------------------
remarks: 64960:XXX - announce to AS XXX if 65000:0
remarks: 65000:0 - announce to customers but not to peers
remarks: 65000:XXX - do not announce at peerings to AS XXX
remarks: -------------------------------------------------------
remarks: customer traffic engineering communities - Prepending
remarks: -------------------------------------------------------
remarks: 65001:0 - prepend once to all peers
remarks: 65001:XXX - prepend once at peerings to AS XXX
<snip>
remarks: 3356:70 - set local preference to 70
remarks: 3356:9999 - blackhole (discard) traffic
<snip> And many
mnt-by: LEVEL3-MNT
many more!
source:
© 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. RIPE Cisco Confidential 102
51
2/7/14
Thank you.
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2/7/14

Dawit Birhanu (dawit@cisco.com)

• Feel free to ask questions any time

• A Routing Protocol used to exchange routing information between

• IETF Working Groups

• The Autonomous System is the cornerstone of BGP

• Collection of networks with same routing

• Usually under single ownership, trust and

• 4-octet ASN was introduced by RFC4893

• ASNs are distributed by the Regional Internet Registries

• Current 16-bit (2-octet) ASN allocations

• Each RIR has also received a block of 32-bit (4-octet) ASNs

• See www.iana.org/assignments/as-numbers and

• Runs over TCP – port 179 E

• “Internal” & “External” BGP

• Shared network between ASes

• Learns multiple paths via internal and external BGP speakers

• Picks the best path and installs in the forwarding table

• Best path is sent to external BGP neighbours

• Policies are applied by influencing the best path selection

• BGP used internally (iBGP) and externally (eBGP)

• iBGP used to carry

eBGP eBGP eBGP

iBGP iBGP iBGP iBGP

IGP IGP IGP IGP

AS1 AS2 AS3 AS4

• Between BGP speakers in different AS

• Should be directly connected

• Never run an IGP between eBGP peers

• BGP peer within the same AS

• Not required to be directly connected

• Peer with loop-back interface

Information about BGP

• Sequence of ASes a route

180.10.0.0/16 300 200 100

• Internet with 2-octet and 4-

• AS-PATH length maintained

140.10.0.0/16 500 300

AS 500 • 180.10.0.0/16 is not

AS 100 • eBGP – address of external neighbor

• Recursive route look-up

120.86.1.0/24 150.1.1.3 • eBGP between Router A and

• BGP default is for external next-hop to be propagated unchanged

• ISP Best Practice is to change external next-hop to be that of the

• IGP should carry route to next hops

• Recursive route look-up

• Unlinks BGP from actual physical topology

• Change external next hops to that of local router

• Allows IGP to make intelligent forwarding decision

• Conveys the origin of the prefix

• Influences best path selection

• Three values: IGP, EGP, incomplete

• Conveys the IP address of the router or BGP speaker generating the

• Useful for debugging purposes

• Does not influence best path selection

• Non-transitive and optional attribute

• Path with highest local preference wins

120.68.1.0/24 2000 AS 200

120.68.1.0/24 2000 120.68.1.0/24 1000

• Inter-AS – non-transitive & optional attribute

•  Feel free to ask questions any time

•  A Routing Protocol used to exchange routing information between

•  IETF Working Groups

•  The Autonomous System is the cornerstone of BGP

•  Collection of networks with same routing

•  Usually under single ownership, trust and

•  4-octet ASN was introduced by RFC4893

•  ASNs are distributed by the Regional Internet Registries

•  Current 16-bit (2-octet) ASN allocations

•  Each RIR has also received a block of 32-bit (4-octet) ASNs

•  See www.iana.org/assignments/as-numbers and

•  Runs over TCP – port 179 E

•  “Internal” & “External” BGP

•  Shared network between ASes

•  Learns multiple paths via internal and external BGP speakers

•  Picks the best path and installs in the forwarding table

•  Best path is sent to external BGP neighbours

•  Policies are applied by influencing the best path selection

•  BGP used internally (iBGP) and externally (eBGP)

•  iBGP used to carry

•  Between BGP speakers in different AS

•  Should be directly connected

•  Never run an IGP between eBGP peers

•  BGP peer within the same AS

•  Not required to be directly connected

•  Peer with loop-back interface

•  Sequence of ASes a route

•  Internet with 2-octet and 4-

•  AS-PATH length maintained

AS 500 •  180.10.0.0/16 is not

AS 100 •  eBGP – address of external neighbor

•  Recursive route look-up

120.86.1.0/24 150.1.1.3 •  eBGP between Router A and

•  BGP default is for external next-hop to be propagated unchanged

•  ISP Best Practice is to change external next-hop to be that of the

•  IGP should carry route to next hops

•  Recursive route look-up

•  Unlinks BGP from actual physical topology

•  Change external next hops to that of local router

•  Allows IGP to make intelligent forwarding decision

•  Conveys the origin of the prefix

•  Influences best path selection

•  Three values: IGP, EGP, incomplete

•  Conveys the IP address of the router or BGP speaker generating the

•  Useful for debugging purposes

•  Does not influence best path selection

•  Non-transitive and optional attribute

•  Path with highest local preference wins

•  Inter-AS – non-transitive & optional attribute

•  Used to convey the relative preference of entry points

•  Path with lowest MED wins

•  Absence of MED attribute implies MED value of zero (RFC4271)

•  MED is non-transitive and optional attribute

•  Communities are described in RFC1997

•  Used to group destinations

•  Very useful in applying policies within and between ASes

•  Several well known communities

•  Communities are widely used for encoding ISP routing policy

•  RFC1998 format is now “standard” practice

•  Fine for 2-byte ASNs, but 4-byte ASNs cannot be encoded

•  Community is an optional attribute

•  Being careless can lead to community “confusion”

•  Do not consider path if no route to next hop

•  Highest weight (local to router)

•  Highest local preference (global within AS)

•  Prefer locally originated route

•  Lowest origin code

•  Lowest Multi-Exit Discriminator (MED)

•  Prefer eBGP path over iBGP path

•  Path with lowest IGP metric to next-hop

•  Lowest router-id (originator-id for reflected routes)

•  Lowest neighbor IP address

•  Network operators rarely “plug in routers and go”

•  Traffic flow control:

•  Policies are applied by:

•  Most implementations have tools to apply policies to BGP:

•  Implementations also have policy language which can do various match/

•  Capabilities parameters passed in BGP open message

•  Unknown or unsupported capabilities will result in NOTIFICATION

•  Route refresh is a well known scaling technique – covered shortly