Operating System For Ubiquiti M Series Products Release Version: 5.6

Operating System for Ubiquiti® M Series Products
Release Version: 5.6

airOS® v5.6 User Guide Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Supported Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
airOS v5.6 Network Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
airOS v5.6 Wireless Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Getting Started. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
M Series Product Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Navigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 2: Main. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Monitor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Chapter 3: Ubiquiti Logo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

airMAX Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
airSelect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
airView. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
airSync (GPS Series Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Chapter 4: Wireless. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Basic Wireless Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Wireless Security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Chapter 5: Network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Network Role. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Configuration Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Management Network Settings – Bridge Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Management Network Settings – Router or SOHO Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
WAN Network Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
LAN Network Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
DHCP Address Reservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Port Forwarding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Multicast Routing Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
IP Aliases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
VLAN Network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Bridge Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Firewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
IPv6 Firewall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Static Routes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
IPv6 Static Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Traffic Shaping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Ubiquiti Networks, Inc. i
Table of Contents airOS® v5.6 User Guide
Chapter 6: Advanced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Advanced Wireless Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Advanced Ethernet Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Signal LED Thresholds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Chapter 7: Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Ping Watchdog. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
SNMP Agent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Telnet Server. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
NTP Client. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Dynamic DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
System Log. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Device Discovery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Chapter 8: System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Firmware Update. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Date Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
System Accounts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Device Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Configuration Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Chapter 9: Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Align Antenna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Site Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Ping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Traceroute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Speed Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
airView. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Appendix A: Contact Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Ubiquiti Networks Support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
ii Ubiquiti Networks, Inc.

airOS® v5.6 User Guide Chapter 1: Overview
Chapter 1: Overview Supported Products

airOS v5.6 supports the M Series product versions,
Introduction including the following:
Welcome to airOS® v5.6 – the latest evolution of the airOS • airRouter™
Configuration Interface by Ubiquiti Networks. airOS v5.6 • Rocket™M
provides numerous updates, including: • Rocket™M GPS
• Private SNMP MIB • Rocket™M Titanium
• IPv6 Support • NanoBeam®M
• QoS for VLANs • NanoBridge®M
• Password Length increased to More than 8 Symbols • NanoStation®locoM/NanoStationM
• TCP Support for Remote System Logging • Bullet™M
• WPA-AES/WPA2-AES Security Only (WEP optional for • Bullet™M Titanium
AP‑Repeater mode)
• PicoStation®M
• 5 MHz Increments Available for Frequency Selection
When 5 GHz Devices Operate in airMAX® Mode (instead • PowerBeam™M
of channel shifting) • PowerBridge®M
airOS is an advanced operating system capable of • airGrid®M
powerful wireless and routing features, built upon a • WispStation™M
simple and intuitive user interface foundation.
• airGateway™
This User Guide describes the airOS operating system
For more information, visit: www.ubnt.com
version 5.6, which is integrated into all M Series products
provided by Ubiquiti Networks. airOS v5.6 Network Modes
Note: For compatibility, legacy or 802.11 a/b/g airOS supports the following network modes:
devices should use legacy firmware with airMAX
• Transparent Layer 2 Bridge
support (such as airOS firmware v4.0). Legacy
clients can only work as airMAX clients with the M • Router
Series device acting as an airMAX AP. • SOHO Router
Ubiquiti Networks, Inc. 1

Chapter 1: Overview airOS® v5.6 User Guide
airOS v5.6 Wireless Modes 4. Upon subsequent login, the standard login screen
appears. Enter ubnt in the Username and Password
airOS supports the following wireless modes: fields, and click Login.
• Access Point
• Station / Client
• AP-Repeater
System Requirements
• Microsoft Windows 7/8, Linux, or Mac OS X
• Java Runtime Environment 1.6 (or above)
• Web Browser: Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari, Google
Chrome, or Microsoft Internet Explorer 8 (or above)
Getting Started
Note: To enhance security, we recommend that
To access the airOS Configuration Interface, perform the
you change the default login in System > System
following steps:
Accounts. For details, go to “System Accounts” on
1. Configure the Ethernet adapter on your computer page 54.
with a static IP address on the 192.168.1.x subnet (for
example, IP address: 192.168.1.100 and subnet mask: M Series Product Verification
255.255.255.0). Starting with M series product models manufactured in
2. Launch your web browser. Enter https:// and the 2012, the airOS Configuration Interface (v5.5.2 or later) will
default IP address of your device in the address field. verify whether a product is genuine or counterfeit.
Press Enter (PC) or Return (Mac).
Prior to 2012
Device Default IP Address
For M series product models manufactured prior to 2012,
airRouter 192.168.1.1 airOS will NOT display any logo in the lower left corner of
Other Devices 192.168.1.20 the screen.
Starting in 2012
Note: HTTPS is the default protocol starting with
For new M series product models introduced in 2012 or
airOS v5.5.4.
later, airOS will display a Genuine Product logo in the
For example, enter 192.168.1.20 to access the Rocket. lower left corner of the screen.
New production versions of existing M series product
models began using the Genuine Product logo in 2012.
(Not all M series product models manufactured in 2012
will display a Genuine Product logo.)
3. Upon initial login, the Terms of Use appear on the login
screen. Enter ubnt in the Username and Password fields,
and select the appropriate choices from the Country
and Language drop-down lists. Check the box next to
I agree to these terms of use, and click Login.
For any M series product that is not an official Ubiquiti
product, airOS will display a counterfeit warning. Please
contact Ubiquiti at support@ubnt.com regarding
this product.
Note: If neither the Genuine Product logo nor

counterfeit warning appears, the device was
manufactured prior to the genuine product
verification process and is probably genuine.
If you have any questions, please email
support@ubnt.com.
2 Ubiquiti Networks, Inc.

