Champaner-Case ST 1

World Heritage Scanned Nomination
File Name: 1101.pdf UNESCO Region: ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

__________________________________________________________________________________________________
SITE NAME: Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park
DATE OF INSCRIPTION: 7th July 2004
STATE PARTY: INDIA
CRITERIA: C (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
DECISION OF THE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE:

Excerpt from the Report of the 28th Session of the World Heritage Committee
Criterion (iii): The Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park with its ancient Hindu architecture, temples and special
water retaining installations together with its religious, military and agricultural structures, dating back to the regional
Capital City built by Mehmud Begda in the 16th century, represents cultures which have disappeared.
Criterion (iv): The structures represent a perfect blend of Hindu-Moslem architecture, mainly in the Great Mosque (Jami
Masjid), which was a model for later mosque architecture in India. This special style comes from the significant period of
regional sultanates.
Criterion (v): The Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park is an outstanding example of a very short living Capital,
making the best use of its setting, topography and natural features. It is quite vulnerable due to abandonment, forest
takeover and modern life.
Criterion (vi): The Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park is a place of worship and continuous pilgrimage for Hindu
believers.
BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS
A concentration of largely unexcavated archaeological, historic and living cultural heritage properties cradled in an
impressive landscape which includes prehistoric (chalcolithic) sites, a hill fortress of an early Hindu capital, and remains of
the 15th century capital of the state of Gujarat. The site also includes, among other vestiges, fortifications, palaces,
religious buildings, residential precincts, and water installations, from the 8th to the 14th centuries. The Kalikamata
Temple on top of the Pavagadh Hill is considered to be an important shrine, attracting large numbers of pilgrims
throughout the year. The site is the only complete and unchanged Islamic pre-Mughal city.
1.b State, Province or Region: Gujarat state, district of Panchmahal
1.d Exact location: N22 29 00 E73 32 00

Table of Contents 1. Identification of the Property
a. Country _______________________________________________________________01
b. State, Province or Region___________________________________________________02
c. Name of Property_________________________________________________________04
d. Exact Location and Geographical Coordinates ___________________________________04
e. Map showing Boundary of Area Proposed for Inscription and Buffer Zone______________04
f. Area of Property Proposed for Inscription and Proposed Buffer Zone__________________04
2. Justification for Inscription

a. Statement of Significance__________________________________________________06
b. Comparative Analysis _____________________________________________________14
c. Authenticity and Integrity___________________________________________________16
d. Criteria under which Inscription is Proposed____________________________________19
3. Description
a. Description of Property___________________________________________________20
b. History and Development__________________________________________________34
c. Form and Date of most Recent Records of Property______________________________41
d. Present State of Conservation_______________________________________________42
e. Policies and Programmes Related to the Presentation and Promotion of the Property_______44
4. Management
a. Ownership ______________________________________________________________51
b. Legal Status____________________________________________________________52
c. Protective Measures and Means of Implementing Them___________________________55
d. Agencies with Management Authority__________________________________________56
e. Level at which Management is Exercised________________________________________56
f. Agreed Plans Related to Property____________________________________________57
g. Sources and Levels of Finance________________________________________________58
h. Sources of Expertise and Training in Conservation and Management Techniques__________60
i. Visitor Facilities and Statistics________________________________________________60
j. Property management Plan and Statement of Objectives ___________________________60
k. Staffing Levels__________________________________________________________64
CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

5. Factors Affecting the Property
a. Development Pressures____________________________________________________65
b. Environmental Pressures __________________________________________________69
c. Natural Disasters and Preparedness___________________________________________69
d. Visitor Pressures_________________________________________________________70
e. Number of Inhabitants within Property and Buffer Zone__________________________71
6. Monitoring
a. Key indicators for measuring State of Conservation_______________________________72
b. Administrative Arrangements for Monitoring Property____________________________73
c. Results of Previous Reporting Exercises________________________________________73
7. Documentation
a. Plans, Exhibition Panels, Photographs, Slides and Animation Film____________________74
b. Copies of Property Management Plans and Extracts of other relevant Plans_____________75
c. Bibliography ___________________________________________________________76
d. Address where Inventory, Records and Archives are held___________________________78
8. Signature on behalf of the State Party__________________________________________79

1. Identification of Property
Champaner-Pavagadh World Heritage Site Nomination
Identification of Property a. Country
India.
Minar Detail, Jami Masjid

1
b. State, Province or Region
1. State Gujarat, District Panchmahals
Minar Detail, Jami Masjid
Champaner-Pavagadh

2
2. Halol Taluka
Mihrab Detail, Jami Masjid

Champaner-Pavagadh

3
c. Name of Property
Champaner- Pavagadh Archaeological Park.
d. Exact Location ,and Geographical

, Coordinates
, ,
73o27 E- 73o36 E, 22o25 N- 22o32 N (Refer Drg. No. 1)
e. Map showing Boundary of Area Proposed for Inscription and Buffer Zone
Refer Drg. No. 1
Jarokha Detail, Kevada Masjid f. Area of Property Proposed for Inscription and Proposed Buffer Zone
(i) Proposed Heritage Zone (Core): 1328.89

The definition of the site is an Archaeological Park. It is beyond protected monuments to
cover the entire archaeological area and includes the living settlement and living temple with intense pilgrimage.
The area includes the Pavagadh Hill and its subsidiary, outcrops, the Rajput fortress city and the walled
Islamic 15th century capital of Muhamad Begda. The delineated area of the Heritage Zone includes cultural
resource contents underground and standing structures and heritage components. Also included are open
spaces that have cultural value such as trade routes (cultural corridors) street net works, pilgrim’s path and
Garrison Square. The zone boundary includes a periphery of 100 mts. (in accordance with the present
Monuments Act) around the periphery of the city walls and the Pavagadh Hill.
(ii) Proposed Buffer Zone: 2911.74 Ha

A buffer zone beyond the boundary of the Heritage Zone will be designated and managed
under the Gujarat Town and Country Planning Act as a Special Area but with the addition of a comprehensive
protection and management system (Refer to Khajuraho Matrix which outlines the total protection and
management system, given in Annexure V).
The extent of the buffer Zone is determined entirely on visual criteria. Because since time immemorial it has
inspired the people and culture of the region by its sheer size and magnificence. Therefore the buffer zone
will be managed under the Planning regulations – control of landuse, density and special guidelines.
Both the Archaeological Park Plan and the Buffer Zone Regional Plan are documents that are mandatory in
the new Archaeological Park Legislation. The boundary has been decided on the existing forest boundary
plus a periphery of 300 mts. around isolated structures. in accordance with the present Monuments Act.

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Statement of Area of Proposed Heritage Zone and Proposed Buffer Zone
Facade of Jain Temple

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2. Justification for Inscription
Justification for Inscription a. Statement of significance
The recognition of the significance of Champaner- Pavagadh is not new, it has always been there since the
1970’s when Nurul Hasan, former minister, recommended Fatehpur Sikri, Hampi and Champaner- Pavagadh
as potential World Heritage Sites, of which the other two sites have already been designated. Since then
focussed efforts have been on towards projecting the significance of the site. It is also a recognised National
Site with 36 structures protected by the ASI.
It was one of the 100 Most Endangered Sites of the World, declared by the World Monument Watch, 2000.
Champaner grew over a long period of time and every period respected the natural beauty of the setting. One
can perceive the manner in which the builders of the past have utilised the difficult topography and learn
valuable lessons of planning and construction. Together they make an eloquent picture with the natural
landscape adapted and modified to create some of the best examples of military architecture and its unique
identity.
Pavagadh Hill
Naulakhi Plateau

6
Champaner- Pavagadh can be considered one of the most important sites in western India because of the
high archaeological, architectural, historical and artistic value of its cultural landscape. The high degree of the
archaeological and architectural survival helps to present a complete picture of the city planning of a regional
medieval city. It is also a “living” settlement and an important pilgrimage destination for lakhs of devout
Hindus who trek up to the summit of Pavagadh to the Kalikamata temple. The cultural resource signifi-
cance of Champaner can be outlined as below:
1. Significant Setting: Champaner- Pavagadh has a truly spectacular setting of the dominant Pavagadh
and a series of hillocks cradling the built heritage of different periods. The hill of Pavagadh reises to
a height of about 800 m and comes down in five successive plateaus viz., Kalikamata Plateau, Mauliya
Plateau, Bhadrakali Plateau, Machi Plateau and the Atak Plateau. This hill, said to be an outcome of
a sudden volcanic eruption, is the only one in the surroundings and commands a breathtaking view
from as far as Baroda on one side and Godhra on the other.
Pavagadh Hill:
an outcrop in the otherwise plain landscape
Machi Plateau

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2. Significant Geology: Champaner series of rocks is the oldest land form in India which falls within
the buffer zone. The “pre cambrains” or the older rocks found in the area beyond Wada Talao consti-
tute the Champaner series comprising phyllites, slates, and quartzites.
3. Significant Pre- Historically: The chalcolithic finds have been discovered along the river bank testi-
fying it as a prehistoric habitat.
Bhadrakali Plateau
Archaeological Findings

8
4. Significant Regional Town Planning: There are considerable remains of Rajput hill fortress of the
earlier Hindu capital that prove that there is a possibility to better understand the Gujarat regional
planning and its development. Since more work has been done on the Mughals we have a different
perception of their contribution. An understanding of such regional capitals would lead to a very
different perception where Regional Town Planning becomes more important for revealing the deri-
vation of Islamic Town Planning from its Rajput predecessor.
5. Significant Archaeological Site: The 15th century deserted capital of greater Gujarat, built by great
builder Mahmud Begharha, is now lying buried beneathe the forest cover. Apart from the excava-
tions carried out by Dr. R. N. Mehta in the 1960’s, the buried city is absolutely unexplored. One can
find the evidence of the medieval city in its most complete and untouched form. This site is a
milestone in reconstructing history of the regional medieval times.
Amir’s Manzil
Atak Fort Entrance

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6. Significant Built Heritage Components: The site offers a variety of components forming the built
heritage. All the identified structures in Champaner- Pavagadh can belong to any of the following
typologies distinguishable by its original function. The building typologies identified are military
structures like Armoury, Barracks, Manjanik (Catapults), Darwaza (Gates), Killa (Fortifications),
Kotardi (Prison Cells); residential structures like Mahal (Palaces), Manzil, Kothar; civic structures
like Baradari (Pavilion); religious structures like Mandir, Masjid, Maqbara; Jalaashay like Kund/
Hauz (Tanks), Kuan (Wells), Bandh (Dams), Hamam (Baths), Pul (Bridge), Water Channels, Vavs
(Stepped Wells); residential and commercial precincts.
The military architecture of the site is definitely significant with its arrangement of Fortifications,
Catapults Gates, Catapults, etc.
Sadan Shah Gate: a paraboloid entry into the Rajput fortification

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7. Outstanding buildings as examples of Gujarat Regional Style of Architecture: Eg., Jama Masjid-
unique which signifies the continuation of the Hindu building traditions and incorporates the new
Islamic style, it typifies the best of regional architectural expression. Its entrance- Gatehouse is a
forerunner to the Jahangir Style of buildings belonging to the Mughal times constructed in marble.
Budhiya Gate- an extraordinary semi- rock cut and constructed gate which resolves successfully the
difficult topography and change of levels of the Pavagadh with numerous turns in a labyrinth form
to confuse and trap the enemy, Atak Fort with Catapults- the most spectacular pre- artillery military
defence , Lakulisha Temple- the oldest temple in the region.
Jama Masjid
Mausoleum Near Nagina Masjid

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8. Significant Scientific Developments: Understanding the traditional water networks is an emerging
area of research. Slowly the traditional engineering and knowledge are being rediscovered. In
Champaner, the challenges of the Pavagadh hill were considerable but still water was being stored at
a considerable height and supplied to the city very efficiently. The water was collected in large catch-
ments by diverting it from small rivulets and stored at a higher plane to keep the ground water
recharged. The city is dotted with thousands of wells which catered to the requirements of the
individual households. The royal palaces had elaborate systems of water channels running through
the inner rooms for creating comfortable and cool environments for the inhabitants.
The impenetrable natural defences was backed with impressive pre-artillery fortifications and surviv-
Gabanshah Vav ing military architecture.
Saraswati Kund

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9. Significant Example of a Creative Genius: Mahmud Begharha was a famous builder of his times
in the 15th century. He founded several cities in Gujarat of which Champaner is a paramount of his
accomplishments.
10. Regional Religious Significance: Champaner- Pavagadh is an important regional religious centre
for the state of Gujarat. This makes it not just an archaeological site but a “living” settlement and a
thriving pilgrimage destination. The temple of Kalikamata at the summit of the Pavagadh Hill is
valued immensely in the region. It is a very important shrine and is visited by lakhs of pilgrims
through the year.
Pilgrims waiting in queue for kalikamata’s darshan
Pilgrims going for the blessings of Kalikamata

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b. Possible comparative analysis (including state of conservation of similar properties)
Comparison with other 15th century and subsequent Capital Cities across the Indian Sub- continent –
Recent academic research in the Department of Architectural Conservation Studies, SPA, New Delhi, reveals
the Indian Islamic city is emerging as a definite city typology, of which Champaner- Pavagadh is a very
significant example, the others being Shahajahanabad, Bijapur, Mandu, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra, etc. two of
which are designated as world heritage sites.
In the 15th century, Begharha built this city prior to the Mughals and this was a precedent to the Mughal
Bhadrakali Plateau
Building Tradition evident in Shahjahanabad- the most well known of all. Champaner- Pavagadh offers the
most complete, original picture of the medieval city which also helps in understanding the original
Shahjahanabad. Champaner- Pavagadh has the potential to find out a lot of information and alter the under-
standing of Indian Islamic Cities. The spectacular and coherent cultural landscape of this site holds answers
for the Indian Islamic cities and gives clues for understanding the Mughal cities that came almost 100 years
later. Due to late Dr. R N Mehta’s life time involvement in the study of Champaner- Pavagadh, we have a
complete three dimensional construction of the Islamic capital of the 15th Century. It is complete but exists
underground. This is an added value of the site. Mughal cities are better known, and Chamapaner- Pavagadh
being a predecessor of the Mughal cities, it is very significant for its contribution to the later developments.
An understanding of such regional capitals would lead to a very different perception where regional Architec-
ture becomes more important
In this site there are considerable Rajput remains that prove that there is a possibility to better understand the
Gujarat regional Architecture and its development. The most recent research carried out in the past one year
gives a lot of information about the Rajput capital city which developed on the Pavagadh Hill. Comparing
Pavagadh with known examples of Rajput capital cities like Jaisalmer, Bundi, Jodhpur, Lal Kot in Delhi,
Royal Enclosure adds to its significance.
It is comparable to several deserted capital cities of India like Hampi, Chittorgarh and Fatehpur Sikri, parts
of which are already designated as World Heritage Sites. Fatehpur Sikri, as understood today, is only a
complex, the information about the city is not known or is lost. Champaner- Pavagadh is a more complete
example of a medieval regional Islamic city. The nomination for Champaner- Pavagadh is being sought for
the whole site.

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Comparison with other 15th century Sultanate Cities of Gujarat– The 15th century can be easily qualified
as the Begharha period, who was the most significant builder of this age in Gujarat who also built Khambat,
Bharuch, Junagarh, Mehmudabad and Ahemdabad. He constructed this city over a period of 27 years.
Although Begharha’s has made a significant contribution in the field of construction, his efforts have some-
how not found recognition. The other cities have undergone several transformations unlike Champaner-
Pavagadh. This is the only city, out of the others mentioned above, that had been built as a capital.
Comparison with Architectural Development of Gujarat- This is the most important architectural, his-
torical and religious site within the region. In Gujarat there are three capitals which survive till today. They
Column detail at Nagina Masjid are Anilwada- Patan, Ahmedabad and Champaner. Champaner is the second capital and a very important
link. It is possible from the study of all three to get a complete coherent picture of the region’s development.
This is not possible in the case of Shahjahanabad and Fatehpur Sikri.
Entrance to Jama Masjid

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c. Authenticity/Integrity
The site consists of a number of Cultural Resource Components, each of which has its own significance and
value.
Spatial Setting: Three major components
Surviving Archaeological Sites, Earthworks and Mounds offer frozen evidence and a complete record on site
of 15th century Capital City in its entirety. Mute testimony of the glorious capital of Mahmud Begharha lies
buried beneathe the dense forest cover, absolutely untouched. It is a site which was deserted and taken over
by the Natural forces but its Islamic elements can be clearly identified.
(i) Outstanding Architecture- E.g., Jama Masjid, Sat Manzil is a part of the knowledge system to understand
Sadan Shah Gate the development of regional Islamic Architecture.
The site bears evidence of a continuous and a layered development in the region over centuries from the 1oth
century Rajput times till today. The military structures of the Rajput were repaired and modified by the
Sultan to suit his own requirements. Repairs were carried out in the 18th century AD by Scindhia’s to the
original pilgrim’s path, from the base of the Hill to the summit. Today, the site is presented as multi- layered
having evidences from 10th century onwards.
Jharokha as an interface between the royalty and the subjects-
from here Begharha met his populace.