airOS® v5.6 User Guide Chapter 1: Overview
Navigation
The airOS Configuration Interface contains seven main
pages, each of which provides a web-based management
page to configure a specific aspect of the Ubiquiti device:
• Ubiquiti Logo The “Ubiquiti Logo” on page 15
controls Ubiquiti’s proprietary technologies, such as
airMAX, airView, airSelect, and airSync (GPS Series
devices only).
Note: By default, indoor products, such as the
airRouter, do not display the Ubiquiti logo page.
However, you can enable the Ubiquiti logo
page through System > Miscellaneous > airMAX
Technology Features. For more information, see
“Miscellaneous” on page 55.
• Main The “Main” on page 5 displays device status,
statistics, and network monitoring links.
• Wireless The “Wireless” on page 23 configures
basic wireless settings, including the wireless mode,
Service Set Identifier (SSID), 802.11 mode, channel and
frequency, output power, data rate module, and wireless
security.
• Network The “Network” on page 31 configures the
network operating mode; Internet Protocol (IP) settings;
IP aliases; VLANs; packet filtering, bridging, and routing
routines; and traffic shaping.
• Advanced The “Advanced” on page 45 provides
more precise wireless interface controls, including
advanced wireless settings, advanced Ethernet settings,
and signal LED thresholds.
• Services The “Services” on page 49 configures
system management services: Ping Watchdog, Simple
Network Management Protocol (SNMP), servers (web,
SSH, Telnet), Network Time Protocol (NTP) client,
Dynamic Domain Name System (DDNS) client, system
log, and device discovery.
• System The “System” on page 53 controls
system maintenance routines, administrator account
management, location management, device
customization, firmware update, and configuration
backup. You can also change the language of the web
management interface.
Each page also contains network administration and
monitoring tools:
• “Align Antenna” on page 57
• “Site Survey” on page 57
• “Discovery” on page 58
• “Ping” on page 58
• “Traceroute” on page 59
• “Speed Test” on page 59
• “airView” on page 60

Chapter 1: Overview airOS® v5.6 User Guide

airOS® v5.6 User Guide Chapter 2: Main
Chapter 2: Main Device Name Displays the customizable name or

identifier of the device. The Device Name (also known
The Main page displays a summary of the link status as host name) is displayed in registration screens and
information, current values of the basic configuration discovery tools.
settings (depending on the operating mode), network Network Mode Displays the network operating mode.
settings and information, and traffic statistics. airOS supports three modes: Bridge, Router, and SOHO
Router. The default setting is device-specific. Configure the
Status Network Mode on the Network page (for details, refer to
”Network Role” on page 31).

Chapter 2: Main airOS® v5.6 User Guide
Wireless Mode Displays the operating mode of the Channel/Frequency Displays the channel number and
radio interface. airOS supports three operating modes: corresponding operating frequency. The device uses
Station, Access Point, and AP‑Repeater. The default setting the channel and radio frequency specified to transmit
is device‑specific. Configure the Wireless Mode on the and receive data. Valid channel and frequency ranges
Wireless page. If Station or Access Point mode is enabled, will vary depending on local country regulations. If the
then you can also select WDS (Wireless Distribution Channel/Frequency is labeled as “DFS”, then the device is
System) as needed. using a DFS (Dynamic Frequency Selection) channel. (DFS
airOS also supports airView (spectrum analyzer) mode, a channels/frequencies are not available on all devices.)
temporary mode that terminates all wireless connections. Channel Width This is the spectral width of the radio
To select airView mode, click Tools > airView or click channel used by the device. airOS v5.6 supports 3, 5, 7,
Launch airView on the Ubiquiti Logo page. When the 8, 10, 14, 20, 25, 28, 30, and 40 MHz; however, available
device is running in airView mode, all wireless connections channel widths are device-specific. In Station mode, Auto
will be terminated during the airView session. Close the 20/40 MHz is the value by default.
airView window to return to the previous wireless mode. Frequency Band Displays the actual operating frequency
Any M Series device may operate in only one of these range of the device. This is based on the selected
modes at a time. For example, if the device is running frequency, channel width, and extension channel on the
in Access Point mode, it cannot simultaneously run in Wireless page.
Station mode.
Distance Displays the current distance between devices
in kilometers and miles for Acknowledgement (ACK)
frames. Changing the distance value will change the
ACK (Acknowledgement) timeout accordingly. The ACK
timeout specifies how long the device should wait for
an acknowledgement from a partner device confirming
frame reception before it concludes that there has been
an error and resends the frame. You can adjust the
Distance value; for more information, see “Distance” on
page 46).
TX/RX Chains Displays the number of independent
spatial data streams the device is transmitting (TX)
SSID Displays the wireless network name (SSID). The and receiving (RX) simultaneously within one spectral
wireless network name depends upon the wireless mode channel of bandwidth. This ability is specific to 802.11n
selected: devices that rely on Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
(MIMO) technology. Multiple chains increase data transfer
• In Station mode, this displays the SSID of the AP the performance significantly. The number of chains Ubiquiti
device is associated with. devices use is hardware-specific because every TX/RX
• In Access Point mode, this displays the SSID configured chain requires a separate antenna.
on the device using the Wireless page. Antenna (Only applicable to devices with antenna
Security Displays the wireless security method being options.) The antenna type (Internal, External, or External +
used on the device. If None is displayed, then wireless Internal) is displayed. For more information, see “Antenna”
security has been disabled, although you can still use on page 26.
RADIUS MAC authentication. WLAN0 MAC Displays the MAC address of the device as
Version Displays the airOS software version. seen on the wireless network.
Uptime This is the total time the device has been running LAN0 MAC Displays the MAC address of the device as
since the latest reboot (when the device was powered up) seen on the LAN.
or software upgrade. The time is displayed in days, hours, LAN1 MAC Displays the MAC address of the device
minutes, and seconds. as seen on the WAN interface. This is the device’s MAC
Date Displays the current system date and time, which address as seen over the Internet.
is retrieved from the Internet using NTP (Network Time LAN0/LAN1 Displays the Ethernet port speed and duplex
Protocol). The NTP Client is disabled by default on the mode, such as 1000Mbps-Full or 100Mbps-Full. This can
Services page. The device doesn’t have an internal clock, indicate that a cable is not plugged into a device or there
and the date and time may be inaccurate if the NTP Client is no active Ethernet connection.
is disabled or the device isn’t connected to the Internet.
AP MAC In Access Point or AP‑Repeater mode, this
displays the MAC address of the device. In Station mode,
this displays the MAC address of the AP the device is
associated with.

Signal Strength (Available in Station mode only.) Note: For compatibility, legacy or 802.11 a/b/g
Displays the received wireless signal level (client-side). devices should use legacy firmware with airMAX
The represented value coincides with the graphical bar. support (such as airOS firmware v4.0). Legacy
Use the antenna alignment tool to adjust the device clients can only work as airMAX clients with the M
antenna to get a better link with the wireless device. The Series device acting as an airMAX AP.
antenna of the wireless client has to be adjusted to get airMAX Priority Available if airMAX is enabled in Station
the maximum signal strength. Signal Strength is measured mode only. Indicates the airMAX Priority set on the Ubiquiti
in dBm (the decibels referenced to 1 milliwatt). The logo page. By default the AP gives all active clients
conversion is defined as dBm=10log10(P/1mW). So, 0 dBm the same amount of time. However, if the clients are
would be 1 mW and -72 dBm would be 0.0000006 mW. configured with different priorities, the AP will give clients
A signal strength of -80 dBm or better (-50 to -70 dBm) is more or less time, depending on the priority.
recommended for stable links.
airMAX Quality Available if airMAX is enabled. airMAX
Quality (AMQ) is based on the number of retries and the
quality of the physical link. If this value is low, you may
have interference and need to change frequencies. If AMQ
is above 80% and you do not notice any other issues, then
you do not need to make any changes.
airMAX Capacity Available if airMAX is enabled. airMAX
Capacity (AMC) is based on airtime efficiency. For example,
if you have one client with a low data rate or you are using
a 1x1 device (such as Bullet or airGrid) alongside other
clients that are 2x2, then it will use up more airtime (slots)
for the same amount of data, reducing time (or capacity)
Chain or Horizontal/Vertical or External/Internal for other clients. The lower the AMC, the less efficient the
(Vertical) (Available in Station mode only.) Displays AP is. If you only have one client, this may not matter, but
the wireless signal level (in dBm) of each signal. Devices when you have many clients (for example, more than 30),
with fixed antennas display Horizontal/Vertical instead of then AMC becomes very important, and you want it to be
Chain. When chains are displayed, the number of chains is as high as possible.
device-specific. If you are looking at the client, AMC shows the theoretical
The NanoStationM900 loco displays External/Internal capacity of that client, based on current TX/RX rates and
(Vertical) if the Antenna option on the Wireless page is quality. AMC is a percentage based on what the maximum
set to External + Internal (2x2). For more information, see performance would be if the link were perfect. Clients
“Antenna” on page 26. with poor airtime efficiency can negatively affect other
clients by taking up more airtime while transmitting at
Connections (Available in Access Point or AP‑Repeater lower speeds. For example, client A is at MCS 12 (78 Mbps)
mode only.) Displays the number of wireless devices because of low signal. The client could theoretically
connected to the device. do MCS 15 (130 Mbps), so AMC is based on the ratio
Noise Floor Displays the current value (in dBm) of the of current rate/maximum rate (78 Mbps divided by
environmental noise (from interference) the receiver hears 130 Mbps), which is 60%. In a similar fashion, a 1x1 device
on the operating frequency. airOS considers the Noise will always have a maximum AMC of 50%, because it
Floor while evaluating the signal quality (Signal-to-Noise provides half the performance of a 2x2 device.
Ratio SNR, RSSI). The value mean depends on the signal If you are looking at the AP, then AMQ and AMC are
strength above the Noise Floor. averages of all clients’ values. If you want to discover
Transmit CCQ This index evaluates the wireless Client what is lowering your values on heavily populated APs,
Connection Quality (CCQ). The level is based on a single out the weak clients. You can either use airControl™
percentage value for which 100% corresponds to a perfect (recommended), or you can go to each client individually.
link state. Try to upgrade to a higher-gain antenna (to allow a better
TX Rate/RX Rate (Available in Station mode only.) data rate), or upgrade to a 2x2 device if you are using a
Displays the current 802.11 data transmission (TX) and 1x1 device.
data reception (RX) rates. airSelect (Available in Access Point or AP‑Repeater mode
airMAX Indicates the airMAX status. If airMAX is enabled, only.) Indicates the airSelect status. If airSelect is enabled,
the device will only accept airMAX clients. airMAX also airSync is not available. Access airSelect setup through
features advanced QoS autodetection settings. For more Ubiquiti Logo > airSelect.
information, refer to “airMAX Settings” on page 15. Hop Interval Available if airSelect is enabled. The duration
(in milliseconds) that the AP will stay on one frequency
before moving to the next.

airSync (GPS Series Only) Indicates the airSync status. If

airSync is enabled, airSelect is not available, and the device
in Master mode reports the number of airSync-enabled
devices in Slave mode. Access airSync setup through
Ubiquiti Logo > airSync.
GPS Signal Quality (GPS Series Only) Displays GPS
signal quality as a percentage value on a scale of 0-100%.
Latitude/Longitude (GPS Series Only) Based on
GPS tracking, reports the device’s current latitude and
longitude. Clicking the link opens the reported latitude
and longitude in a browser using Google Maps™
(http://maps.google.com). airMAX Gateway Displayed if your airMAX device is a CPE
Altitude (GPS Series Only) Based on GPS tracking, connected to an airMAX Gateway. You can click Connected
reports the device’s current altitude above sea level. (Click to manage) to remotely provision the airGateway.
Custom Scripts Displayed if custom scripts are present The CPE must be running airOS v5.5.8 or higher to be
on the device. If custom scripts are running, then the Main compatible for pairing. Follow these instructions on
page displays the status of this option as “Detected” and the CPE:
the Manage button. Click Manage and the Custom Scripts 1. On the Wireless page, configure Wireless Mode: Station.
Management screen appears: 2. On the Network page, configure Network Mode: Router.
3. For the Configuration Mode, select Advanced.
4. View the Bridge Network section. Remove all ports and
then remove the Bridge. (Refer to “WAN Network
Settings” on page 34 for more information.)
5. In the LAN Network Settings section, add LAN0 and
configure the rest of the settings. (Do not use the
• Enabled Select to run the custom script. 192.168.1.x subnet on the CPE’s LAN0 setup.)
• Script Name Displays a descriptive name. 6. Click Change.
• Download Script Click to download the custom script. To pair the airGateway, follow these instructions:
• Remove Script Click to delete the custom script. 1. Reset the airGateway to its factory defaults. (If the
• Save To save changes, click Save. devices are already connected, then reboot both
devices.)
Note: The device will be automatically restarted
when changes are saved. 2. Follow the instructions in the airGateway Quick Start
Guide (available at downloads.ubnt.com) to connect
• Close To close this screen, click Close.
the airGateway to the CPE.
3. Access the Configuration Interface of the CPE.
4. On the Main page, click Connected (Click to manage)
to remotely access the airGateway.