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(ii) Cultural Landscape- is formed by the association of the elements in their spatial and visual settings, and
religion conveying a certain meaning to the people. The present village of Champaner occupies the precincts
of Hissar- e- Khas. The local populace is very efficiently tapping the only possible resource of the region, i.e.,
Pilgrimage. The popular folk lores, in the form of Garbas, vary from the glory of Kalikamata, the rise and
fall of the Rajput Kings and also the magnificence of the city of Champaner. This has become an example of
a sustainable development at a local level which offers the right balance between human development,
society and heritage resource.
Settlement at Machi Plateau
Naulakhi Valley

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(iii) Knowledge Systems- are available on the site in technical and architectural forms. Records of Medieval
warfare systems are available on the site, which are original. The efficient system of rain water harvesting is
another source of knowledge which is an important landmark for the holistic development of the area in
particular and the community at large.
Integrity- Sustainable balance, as a measure for development, although a rare phenomenon, is being main-
tained here even today. The community has developed this very spontaneously.
Khapra Zaveri No Mahal- an excellent example of Military Outpost overlooking and controlling the steep
Vishwamitri Valley
Inscription from Nani Ubharvan Vav

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d. Criteria under which inscription is proposed (and justification for inscription under these
scriteria).
Champaner Pavagadh falls under 5 criteria.

1. Masterpiece of human creative genius of a person of a region: Mahmud Begharha who founded
several cities in the 15th century AD.
2. Interchange of human values over span of time, developments in architecture or technology, town
planning or landscape design.
3. Unique testimony to cultural tradition or civilization living or disappeared.
4. Outstanding example of a type of building or architectural ensemble or landscape, significant stage
in human history.
5. Outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land use representative of a culture, high
degree of survival.
Jama Masjid
Khajuri Masjid

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3. Description
Description a. Description of Property
At Champaner the land (nature), the people and the built heritage are individual components of a complex
dynamic process. These components act together at a particular geographical context over a period of time
leading to ‘layers of heritage’ superimposed one over the other. Each layer affects and modifies the other,
hence they must be also analysed together. The aim of the description of the site will attempt to address the
“layers” holistically over time.
General Description of the place today: Champaner is situated about 50 km from Baroda at the foot of
the Pavagadh Hill in the State of Gujarat. The magnificent view of the Pavagadh Hill greets the visitor from
Baroda (north) or from Godhra south or from Devgadh Baria. From all directions it is a stunning introduc-
tion to the site of Champaner. Within the impressive natural setting, with the temple of Kalikamata atop the
Pavagadh, the rest of the site comprises a few standing structures, fortifications, water tanks, etc. from 8th to
14th century, and the deserted city of Mahmud Begharha at the foot of the hill with a few mosques still
surviving the ravages of time and being engulfed by the forests that took over after it was deserted in the 15th
century. The living village of Champaner is located within the inner enclosure of the Islamic capital, which
at one time was fit for the sultan and his family. To the north east is the Wada Talao.
From the top of Pavagadh Hill, one can see continuous series of flat terraces and steep cliff faces. The entire
scene that holds the eye is dotted with walls, bastions and other types of medieval military architecture.
Today Champaner is not in the mainstream of activity, only the devout visit and flock in thousands for the
blessings of the Kalikamata.
The main Pavagadh hill is the highest point in the district, rising to a height of 800 m surrounded by several
Pavagadh from the Baroda highway
small hillocks ranging from 200m - 300m in height. High escarpments on the west and south render it
impenetrable. This hill commands a breathtaking view from as far as Baroda on one side and Godhra on the
other. Towards the North east, the land slopes gently with plateaus in between. The hill comes down in five
successive plateaus viz., Naulakhi, Mauliya, Bhadrakali, Machi, and the Atak Plateau. Mauliya is the larger
and has a straight face, which offers excellent natural protection while Machi is situated in the middle of the
Pavagadh hill. The series of plateaus owe their origin to a phenomenon known as ‘magnetic differentiation’.
Flat- topped, steep- sided hills, sloping escarpments and flat terraces correspond to different lava flows.

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The geology
The area contains some of the oldest rock formations in the area, which is quite distinctive and can be imme-
diately recognised from the top. The “pre cambrains” or the older rocks found in the area beyond Wada Talao
constitute the Champaner series comprising phyllites, slates, and quartzite.
Summary of the geology of Pavagadh section from the summit
Hathikhin Valley
Horizontally bedded sediments south east of Pavagadh hill are equated with Nimar sandstones. They com-
prise conglomerates, grits and sandstones with porcellanic and jasperiod banks, unconformably overlying the
Champaner schisht and phyllites, and are in turn covered by the Deccan lavas. The grit was extensively used
as building stone in the past as may be seen in the ruined building of the Champaner Township. Some
outcrops of the gritty sandstone, associated with conglomeratic beds, also occur north of Bhanaria. The
stone that the hillside is made of is called ‘rhyolite’ a type of igneous rock with red yellow colouring. Rock
types of the different layers seen in this region are as follows.
The district is drained by seven major rivers. The Mahi is the longest. Notably, the river Vishwamitri rises in
the Pavagadh hills and flows through Halol taluka before entering Baroda district.
When one is talking about nature one must mention the forests. The forests have always been famous. Till
1860, the produce of the Panchmahals forests was in little demand. However, with the construction of a
broad gauge railway line passing through the forests, the situation changed. The produce was now accessible
to the outside market and exploitation was rampant. Reckless hacking and shifting cultivation carried on
until the enforcement of the Indian Forest Act in 1878. What exists today is a degraded forest.

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Wall of Hissar- i- Khas Precinct
On the hill are the fortifications, military structures and the temples.
On the plain at the foothills of Pavagadh lie the Precincts viz., Jahanpanah and Hissar- I- Khas.
Precincts
Two prominent precincts are identifiable today. The Royal Enclosure, an oblong quadrangle fortified by
high stone walls, with towers at regular intervals, running north and east at right angles and the main entrance
being the East Bhadra Gate. It now houses the present day village and other important government offices.
Once it used to have the palaces, gardens, a royal mosque and other administrative buildings. The thorough
excavations help us to read the city accurately and give a coherent picture of what a medieval capital looked
like and how it was planned. A processional pathway from the royal palace went through the Mandvi
straight through the South Bhadra Gate to the Jama Masjid outside the enclosure, probably lined on both
sides with administrative buildings, officers’ quarters, barracks, stables, etc.
The other precinct is the Jahanpanah- the capital city of Begharha. It is now in ruins lying buried at the foot
of the hill, which got deserted when the Begharhas lost to the Mughal Empire in mid1500s.
The city is circumscribed by a wall backed by the hill on one side. This defines the shape of the city, which
is roughly semi- circular in shape. Within this boundary various zones can be identified with specific use.
There was a zone for the military and one for the civilian population. The civilian zone can be further
identified by areas for housing, recreation, religion and commerce.
The roads make up a definite system and deserve appreciation. Roads from the rim of the circle of fortifica-
tion lead to the centre and diffuse around the central focus of the city. That means that it is not possible to
drive through. The security implications of this feature must be noted. These arterial roads are straight except
Hissar- i- Khas from the Pavagadh Hill when the uneven ground demanded a change. By- lanes cut across at right angles in most places. Road
surfaces were kept even and at places paved. Potholes and depressions were filled with local gravel. The roads
leading up the hill were more carefully constructed with large pieces of stone and the slope maintained to aid
men and animals. Rivulets and ravines were spanned by bridges. This information was revealed by the exca-
vations of Dr. R. N. Mehta. It clearly illustrates that there existed a proper system of urban planning.
Residential areas were located within the walls and in the suburbs although varying in details and layouts.. A
residential unit comprised a compound with structures within. The larger compounds held homes of the
wealthy with servants’ quarters and space for the animals. Suburban houses were also of the same style-
compound with buildings and gardens within, and paths leading from one area to another. Some of them
had murals in them.

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Gardens were an intrinsic element in all these residential complexes, which were enhanced by water channels
flowing through rooms, into passages and into gardens making the whole complex alive.
Other house patterns, smaller in size, had a square or rectangular compound with common protective walls.
Yet each house was independent by itself. This indicates the functional unity of the community occupying
the area. In such compounds, the house form consisted of one, two or three rooms. Some larger ones had a
central courtyard.
All these are now excavation sites except for the Amir’s Manzil, which is already excavated and open to the
tourists.
The plan of the city permitted shops to be erected at convenient locations. They were usually found along
Hissar- i- Khas certain streets and at road junctions; normally single- celled but larger ones also existed with underground
storage. Recreational areas consisted of gardens with single roomed two storeyed pavilions. The buildings of
Champaner were constructed of local rubble with sandstone from Nathkuva mines. There is evidence of
bricks, both fired and sun- baked, are in evidence laid in lime- mortar. A fair quantity of glazed tiles was also
uncovered.
The mosques were located conveniently near residential and commercial areas, for the inhabitants to per-
form their religious duties. These mosques are scattered through out Champaner and some of them are quite
magnificent. Public mosques were located near the main road. By the side of the mosques, graveyards and
mausoleums can be seen. Quartz, schist and fine dressed stone from Nathkuva mines were used.
Entrance to Hissar- i- Khas

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Significant Built Heritage Components
The site offers a variety of components forming the built heritage. These structures present a very formal
though impressive image of Champaner Pavagadh to the visitors.
All the identified structures in Champaner- Pavagadh can belong to any of the following typologies distin-
guishable by their original function. The building typologies identified are pilgrims’ path, military structures
like Armoury, Barracks, Manjanik (Catapults), Darwaza (Gates), Killa (Fortifications), Kotardi (Prison
Cells); residential structures like Mahal (Palaces), Manzil, Kothar; civic structures like Baradari (Baradari);
religious structures like Mandir, Masjid, Maqbara, pilgrims’ path; Jalaashay like Kund/ Hauz (Tanks), Kuan
Steps to Kalikamata Mandir (Wells), Bandh (Dams), Hamam (Baths), Pul (Bridge), Water Channels, Vavs (Stepped Wells); residential
and commercial precincts.
Champaner- Pavagadh is an important regional religious centre for the state of Gujarat. This makes it not
just an archaeological site but a “living” settlement and a thriving pilgrimage destination. The temple of
Kalikamata at the summit of the Pavagadh Hill is valued immensely in the region. It is a very important
shrine and is visited by lakhs of pilgrims through the year.
Patha (Pilgrims’ Route)
The Path going to the temple is an outcome of the mythological story of temple. Thousands of people
climb up and down to get blessings of the goddess. This can be termed as the soul of Champaner. It has been
trodden upon since time immemorial. It leads from the foot of the Pavagadh to the Kalikamata Temple at
its summit. This route is the most important element of the place. It is to this day being used intensively.
Due to its continuous existence and importance it has conservation value. Most people who come to Pavagadh
take this route as it is a custom to climb up to the Kalikamata. In recent times with modernisation it is
possible to reach Machi by vehicle, and from Machi to Mauliya by cable- car with the introduction of the
ropeway. But, even today, the last lap, a half hour trek, has to be walked. Most people go to Pavagadh as
pilgrims and have a good perception and knowledge of this route. The path starts near the Gaben Shah Vav
where it consists of undressed stone paving. Near Machi, the pathway has dressed stone paving. All along the
small kiosks, resting sheds impart interest and life to it. All the historic gateways lie along the pathway only.
In fact, the city developed and the city life happened in constant relation to the path only.

24`
Mandir (Temples)
These form the oldest survivors of historic times. Mainly located on the Pavagadh hill, the temples belong to
both Hindu deities and Jain Tirthankars. Lakulisha Temple is the oldest temple and is in ruins. The other
temples are mostly maintained by the private temple trusts. Except the Bavanderi group of Jain Temples near
the Naulakha Kothar, all the temples are living. Kalikamata is the most widely revered shrine. The temples
are all constructed in local stone and have elaborate carvings of Gods and Goddesses.
Kalikamata Mandir
Lakulisha Mandir

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Masjid (Mosques)
The Mosques form the most significant part of the Architectural Heritage of the Sultanate period of
Champaner Pavagadh. They form the biggest source of knowledge and expression of the glory of architec-
ture that was attained in Champaner Pavagadh. Jama Masjid- unique which signifies the continuation of the
Hindu building traditions and incorporates the new Islamic style, it typifies the best of regional architectural
expression. Its entrance, Gatehouse is a forerunner to the Jahangir style of buildings belonging to the Mughal
times constructed in marble. The confluence of Islamic ideals and Hindu craftsmanship reached its peak in
Champaner in the later part of the 15th century AD.
Nagina Masjid
There is a distinct hierarchy that can be established among the mosques of Champaner Pavagadh. The
hierarchy is perceptible from the number of mihrabs in the mosque. The city mosque is the Jama Masjid
having seven mihrabs. The ones for the royalty and their guests have five mihrabs viz. Sarai and Shaher ki
Masjid and those for the common people have three mihrabs.
The mosques of Champaner fall under two broad categories of construction systems namely- the arch-
dome system and the beam- column- dome system. Their construction system has been the major source of
knowledge, in forming the chronological sequence of the structures. Only Babaman Masjid and the Iteri
Masjid fall under the former category suggesting that they came at a much later period when the Islamic
architectural system had been well established in India. A certain geometric pattern can also be discerned in
the location of each and every mosque within the city.
Nagina Masjid

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Tomb (Maqbara)
Apart from the mosques, these are the only other type of structures, which are proof of the quality of
architecture that was achieved in the times of Mahmud Begharha.
Almost all the tombs are square in plan, absolutely symmetrical opening out on all four sides, covered by a
dome in the centre. The maqbaras or tombs of Champaner Pavagadh are usually accompanied by a mosque
(Masjid). All such tombs are highly decorative with carvings in geometric motifs running in formal horizon-
tal bands. These tombs are constructed in stone. E.g. Mausoleum near Nagina Masjid, Mausoleum near
Kevda Masjid and Babakhan Ki Dargah.
Sikander khan ka Rauza
There are also individual tomb structures, which do not have any mosque in its vicinity. Such tombs have
simpler single walled constructions representing the qibla for prayers. They are mostly constructed in brick
and lie outside the Jahanpanah fortifications.
The degree of decorations in the design is testimony to the importance being attached to the person who has
been buried there. Except for the brick tombs, which are decaying, all tombs are under the purview of ASI
and are in good state of preservation.
Sikander khan ka Rauza

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Hathiakod (Cantonment)
In the planning of the medieval city, the military was given prominence. Pavagadh Hill itself was a good
buffer hence that part was safe. The most vulnerable line of defence was on the eastern side, which was the
gateway to Gujarat. Hathiakod or the cantonment lay to east of Wada Talao where a very large enclosure was
constructed. This area was probably the cantonment for the army especially for the cavalry of the Sultan. It
held buildings that were well constructed and probably the Commander- in- Chief also lived here.
Fortification walls (Killa) form the most important aspect of the military architecture of Champaner Pavagadh.
The walls are reinforced with bastions or burj, which also formed the locations for canons, catapults and
other medieval war equipment. The military structure included fortifications guarded by barbicans and series
of catapult stands. Catapult stands having trapezoidal construction of parallel walls stand behind the main
fortification on the Atak Killa. Several stone balls of various dimensions obtained at the site indicate that
these stones and other forms of missiles were hurled at the enemies. The width of the walls permitted
movement along the top. The merlons (kanguras) provided vantage points from which attackers could be
repulsed.
Barracks and other military structures in Champaner Pavagadh were placed at strategic locations, so as to
keep a vigil and also to pass on the messages to the king, if the need arises. These military structures were part
of all the defence fortifications from the Pavagadh Killa to the Jahanpanah. Most of the barracks are con-
structed very crudely - the only exception being the Chor Kotardi, Sat Kaman and Khapra Zaveri No Mahal.
Other military structures consist of Prison Cells, found within the Royal Enclosure precinct and also on the
almost unapproachable plateau behind the Naulakha Kothar. Built in crude rubble masonry they are testi-
mony to strict punishments that were levied on the captives.
Chor Kotardi
Hathi Khana

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Gates (Darwaza)
The Kalikamata Temple was approached by a pilgrims’ path, which started at the base of the hill. It has been
seen that all the gates that came up, are along this path only.
The Mauliya was well connected with Machi by a series of gates, starting with the Naqqarkhana Darwaza,
the next being Tarapur Darwaza which seems to belong to the Rajput period. This gate controlled the
movement along the difficult passage from Halol No Mala. Below this was a wooden bridge known as Patia
Pul, which could be lifted or removed to cut off Mauliya from Machi. The entire passage was difficult to
cross. Enroute watchtowers and structures had been built for stationing small limited defence forces. It had
East Bhadra Darwaza a network of secret passages and a bridge was built over a narrow ravine at a later stage.
The Makai Kothar Darwaza which apparently belongs to the Sultanate era controlled the entry to Patai
Raval’s Palace on the Bhadrakali Plateau and also all the movements from Machi to Mauliya could be
controlled.
Also, from Machi down to the base of the hill, there were several gates. The Sadan Shah and Budhiya
Darwazas formed a very efficient system of defence mechanisms, whereby the attacker could be misdirected
into a prison. Budhiya Gate- an extraordinary semi- rock cut and constructed gate resolves successfully the
difficult topography and change of levels of the Pavagadh with numerous turns in a labyrinth form to
confuse and trap the enemy. Atak itself had four gates, although only one can now be located.
Still these gates are being used by the pilgrims’ who prefer to walk upto the Kalikamata temple. These gates
are now normally used as rest spaces during the tiring journey upwards. Several kiosks have come up in their
vicinity to cater to the pilgrims’ needs.
The city of Jahanpanah had nine gates, of which none exist today. The Hissar- i- khas has four gates out of
which two are architecturally of utmost importance and known as the Bhadra Darwazas.