Monitor Latency (Available if the Auto Adjust setting is enabled

through Advanced Wireless > Advanced Wireless Settings.)
There are various monitoring tools accessible via the links Displays the latency value, in milliseconds, for wireless
on the Main page. The default is Throughput, which is frames.
displayed when you first open the Main page.
Distance (Available if the Auto Adjust setting is enabled
Throughput through Advanced Wireless > Advanced Wireless Settings.)
Displays the current distance between devices in miles for
Acknowledgement (ACK) frames. Click miles to display
the distance in km. Then you can click km to display the
distance in miles.
With Auto Adjust enabled, the auto‑acknowledgement
timeout algorithm of the device dynamically optimizes
the frame acknowledgement timeout value without user
intervention.
Throughput displays the current data traffic on the LAN TX/RX, Mbps The TX value represents the data rates, in
and WLAN in both graphical and numerical form. The Mbps, of the last transmitted packets, and the RX value
chart scale and throughput dimension (Bps, Kbps, Mbps) represents the data rates, in Mbps, of the last received
change dynamically depending on the mean throughput packets.
value. The statistics are updated automatically. CCQ, % This index evaluates the wireless Client
Refresh If there is a delay in the automatic update, click Connection Quality (CCQ). The level is a percentage value
Refresh to manually update the statistics. for which 100% corresponds to a perfect link state.
Connection Time Displays the station’s association time
Stations to the AP. The time is expressed in days, hours, minutes,
(Available in Access Point or AP‑Repeater mode only.) and seconds.
This selection lists the stations that are connected to the
Last IP Displays the station’s last IP address. Click the IP
device.
address to access the device.
Action Displays available options for this station. For
example, click kick to drop the connection to this station.
Refresh To update the information, click Refresh.
Station Information
The following statistics for each station are displayed in Detailed information is displayed when you click a specific
the station statistics window: MAC address:
Station MAC Displays the MAC address of the station.
This is a clickable link that will display additional station
information.
Device Name Displays the station’s host name. The
device name can be changed on the System page.
TX Signal, dBm The TX Signal, dBm Combined value
represents the last transmitted wireless signal level. Click
Combined to display the separate Chain 0 and Chain 1
signal values. Then you can click Chain0/Chain1 to display
the combined signal value. (Devices with fixed antennas
display Horizontal/Vertical instead of Chain. When chains
are displayed, the number of chains is device-specific.)
RX Signal, dBm The RX Signal, dBm Combined value
represents the last received wireless signal level. Click
Combined to display the separate Chain 0 and Chain 1
signal values. Then you can click Chain0/Chain1 to display
• Station Displays the MAC address of the station.
the combined signal value. (Devices with fixed antennas
display Horizontal/Vertical instead of Chain. When chains • Device Name Displays the host name of the station.
are displayed, the number of chains is device-specific.) • Product Displays the product name of the device.
Noise, dBm The Noise value represents the noise level. • Firmware Displays the firmware version of airOS.
• Connection Time Displays the amount of time the
station has been connected to the device. The time is
expressed in days, hours, minutes, and seconds.
• RX Signal The value represents, in dBm, the last • Negotiated Rate/Last Signal, dBm Values represent
received wireless signal level. the received wireless signal level along with the data
• TX Signal The value represents, in dBm, the last rates of recently received packets. N/A is displayed as the
transmitted wireless signal level. Last Signal if no packets were received on that specific
data rate.
• Noise Floor Displays the current value (in dBm) of the
environmental noise (from interference) the receiver • Kick To drop the connection to the station, click Kick.
hears on the operating frequency. airOS considers • Refresh To update the information, click Refresh.
the Noise Floor while evaluating the signal quality • Close To close the Station Info window, click Close.
(Signal‑to‑Noise Ratio SNR, RSSI). The value mean
depends on the signal strength above the Noise Floor. AP Information
• Distance (Available if the Auto Adjust setting is (Available in Station mode only.) This selection lists the
enabled through Advanced Wireless > Advanced Wireless connection statistics of the AP associated with the device.
Settings.) Displays the current distance between
devices in kilometers and miles for Acknowledgement
(ACK) frames. With Auto Adjust enabled, the device’s
auto‑acknowledgement timeout algorithm dynamically
optimizes the frame acknowledgement timeout value
without user intervention.
• CCQ The value represents the quality of the connection
to the AP. This index evaluates the wireless Client
Connection Quality (CCQ). The level is a percentage
value for which 100% corresponds to a perfect link state.
• TX Power Displays the transmit power (in dBm) of the
station.
• airMAX Priority The airMAX Priority of this station’s
traffic in comparison to the other stations.
• airMAX Quality The airMAX Quality level is based on
a percentage value for which 100% corresponds to a
perfect link state.
• airMAX Capacity This is an index of the maximum data
Access Point Displays the MAC address of the AP.
rate the link is operating at. A lower capacity number
indicates a unit that is slowing down the system. Device Name Displays the host name of the AP.
• Last IP Displays the station’s last IP address. Click the IP Product Displays the product name of the device.
address to access the device. Firmware Displays the firmware version of airOS.
• TX/RX Rate Displays the actual 802.11n data rate, Connection Time Displays the amount of time the device
which is restricted by the wireless link modulation/ has been connected to the AP. The time is expressed in
mode/protocol used, in Mbps, of the last transmitted days, hours, minutes, and seconds.
and received packets.
RX Signal The value represents, in dBm, the last received
• TX/RX Bit Rate Displays the actual bit rate, in bps, wireless signal level.
of the user data/traffic load/data stream/throughput
TX Signal The value represents, in dBm, the last
(the number of bits transmitted and received from the
transmitted wireless signal level.
station during the last second).
Noise Floor Displays the current value (in dBm) of the
• TX/RX Packets Displays the total number of packets
environmental noise (from interference) the receiver hears
transmitted and received from the station during the
on the operating frequency. airOS considers the Noise
connection uptime.
Floor while evaluating the signal quality (Signal-to-Noise
• TX/RX Packet Rate, pps Displays the mean value of the Ratio SNR, RSSI). The value mean depends on the signal
transmitted and received packet rates. strength above the Noise Floor.
• Bytes Transmitted Displays the total amount of data Distance (Available if the Auto Adjust setting is enabled
(in bytes) transmitted during the connection and a user- through Advanced Wireless > Advanced Wireless Settings.)
friendly equivalent in parentheses. Example: Displays the current distance between devices in miles for
Bytes Transmitted: 6329846 (6.33 MBytes) Acknowledgement (ACK) frames. Click miles to display
the distance in km. Then you can click km to display the
• Bytes Received Displays the total amount of data
distance in miles.
(in bytes) received during the connection and a user-
friendly equivalent in parentheses.

CCQ The value represents the quality of the connection to IP Address Displays the IP addresses of the interface.
the AP. This index evaluates the wireless Client Connection
Note: There are typically two addresses per
Quality (CCQ). The level is a percentage value for which
management interface in case IPv6 is enabled.
100% corresponds to a perfect link state.
Example:
Last IP Displays the device’s last IP address. Click the IP
192.168.1.20 FE80::227:22FF:FEEC:E770/64
address to access the device.
RX Bytes Displays the total amount of data (in bytes)
TX/RX Rate Displays the actual 802.11n data rate, which
received by the interface.
is restricted by the wireless link modulation/mode/
protocol used, in Mbps, of the last transmitted and RX Errors Displays the number of receive errors.
received packets. TX Bytes Displays the total amount of data (in bytes)
TX/RX Bit Rate Displays the actual bit rate, in bps, of transmitted by the interface.
the user data/traffic load/data stream/throughput (the TX Errors Displays the number of transmit errors.
number of bits transmitted and received from the station Refresh To update the information, click Refresh.
during the last second).
TX/RX Packets Displays the total number of packets DHCP Client
transmitted and received from the station during the (Available in Router or SOHO Router mode only.) Displays
connection uptime. the device’s WAN IP address, netmask, DNS servers, and
TX/RX Packet Rate, pps Displays the mean value of the gateway while the device is operating as a DHCP client of
transmitted and received packet rates. an external DHCP server.
Bytes Transmitted Displays the total amount of data (in
bytes) transmitted during the connection and a user-
friendly equivalent in parentheses. Example:
Bytes Transmitted: 6329846 (6.33 MBytes)
Bytes Received Displays the total amount of data (in
bytes) received during the connection and a user-friendly
equivalent in parentheses.
Negotiated Rate/Last Signal, dBm Values represent the
received wireless signal level along with the data rates Interface Displays the interface that connects to the
of recently received packets. N/A is displayed as the Last WAN.
Signal if no packets were received on that specific data IP Address Displays the IP address assigned by an
rate. external DHCP server connected to the WAN interface.
Reconnect To establish the wireless link to the AP again, If an external DHCP server is not found, the IP address
click Reconnect. will use the DHCP Fallback IP defined in the WAN Network
Settings. See “WAN Network Settings” on page 34 for
additional details.
Interfaces Netmask Displays the Netmask assigned by an external
Displays the name, MAC address, MTU, IP address, and DHCP server connected to the WAN interface. If an
traffic information for the device’s interfaces. external DHCP server is not found, the IP address will use
the DHCP Fallback Netmask defined in the WAN Network
Settings. See “WAN Network Settings” on page 34 for
additional details.
Gateway Displays the gateway address assigned by an
external DHCP server connected to the WAN interface.
Primary/Secondary DNS IP Displays the DNS IP
address(es) assigned by an external DHCP server. The
Interface Displays the name of the interface.
Domain Name System (DNS) is an Internet “phone book”
MAC Address Displays the MAC address of the interface. that translates domain names to IP addresses. These fields
MTU Displays the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU), identify the server IP addresses that the device uses for
which is the maximum frame size (in bytes) that a network translation.
interface can transmit or receive. The default is 1500. DHCP Server Displays the IP address of the external
DHCP server that assigns the WAN IP address to the
device.
Domain Displays the domain name.

Total Lease Time Shows the total time (validity) of the Interface The Bridge Table shows which bridge port
leased IP address assigned by the external DHCP server. or interface, LAN (Ethernet) or WLAN (Wireless), the
Remaining Lease Time Displays the remaining time specific network device is associated with. airOS can
of the leased IP address assigned by the external DHCP forward packets only to the specified port of the device,
server. eliminating redundant copies and transmits.
Renew To request new IP settings from the external Aging Timer Displays aging time for each address entry
DHCP server, click Renew. (in seconds). After a specific timeout, if the device has not
seen a packet coming from a listed address, it will delete
Release To release the current IP settings, click Release. that address from the Bridge Table.
Note: Releasing the DHCP client’s IP settings may Refresh To update the information, click Refresh.
terminate the management connection to the
device. Routes
Refresh To update the information, click Refresh. Lists all the entries in the system routing table.
ARP Table
Lists all the entries of the Address Resolution Protocol
(ARP) table currently recorded on the device.
ARP is used to associate each IP address to the unique
hardware MAC address of each device on the network. It
is important to have unique IP addresses for each MAC
address or else there will be ambiguous routes on the
network.
airOS examines the destination IP address of each data

packet traveling through the system and chooses the
appropriate interface to forward the packet to. The system
choice depends on static routing rules, the entries that
are registered in the system routing table. Static routes to
IP Address Displays the IP address assigned to a network specific hosts, networks, or the default gateway are set up
device. automatically according to the IP configuration of all the
airOS Configuration Interfaces.
MAC Address Displays the MAC address of the device.
Note: You can also manually add static routes (refer
Interface Displays the interface that connects to the
to “Static Routes” on page 43 for details).
device.
Refresh To update the information, click Refresh. IPv4 Routes
Destination Displays the IP address of the destination
Bridge Table network or host.
(Available in Bridge mode only.) The table displays the
Gateway Displays the IP address of the appropriate
entries in the system Bridge Table.
gateway.
Netmask Displays the netmask of the destination
network: 255.255.255.255 for a destination host or 0.0.0.0
for the default route.
Interface Displays the interface that will receive the
packets for that route.
Bridge The name of the bridge. Note: The default route is the route that is used
MAC Address The network device identified by its MAC when no other routes for the destination are found
address. in the routing table.