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Palaces (Mahal)
Most of these structures are now architectural fragments and ruins. This can be attributed to the fact that
every invader destroyed the ruling sovereign’s royal residence to symbolise his victory, whose palace in turn
was again destroyed by the next invader. Begharha destroyed Patai Raval No Mahal into utter ruins, while his
own royal residence is now indiscernible because of Humayun’s destruction of it
All the palaces, belonging to various royalties, held the most strategic position within their respective cities.
Patai Raval No Mahal
The palaces, made out of local black rhyolite stone and sometimes brick, do not seem to have much military
defence mechanisms, within them. They were safeguarded by several layers of fortification, gates and other
military structures lying outside the royal residential complex.
The palaces had very elaborate water storage systems for the convenience of the royal household. Mahmud
Begharha’s palace seems to have a very vast and magnificent garden in its territory, known as the Khorassani
Garden. One can still discern several ruins of pavilions and water channels which would have been running
within these gardens. A similar garden can also be traced in the Rani No Mahal.
At present, there are two Kothars namely, the Makai and the Naulakha Kothar. Readings from the 14th
century describe the Naulakha Kothar as the royal residence of the queen of the Chauhans. This was taken
over by Begharha and apparently converted into a granary or Kothar, which is how one better knows it
today. The same can be applicable to Makai Kothar, although no written evidence testifies the fact, except
the construction details. In both the structures one layer of construction is in stone which has been covered
by another layer of brick.
Rani No Mahal Naulakha Kothar

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Pavilions (Baradari)
The baradaris in Champaner- Pavagadh form an essential characteristic feature of the gardens within the
royal residence or outside it. Sometimes they were also a part of a larger landscape encompassing surrounding
water structures, hill settings etc., like the Kabutarkhana, which lies adjacent to the Wada Talao with a
splendid view towards the Pavagadh. The term Baradari here is used to describe a pleasure pavilion, which
should not be confused with the Mughal concept of an open structure having twelve doorways, although the
function remains the same.
Mirat- e- Sikandri mentions Champaner as a place of attraction from far and wide because of its pleasure
pavilions and gardens during the Begharha times. Mahmud Begharha had invited a Persian landscapist,
Khorassan to his court. Halol was at that time developed solely as royal garden designed by the Persian
gardener.
Although the supporting garden is now in utter ruins, one can still determine several water channels running
through what was once a grand garden. Although Champaner never had a considerable amount of surface
water but their efficient sytem of water management could make the retention of water efficiently possible.
Champaner was strewn with pleasure pavilions and serais all along the Jhorvan River and also along the main
route going towards Halol.
Kabutar Khana
Kabutar Khana

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Spiral channels for slowing the movement of water
Jalaashay
The meaning of Jalaashay has been extended to encompass the whole of the water system which includes the
structures for storage as well as conveyance of water. Champaner Pavagadh survived on rain water harvesting
by creating a landscape of elaborate catchment and conveyance system. When the settlement was abandoned,
its hydraulic system deteriorated. Earthen embankments or bandh were constructed at suitable locations to
hold rainwater during the monsoons. These dams were able to hold water on the eastern, south eastern and
northern sides of the central cliff where the Kalikamata Temple exists. The water problem was traditionally
solved by constructing talaos with careful regard to natural landform. They were constructed in natural
depressions on plateaus at varying levels. Different types of talao and highly developed techniques of tanks
were used. Large macrocatchments basins like Wada Talao, Kasbin Talao and Medhi Talao were created by
damming depressions and diverting water from rivulets and runoff. Medhi Talao in Atak Fort was constructed
by damming a small valley passing through the centre of the lowest plateau. On Mauliya Plateau two large
Hamam basins caught rain water which was then directed through an underground channel system to storage tanks
known as Ganga, Jamuna and Saraswati Kunds. Wada Talao is the largest macrocatchment in this area.
Rainwater enters the head of the system by a series of hills to its north- east. Normally, water caught in these
hills would flow past the Wada Talao to the south; instead the lined channel redirects the flow of water
towards the west.
Water supply to inhabitants also exhibits a clear system of water resource management.. Except for the
seasonal rains and the existence of the little river Vishwamitri, which was inadequate, numerous ways had to
be employed to conserve water. The perennial problem of water was responsible for the ingenious methods
for its conservation. Apart from wells and channels, large tanks and underground cisterns were water sources.
Wells took many forms, baoli or stepped well, ordinary well, and well over cistern have all been discovered.
The water system deserves a study in its own right, which may give ideas for successful water management
for the present drought crisis in Gujarat state. Most of these, found within the Jahanpanah and the Hissar-
I- Khas, are still in use. The Hauz at Jama Masjid is the biggest one. It is eight sided, having triangular steps,
and can store the seasonal rainwater having a natural spring which keeps the tank full even in summers. A
wide range of variation can be seen among these tanks. Some of these tanks were used as Hauz- e- vazu and
rest used for recreational purposes. The construction of these tanks was done with bricks and stones. They
had been internally plastered so that they became waterproof. In order to clean these tanks, drains had been
provided at lower levels. These were mainly found in noblemen’s residences, palaces, and mosques. Vav/
Baoli formed another type of well, which had steps leading to base of the well.

32
During the 15th century, this water system was exploited for its aesthetic aspect also within the city of
Jahanpanah. There were gardens with flowing water, houses too had running water supply. Pavilions were
even constructed over them. Besides these, pleasure resorts were also built on the embankments facing the
waterfront.
Chassiya Talao
Macrocatchment Basin: Dudhiya Talao

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b. History and Development
Pre- Historic Layer

Champaner has been occupied even during prehistoric times. The small rivulets flowing from the Pavagadh
hill, especially the river Jhorvan, has been the haunt of Stone- Age Man. During excavations on Medieval
Champaner, Dr. R. N. Mehta discovered numerous artefacts and early stone tools made of locally available
igneous rocks. The early denizens depended more on flora than fauna. A skeleton discovered on site reveals
highly developed burial practices and notions of life and death. Animal remains; both wild and domestic
were also found. These settlers were culturally more advanced than simple food gatherers and may have been
Chalcolithic inhabitants similar to those who inhabited the rest of Gujarat also lived here. The reason for
their disappearance is still not known. After this, Champaner remained unoccupied till circa 400 AD.
Dr. R. N. Mehta- a visionary
The Landform

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Puranic Layer
This is not a “physical” layer but one which studies the “cultural geographical” feature, as Dr. R. N. Mehta
called it. This is an important aspect that has to be considered when one attempts comprehensive studies of
the site. The myth of Pavagadh Hill belongs to this layer of history. Champaner is most famous today as a
pilgrim centre. According to the “Pitha Narayana” of the Saktas, the Pavagadh Hill stands on a spot where
the right toe of the goddess Kalika fell. Out of the legendary pieces of Shakti, the toe is supposed to have
landed here in the form of the hill. Incidentally, Pavagadh Hill is also shaped like a toe. This can be inter-
preted as an appreciation of nature as the landform is distinct from its surroundings, a quality that even the
modern mind appreciates.
Small shrines lying along the path also revered
Kailkamata: Depiction in a 19th c. Rajput Painting Pavagadh Hill symbolising Kalikamata’ s fallen toe

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The Rajput Layer
In the 13th century, the area was conquered by the Khichi Chauhans who began to rule from Champaner.
They ruled Pavagadh and the surrounding areas for eight generations prior to 1484 AD. It was on the hill
that the main settlement of the Chauhans was located. Just below the Machi Plateau lie the main Rajput
fortifications. The natural protection offered by the Mauliya Plateau was also fully utilised by the Rajput
Chauhans. They built fortification walls along the plateau. Canon balls and other artefacts indicate the
possibility of an outer defence. The oldest existing monuments of Champaner date from this layer and are
located on the Mauliya Plateau. They are the temples of Lakulisha, Kalika, and Jain Digambar. The oldest
among these is Lakulisha, of which the remains of the original structure, entrance, mandapa and garbha-
griha are in ruins. The ruins strewn around testify that a large and beautiful temple once existed. It is uncer-
tain when the temple was constructed but the stylistic analysis indicate 11- 12th century AD. The temple had
undergone extensive repairs at some point of Pavagadh Hill. A “yantra” representing the deity is still wor-
shipped. At Champaner water is a scarce resource. In every period of history water storage systems and
structures have been constructed at appropriate places, which is in itself a tradition. Among the tanks near the
Kalika only two survive, namely Dudhiya and Chhassiya. It has been mentioned in the ”Gangadas Pratap
Vilas Nataka” (circa 15th century) that several tanks existed in Champaner. The tanks are situated with careful
regard to the natural landform. They are constructed in natural depressions on plateaus at varying levels.
The Rajput Layer Water flows down the steep slopes or via underground streams and collects in these tanks. This is clearly seen
in the locations of the tanks: Annapurna and Teliya tanks are situated on the Machi Plateau, Chhassiya tank
on the Mauliya Plateau and Dudhiya tank at the plateau at the foot of the Kalikamata Hill.
The Rajput Fortification of Atak Fort

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Islamic Champaner
Islamic rule spread from Delhi and it also reached Gujarat. Since Khilji rule (1290- 1320), the spread of
Muslim influence, which reached Mandu in the Malwa, brought havoc to many great Rajput citadels. In
Gujarat, the Turkish Musafarids displaced the Hindu rulers who ruled from Anilvada and whose influence
extended to the area corresponding to Gujarat State. Champaner remained the political capital of Gujarat till
the death of Bahadur Shah in 1536. The close connection between Malwa and Gujarat favoured the city’s
prosperity and growth.
The capital of Mahmud Begharha

The Musafarids of Gujarat conquered Champaner in 1484. A new phase of development occurred which in
some ways can be considered the most important. Mahmud Begharha realised the strategic importance of
Champaner, hence when he got the chance he took it and decided to build his capital there.
The Champaner of Mahmud Begharha was located not on the hill as the previous settlements were but at
the foot of the hill. The enormous mass of Pavagadh, with the old fortifications, looms above seeming to
give it protection by shielding it from the rest of the hostile world. Once the decision to shift the capital was
taken, work progressed at a fast pace and to a definite predetermined plan.
Islamic Layer
There seems to be three major purposes in this venture. First of all it was intended to be a capital city.
Secondly, it was to provide protection to the inhabitants and the royal household. Thirdly, it had to serve as
an escape for the king. In short it had to be a fitting setting for the medieval king and be efficient in defence.
These needs were all both fulfilled in an eloquent manner by the architectural expression of its buildings.
The strong fortifications, which still stand, suggest that Champaner was designed to hold out against a
prolonged siege. An examination is made of the plan and design to see if the capital reflects the basic inten-
tions of Mahmud Begharha, its creator. The following description is based on Dr. R. N. Mehta’s excava-
tions.
The Deserted Capital

By 1535 the city was deserted. There were no more periods of great building and monumental architecture.
In fact, when taken over by the British in 1803, it is reported that there were only 500 inhabitants in
Champaner.

37
Maratha Layer
After the death of Aurangzeb, the conflicts between the Mughals and the Marathas were intensified in
Gujarat also. Krishnaji, a General of Raja Rao I, captured and made Pavagadh his capital in 1726. Then
followed a period of infighting between various Maratha generals and rulers within the region. No notable
building was constructed during this time.
The Scindias acquired political control over the Panchmahals in 1761. With the coming of the British in
1802, there began a new period of rule. The Scindia found it difficult to manage Pavagadh Panchmahals
from his capital at Gwalior. Apart from the distance, much trouble was caused by the rebellious Mewas and
Bhils. He, therefore, entered into an agreement with the British to transfer the management of the district
from 1853 for a period of ten years.
British Layer
As a reward for his services during the war of 1857, the British entered into a treaty with the Scindia in 1860,
whereby the Panchmahals district was transferred to British rule in exchange for territories near Jhansi. Since
assumption of administration in 1853, the British ruled the district as a non- regulation district under the
discretion of the local officers.
Deserted Capital s Shiva Temple built by the
Marathas

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Champaner Today
There are basically three areas of settlement in Champaner.
a. Within the enclosure at the foot of the Pavagadh
b. On the Machi plateau
c. On the Mauliya plateau
The housing within the enclosure is the oldest and the most consolidated. It has been studied in detail and is
described in 5.4 below. The housing on the two plateaus is mainly in the form of ribbon development along
the major pilgrim route. Much of it is probably unauthorised construction. The structures are “shophouses”
Champaner Village containing both commercial and residential quarters. The families living in these shophouses provide various
facilities and services to the pilgrims. These vary from cooking meals to serving tea and snacks.
The District Census (1982) states that a population of 1,856 comprising 392 households lives in 387 houses
in Champaner. Out of these, about 200 are located in the main settlement within the enclosure.
Types of Houses
Large House: Pucca construction, single or double-storeyed, essentially higher class rural type
plan and construction
Town Houses: Pucca construction, single or double-storeyed resembling typical urban residential
development
Shop Houses: Pucca construction combining residential and commercial activities
Detached Houses: Semi-pucca construction, single-storeyed, usually built with the help of co-opera
tive loans. These houses often display ingenious methods of planning and con
struction even without the help of trained architects. They should be encouraged to
continue with the minimum intervention
Tenement Houses: Pucca construction, double-storeyed, converted from dharamsalas
Row Houses: Semi-pucca construction, single-storeyed
Thatch/Bamboo Sheds: Kutcha construction, single- storeyed
Most households rely on individual or communal wells for their water supply, although quite a few have
individual piped connections. A small number rely on communal taps. Municipal water supply is available
only during parts of the day, hence most houses are also equipped with storage tanks. About 80 percent of
the houses studied have electricity. Only one had a telephone connection. It is presumed that the majority
rely on the telephone exchange at the village post office.

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The Pilgrimage Centre
Like many other abandoned centres, religion (the Kalika Mata temple) is still a pivot which retains interest
in the place enough for it to remain habited. Many people from the surrounding areas visit the temple daily
but the Navaratri and Chaitri. Navratri festivals attract about 4000-5000 people with daytime stalls, Puja
and night time Garbas. Other festivals attracting up to 3000 persons are Mahakali Mata fair in February,
Ambali Agraras in March and Parasnath Fair on same day as the Mahakali Fair.
The main community is Hindu (Brahmins, Banias, Kolis, Charans, Rabaris and Rathwas) with a few Muslim,
Jain and Christian households. There are also several households in the SC and ST categories. There is a large
community of grazers which provides the milk and milk products. They are an under privileged section of
the local community. The grazers are basically nomadic; they own animals and travel with the animals. The
ones at Champaner are not strict nomads at present but still possess many of those traits. Hence they are less
organised which makes it difficult for the authorities to help them because of problems like loan recovery.
Kalikamata
Devotees performing puja on their way upto Kalikamata

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c. Form and date of the most recent records of property
2001, Inventories prepared by People for Heritage Concern Surat for Heritage Trust, Baroda, identified
more than 120 buildings in Champaner- Pavagadh, gives a better picture of the Rajput Champaner ignored
by the previous scholars. Digitised drawings prepared during the inventory process are a revelation too.
R N Mehta, Head of the Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, MSU Baroda, carried out
extensive excavations of the buried capital city of Mahmud Begharha. He had written extensively in English
and Gujarati, in the 1960s and 1970s, about the findings from these excavations. These writings present a
good picture of the Begharha urban construct.
Work was catalysed by the Heritage Trust Baroda since 1986. Dr R N Mehta, who was also a member of this
trust, continued from his own personal legacy and expanded it to areas of conservation management.
1987, Champaner- Draft Action Plan, prepared by Prof. Nalini Thakur, identified 61 more monuments
against 35 already protected by ASI.
ASI has been maintaining the site. The site office at Champaner has an annual report stating the protection
and maintenance measures taken towards the protected monuments.

41
d. Present state of conservation
As the site now defined is larger the conservation work on resources is varied in quality. The protected
monuments are maintained and managed within the paradigm of ASI’s school of conservation. Only the 36
protected monuments are being maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India which includes periodical
monitoring, and minimal repair work carried out as per the requirement. ASI has a site office within the
Royal Enclosure precinct with a site officer and care takers, who are responsible for the maintenance of the
protected monuments. The condition of these structures is fairly good. The ASI is doing an excellent job.
Evidence of recent repairs and restoration in progress, or careful inventorying of fragments can be seen.
Limitations in power and resources reduce the scope and quantity of work. Well meaning but incorrect
beautifications of areas around monuments are outdated concepts and need revision.
The living temples, which are of archaeological value, are being modified beyond recognition by loving care
and maintenance.
Pilgrims path, although unprotected, is being constantly upgraded through local initiatives because of the
religious sentiments attached with it.Work done on the pilgrim’s path by the well intentioned panachayat is
not according to established conservation norms.
The tanks which the Gram Panchayat is restoring are being done without professional guidance. The problem
of effectively protecting and controlling privately owned property is yet to be sorted. These issues are getting
Hissar- e- khas fortification wall- ASI monitored- complex in the present than they used to be. This brings up the point of expertise at local level. The will to
cleared off all encroachmdnts conserve and awareness is prevalent among the local leaders. The bitter lesson learnt during the recent drought
is a healthy respect for the old water tanks and their relevance. The local Gram Panchayat is taking emergency
measures to reinstate the tank system for water. The new pitching lacks the good quality workmanship. This
means technical expertise is required at local level.

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There has been minimum conservation work done as far as the rest of the Archaeological Park site is concerned.
For details of individual structures refer to the inventory report provided as an annexure.
The state of conservation of the unprotected heritage is of concern. Recent work gives a clearer picture of the
underground buried layer. Important zones are near the Maratha temple in the inner enclosure. Conflicts
with landuse of forest on the Pavagadh hill especially in which important Rajput palace complexes are
situated. The overgrown forest makes accessibility to most structures very difficult, hence causing such
structures to deteriorate.
A large area of the site, mainly the Pavagadh Hill, the buried city, comes under the forest land and is under
Wild vegetation growing over the Bhangelu Deru the purview of the Forest Deptt., Godhra. The Forest Act is so powerful that it has controlled the develop-
ment in the forest land, hence protected the authenticity of the site. But, it has proved to be a threat to the
archaeological heritage as it allows rampant planting of saplings all over. The roots of the plantations are
slowly harming the vulnerable heritage buried below the earth.
A part of the Archaeological Park, especially the Machi plateau and agricultural fields on the base of the hill,
comes within the revenue land where large scale urban development is occurring, largely catering to pilgrims.
For details of the state of conservation of individual structures refer to the inventory report provided as an
annexure. All the above efforts are following a piecemeal approach, without following an integrated approach
of managing cultural resources as part of one cultural landscape.

43
e. Policies and programmes related to the presentation and promotion of the property.
Concept of Archaeological Park as an integrated presentation, promotion of the whole site. Site presentation
and management developing from 1987,
First interpretation centre

· 1987 report, interpretation centre on Machi plateau which is revenue land. The land has been recently
recovered from encroachment.
Site Management :
· Botanical presentation of the site as per RN Mehta, bigger pilgrimage centre (refer to 1987 report)
· Landscape Management Plan with water circulation proposal prepared in 2001, prepared by University
of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, USA and Department of Architecture, MS University, Baroda along
with Heritage Trust.
Awareness programmes:
· Project “Simulation of Buried City of Champaner – Pavagadh” by the Heritage Trust, Baroda. This is
currently going on and is estimated to be complete by mid February.
· Exhibition of 30 panels to represent finest architectural examples of each building typology as a follow
up to the inventory.
· Posters projecting the cultural resources of Champaner- Pavagadh have been prepared.
Educational and academic level
Exhibition of 30 panels to represent the architecture · The completion of the new inventory has created interest among the scholars and academics. A book
with articles on Historical Geography, Trade Routes to Champaner through the ages, historic water
systems of Champaner is planned.
· Monographs on specific themes: Champaner in epigraphs and chronicles, Champaner in coins.
· A Conference “Scholars enclave at Champaner – Pavagadh” is planned at the end of the year.
· At the local level, a local historian has trained 20 local people as guides and who are now professionally
fit to work as guides for tourists. They present Champaner Pavagadh as a historic place comprehensively,
supporting with historical facts.
· A hands-on workshop has been organized by the Heritage Trust, Baroda wherein students from the
‘Architecture’ and ‘Archaeology & Ancient History Department’ have been trained about the methods of
scientific excavations at the site of Champaner, Pavagadh.
· The Heritage Trust also organizes educational programmes for school children regarding the history and
heritage of Champaner, Pavagadh.

44
· 1000 students from 20 schools of Baroda are members of the Heritage Club of Champaner. The target
is to bring together around 10,000 students from 200 schools of Baroda region. Students in small
groups/ batches shall be taken, over a time span of 18 months, to the site to understand the historical
development of this rich heritage and to imbibe in them a long lasting respect for their past.
· Workshop on Architectural Conservation of Champaner : 1987
The Workshop on Architectural Conservation of Champaner was the first of its kind on this subject and
organised at Champaner itself. At that time the main threat to the standing monuments at Champaner came
from more than a hundred quarries which operated within and in the immediate vicinity of the heritage
precinct. These quarries used explosives detonated under the ground that caused severe tremors and shook
the monuments causing long-term damage. The most urgent step to be taken was to stop the quarrying. The
Trust even identified alternative sites so that the quarries could be shifted. The second problem was more
complex. The site was under the Archaeological Survey of India but they protected only half of the identified
standing monuments while one monument was under the protection of the State Archaeology Department,
Govt. of Gujarat. There were also the ‘buried’ heritage as the prosperous medieval capital of Champaner was
believed to have been spread over more than 6 sq. km. Heritage Trust wanted the entire site to be treated as
a heritage precinct, and so these issues also needed to be resolved. Participants at the Workshop included the
leading authorities on conservation such as Sir Bernard Fielden, ICCROM, archaeologist Prof. R N Mehta
who had lead extensive archaeology excavations at the site in the late ‘60s-early ‘70s under an M S University
Workshop being held at the Mandvi hall, where programme and several renowned heritage conservationists, architects, archaeologists, historians and
local people participated with Heritage Trust environmentalists from all over the country and abroad. The 3-day Workshop led to some practical
recommendations which were submitted by Heritage Trust to the Government of Gujarat. Following the
Workshop at Champaner, a Seminar was also organised at the Department of Architecture, M S University,
to inform faculty and students about the importance of architectural conservation and to evoke interest in
this new but growing field. Along with Sir Fielden, a number of eminent conservationists, architects and
archaeologists also conducted sessions at this seminar.

45
Second Workshop on Champaner-Pavagadh : 1995
This was a modest Workshop held on the day after the first Champaner Festival, 1995. The Workshop
essentially looked at what has been achieved since 1987. Though the Trust tried to get the same group of
participants as in the earlier Workshop, not all could come. However the key points for discussion were that
since nothing has improved at Champaner, the Trust was really left with no option but to move the Courts.
It was decided that the Trust file a Public Interest Litigation in the Gujarat High Court asking for an
immediate ban on the quarrying activities at Champaner-Pavagadh. This was duly done. Fortunately, within
a short time, there was a Supreme Court ruling against quarrying in forest areas and non-renewal of quarrying
licenses to quarry owners operating in forest zones. Since 80% of Champaner-Pavagadh is under Reserved
Forest area, most of the quarries here automatically had to shut down. A few quarries continue to operate in
Mallika Sarabhai performing at the Champaner the Revenue land.
Festival
First Champaner Festival : 1995
Since there was no action on part of the Government for more than 5 years, the Trust thought that it was
now time to bring Champaner-Pavagadh’s plight to the attention of the people. Since there is already an
established tradition in the country of classical music and dance concerts being organised at heritage venues,
the Trust thought of having a dance festival at Champaner. However since this was a festival with a purpose
and not just a cultural evening out, the Trust planned it in a completely different way whereby the audience
would always remember what Champaner-Pavagadh actually means and is. The audience was expected to
reach the site two hours before the actual performance during which they were taken for an ‘informed walk’
in the interior of site so that they could experience the excavated Amir’s Haveli, the other spectacular mosques
that are often hidden in the undergrowth and other aspects of the site. Eminent danseuse, Mallika Sarabhai,
was contacted and as per the Trust’s suggestion, she choreographed and scripted (along with Prof. R N
Mehta) a dance drama on the fascinating legends associated with Champaner-Pavagadh, deftly weaving them
with historical fact. The choreography included several monuments with the audience requiring to walk a
short distance from one venue to another. It was a completely unexpected and unusual experience for the
audience who were till then quite unaware of the beauty of these monuments. The performance ended with
a dinner at the Kabutarkhana on the banks of the Vada Talav, a spectacular setting in itself. Any one who
attended would never be able to ignore anything detrimental to Champaner-Pavagadh ever for the rest of
their lives.

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The Second Champaner Festival : 1996
At the second Champaner Festival, the performers were Astad Deboo, an internationally known Indian
exponent of contemporary dance accompanied by the Gundecha Bandhu, classical Dhrupad singer. He
performed on the ramparts of the Champaner fort, a dramatic and breath-taking experience in itself. The
entire Festival was sponsored by the General Motors Ltd. who have their operations at the nearby town of
Halol. General Motors Ltd. were hosts to Mr Frank Wisner, the US Ambassador to India and a delegation
of top American businessmen who were in India to explore business opportunities. Incidentally it was the
impression that Champaner created on the mind of the General Electric CEO who was present in this
delegation that helped us generate a grant of US$ 25,000 from the global GE Fund. Mr. Wisner himself is
very supportive of Champaner and was one of the endorsers of the site when Heritage Trust proposed its
nomination to the World Monuments Fund, USA.
Ustad Deboo with Jama Masjid as the backdrop
Ustad Deboo

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The First Stake-holders’ Conference : 1999
After the official declaration in September 1999 of Champaner-Pavagadh as nominated to the WMF’s List
of 100 Most Endangered Heritage Sites for 2000, Heritage Trust decided to call a Conference (Nov1999) of
all the stake-holders with any interest in the 6 sq. km. site. This included the various state government
departments such as Forest, Revenue, Public Works including Roads & Transport, Tourism, Culture, cen-
tral government bodies like the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), the local people as represented by their
Panchayat, and the Kalika Mata Temple Trustees. This Conference was the first time that all the stake-
holders got together around a table and voiced their concerns, what according to them should be planned at
the site, the projects their departments were in the process of preparing/implementing. The local representa-
tives came up strongly for protection and conservation of the site. The Conference revealed to Heritage Trust
the complex nature of the site and therefore the immediate need to persuade the state government to form
a high-powered Task Force on Champaner. The Conference also revealed the availability of invaluable data
on the site, especially with the department of Archaeology & Ancient History, M S University of Baroda
which had conducted extensive excavations at the site. By using the mapped data of the excavations and
superimposing it with present-day mappings, the Trust was able to produce a detailed CAD map of the
buried capital, a document that has never been prepared about an important Archeo-architectural medieval
heritage site anywhere in India.
The Second Stake-holders’ Conference : 2000
This Conference was held in February 2000 and presided over by Mr Martand Singh, President, INTACH-
UK Trust. The meeting was going to be chaired by Mr Ajai Shanker, then Director-General, ASI, but he
unfortunately died in a car accident just two days before the Conference. The issues in focus at the Confer-
ence looked at ways of fund-raising for Champaner and the stake-holders present indicated access to fairly
large amounts of funds. It was decided that the Trust continue its pursuit of the Task Force and the Confer-
ence also looked at ways in which this could be expedited The Task Force was instituted by the Government
of Gujarat and its first meeting was held in July 2000 under the chairmanship of the Chief Secretary. Its
second meeting was held in May 2001.

48
Workshop on Landscape Planning for Champaner-Pavagadh : 2001
Heritage Trust collaborated with the Department of Landscape Planning, University of Illinois, Urbana
Champaign, USA and the Department of Architecture, M S University of Baroda for an extensive and
detailed Workshop with faculty members and students, in May 2001 to work on Landscape Planning for
Champaner-Pavagadh. The Workshop took into consideration the medieval water systems and the possibility
of their efficient revival, as well as a study of indigenous flora to recreate Champaner’s natural environs the
‘way they may have been’. The Planning took into consideration walkways and paths on the site, design of
signage that blends with the site ambience and such issues.
A Follow-Up Workshop was held in January 2002 when Prof. Amita Sinha, University of Illinois presented
the Draft Proposal of the Landscape Planning solutions worked out at their Department. These were debated
in detail along with Prof. Nalini Thakur, conservation architect who has worked on the Comprehensive
Integrated Management Plan of Champaner-Pavagadh. Further work was assigned to the local student-
participants.
Landscape Management Plan
Students from Urbana Champaign and MSU with

their Landscape Management Plan.

49
4. Management
Management The definition of the site is an Archaeological Park and is a quantum jump from individual monuments.
The aim of the management seeks to protect the entire Champaner- Pavagadh area with its natural, cultural
and human resources in a Cultural Park situation. This area encompasses 6,350 hectares, which include the
Pavagadh Hill with its subsidiary outcrops; the Rajput Fortress City; the walled Islamic 15 th century capital
Proposed Landscape Management Plan proposed of Mahmud Begharha, the living settlement; living temple with intense pilgrimage, cultural resource contents-
by Department of Landscape, Urbana Champaign, underground and standing structures, heritage components, knowledge systems, open spaces that have cultural
University of Illinois value, such as trade routes (cultural corridors) street net works; pilgrim’s path and the cantonment space. The
most appropriate term of this type of designation is “Archaeological Park”. The designated Park boundary
includes the above plus another 300 metres around the entire perimeter to comply with the existing Monuments
Act, forming the core area for the nomination.
A buffer zone or Champaner Pavagadh Heritage Zone beyond the boundary of the Archaeological Park will
be designated and managed under the Gujarat Town and Country Planning Act as a Special Area but with
the addition of a comprehensive protection and management system. The extent of the Buffer Zone is
determined entirely on visual criteria because since time immemorial it has inspired the people and culture of
the region by its sheer size and magnificence. Therefore the buffer zone will be managed under the Planning
regulations – control of landuse, density and special guidelines.
The Gujarat Government has already agreed to a new Legislation “Archaeological Park Legislation” for the
Archaeological Park and Champaner– Pavagadh Archaeological Park and Heritage Zone, which will ensure
the comprehensive protection and management. Both the Archaeological Park Plan and the Buffer Zone
Proposed Draft Action Plan for Integrated
Regional Plan are documents that are mandatory in the new Archaeological Park Legislation.
Conservation
Proposed Landscape Management Plan: Detail of Landscaping of Helical Stepped Well

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The last 15 years’ effort for Champaner- Pavagadh has tried to find new ways of protecting and managing
the site through a multi- pronged approach. (Refer to Khajuraho Matrix, which conceptualises a complete
protection and management system). The solution of Archaeological Park addresses the issues and problems
that emerge from the heads ennumerated below to evolve a participatory, decentralised and integrated
answer that is required. This is a paradigm shift from existing notions of managing cultural resources. The
Archaeolgical Park tries to address the reality of complex ownership. In short a great deal of “change” is
required from attitude to action regarding heritage resource. Heritage protection and management cannot
solely survive on the enthusiasm and efforts of groups of citizens and persons. It has to be recognized as an
irreplaceable resource that is essential for long term human development because of its vast educational and
knowledge systems that are embodied. Management also has to ensure that the “truth” authenticity and
other messages are maintained. Champaner- Pavagadh Management plan attempts the challenge of bringing
the site into a sustainable development process with local participation – a new paradigm for cultural re-
source protection and management which can be seen as a pilot project/ experiment that has relevance at all
levels of Indian Governance and resource management.
a. Ownership
As the definition of the site has been enlarged and made all-inclusive, the ownership pattern emerges as
multiple and complex covering different portions of the site.
· The biggest owner is the Gujarat State’s Forest Department, Office at Godhra, Chief Conservator of
Forest, Godhra.
· The Archaeological Survey of India, Office Baroda Circle at Mandvi, Baroda.
Ownership Pattern of Champaner- Pavagadh
· The State Department of Archaeology, under Head office Chief is Superintending Archaeologist at
Ahmedabad. .
· The Gujarat State Revenue Department, under Collector at Godhra District Head Quarters.
· Private ownership within the inner enclosure and the agricultural fields.
· Jai Kalika Temple Trust with office at Godhra owns the Kalika Mata Temple.
· Jain Temple Trusts own the Jain temples on the Pavagadh and dharmshalas with office in Champaner on
the Pavagadh Hill.
· Fakir Sect Trust that owns Dargah and maqbaras, office at Halol.

51
b. Legal status
Existing legal-scenario is briefly outlined.
Within the Indian Constitutional framework there exists adequate implicit and explicit constitutional mandate
for heritage resource conservation, covered in all the three legislative lists and in the directive principles. In
principle it is possible to protect heritage resource effectively comprehensively. Some examples to substan-
tiate:
The Agricultural Fields of the villagers within
Hissar- i- Khas Article 49- of the Constitution of India proclaims-
“Protection of Monuments and Places and Objects of National Importance: It shall be the obligation of an
artistic or historic interest (declared by or under law made by Parliament) to be of national importance from
spoliation, disfigurement, removal, disposal or export as the case may be.”
Article 51 f. (a) added by a special constitutional amendment in 1976 exhorts every citizen of India to:
“…. value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.”
Entry 67 of the Union List of the 7th schedule gives executive legislative competence to Parliament to deal
with:
“… ancient and historical monuments and records and archaeological sites and remains declared by or under
law made by Parliament to be of national importance.”
Entry 12 of the State List of the 7th schedule gives executive legislative competence to each state in respect of:
“… ancient and historical monuments and records other than those declared by or under law made by
The Villages nearby governed by Gram Panchayat Parliament to be of national importance.”
Entry 40 of the Concurrent List of the 8th schedule empowers both Parliament and State legislatures to act,
subject to superiority of Parliamentary law in that field with respect to:
“Archaeological sites and remains other than those declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of
national importance.”
The 73rd and 74th amendment of the constitution is committed to decentralisation that has great potential
for heritage protection and management.