IPv6 Routes Port Forward

For IPv6 addresses, the airOS Configuration Interface (Available in Router or SOHO Router mode only.) Port
supports “::” (double‑colon) notation, which substitutes forwarding allows you to connect to a specific service such
“::” for a contiguous sequence of 16-bit blocks set to zero. as an FTP server or web server. Port forwarding creates a
Here is an example: 2001:db8::1 transparent tunnel through a firewall/NAT, granting access
If written out, the IPv6 address becomes: from the WAN side to the specific network service running
2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001 on the LAN side.
Note: You can also manually add static routes (refer

to “IPv6 Static Routes” on page 44 for details).
Destination Displays the IP address of the destination
network or host.
Gateway Displays the IP address of the appropriate
gateway.
Interface Displays the interface that will receive the Port Forward Rules Lists active port forward entries in
packets for that route. the PREROUTING chain of the standard iptables nat table,
while the device is operating in Router or SOHO Router
Refresh To update the information, click Refresh. mode.
Firewall Refresh To update the information, click Refresh.
When the firewall is enabled on the Network page, this Configure port forwarding rules on the Network page. See
option is available. By default, there are no firewall rules. “Traffic Shaping” on page 44 for additional details.
If the device is operating in Bridge mode, the table lists DHCP Leases
active firewall entries in the FIREWALL chain of the
standard ebtables filter table. (Available in Router or SOHO Router mode only with the
DHCP server feature enabled.) Displays the current status
If the device is operating in Router or SOHO Router mode, of the IP addresses assigned by the device’s DHCP server
the table lists active firewall entries in the FIREWALL chain to its local DHCP clients.
of the standard iptables filter table.
Firewall Rules IP and MAC level access control and

packet filtering in airOS are implemented using an
ebtables (bridging) or iptables (routing) firewall that MAC Address Displays the client’s MAC address.
protects the resources of a private network from outside
threats by preventing unauthorized access and filtering IP Address Displays the client’s IP address.
specified types of network communication. Remaining Lease Displays the remaining time of the
Refresh To update the information, click Refresh. leased IP address assigned by the DHCP server.
Configure firewall rules on the Network page. See Hostname Displays the device name of the client.
“Firewall” on page 42 or “IPv6 Firewall” on page Refresh To update the information, click Refresh.
43 for additional details.

GPS Details (GPS Series Only)

GPS Details (available on GPS Series devices only) displays
GPS Satellite details and Signal quality.

Log
When logging is enabled (see “System Log” on page
52 to enable logging), this option lists all registered
system events. By default, logging is not enabled.
Clear To delete all entries in the system log, click Clear.

Refresh To update the log content, click Refresh.

airOS® v5.6 User Guide Chapter 3: Ubiquiti Logo
Chapter 3: Ubiquiti Logo airMAX Settings

airMAX is Ubiquiti’s proprietary Time Division Multiple
The Ubiquiti logo page displays settings to enable, launch, Access (TDMA) polling technology. airMAX improves
and change settings for Ubiquiti’s proprietary features, overall performance in Point-to-Point (PtP) and
including: Point‑to‑MultiPoint (PtMP) installations and noisy
• airMAX® Provides superior wireless performance, more environments because it reduces latency, increases
clients per Access Point (AP), and lower latency under throughput, and offers better tolerance against
load. interference. Because of its advantages, airMAX also
• airSelect® Dynamically changes the wireless channel to increases the maximum possible number of users that can
avoid interference. associate with an AP that uses airMAX.
• airView® Ubiquiti’s spectrum analyzer. airMAX assigns time slots for each device communication
to avoid the “hidden node” problem, which occurs when
• airSync™ Synchronizes transmissions by GPS Series a node is visible from a wireless AP, but not from other
devices to eliminate co-location transmit interference. nodes communicating with the originating AP.
Note: By default, indoor products, such as the airMAX also features advanced Quality of Service (QoS)
airRouter, do not display the Ubiquiti logo page. autodetection settings. For airMAX to classify and
However, you can enable the Ubiquiti logo differentiate types of traffic when applying QoS rules,
page through System > Miscellaneous > airMAX the traffic must have a special value within the TOS
Technology Features. For more information, see (Type of Service) range and set in the IP Header DSCP
“Miscellaneous” on page 55. (Differentiated Services Code Point) field. The original
Change To save or test your changes, click Change. software or hardware device is responsible for setting this
value; airMAX will prioritize traffic only if this value is set.
A new message appears. You have three options:
There are four WME (Wireless Multimedia Enhancements)
• Apply To immediately save your changes, click Apply.
categories, which range from lowest to highest priority in
• Test To try the changes without saving them, click this order:
Test. To keep the changes, click Apply. If you do not
• Best Effort
click Apply within 180 seconds (the countdown is
displayed), the device times out and resumes its earlier • Background
configuration. • Video
• Discard To cancel your changes, click Discard. • Voice

Chapter 3: Ubiquiti Logo airOS® v5.6 User Guide
By default, all traffic is classified as Best Effort, so no Note: If you use Long Range PtP Link Mode, then
prioritization is applied. The categories can be defined the Auto Adjust setting on the Advanced page is
using the following values: not available.
802.1p Class of Service TOS Range DSCP Range WME Category If your device has multiple stations or clients, do not
0 – Best Effort 0x00-0x1f 0-7 Best Effort use Long Range PtP Link Mode; instead, enable the Auto
Adjust setting on the Advanced page (see “Auto Adjust”
1 – Background 0x20-0x3f 8-15 Background
on page 46 for additional details).
2 – Spare 0x40-0x5f 16-23 Background
• airMAX Priority (Available in Station mode only.) It
3 – Excellent Effort 0x60-0x7f 24-25, 28-31 Best Effort defines the number of time slots (or amount of airtime)
4 – Controlled Load 0x80-0x9f 32-39 Video assigned to each client. By default the AP gives all active
clients the same amount of time. However, if the clients
5 – Video
(<100 ms latency)
0xa0-0xbf 40-45 Video are configured with different priorities, the AP will give
clients more or less time, depending on the priority.
6 – Voice 0x68, 0xb8, 26-27, 46-47,
Voice
(<10 ms latency) 0xc0-0xdf 48-55
7 – Network Control 0xe0-0xff 56-63 Voice
For compatibility, legacy or 802.11 a/b/g devices should use