52
Ancient Monuments and Sites Act ’58
This empowers the Central Government to declare any monument to be of National importance. Such
declared monuments are automatically deemed to be protected monuments under the act. The Act goes on
to deal separately with protected monuments, areas and with archaeological excavations and antiquities. The
provisions authorised the Central Govt., through the Director General to purchase or to, receive gift or
bequest of any protected monument. The Act also accepts that certain monuments may remain in private
ownership. The Director General is also empowered to enter into an agreement with the owner of a pro-
tected monument to maintain it. The agreement provides for any or all of the following matters:
a) The maintenance of the monument

Kevda Masjid: An ASI Protected Monument b) The custody of the monument and the duties of any person who may be employed to safeguard it.
c) The restrictions of the owners right
1) To use the monument for any purpose
2) To charge any fee for entry into, or inspection of the monument
3) To destroy, remove, alter or deface the monument.
d) The facilities of access to be permitted to the public or to the archaeological officers or to persons
disputed by the owner or any archaeological officer or the Collector to inspect or maintain the monu-
ment.
e) The notice to be given to the Central Govt., in case the land on which the monument is situated or any
adjoining land is offered for sale by the owner, and the right to be reserved to the Central Govt. to
purchase any specified portion, at its market value.
f ) The payment of any expenses incurred by the owners or by the Central Govt. in connection with the
maintenance of the monument.
Shakar Khan’s Rauza: An ASI Protected Monument
The amendment of 1992 to the Monuments Act 58 has attempted to consider an area around the protected
monument. The existing prohibited and regulated zones of 100m and 200 m around monuments is not
always effective.The area or spatial entity protection category suggested for Champaner - Pavagadh is an
Archaeological Park.

53
Gujarat State Town Planning Act and Master Plans:
The area immediately around the monument in most cases comes under the jurisdiction of the State
Government. There has been special area designation under the Town- Planning Act for areas with heritage.
The reason of Special Area designation for heritage has failed in the past is because the heritage itself was not
protected under law.
The Planning Act provides for development of the area. The Industrial Estate at Halol is not in tune with
local skills and abilities. The road to Devgadh Baria, which was not a problem in ’87, now poses a problem.
Khapra Zaveri No Mahal: Dense Forest cover en- The Planning Act is in place without a comprehensive Heritage Act. There is, thus, no stopping from
shrouding the Heritage making the highway wider for more traffic.
Master Plan is a legal document within this framework. This plan is mandatory under this TP Act. It can be
used to resolve the industrial estate problem and the road that goes though Champanet- Pavagadh through
a regional plan that balances the need for resources.
Forest Acts: Reserved Forest Act, Indian Forest Act 1927, Indian Wild Life Act 1972, Forest Conservation
1980. Most of the site of Champaner Pavagadh is under is the Reserved Forest Act. The earliest is the Reserve
Forest Act and Champaner- Pavagadh comes under this Act. It is the most effective till today, but it has been
very harmful to the vulnerable heritage resource. Firstly, by not giving adequate protection to heritage com-
ponents and management in a comprehensive manner and secondly, by engulfing them through laws meant
for a natural resource. Earlier an attempt was made to protect this under the Forest Sanctuary Act, which
allows limited usage but, the forest management is quite rigorous and does allow the required management
of heritage resources. This has been realised through experience at Champaner- Pavagadh.
Gujarat Panchayats Act, 1961

This is a very important Act because this stands for decentralisation and local community participation. The
constitutional amendments are already in place to devolve powers from the centralised system to the
decentralised power structure.
Gujarat State being the home state of the Father of the Nation, the Gujarat Panchayats are very strong and is
functioning strongly in Champaner- Pavagadh. A three- tier system viz., Gram Nagar (Village/ Town)
Panchayats, Taluka Panchayats (Regional), District Panchayats. This act transfers certain regulatory revenue
functions to the Panchayats and empowers Panchayats to collect land revenue. Public properties like common
plots, streets, trees in govt. wasteland are vested in the Village Panchayats.
Panchayats have the power of executing all works in conjunction with local communities and have the
power to take crucial decisions. The future management structure of the site will try to realise the potential
of the site. For more legal notes refer to annexure.

54
c. Protective measures and means of implementing them
1. The area is large and a minute area is under the Monuments Act. The amendment of 100 metres- 200
metres around protected monuments was a measure to protect the immediate surroundings. The
protected buildings have been fenced but most of the site is open.
2. The Forest Act is effective in protecting the resource and has a Department and annual management
plans are prepared and executed. The emerging conflicts as the needs of the natural resource were
contrary to the requirements of heritage.
3. Gujarat government high level task force meetings to review progress at Champaner- Pavagadh.
4. A pubic interest litigation to stop the quarrying in the Supreme Court, was a valuable effort. Local
NGO’s have been active against the pollution caused to the River Vishwamitri, caused by the chemical
factory in the vicinity. Public hearings is a popular method, especially in the industry sector.
Though there are adequate measures, heritage is always vulnerable. Therefore a consensus document that has
legal clout is being developed for the site in which the owners and stakeholders agree to a programmed action
for the site.
Mausoleum near Nagina Masjid :

Before and after conservation by ASI

55
d. Agency/agencies with management authority
1 Forest Department
2 Gujarat Tourism Development Cooperation
3 State Electricity Department
4 State Department of Archaeology
5 State Departments for infrastructure- Roads, Water, etc.
6 Temple Trusts- organise dharamshalas and manage temples
7 Local TDO- in charge of this area under district collector
8 Government- Panchayat- repairs to tanks, community facilities
9 Archaeological Survey of India
e. Level at which management is exercised (e.g., on property, regionally) and name and address of
responsible person for contact purposes
Management is exercised at principally three levels, the Regional (State of Gujarat), the District Collector
and the Local Panchayat, with various agencies working on the Champaner- Pavagadh site with specific
jurisdiction. The State Government is responsible for land management and for the provision of infrastruc-
Champaner- Pavagadh today: Developments ture. The district administration under the collector, which oversees all the activities involved in the area.
occuring on site Thirdly, the local Gram Panchayat, which represents the people. The Archaeological Survey of India is a
major stakeholder at the site but is a Central (National) Department.
Key persons at their respective offices:
DG ASI, Janpath, Delhi,

Chief Secretary Gujarat Government, Gandhinagar
Collector, Godhra
Sarpanch, Champaner

56
f. Agreed plans related to property (e.g., regional, local plan, conservation plan, tourism development
plan)
There are at least four plans related to the site.

(i) Development Plan for Pavagadh prepared by Forestry Department
(ii) Plan prepared by ASI for a greater protection of the archaeological areas
(iii) Development Plan for the site by the local Panchayat.
(iv) Schemes and projects prepared by Department of Tourism and others.
Agreements achieved at Regional level through dialogue:

Progress in consensus building: Agreement has been reached with the State Government to enact the “Ar-
chaeological Park Legislation” to cover the entire site and buffer Zone and bring it under effective heritage
resource management.
The various stakeholders whose departments were represented at the Task Force meetings at Gandhi Nagar
have agreed to new legal- administrative system spelt out for protection and management of the site.
Consensus also reached at the State Level for Archaeological Park as a spatial designation is a paradigm shift
in cultural resource thinking in the country. The Archaeological Park is a new concept to strengthen protec-
tion and management for cultural resources (Refer to Paper given in Annexure X). The idea can be applied in
many situations all over the country.
Agreements achieved at Local level through dialogue:

At the local level there is a continued collaborative effort between the Panchayat and the young professionals
working on the site. The site office is located at the hotel on the Machi Plateau. The on going work of
preparation of inventories has lead to exhibitions of drawings and photographs. Training of seventeen guides,
as cultural programmes, were activities achieved mutually.

57
g. Sources and levels of finance:
Funding towards Champaner-Pavagadh initiatives received by Heritage Trust, Baroda:
Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi: INRs. 100,000
Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is one of the major stake-holders at Champaner-Pavagadh since they
protect 39 standing monuments at the site. They were one of the sponsors of the first Workshop on
Architectural Conservation of Champaner, 1987, along with Heritage Trust, Baroda and INTACH, India.
This Workshop had participants of the stature of Sir Bernard Fielden, ICCROM, Prof. Golding, several
internationally known conservationists, archaeologists, historians, architects, environmentalists, and the
members of the national press. ASI also participated in the Second Workshop on Architectural Conservation
of Champaner in 1995 to review the lack of progress and inaction of the measures suggested in 1987 and
decide on the future plan of action.
2. Indian National Trust for Art & Cultural Heritage (INTACH), New Delhi: INRs. 150,000
INTACH has been a constant supporter for Champaner-Pavagadh. It co-sponsored the Workshop on
Architectural Conservation of Champaner, 1987. INTACH also financially supported (partly) the
documentation necessary to make the proposal for the nomination of Champaner-Pavagadh to the World
Monument Fundís List of 100 Most Endangered Heritage Sites of the World for the year 2000. INTACH
was also a legal signatory when Heritage Trust filed the Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the Gujarat High
Court to ban quarrying in the environs of Champaner-Pavagadh in 1995.
3. General Motors Ltd., Halol, India : INRs : 400,000
Halol is a small town about 10 kms from Champaner where the General Motors’ Indian manufacturing
facility is situated. General Motors sponsored the second Champaner Festival (1996) featuring the
contemporary Indian dancer Astad Deboo who performed on the fort walls of Champaner accompanied by
the Gundecha Bandhu (brothers) who sing in the classical Hindustani style. As special invitees to the Festival
were Mr & Mrs Frank Wisner, the US Ambassador to India accompanied by 40 top American industrialists
who were on a state visit to study investment opportunities for American businesses in India. General Motors
also officially launched their first luxury car, the Opel Astra, in Gujarat on the occasion.

58
4. World Monuments Fund, USA : US$ 20,000
Subsequent to the nomination of Champaner-Pavagadh to the WMFís List of 100 Most Endangered Heritage
Sites, Heritage Trust made a funding proposal to WMF for the preparation of a Comprehensive Site
Management Plan for Champaner-Pavagadh. General Electric Fund responded (incidentally their CEO was
amongst the industrialists accompanying Mr. Wisner and had hence experienced Champaner) with US$
25,000 which was routed through the World Monuments Fund. WMF made US $ 20,000 available to us
after deducting their administrative fees.
5. INTACH-UK Trust, London : 3000 Pound Sterling
World Monument Watch: Key Financial Supprters Heritage Trust made a presentation to the INTACH-UK Trust’s annual funds allocation meeting which was
for Champaner- Pavagadh held at Orchha in India last year. INTACH-UK Trust sanctioned pound sterling 3000 for Champaner-
Pavagadh along with a London-Champaner-London air ticket for an expert if we required any such specialist.
This fund was used to partially support the Landscape Workshop, a collaborative project between the
Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA and the Faculty of
Architecture, M S University of Baroda, India.
6. Department of Culture, Govt. of Gujarat: INRs. 100,000
Subsequent to the WMF nomination of Champaner-Pavagadh, Heritage Trust brought pressure on the
Government of Gujarat to initiate positive action at the site. We needed their intervention since there are
numerous stake-holders at the site and all future activities must proceed according to an agreed-upon action
plan. The Government of Gujarat instituted a Task Force Committee which would monitor all developmental
activity at the site keeping in mind the heritage component at all times. The Task Force Committee is headed
by the Chief Secretary to the Government of Gujarat and through his office the department of Culture
sanctioned this fund to create documentation of the site.
7. Corporate Support: in Kind
Two major Hotel chains, the WelcomHotel Vadodara (ITC) and the Holiday Inn, have offered their premises
to Heritage Trust to conduct workshops, seminars, meetings, press conferences, at no cost. In certain cases,
they even lodge out-of-town experts at no cost.
(Current rate of exchange: US $ 1= INRs.48; Pound Sterling 1 = INRs. 70)

59
h. Sources of expertise and training in conservation and management techniques:
Sources of Expertise:
Trained conservation professionals from School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi
Trained Conservation Professionals from York (Source: Intach)
Dharamshalas coming up at the base of Pavagadh Craftsmen: masons, stone carvers
Hill providing boarding & lodging to visitors. Archaeologist
Conservators.: Maharaja Sayaji University of Baroda.
Architects, landscape architects: Baroda
i.Visitor facilities and statistics
8 Dharaamshala for the Jain pilgrims to the site. They have rooms for family, along with dormitory. The
majority of the pilgrims are from the hindu sect. They come in the morning and go back to their places by
the evening. They normally do not stay on the site. They prefer to come on weekends and on the hindu
festivals. They normally come by the bus up to the foothill of the Pavagadh Hill and choose to walk up to
the Kalika Mata mandir. This forms almost 55 to 60 percent of the total pilgrim. The rest take the cable car
from the Machi Plateau to the Mauliya Plateau and thyen climb the rest of the Hill to the summit.
Muslims also come to the summit to the Sadan Shah Pir dargah. Annually as many as 22 lakh visitors come
The kiosks on either side of the pilgrims’ path sell to the site, with the number rising sharply during the Navratri Festival, when the number shoots up to a high
‘parshad’ and ‘kumkum’ as offerings to Kalikamata of almost one lakh visitors per day.
j.Property management plan and statement of objectives (see annexures)
Champaner Pavagadh Archaeological Park

The Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park Concept seeks to integrate the various plans, schemes and
projects through a process of consensus building. The various actors from different levels of management to
be brought under one umbrella. This will be done by the preparation of two documents namely,
- Champaner –Pavagadh Heritage Zone Plan (Buffer Zone)_ whose objective is to maintain a bal
anced regional development.
- Champaner – Pavagadh Archaeological Park Plan with the heritage resources identified are mapped
and supported by comprehensive guidelines. Also, integrated arethe aspects of urban area and sectorial
management.

60
These key regulating documents have to be prepared. These documents and the later resource projects are
closely integral to the idea, processes, procedure and management forming the philosophical basis from
heritage priority and needs. This is because we believe that heritage can not look after itself without any
positive and proactive intervention or adequate responsibility and support from Government or the decision
making bodies.
Refer to Comprehesive Management Plan for Champaner- Pavagadh in the annexure.

In order to prepare these two documents the following structure has to be in place.
Statement of objectives:
To enact Archaeological Park Legislation under the Gujarat State jurisdiction solely for this site. This has
been agreed upon at the High level Task Force chaired by the Chief Secretary.
The core content of this act:

Clear site boundaries to be designated for “Archaeological Park” protected area and the “Chamapaner –
Pavagadh Heritage Zone” Within the boundaries, specific/special procedures, norms and guidelines will be
formulated land aid down. The two document preparation will be manadatory.
Comprehensive cultural resource protection and management:

Champaner Pavagadh needs two categories of protection for its cultural resources/ heritage. One is building
protection that is comprehensive and covers all structures both big and small. The monuments Act only
covers the largish ones such as the Jama Masjid. All the heritage components and resources will be indicated
in the Archaeological Park Plans. Each resource will have its own guidelines.
Another category of heritage protection is area protection or the protection of spatial entities. It is mandatory
that building protection be reinforced by area protection. Area protection means that an entire historic city
can be protected and managed, just as a complex of buildings can be protected. This is very applicable and
finds great relevance in living areas. With area protection it is possible to bring heritage resource into urban
management and planning process.

61
Survey, inventory and database of all resources. Very high level of information and knowledge generation as
a prerequisite to management measures. GIS Database, ground survey that maps the contours of the ground
and all types of resources will be the base on which proposals will be made. The building surveys have already
been accomplished.
The database to be housed at Champaner at a site office to be provided by the local panchayat.
Additional provisions through Plans and documents for integrating to area management and sectorial
management, to bring the Park within Development framework
Examples of documents: - Master Plan or Concept Development/ Archaeological Park Plan:
Landuse plan is to be mandatory for both the Archaeological Park Plan and the Heritage Zone Plan. Tradi-
tional Landuses like Agriculture will be continued wherever they survive. Since it is essential to preserve links
between the living community and its neighbouring heritage, no permanent barrier should be constructed
between the two, though this may be required during the nascent stage of the Park. Traditional agricultural
practices may be allowed within the precincts and not modern ones like the use of tractors.
Space and landuse within park: Museums Interpretation Usage: Audio-visuals can be prepared for those
who are less energetic. Also, at least two exhibitions to display local architecture can be put up. Traditional
crafts and industries to be encouraged in the settlement. Limited commercial use in the form of restaurants,
souvenir shops and craft workshops are permissible as long as the basic purpose or overall appearance is not
tampered with. The revenue generated from these could be ploughed back into the maintenance and man-
agement of the Park.
Proposed Visitors Centre in Champaner- Pavagadh It also integrates pilgrim/ visitor management and provides site interpretation and information for people.
These sites related activities would enhance local employment opportunities. The strong local participation
through the stake holder approach integrates development, planning and management to resource
management.

62
Site Management/Landscape Management Plan:
A policy and system have to be worked out to present the structures competently. A Landscape plan has been
prepared by the University of Illinois. The various aspects of the site such as the military architecture of the
old capital can be expected to be popular, whether presented in situ or through other media such as interactive
museums and models. Similarly, the water-structures and gardens can be used to recreate history.
The various structures and gardens have to be linked through a network of pathways, or “circulation system”.
Different natural features such as viewpoints and high points have to be integrated into this system.
Adequate parking space should be created for vehicles, along with a visitor interpretation and orientation
centre.
Presentation and Interpretation themes: The themes are to be dynamic interactive and primarily and
predominantly educational in nature. The main aim of this is conservation first, but does not preclude
recreation; recreation has to respect heritage. Recreation is an interactive one for education through real
resource, safe guarding the authenticity of heritage. Plan of Park must be prepared.
Heritage and nature trails of varying complexity have been designed and mapped to cater to different groups
of participants.
Responsible management of Champaner Pavagadh Archaeological Park

The Park has two important parts: funding and documentation. The Park to be managed primarily through
local level participation. Prior to the enactment of the legislation this strategy becomes both heritage resource
protection and management strategy.
This will require a new institution at the site with a site manager and an archaeological park office with
technical support from a trained conservation expert. The database will be housed in this office. This will be
the co-ordinating body for the management and also the resource body for the data.
Local decision making will be by a committee, comprising private and government as well as the elected
representatives. The site office would be in charge of making the various plans. Another committee will look
in to the financial management
The Archaeological Park legislation will be the overriding legislation that will override all the other legislations
in order to remove discrepancies among them.