legacy firmware with airMAX support (such as airOS firmware
v4.0). Legacy clients can only work as airMAX clients with
the M Series device acting as an airMAX AP. Note: airMAX Priority only functions when
multiple clients have it enabled.
Note: To support legacy clients using airMAX, the M
Series device must run airOS v5.5 or above. airMAX Priority options include:
-- High 4 time slots (4:1 ratio)
airMAX Settings include:
-- Medium 3 time slots (3:1 ratio)
-- Low 2 time slots (2:1 ratio)
-- None 1 time slot (Default setting for clients; 1:1 ratio)
Clients with a higher priority have access to more of the
• airMAX (Available in Access Point or AP‑Repeater AP’s airtime, providing higher possible throughput and
mode only.) If airMAX is enabled, the device operates lower latency when sharing with other active clients.
in airMAX mode and only accepts connections from For example, if there are 3 clients, 1 set to None, 1 set to
airMAX devices. Medium, and 1 set to High, the None client will get 1 time
slot, the Medium client will get 3 time slots, and the High
Note: If airMAX is enabled, you cannot connect client will get 4 time slots.
standard Wi-Fi devices, such as laptops, tablets,
or smartphones, to the AP. airSelect
If the device is in Station mode under Wireless > Wireless Note: If you enable airSelect, then airSync is not
Mode, the device will automatically enable airMAX when available.
it is connecting to an airMAX AP.
(Available in Access Point mode only.) airSelect is a
• Long Range PtP Link Mode (Available in Access technology that avoids interference and increases
Point or AP‑Repeater mode only.) Acknowledgment throughput. It dynamically changes the wireless channel
(ACK) timeout settings are limited by device hardware by periodically hopping to the least used channel in the
specifications. Frequency List (user-defined) within a designated time
Note: Enable Long Range PtP Link Mode for PtP interval (user-defined in milliseconds). airSelect tracks
links only. interference levels on each channel used, hopping more
frequently to those with the least amount of interference.
If the following two conditions apply to your device:
airSelect options include:
• Connects to a single station or client (a PtP situation)
• The actual link distance exceeds hardware ACK
timeout limits:
• 27 km or 17 miles (40 MHz mode)
• 51 km or 32 miles (20 MHz mode)
then select Long Range PtP Link Mode.

• airSelect Check the box to enable airSelect. When • Do NOT warn me about this in the future Check the
airSelect is enabled, the AP and all associated clients box to bypass this window in future launches of the
quickly hop between frequencies to avoid interference. airView Spectrum Analyzer.
• Frequency List Available when airSelect is enabled. • Launch airView Click Launch airView to download the
Click Edit to select the frequencies that the AP will Java Network Launch Protocol (jnlp) file and complete
use for airSelect. Available frequencies are device- the launch of airView.
dependent.
• Hop Interval Available when airSelect is enabled. The
duration (in milliseconds) that the AP will stay on one
frequency before moving to the next. The default value
is 3000 milliseconds (ms).
• Announce Count Available when airSelect is
enabled. The number of times between hops the
AP will announce the next hop information (such as
frequency) to clients. For example, if the Hop Interval
is set to 3000 ms (default), and the Announce Count is
set to 30 (default), then every 100 ms the AP will send
an announcement with upcoming hop information
to the clients. The larger the time period between the
Announce Count and Hop Interval, the higher the risk
of timing drift (hops not being synchronized), so we
recommend that you keep the defaults or configure
the AP to send an announcement every 100 ms (set
the Announce Count to 1/100th of the Hop Interval).
airView
Use the airView Spectrum Analyzer to analyze the noise
environment of the radio spectrum and intelligently select
the optimal frequency to install a PtP airMAX link.
airView options include:
Main View
Device Displays the device name, MAC (Media Access

• airView Port Defines the TCP port used by airView on Control) address, and IP address of the device running
the device. The default port is 18888. airView.
• Launch airView There are two system requirements for Total RF Frames Displays the total number of Radio
the airView Spectrum Analyzer: Frequency (RF) frames gathered since the start of the
• Your system is connected to the device via Ethernet. airView session or since the Reset All Data button was last
Launching airView will terminate all wireless clicked.
connections on the device. FPS Displays the total number of frames per second (FPS)
• Java Runtime Environment 1.6 (or above) is required gathered since the start of the airView session or since
on your client machine to use airView. the Reset All Data button was last clicked. The wider the
interval amplitude, the fewer the FPS will be gathered.
Click Launch airView to use the airView Spectrum
Analyzer. On first use, the following window appears. Reset All Data Click to reset all gathered data. Use this
option to analyze the spectrum for another location or
address.
File Menu
Click Exit to end the airView session.

View Menu Charts
Enable Chart Panel 1 (top) Displays the Waterfall or

Channel Usage chart in Chart Panel 1, depending on
which option you have selected in Preferences. This
time‑based graph shows the aggregate energy collected
or channel usage for each frequency since the start of the
airView session.
Enable Chart Panel 2 (middle) Displays the Waveform
chart in Chart Panel 2. This time-based graph shows the RF
signature of the noise environment since the start of the
airView session. The energy color designates its amplitude.
Cooler colors represent lower energy levels (with blue
representing the lowest levels) in that frequency bin, and
warmer colors (yellow, orange, or red) represent higher
energy levels in that frequency bin.
Enable Chart Panel 3 (bottom) Displays the Real-time
chart (traditional spectrum analyzer) in Chart Panel 3. Enable top chart Check the box to enable the top chart.
Energy (in dBm) is shown in real time as a function of Select the desired chart to display in the top chart panel
frequency. on the main view. There are two options:
• Waterfall This time-based graph shows the aggregate
Note: Energy is the power ratio in decibels (dB) of energy collected for each frequency since the start
the measured power referenced to one milliwatt of the airView session. The energy color designates
(mW). its amplitude. Cooler colors represent lower energy
Clear All Markers Resets all previously assigned levels (with blue representing the lowest levels)
markers. Markers are assigned by clicking a point, which in that frequency bin, and warmer colors (yellow,
corresponds with a frequency on the Real-time chart. orange, or red) represent higher energy levels in that
Preferences Changes airView settings, such as enabling frequency bin.
or disabling charts and traces, or specifying the frequency The Waterfall View’s legend (top-right corner) provides
interval. a numerical guide associating the various colors to
Preferences power levels (in dBm). The low end of that legend (left)
is always adjusted to the calculated noise floor, and the
Select View > Preferences to display the Preferences - high end (right) is set to the highest detected power
airView Spectrum Analyzer window. level since the start of the airView session.
• Channel Usage For each Wi-Fi channel, a bar displays
a percentage showing the relative “crowdedness” of
that specific channel. To calculate this percentage, the
airView Spectrum Analyzer analyzes both the popularity
and strength of RF energy in that channel since the start
of an airView session.
Enable Waveform chart (middle) Check the box to
enable the middle chart. This time-based graph shows
the RF signature of the noise environment since the
start of the airView session. The energy color designates
its amplitude. Cooler colors represent lower energy
levels (with blue representing the lowest levels) in that
frequency bin, and warmer colors (yellow, orange, or red)
represent higher energy levels in that frequency bin.