63
k. Staffing levels (professional, technical, maintenance).
there has to be a the site office which shall be full time working on the site itself.
Staffing required other than the staffing currently existing with the ASI
Site Manager to be helped by an assistant: Monitoring and control.
Conservation Architect and an assistant: Conservation Plans.
Scientific Conservator
Administrative support: two persons
Person in charge of the Database
There will be other staff that will be part-time.

64
5. Factors Affecting the Property
Factors Affecting the Property a. Development Pressures (e.g., encroachment, adaptation, agriculture, mining)
Industrial Pressure at Halol

The Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation has located a major industrial estate at Halol. Although
The Industries In Panchmahal District
there are no industries in the village of Champaner, several are located in Halol and surrounding areas. These
industries provide employment to several people in the village. Comprehensive planned industrialisation
began in the second half of the nineteenth century. The major industries are stone- crushing and saw- milling,
which developed due to the availability of raw material. Recent years have seen the development of industries
producing chemicals, polythene, detergents, aluminium vessels and needles.
Most of these industries have been shifted from Bombay where trade unions are more aware and which has
less attractive incentives for industrialisation than Halol. Although industrialisation has its advantages, the
chemical industries require a lot of water, which is not plentiful in the district. In addition they are polluting
the nearby rivers.
Forest Pressure
In Champaner, the forest apparently forms 2238.76 ha of the total area. It extends from Halol and covers
the slopes of Pavagadh. It spreads over the historical sites in the village. In recent times, pockets of agricul-
tural plots have encroached onto the forest. The next stage is conversion of agricultural land into buildings,
e.g. new temples. This is happening south of the Godhra-Bodeli road.
The forest is mainly of dry teak. The people depend on the forest for several reasons: supplying timber for
building, leaves and bamboo for thatching, grass for feeding cattle and fuel for domestic purposes. Forests
also help in conserving soil moisture thereby increasing the fertility of the soil. Thus, forests constitute
The Makai Kothar Complex almost hidden under productive as well as protective wealth. However, the forest in Champaner has been degraded by illicit
the dense forest cutting and grazing. Cattle trampling over young saplings cause much irreparable damage. The state forest
department has a plan for Pavagadh which includes reforestation and social forestry.
The existing forest statute – the Reserved Forest Act is unable to protect the “setting” of Champaner site
from quarrying. The destruction of the setting has negative impact on its heritage resource value because
Champaner– Pavagadh Site has to be seen with the surrounding hills, as they are integral to the environment.

65
While the Forest Act has protected the site as a forest its cultural resources have suffered under the Act.
During the 1980’s when a long drought occurred in Gujarat, more monuments could be observed because
the forests had degraded. However subsequently rains have regenerated the forest area, at the cost of the
cultural resources. From the cultural resource perspective many forest management activities of the last two
Small Kiosks along the pilgrims’ path catering to years have obliterated the monuments from sight by new planting. This will also have negative effect on the
the pilgrims condition of the structures.
The current Reserved Forest Act that protects the land and the land use is forest. In fact a very small area is
revenue land. Because of the limited population living at Champaner it has successfully utilized the only
livelihood potential at the site, that of the pilgrimage. The Kalikamata temple has made it a regional pilgrim-
age centre successfully totally through local and private initiative with the utilization of the available Govern-
ment schemes. The balance created is very delicate and if destroyed will destroy the entire economic structure
of the site. The large-scale industrial development is certain to do that. This will create major conflicts in the
local situation.
Agriculture Pressure
Agriculture is an important source of employment for the people and provides employment for a large
number of the residents of Champaner. 4 ha is irrigated (2 ha by electric motor on wells and 2 ha by tanks),
57 ha area is unirrigated and 1 ha is agricultural wasteland. However, soils are not very fertile and irrigation
Local Population successfully utilisng the only live-
facilities inadequate. Most of the area under cultivation is located on the foothills of the Pavagadh. Some of
lihood potential- that of pilgrimage commerce with
the holdings are located very close to historic monuments. Those close to the Wada Talao are causing the
the help of available government schemes
tank to silt up.
Grazing Pressure
The recent concern for the forest environment makes grazing an unpopular activity with forest officials.
Forests are out of bounds to grazers and the availability of grazing land has become scarce for them. One
often witnesses the bizarre spectacle of cattle grazing in the compounds of the hi-tech chemical factories of
Halol.

66
Quarrying Pressures
This is a major activity in the district and 6000 people work in the quarries. However, this is difficult to
ascertain as there is much unauthorised quarrying. The quarries in and around Champaner are located on two
hillocks termed as sector A and B (Map). There are 71 quarry leases issued within Champaner, out of which
Soil Composition in Panchmahal District 61 leases fall in forest land covering an area of 102 ha and 10 leases occupy revenue land of 94 ha. All the 71
quarries are situated within 4km from Pavagadh as described below:
No Distance No. of Quarry leases
1 1 Km Radius None
2 2 Km Radius 14
3 3 Km Radius 60 (53 forest, 7 revenue)
4 4 Km Radius 71 (61 forest, 10 revenue
About 35 years back, black trap rock quarrying was established here with the intention of supplying required
building and construction material to public and private sectors in the vicinity. For construction purpose the
material of Pavagadh proved technically the best for its compressive strength and compactness. There was a
great demand which in turn led to an increase in leases and production. Since then the hill of Pavagadh is
Stone quarries in the vicinity swiftly being denuded and in a crushed form finding its way from road surfaces to buildings of IPCL,
VMC, GUJARAT REFINERY, GSFC, GACL, PWD, RAILWAYS etc.
In the early 1960s, the Mines and Minerals Trading Corporation converted a large amount of non-revenue
forest land into non-agricultural revenue land by operating quarries. Although quarrying licences have since
been stopped and all licences have expired by 1990, much damage has already been done to valuable forest
land and natural topography.
The concern about the dangers of quarrying has been felt. The State Government did set up a state level
committee to look into the issue of quarrying. They went into the pros and cons, and also suggested alternative
sites at Wagodia in Baroda district. However, quarry operators, many of them powerful local people, are
reluctant to move as much capital investment has gone into the quarrying machinery. The point in favour of
this activity is that it provides jobs in a backward area.
67
Urbanisation Pressure
In the last 85 years, several towns in the state have lost, and sometimes regained, their urban status. This
happened due to the change in the definition of “towns” and growth of industrialisation and urbanisation.
Godhra and Halol are two such examples, which lost their urban status in 1961. Godhra used to be seat of
the Mughal provincial governmental.
The District Gazetteer states that there has been no appreciable increase in the growth of towns since the turn
of the century. The existing towns are taluka headquarters or industrial centres. Only Godhra, the district
capital has a population of over 50,000. The proportion of the urban population (%) in the district is less
than that in the state. The Gazetteer also states that there is a comparatively greater increase in urban population
as compared to rural. Incidentally, Halol taluka has the lowest urban density in the district (408 p/ sq km).
Godhra, the only town in Halol taluka is shown to have three equally predominantly characteristics: service,
commerce and industry. The railways and principal roadways are also shown on this map.
Rapid commercialisation along the path
Champaner village undergoing urbanisation pres-

sures

68
b. Environmental Pressures (e.g., pollution, climate change)
The Growth of Industries Pressure

The growth of industries at Halol 6 km from Champaner causes concern. The industrial projects are sponsored
by the State Government as the district is industrially backward. The main problems are that the location, is
too close to a historic centre and the choice of industry being mainly chemical in nature needs plenty of water
and is pollution causing. The choice of industries is not related to local skills. The types of industries, being
high technology, are not appropriate to the local skills. This means that labour will be from outside Champaner,
thus causing unnatural population growth. The future growth can cause a fast expansion of Halol towards
Champaner. Champaner itself may also be affected. The growth and expansion caused by the scale of this
development and the fact that it will attract workers from outside the area would result in an overloading of
the existing infrastructural services. It can upset the entire balance of the region.
The industries are exploitive in nature. The principle reason for the industrialist’s choice of this location is
the relative lack of trade unions among the locals. The industries are Bombay-based and take advantage of
both the financial incentives of work as well as labour exploitation.
Furthermore, the water problem is acute at Champaner. Tube wells have been provided by various government
departments under various schemes. The water problem is at its gravest on the Pavagadh due to its height.
Here, water is entirely supplied by tankers. In such a serious situation the choice of industries using so much
water is questionable. Even though the industries have obtained clearance from the water pollution board,
the popular belief in Baroda is that these industries pollute the tributaries of Mahi, which is the water source
Babaman Masjid suffered serious destruction dur- for Baroda. This point needs further examination
ing the earthquake of Jan 2001
c. Natural disasters and preparedness (earthquakes, floods, fires, etc.)

In the 1980’s drought had occurred. Although detrimental to the region, it had proved to be beneficial to the
heritage components, as several monuments could be identified on site, without the heavy forest cover. Also
the drought awakened the local authorities like Gram Panchayat to revive the traditional rain water harvesting
system to overcome the water shortage. This lead to repairs and renovations of the traditional water channels
and tanks.

69
d. Visitor/tourism pressures
Rapid growth of pilgrim industry

Today, as many as 22 lakh visitors come to Pavagadh annually, the number shooting up to almost one lakh
per day during the Navratri festivals in the month of October- November. Within Champaner itself the
human and the vehicular traffic generated by the pilgrims to the temple is considerable. The local prosperity
is governed by catering to the pilgrims needs. It has resulted in a lot of unauthorised construction near the
Graffitti on one of the fort walls
bus stop, at Machi, and at Mauliya. Till now these unauthorised construction have not been detrimental to
the environment. It has provided sustenance to the pilgrims and livened up their journey. The variety of
structures is interesting in terms of planning, design and use of materials. This continued trend, may, in the
near future cause many negative results. Hence, a clear policy and minimal guidelines are required which
retains the present quality and continues the informal tradition.
The organisation and facilities that are provided for the pilgrims by the inhabitants are impressive. Gujarat
Tourism also provides good quality accommodation and hearty “Thali” meals for the weary pilgrims on
their way down at Machi. The ropeway is another welcome facility provided by the big industry. There are
several dharamsalas run by different communities and a wide option exists in catering from self cooking to
specialised meals for the orthodox palette. The number of pilgrims is increasing every year. There are many
who come to visit and pray at this temple, though the pilgrims aremainly from the region. There is reason to
believe that 100,000 pilgrims are catered to in a month. The local population is able to cope but soon the
limit of its management capacity will be reached.
Ropeway from Machi Plateau t Mauliya Plateau

70
e. Number of inhabitants within property, buffer zone
The District Census (1982) states that a population of 1,856 comprising 392 households lives in 387 houses
in Champaner. Out of this, about 200 are located in the main settlement within the enclosure. The majority
of the settlers had come here from nearby villages within Halol and surrounding talukas. They do not seem
to have settled here much earlier than 150 years ago and the earliest settlers probably came here at the same
time Champaner started gaining popularity as a pilgrim centre.
Not surprisingly, the major occupation is in the service sector which includes shopkeepers, milk vendors and
potters. The next most numerous are the government employees who work in the various State Departments.
Then come the grazers, casual labourers and agriculturalists. Only three heads of household claimed to be
unemployed, two of these are above the age of 60.
Typical Tribal Settlements along the pilgrims’ path
Ssettlement at Dudhiya Talao

71
6. Monitoring
Monitoring Recent research, reports and works have improved the baseline information, which enable a degree of measuring
conservation and change. Over two decades of continuous effort has brought a change in the definition of
Several kiosks encroaching the area adjacent to the Champaner- 36 protected monuments to a complex site with a medieval city and other heritage components.
walls of the Hissar- i- Khas precinct As yet there is no management in place; this applies to all sites in the country – protection and management
is very inadequate. However work in Champaner has been totally through the initiative of the Heritage
Trust, Baroda, the local NGO and of those individuals associated with this campaign.
a. Key indicators for measuring state of conservation

Standing Structures:
· Number of heritage components identified– recent research has changed the definition of heritage in
Champaner- Pavagadh from monuments to 13 heritage components. Ref Inventory Report
· Number of standing structures– recent research has changed the definition of heritage in Champaner-
Pavagadh from 36 monuments to 120 elements. The area of the site has increased.
· Number of monuments protected- 36 at present protected by ASI, one having been de-listed.
· Evidence of intervention to the heritage components.
· Evidence of problems observed in last few years- vegetation growth, graffiti, vandalism,
The same kiosks have been removed after a strict inapproachability, collapse due to forest growth.
action against encroachments taken by the ASI
Archaeological Sites
· Area of site brought under cultural jurisdiction.
· Area of site cleared in recent times- Buildings liberated from forest.
· Area or buildings documented.
· Area of site being damaged by forest.
· Area under illegal mining in site and around.
Pilgrimage:
· Increase in numbers over last five years.
· Impacts observed on site- Wear and tear on path, increase in the number of kiosks along the pilgrims’
path.

72
General:
· Area of encroachment increased or decreased.
· Area of site cleared of encroachers.
· Number of buildings that are sympathetic to site and those disturbing.
· Change in usage of the site. Increase in forest is having a negative impact unlike irrigation, which is
not so detrimental.
· New constructions in recent times- within the inner enclosure, on Machi and other plateaus.
b. Administrative arrangements for monitoring property
· As yet there are no administration arrangements as required by world heritage convention. But the
efforts currently have a conservation architect who is stationed for 50 % time at Champaner doing
surveys in collaboration with the local panchayat.
· The task force at the State level convened by the Chief Secretary of Gujarat for the New Archaeo-
logical legislation is also an ongoing effort
· The focus is on achieving basic management structure through legislation.
c. Results of previous reporting exercises.
Continuous and long term involvement on an informal basis – is our definition of monitoring and report-
ing. The information of inventory report 2001 seen in conjunction with that of 1987 report helps to present
Heavy encroachments around Dudhiya Talao in a better understanding of the site with its various heritage components.
need of clearance

73
7. Documentation
Documentation a. Photographs, slides and, where available, film/video
Documentation by J Burgess
Documentation by J Burgess

74
b. Copies of property management plans and extracts of other plans relevant to the property

75
c. Bibliography
1 Alfieri, Bianca Maria, Islamic Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, Mapin Publishing Pvt. Ltd.,
Ahemdabad, 2000.
2 Bayley, Sir Edward Clive, The Local Muhammadan Dynasties, Gujarat, S. Chand & Co. Ltd., New
Delhi,1970.
3 Bayley, Sir Edward Clive, The Local Muhammadan Dynasties, Gujarat, Bayley, Sir Edward Clive,
The Local Muhammadan Dynasties, Gujarat, S. Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 1970.W. H. Allen,
London, 1886.
4 Bhagwat A, “A Landscape Conservation Study- Pavagadh Champaner”
5 Brown, Percy, Indian Architecture, Islamic Period, D B Taraporewala Sons & Co. Pvt. Ltd., Bombay,
1964, Fourth Edition.
6 Burgess, James, Muhammadan Architecture of Bharuch, Cambay, Dholka, Champanir, and
Mahmudabad in Gujarat, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, 1994.
7 Census of India, 1981, “District Census Handbook- Panchmahals”
8 Census of India, 1971
9 Census of India, 1961
10 Commissariat, M.S. History of Gujarat. Vol. 1, Bombay, 1938.
11 ________, “A Christian Prayer Hall at Champaner”, in Indica, September 1977, vol. 14, no. 2, pp.
111-116.
12 District Rural Development Agency, Panchmahals, “Annual Action Plan for Integrated Rural Develop-
ment 1987-88”
13 District Rural Development Agency, Panchmahals, “Annual Action Plan for Centrally Sponsored Schemes
of Assistance”
14 Watson, J. W., The Indian Antiquary, A Journal of Oriental Research, Vol. VI, 1877.
15 Goetz, Herman, “Pawagadh- Champanaer” in Journal of the Gujarat Research Society, Volume XI,
Issue No. 2, 22 April, 1949.
16 Govt. of Gujarat, “Seventh Five Year Plan 1985- 90”
17 Govt. of Gujarat, “Panchayati Raj in Gujarat”
18 Govt. of GujaraAt, Report- “Commission on Backward Areas”
19 Govt. of Gujarat, Report on Quarrying
20 Govt. of Gujarat, “Gujarat Forest Statistics”
21 Havell, E.B. Indian Architecture: Its Psychology, Structure, and History From the First Muhammadan
Invasion to the Present Day, 1913. Reprinted by S. Chand & Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

76
22 INTACH, Paper- “Heritage Conservation Area”
23 INTACH, Paper- “Conservation of Architectural Heritage: Philosophy and General Principles”
24 Joshi, Ghanshyam, Pavagadh Darshan, Chiragh Printers, Ahemdabad, 1999.
25 Mehta, R. N., Champaner, An experiment in Medieval Archaeology, Ajanta Publications, Baroda,
1979.
26 Mehta, R.N. Champaner: A Medieval Capital. Heritage Trust, Vadodara.
27 Mehta R. N., “Champaner- A Guide Book”
28 Mehta R. N., Journal of Oriental Institute- Articles on Champaner
29 Mehta, R. N., Champaner, Ek Adhyayan, Maharaja Sayaji Rao University, Baroda, 1979.
30 Miles, William, “Account of the Hill-Fort of Champaner in Guzerat” in Transactions of The Literary
Society of Bombay. vol. 1, 1819. Reprinted at the Bombay Education Socity’s Press, 1877, pp. 150-156.
31 National Park Service. The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties
with Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes. U.S. Department of the Interior,
Washington D.C.,1996.
32 Patel, Dr. G. D., Gazetteer of India, Panchmahals District, Gujarat Governement Publications Depot,
Ahemdabad, 1972.
33 Sandesara, B. J. (ed.), Translation of Gangadhar Pranitam, Gangadasa Pratapavitasa- Natkam, A
Historical Sanskrit Play, Composed 1449, Oriental Institute, Baroda, 1973.
34 Thakur, Nalini, Note on Legal Status of Champaner, Unpublished, 2000.
35 Thakur, Nalini, Participatory Conservation Collaborative: A Regeneration Programme for Champaner-
Pavagadh,Unpublished, 2000.
36 Thakur, Nalini, Archaeological Park as a tool for Integrated Protecting Heritage Management with
Planning
37 Process: The case of the deserted 15th century capital site, Champaner- Pavagadh, Gujarat, Paper
presented at Goa, 2000
38 Thakur, Nalini, Champaner: Draft Action Plan for Integrated Conservation, Heritage Trust, Baroda,
1987.
39 UNESCO. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. Inter-
governmental Committee for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage , World Her-
itage Center, March,1999.
40 Thakur N., Studio Project IV B. Arch. “Interpretation Centre for Champaner”, School of Planning &
Architecture, New Delhi
41 Watson, J.W. “Historical Sketch of the Hill Fortress of Pawagadh, In Gujarat” in The Indian Antiquary:
A Journal of Oriental Research, vol. V1, 1877, pp. 1-9.

77
d. Address where inventory, records and archives are held.
Heritage Trust, Baroda

Basement, Meghdoot Apartment,
R. C. Dutta Road,
Baroda, Gujarat,
India.
Tel. No.: 91- 265- 338294

91- 265- 332965
email:kga@icenet.net

78
8. Signature on behalf of the State Property
Signature on behalf of the State Party
____________________ _________ ________________________________
Place date
Signature, title or function of the person duly
authorized

AUTHORIZATION
1. I, .......................................................................................................................................
the undersigned, hereby grant free of charge to Unesco the non-exclusive right for the legal term of
copyright to reproduce and use in accordance with the terms of paragraph 2 of the present authorization
throughout the world the photograph(s) and/or slide(s) described in paragraph 4.
2. I understand that the photograph(s) and/or slide(s) described in paragraph 4 of the present
authorization will be used by Unesco to disseminate information on the sites protected under the
World Heritage Convention in the following ways:
a) Unesco publications;
b) co-editions with private publishing houses for World Heritage publications: a percentage of
the profits will be given to the World Heritage Fund;
c) postcards - to be sold at the sites protected under the World Heritage Convention through
national parks services or antiquities (profits, if any, will be divided between the services in
question and the World Heritage Fund);
d) slide series - to be sold to schools, libraries, other institutions and eventually at the sites
(profits, if any, will go to the World Heritage Fund);
e) exhibitions, etc.
3. I also understand that I shall be free to grant the same rights to any other eventual user but without
any prejudice to the rights granted to Unesco.
4. The list of photograph(s) and/or slide(s) for which the authorization is given is attached.
(Please describe in the attachment the photographs and give for each a complete caption and the year
of production or, if published, of first publication.)

79
5. All photographs and/or slides will be duly credited. The photographer’s moral rights will be respected.
Please indicate the exact wording to be used for the photographic credit.
6. I hereby declare and certify that I am duly authorized to grant the rights mentioned in paragraph 1 of
the present authorization.
8. I hereby undertake to indemnify Unesco, and to hold it harmless of any responsibility, for any
damages resulting from any violation of the certification mentioned under paragraph 6 of the present
authorization.
9. Any differences or disputes which may arise from the exercise of the rights granted to Unesco will be
settled in a friendly way. Reference to courts or arbitration is excluded.
____________________ _________ ________________________________
Place date
Signature, title or function of the person duly
authorized

80
region used to be. A processional way links the royal
palace, through the city gate, with the mosque, outside the
Champaner-Pavagadh (India) precinct.
The second precinct, called Jahanpanah, is also in ruins
No 1101 and not excavated. It was the capital of Begharha, and
abandoned in the mid-16th century when conquered by the
Mughal Empire.
1. BASIC DATA The urban plan has been studied by exposing the main
road system – comprising of well built and paved streets,
State Party: India all leading from the surrounding fortifications to the centre
Name of property: Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological of the city. Whenever needed, topographic obstacles were
Park overcome by bridges and retaining walls.
Location: Gujarat state, district of Panchmahal The text is not clear about how much has been excavated
already, but it says that the whole area is now an
Date received: 29 January 2002 excavation site which includes:
Category of property: -Residential areas for the wealthy and more common
In terms of the categories of cultural property set out in people, with gardens and water channels being part of the
Article 1 of the 1972 World Heritage Convention, this is a design.
site. -Shops and commercial areas along some streets. Some
Brief description: shops with underground storage space.
A concentration of archaeological, historic and living -Pavilions and public gardens.

cultural heritage properties cradled by impressive -Mosques located in and near residential areas. Some of
landscape. It includes prehistoric (chalcolithic) sites, a hill them are monumental. Next to the mosques there are
fortress of an early Hindu capital, remains of the graveyards and mausolea.
15th century deserted capital of the state of Gujarat. The
last is partly buried, unexplored and untouched. The -Temples, located mainly on the Pavagadh hill, belong to
nomination includes also fortifications, palaces, religious different Hindu deities. The oldest of the temples is in
buildings, residential precincts, water installations and ruins, but all others, except for one, are in use. The temples
others. are richly decorated, mainly with stone carvings.
A temple of Kalikamata on top of the Pavagadh Hill is -Considered as the most important element of the place
considered as an important shrine, attracting large numbers and the ‘soul of Champaner’ is the Patha, or pilgrims
of pilgrims throughout the whole year. route. The city’s life and development were always closely
linked with the pilgrim’s road. It climbs from the plateau
to the top of Pavangadh hill, consisting of thousands of
2. THE PROPERTY steps and all kinds of decorative and functional structures
along it.
Description
-Mosques are some of the most monumental and important
In the words of the nomination file: ‘At Champaner the architectural elements on site. Some of them are
land, the people and the built heritage are individual forerunners of the Mughal architecture, being a mix of
components of a complex dynamic process.’ Hindu traditions and craftsmanship with Moslem ideology.
The structural systems also indicate the earlier Hindu
One of the very important components and values of this
elements (column-beam-dome) and later Moslem ‘import’
nomination is its setting. The sites within the nomination
such as large domes.
are situated at the foot and around the Pavagadh hill,
surrounded by lower hillocks, escarpments and plateaus – -Tomb structures are almost all square in plan, with a
all result of volcanic eruptions and lava flows. At the top dome resting on columns. They are highly decorated and
of the hill is the temple of Kalikameta. The site itself often linked to a mosque.
comprises of fortifications, water installations and different
standing structures from the 8th to 14th century as well as a -Military architecture which includes the fortifications by
deserted city of Mahmud Begharha. It includes also the walls and bastions, barracks and camps well built, as well
living village, Champaner, within the area of the historic as prisons.
town. -Palaces which are mostly in state of ruins. They belonged
The nomination text describes two precincts. to different royalties in different periods and in most cases
included gardens and fortifications.
The first is the Royal Enclosure, fortified by high
defensive stone wall, with towers and gates. It used to -Pavilions form an essential characteristic feature of the
house palaces, gardens, royal mosque and administrative gardens within palaces and outside them. These are
buildings. It houses now the modern village and considered as pleasure pavilions, for which Champaner
government offices. was renowned. Mahmud Begharha, for example, invited
the famous Persian landscapist to design his palace
Most of the precinct is buried and unexcavated. The gardens, probably including the pavilion.
exposed part can teach of what a medieval capital in this
26
-Gates: numerous gates lead the pilgrims to the top of – there is nothing in place and plans were not
Pavagadh hill. Others are openings in defensive structures implemented. The expert’s evaluation speaks of a
such as the city wall or palaces. Some individual gates ‘management system’ which looks ‘promising’ – but from
have extraordinary architectural features and importance. its description it seems more like a decision making
process. It is clearly stated in the evaluation report that
-Water installations are integral and important to the
there is lack of strategy, therefore decisions are rather at ad
culture and design of Champaner. They include water
hoc level.
storage systems such as tanks and reservoirs and water
collecting systems using dams. Different kinds of wells are The temples are managed traditionally and archaeological
known in the whole area – many of which still in use. remains are protected legally – but the nominated area
During the 15th century the water system was used for includes much more. It seems also that efforts are made for
pleasure and aesthetic purposes as well as for daily use. surveying and inventorying, but at the moment there is not
Some houses had running water and many of the gardens even a proper inventory of the properties on site.
and pavilions were decorated with water channels.
Legal provision:
The constitution of India recognises the value of cultural
History heritage. India has effective legislation to protect
archaeological sites but it is not mentioned in the
Some material remains prove that the area was inhabited
nomination file whether Champaner, in total or parts of it,
already in the chalcolithic period. It seems from existing
are declared as protected archaeological sites. ASI does
finds that it was then abandoned until circa 400 AD.
protect 39 standing monuments at the site.
An important non tangible component of the history of the
Much of the area comes under a ‘Reserved Forest Act’, but
site is the legend that the Pavagadh Hill is the place where
according to the nomination dossier it has no provisions to
the right toe of the goddess Kalika fell. This gives a special
protect cultural heritage.
meaning to the site – though can not be considered as
scientific part of its history. Management structure:
(There is nothing in the dossier regarding the period There is no management plan, no management structure
between 5th and 13th centuries AD.) nor regime. There is a system based on meetings of the
main stakeholders, to take decisions on different actions.
The area was conquered in the 13th century by Khichi
The system is not a legal structure but based on legal role
Chauhans who built his first settlement on top of Pavagadh
of some of the participants and much good will. There are
hill. These rulers built fortification walls along the plateau
interested groups, a lot of good will but it seems that there
below the hill. The earliest built remains from the period
is no clear commitment by any responsible authority, for
include temples. Other important remains from this period
the whole area, which could for some time replace
are water tanks.
management plans and implementation structure.
The Turkish rulers of Gujarat conquered Champaner in
The dossier indicates plans for the future and a landscaping
1484. With Mahmud Begharha’s decision to make
plan without any time frame nor indication of its legal
Champaner his capital, the probably most important
status.
historic phase of the area started. The new city was built at
the foot of the hill and not on top of it, as the previous Resources:
settlements were. Being a capital and residence of a king is
eloquently expressed by its architecture. Champaner There are no permanent financial resources. All financial
remained the capital of Gujarat until 1536. resources mentioned in the dossier were grants and
donations (all ad-hoc) with no indication for future
It was then deserted with no more important construction commitments.
periods. When taken over by the British in 1807, it is
reported that there are only 500 inhabitants in Champaner.
Nowadays religious importance is keeping the place alive. Justification by the State Party (summary)
This brings thousands of people as pilgrims, participants in The justification by state party is very vague. Though the
fairs and festivals. descriptions of the different components as well as the
pictures, show a very impressive and complex site – the
The main community is Hindu with a few Muslim, Jair and
justification for nomination is not always obvious.
Christian families. There are some nomadic, grazer groups
in the area. The 1982 census states that there is a It is based on stating that the site has:
population of 1856 inhabitants in the area, in 387 houses.
-Significant setting.
-Significant geology.
Management regime
-Significant Pre-History. Not even trying to explain its
It seems from the nomination dossier that there is very significance.
little management, no management structure nor clear
responsibilities. The dossier is talking of future actions to -Significant regional town planning. Being the place of
be taken in this regard, including the nomination of the regional capitals during Hindu and Mughal periods, the
whole area as an ‘archaeological park’ with administrative area can be significant for the understanding of the
structure, staff and a comprehensive plan. At the moment, planning of such towns, during these periods.
in spite of considerable efforts and different plans prepared
27
-Significant archaeological site. Probably the most Comparative evaluation
significant of all points, since the 15th century town is
Compared to other cities of the period and of the region
buried intact.
Champaner is the most complete with no changes. It is the
-Significant architectural components. Possibly true but the only existing complete Islamic pre-Mughal city.
dossier fails to show it and explain in what way they are
significant.
Outstanding universal value
-Significant water systems. There is no doubt that the
different solutions for catching water and using it for General statement:
architecture and for daily functions is significant and
impressive. It is unfortunate that what seems to be a possibly valid
nomination fails to prove its values and validity due to
-Religious significance, which according to the dossier has problematic nomination dossier. It is only through the
regional importance. descriptions and pictures that one can assume that the site
might meet the Outstanding Universal Value requirement.
Evaluation of criteria:
3. ICOMOS EVALUATION
The property is nominated on the basis of criteria:
Actions by ICOMOS
Criterion i: Being a masterpiece of the genius of Mahmud
An expert mission to the site took place in
Begharha, who founded several cities in the 15th century
September 2003.
AD.
ICOMOS has also consulted its International Scientific
Criterion ii: Interchange of human values over span of
Committee on Archaeological Heritage Management.
time, developments in Architecture or technology, town
planning or landscape design.
Conservation Criterion iii: Unique testimony to cultural tradition or
civilization living or disappeared.
Conservation history:
Criterion iv: Outstanding example of a type of building or
Several (39) individual monuments are being protected and architectural ensemble or landscape, significant stage in
conserved by ASI (Archaeological Survey of India). human history.
State of conservation: Criterion v: Outstanding example of traditional human
Majority of site has no conservation plans nor policy. Its settlement, land representative of culture, high degree of
only protection is the legal one and intentions for the survival.
future. All the above is in the words of the nomination file with no
Management: comparisons nor any further explanations to prove the
justifications.
Described in length under the relevant paragraph.
Statement of significance:
In short: There is no management plan nor a commitment
for preparing one. The dossier bases its statement of significance on the fact
that the importance of the site has been recognised by
No one authority that can be seen as responsible for the different organisations and by the state. It does not bring a
site. real statement of significance.
There is an ad hoc system in place. Seemed to the site Few words are being dedicated to the significance of past
evaluator as providing temporary answers to management builders to utilise difficult topography and that there are
needs. some best examples of military architecture.
Risk analysis: From the content of the file it seems that there is much
The dossier and the field evaluation point at different risks more – but the file fails to show it.
– lack of comprehensive planning, quarrying (though It can be concluded from the dossier that the most
much of it stopped), agricultural and industrial significant issue is that the 15th century city is an early
development, housing encroachment and certain planning Islamic, pre-Mughal city and a transition between the
activities by ASI (landscaping around individual sites). Hindu and Muslim traditions.
The expert’s evaluation states also the very important
Authenticity and integrity religious significance.
Since much of the archaeological site is unexcavated it is

as authentic as possible. Seems that most of the
surroundings has kept its authenticity.
28
4. ICOMOS RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommendation with respect to inscription
That the nomination be deferred to allow the State Party to
provide:
- A proper management plan which will include a
management regime and comprehensive planning. At the
moment there are just intentions for such regime
expressed in the dossier and there is no management plan
in place. 39 individual sites are managed by the
Archaeological Survey of India, but these are just
components of the nomination.
- An explanation of the Outstanding Universal Value
of the property, through the World Heritage criteria. Such
explanation is missing in the dossier.
- A comparative analysis which will show the special
qualification and importance of this property over similar
ones.
- Detailed plans of the individual sites included in the
nomination.
ICOMOS believes that according to nomination dossier,
describing the importance of the site for pilgrimage, it
would eventually meets also criterion vi.
ICOMOS, March 2004
29
par le temple de Kalikamata. Le site proposé pour
inscription comprend des fortifications, des installations
Champaner - Pavagadh (Inde) d’eau et différents édifices construits entre le VIIIe et le
XIVe siècles, ainsi que la ville abandonnée de Mahmud
No 1101 Begharha. Il comprend aussi le village actuel de
Champaner, situé à l’intérieur de la zone de la ville
historique.
Le texte de proposition décrit deux zones.
La première est la cité royale, entourée de hauts murs

1. IDENTIFICATION d’enceinte en pierre, hérissés de tours et percés de portes.
Cette cité abritait autrefois des palais, des jardins, une
État partie : Inde mosquée royale et des bâtiments administratifs. Elle
comprend aujourd’hui le village actuel et les bureaux du
Bien proposé : Parc archéologique de Champaner- gouvernement.
Pavagadh
La plus grande partie de l’ancienne cité royale est enterrée
Lieu : État du Gujarat, district de et n’a pas été fouillée. La partie découverte donne une
Panchmahal vision instructive de ce qu’a pu être une capitale médiévale
dans la région. Un chemin de procession passant par la
Date de réception : 29 janvier 2002 porte de la ville relie le palais royal à la mosquée qui se
trouve en dehors de la cité royale.
Catégorie de bien :
La deuxième zone, appelée Jahanpanah, est également en
En termes de catégories de biens culturels, telles qu’elles ruines et n’a pas été fouillée. Là se trouvait la capitale de
sont définies à l’article premier de la Convention du Begharha, qui fut abandonnée au milieu du XVIe siècle
patrimoine mondial de 1972, il s’agit d’un site. lorsqu’elle fut conquise par l’empire moghol.
Brève description : Le plan de la ville a été étudié en mettant au jour le réseau
des rues principales, travaux au cours desquels sont
Cet ensemble de biens appartenant au patrimoine apparus un puits et des rues pavées, toutes rayonnant du
archéologique, historique et culturel vivant est situé dans centre de la ville vers les fortifications. Partout où cela
un paysage d’une beauté saisissante. Il comprend des sites était nécessaire, les obstacles topographiques ont été
préhistoriques (Chalcolithique), une forteresse perchée sur contournés par des passerelles et des murs de soutènement.
une colline datant de l’ancienne capitale hindoue et les
vestiges de la capitale désertée du XVe siècle de l’État du Le texte n’explique pas clairement l’extension actuelle des
Gujarat. Cette ancienne capitale est en partie enfouie sous fouilles mais déclare que la totalité de la zone est
terre, inexplorée et intacte. La proposition d’inscription aujourd’hui un site de fouille qui comprend :
comprend également des fortifications, des palais, des
édifices religieux, des quartiers résidentiels, des - les quartiers résidentiels des populations riches et plus
installations d’eau et autres. modestes, comprenant les jardins et les canalisations d’eau
qui font partie de la planification de la ville ;
Au sommet de la colline Pavagadh se trouve aujourd’hui
un temple dédié à Kalikamata, considéré comme un - les boutiques et les marchés longeant les rues ; certains
sanctuaire important, qui attire toute l’année un grand commerces possédaient des sous-sols pour le stockage des
nombre de pèlerins. marchandises ;
- les pavillons et les jardins publics ;

2. LE BIEN
- les mosquées situées dans et autour des zones
Description résidentielles ; certaines d’entre elles sont monumentales ;
à côté des mosquées se trouvent des cimetières et des
Selon les termes du dossier de proposition d’inscription : mausolées ;
« À Champaner, la terre, les hommes et le patrimoine bâti
sont autant de composantes individuelles d’un ensemble - des temples, situés principalement sur la colline
dynamique complexe. » Pavagadh, sont dédiés aux différentes divinités hindoues.
Le plus ancien temple est en ruines, mais tous les autres, à
L’une des composantes et des valeurs très significatives de une exception près, sont encore des lieux de prière. Les
cette proposition d’inscription est l’environnement naturel. temples sont richement décorés, essentiellement de bas-
Les biens faisant partie de cette proposition d’inscription reliefs en pierre ;
sont situés au pied de la colline Pavagadh et à son
pourtour ; la colline Pavagadh est entourée d’autres petites - le Patha, ou chemin des pèlerins, est considéré comme
collines, de tertres, de plateaux et d’escarpements ; ce l’élément le plus important du lieu et « l’âme de
paysage est le résultat des coulées de laves et de l’activité Champaner » ; le développement et la vie de la ville ont
volcanique passée. Le sommet de la colline est couronné toujours été étroitement liés à ce chemin. Il s’élève du
33
plateau jusqu’au sommet de la colline Pavagadh ; il est (Aucune mention n’est faite dans le dossier concernant la
constitué de milliers de marches et de structures période comprise entre le Ve et le XIIIe siècle.)
décoratives et fonctionnelles variées ;
La zone fut conquise au XIIIe siècle par Khichi Chauhans,
- les mosquées comptent parmi les éléments architecturaux lequel construisit son premier établissement au sommet de
les plus imposants du site ; certaines d’entre elles sont des la colline Pavagadh. Les seigneurs de cette dynastie
précurseurs de l’architecture moghole, un mélange des entourèrent de fortifications le plateau au-dessus duquel
traditions et de l’artisanat hindoue et des préceptes s’élève la colline. Les temples comptent parmi les vestiges
musulmans. Les structures architecturales possèdent aussi bâtis les plus anciens. Il reste de cette époque d’autres
les premiers éléments architectoniques hindous (colonne, vestiges importants comme les réservoirs d’eau.
poutre, dôme) et des apports de l’islam tels que les grands
dômes. Les souverains turcs du Gujarat firent la conquête de
Champaner en 1484. En prenant la décision de faire de
- les tombeaux sont presque toujours de plan carré, avec un Champaner sa capitale, Mahmud Begharha amorça la
dôme reposant sur des colonnes. Ils sont très décorés et phase historique la plus importante de la cité. La nouvelle
souvent associés à une mosquée ; ville fut construite au pied de la colline et non pas à son
sommet, comme ce fut le cas pour les premières
- l’architecture militaire comprend les fortifications, des installations. L’architecture traduit parfaitement le statut
bastions, des baraquements et des camps construits avec de capitale et de résidence royale de la ville. Champaner
soin, ainsi que des prisons ; resta la capitale du Gujarat jusqu’en 1536.
- les palais sont pratiquement tous en ruines ; il ont Elle fut ensuite abandonnée et ne connut plus d’autres
appartenu aux différentes dynasties royales successives et périodes de construction importante. Lorsque les
comportaient pour la plupart des jardins et des Britanniques investirent la place en 1807, on rapporte que
fortifications ; Champaner ne comptait que 500 habitants.
- les pavillons sont une caractéristique essentielle des Aujourd’hui, c’est l’importance du caractère religieux du
jardins, à l’intérieur des palais comme à l’extérieur. site qui le maintient en vie. Le lieu attire des milliers de
Champaner était bien connue pour ses pavillons pèlerins et de participants à des fêtes et des festivals.
d’agrément. Mahmud Begharha, par exemple, invita le
célèbre paysagiste persan à dessiner les jardins de son La principale communauté est hindoue. Il y a quelques
palais, et sans doute le pavillon ; familles musulmanes et chrétiennes et quelques bergers
nomades. Le recensement de 1982 rapporte que la zone
- les portes, nombreuses, conduisent les pèlerins au comporte une population de 1856 habitants répartis en 387
sommet de la colline Pavagadh. D’autres s’ouvrent dans foyers.
des structures défensives comme les enceintes de la ville
ou des palais. Certaines de ces portes individuelles
possèdent des caractéristiques architecturales Politique de gestion
extraordinaires et exemplaires ;
Le dossier de proposition d’inscription fait apparaître une
- les systèmes de canalisation de l’eau sont intégrés et absence de gestion et aucunes structures de gestion ou de
inséparables de la conception urbaine et de la vie culturelle responsabilités clairement établies. Le dossier parle
de Champaner. Les aménagements comprennent des d’actions futures à pendre à cet égard, notamment le
réserves d’eau, des citernes, des réservoirs, des retenues classement de la totalité de la zone en « parc
d’eau et des systèmes de collecte utilisant des barrages. archéologique » doté d’une structure administrative, d’un
Différents types de puits ont été construits dans cette zone personnel et d’un plan détaillé. Actuellement, malgré des
– dont beaucoup sont encore utilisés. Au XVe siècle, le efforts considérables et l’élaboration de différents plans,
système de distribution de l’eau servait des objectifs rien n’est encore en place. L’évaluation de l’expert parle
d’agrément et d’esthétique ainsi que l’usage quotidien. d’un « système de gestion qui semble prometteur », mais
Certaines maisons avaient l’eau courante et de nombreux d’après sa description, cela se limiterait à un processus de
jardins et pavillons étaient agrémentés de canaux. prise de décision. Il est clairement exposé dans le rapport
d’évaluation qu’il y a un manque de stratégie et que, par
conséquent, les décisions se prennent sur une base ad hoc.
Histoire
Les temples sont gérés de manière traditionnelle et les
Certains vestiges matériels prouvent que cette zone était vestiges archéologiques sont protégés par la loi, mais la
habitée dès l’époque chalcolithique. Il semble, d’après les zone proposée pour inscription est beaucoup plus vaste. Il
découvertes actuelles, que le site fut abandonné vers l’an semble aussi que des efforts soient faits en direction
400 apr. J.-C. d’études et d’inventaires, mais actuellement, il n’existe pas
de véritable inventaire des biens du site.
L’histoire du site est marquée d’une composante
immatérielle importante : celle de la légende qui raconte Dispositions légales :
que la colline Pavagadh est le lieu où tomba l’orteil droit
de la déesse Kalika, d’où la valeur particulière du site, qui La constitution de l’Inde reconnaît la valeur du patrimoine
ne relève pas uniquement de la réalité historique. culturel. L’Inde dispose d’une législation capable de
protéger les sites archéologiques, mais il n’est mentionné
34
nulle part dans le dossier de proposition si tout ou partie du - des systèmes d’adduction d’eau importants ; il ne fait
site de Champaner est protégé en tant que site aucun doute que les différentes solutions conçues pour
archéologique. L’Archaeological Survey of India (agence capter l’eau et l’utiliser dans l’architecture et les usages
chargée de l’archéologie en Inde) protège les 39 édifices quotidiens sont significatives et impressionnantes ;
visibles sur le site.
- une importance religieuse qui, d’après le dossier, a un
Une grande partie de la zone est visée par la « loi sur la rayonnement régional.
réserve forestière » mais, selon le dossier de proposition
d’inscription, il n’existe pas de dispositions pour protéger
le patrimoine culturel. 3. ÉVALUATION DE L’ICOMOS
Structure de la gestion : Actions de l’ICOMOS
Il n’existe ni plan ni structure de gestion. Il existe en Une mission d’expertise de l’ICOMOS a visité le site en
revanche un système de réunions des principales parties septembre 2003.
prenantes qui prennent des décisions sur diverses actions.
Le système n’est pas une structure légale mais il repose sur L’ICOMOS a également consulté son Comité Scientifique
le rôle réglementaire de certains participants et sur une part International sur la gestion du patrimoine archéologique.
de bonne volonté. Il y a des groupes intéressés, beaucoup
de bonne volonté mais il semble qu’il n’y ait pas
d’engagement clair d’une autorité responsable quelconque Conservation
pour la totalité de la zone, qui soit susceptible de
remplacer pour quelque temps l’absence de plan de gestion Historique de la conservation :
et de structure d’application.
Plusieurs monuments (39) sont protégés et conservés par
Le dossier indique des plans pour l’avenir et un plan l’Archaeological Survey of India.
d’aménagement du paysage, mais n’indique pas de délais
d’application ni de statut juridique. État de conservation :
Ressources : La plus grande partie du site n’a ni plan ni politique de

conservation. Sa seule protection est juridique et inscrite
Il n’existe pas de ressources financières permanentes. dans des intentions pour l’avenir.
Toutes les ressources financières mentionnées sont des
subventions et des dons destinés à des missions Gestion :
particulières versés sur une base ad hoc, sans indication
d’engagements futurs. Décrite précédemment au chapitre Politique de gestion.
En résumé, il n’y a ni plan de gestion ni engagement en

Justification émanant de l’État partie (résumé) vue d’en préparer un.
La justification émanant de l’État partie est très vague. Il n’existe aucune autorité en position d’être considérée
Bien que les descriptions des différents éléments ainsi que comme responsable du site.
les photographies montrent un site véritablement
impressionnant et complexe, la justification de la Il a semblé à l’expert en mission qu’un système ad hoc en
proposition d’inscription n’est pas toujours évidente. place répond temporairement aux besoins de gestion.
Elle est fondée sur le fait que le site possède : Analyse des risques :
- une implantation géographique significative ; Le dossier de proposition et le rapport d’expertise

désignent différents risques – absence de plan détaillé,
- une géologie particulière ; pillage des pierres pour réutilisation dans de nouvelles
constructions (bien que cette pratique ait été en grande
- une préhistoire importante (sans effort pour expliquer partie stoppée), le développement agricole et industriel,
cette importance). l’empiètement des habitations et certaines activités
d’aménagement menées par l’ASI (aménagements
- un urbanisme régional important ; le site abritant les paysagers autour de sites individuels).
capitales régionales des périodes hindoue et moghole, la
zone peut être importante pour comprendre la planification
de ces villes à ces périodes de l’histoire ; Authenticité et intégrité
- un site archéologique important, d’autant que la ville du Étant donné que la plus grande partie du site archéologique
XVe siècle est intacte sous la surface du sol ; reste inexplorée, son authenticité est garantie. Il semble
que la plus grande partie des environs aient conservé leur
- des éléments architecturaux importants ; si cela est vrai, authenticité.
le dossier ne le montre pas et n’explique pas en quoi ils
sont importants ;
35
Évaluation comparative L’évaluation de la mission d’expertise mentionne aussi
l’extrême importance religieuse du site.
Comparé à d’autres villes de la même période et de la
région, Champaner est la plus complète et n’a subi aucun
changement. C’est l’unique ville islamique pré-moghole 4. RECOMMANDATIONS DE L’ICOMOS
complète existante.
Recommandation concernant l’inscription
Valeur universelle exceptionnelle Que l’examen de cette proposition d’inscription soit

différé afin de permettre à l’État partie de fournir les
Déclaration générale : éléments suivants :
Il est à déplorer que ce qui semble être une proposition - un plan de gestion approprié qui inclurait un régime de
d’inscription valable ne parvienne pas à prouver ses gestion et une planification détaillée. À l’heure actuelle,
valeurs et sa validité en raison de la faiblesse de son les intentions pour un tel régime sont seules indiquées dans
dossier de proposition. Ce n’est que par les descriptions et le dossier de proposition d’inscription et aucun plan de
les images que l’on peut supposer que le site pourrait être gestion n’est en œuvre. 39 monuments individuels sont
de valeur universelle exceptionnelle. gérés par l’Archaeological Survey of India, mais ce ne sont
que des éléments de la proposition d’inscription ;
Évaluation des critères :
- une explication de la valeur universelle exceptionnelle du
L’État partie suggère d’inscrire le bien sur la base des bien à travers les critères du patrimoine mondial. Cette
critères suivants : explication ne figure pas dans le dossier ;
Critère i : Le site est un chef d’œuvre du génie de - une analyse comparative qui montrerait les particularités
Mahmud Begharha, fondateur de plusieurs villes au et l’importance de ce bien au regard de sites similaires ;
XVe siècle apr. J.-C.
- des plans détaillés pour les sites individuels compris dans
Critère ii : Échange de valeurs humaines pendant une la proposition d’inscription.
période donnée, développement de l’architecture ou de la
technologie, de l’urbanisme ou de la conception paysagère. L’ICOMOS estime que, selon le dossier de proposition
d’inscription qui décrit l’importance du site en tant que
Critère iii : Témoignage unique d’une tradition culturelle lieu de pèlerinage, le bien se conformerait éventuellement
ou d’une civilisation vivante ou disparue. à l’application du critère vi.
Critère iv : Exemple éminent d’un type de construction ou

d’un ensemble architectural ou d’un paysage illustrant une
période significative de l’histoire humaine. ICOMOS, mars 2004
Critère v : Exemple d’établissement humain traditionnel,

d’un territoire représentatif d’une culture, haut degré de
survivance.
Tout ce qui précède reprend les termes du dossier de

proposition d’inscription sans comparaisons ou
explications supplémentaires pour justifier ces propos.
Déclaration de valeur :
Le dossier base sa déclaration de valeur sur le fait que

l’importance du site a été reconnue par différentes
organisations et par l’État. Il ne présente pas de véritable
déclaration de valeur.
L’accent n’est pas mis sur l’habileté des constructeurs du

passé qui ont su utiliser une topographie difficile et qui ont
construit des édifices comptant parmi les meilleurs
exemples de l’architecture militaire.
Il semble que le dossier ne rende pas justice à la grande

valeur réelle du site.
L’élément le plus important de ce dossier réside en ce que

cette ville du XVe siècle est une cité islamique pré-
moghole illustrant une transition entre les traditions
hindoues et musulmanes.
36

Champaner-Case ST 1

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World Heritage Scanned Nomination

File Name: 1101.pdf UNESCO Region: ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

SITE NAME: Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park

DATE OF INSCRIPTION: 7th July 2004

STATE PARTY: INDIA

CRITERIA: C (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

DECISION OF THE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE:

1.b State, Province or Region: Gujarat state, district of Panchmahal

1.d Exact location: N22 29 00 E73 32 00

2. Justification for Inscription

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

8. Signature on behalf of the State Party__________________________________________79

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

Minar Detail, Jami Masjid

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

Minar Detail, Jami Masjid

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

Mihrab Detail, Jami Masjid

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

d. Exact Location ,and Geographical

(i) Proposed Heritage Zone (Core): 1328.89

(ii) Proposed Buffer Zone: 2911.74 Ha

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

Facade of Jain Temple

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

Atak Fort Entrance

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

Sadan Shah Gate: a paraboloid entry into the Rajput fortification

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

Mausoleum Near Nagina Masjid

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

Pilgrims going for the blessings of Kalikamata

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

Entrance to Jama Masjid

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

Settlement at Machi Plateau

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

Inscription from Nani Ubharvan Vav

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

Champaner Pavagadh falls under 5 criteria.

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

Summary of the geology of Pavagadh section from the summit

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

Patha (Pilgrims’ Route)

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION

CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH WORLD HERITAGE SITE NOMINATION