The spectral view over time will display the steady-state RF Maximum Power Levels Trace Check the Enable box to
energy signature of a given environment. enable the maximum power trace. When enabled, the
Enable Real-time chart (bottom) Check the box to maximum power trace is represented by the blue area on
enable the bottom chart. This graph displays a traditional the Real-time chart, which displays the maximum received
spectrum analyzer in which energy (in dBm) is shown in power level data since the start of the airView session. To
real time as a function of frequency. There are three traces enable a shaded blue area, check the Shaded Area box.
in this view: To display only a blue outline without the shaded area,
uncheck the Shaded Area box.
• Current (Yellow) Shows the real-time energy seen by
the device as a function of frequency. Frequency Range Select the amplitude of the
frequency interval to be scanned from the Frequency
• Average (Green) Shows the running average energy Range drop‑down list. Available frequencies are device-
across frequency. dependent. There are pre-defined ranges for the most
• Maximum (Blue) Shows updates and maximum power popular bands. You can enter a custom range; select
levels across frequency. Custom Range from the Frequency Range drop-down list
Realtime Traces and enter the desired values in the Start and End fields.
Help
Click About to view the version and build number of the
airView Spectrum Analyzer.
airSync (GPS Series Only)

Note: If you enable airSync, then airSelect is not
available.
(Available in Access Point mode only.) airSync (available on
GPS Series devices only) synchronizes airMAX APs with a
satellite reference timing signal. When enabled, airSync
eliminates receive (RX) errors due to co‑location transmit
interference.
Note: To use airSync, all Stations must run airOS
v5.5 or higher; otherwise, they cannot connect to
any of the APs.
We recommend the following guidelines:
• Adjacent sectors should use different frequencies.
• Back-to-back sectors can use the same frequency.
• Do not use the same frequency on ALL of your
co‑located APs. Some of your co-located APs may be
able to use the same frequency, depending on the
scenario. See the following examples: Four APs and
The following settings apply only to the Real-time chart:
Two APs.
Current Real-time Trace Check the Enable box to enable
• The number of frequencies you should use depends on
the real-time trace. When enabled, the yellow outline on
the number of APs you have on a single tower because a
the Real-time chart represents the real-time power level of
client can get confused if it receives signals on the same
each frequency. The refresh speed depends on the FPS.
frequency from two different APs.
Averages Trace Check the Enable box to enable the
• If you are using more than one frequency, ensure that
averages trace. When enabled, the averages trace is
you have 20 MHz separation between the frequency
represented by the green area on the Real-time chart,
band edges. For example: if frequency range A ends at
which displays the average received power level data
5815 MHz, then frequency range B should start at 5835
since the start of the airView session. To enable a shaded
MHz or higher.
green area, check the Shaded Area box. To display only
a green outline without the shaded area, uncheck the
Shaded Area box.

We have the following examples: To sync multiple APs, these are the requirements:
• Four APs Use two different frequencies. Set the same • The master AP has IP connectivity (specifically UDP) to
frequency on each back-to-back pair of APs (this is the the slave APs.
ABAB channel design). For example, a client is located • All APs have an active GPS signal.
equidistant from two APs (one set to frequency A and
one set to frequency B). The client will only receive • You have configured the transmit and receive durations
signals from the AP that shares its frequency. on the master AP.
After you configure these durations, or slots, on the
master AP, they are passed along to all slave APs. The same
transmit and receive durations allow each AP to determine
when to start transmitting, and when to start receiving.
Slots are configured in µs (microseconds) and specify the
period of time the AP will transmit (Down Slot), and receive
(Up Slot). The Down Slot sets the amount of time for client
users to download, while the Up Slot sets the amount of
time for client users to upload.
You can think of the Down Slot period and Up Slot period
as a ratio. If the Down Slot is set to 4000 µs, and the Up Slot
is set to 2000 µs, the AP allocates 66% [4000/(4000+2000)]
Three APs Set a different frequency on each AP (this is of its time providing clients’ download slots, while the AP
the ABC channel design). For example, a client is located allocates the remaining 33% to clients’ upload slots.
equidistant from two APs (one set to frequency A and Some usage scenarios may require use of the Timing
one set to frequency B). The client will only receive signals Override feature, depending on users’ upload and
from the AP that shares its frequency. A different client is download traffic. If an AP group’s users will primarily be
located equidistant from a different pair of APs (one set downloading, increase the ratio of Down Slots to Up Slots.
to frequency B and one set to frequency C). This client will
Similarly, if an AP group has more business users and
only receive signals from the AP that shares its frequency.
needs higher upload speeds, use a more even Down Slot/
Up Slot ratio. Depending on traffic patterns, you may need
to adjust the Down Slot/Up Slot ratio as needed.
airSync options include:
• Enable airSync Check the box to enable airSync.

• Mode Available when airSync is enabled. Select Master
• Two APs Set the same frequency on both APs located or Slave depending on which device is configured in
back to back (this is the AA channel design). Master mode and which devices are configured in Slave
mode. The device in Master mode synchronizes with all
connected peers in Slave mode.
• Port Available when airSync is enabled. By default, the
port is set to 64250 but you can change the value in the
field.

• Timing Override (Master) Available when airSync

is enabled on the Master AP. Check the box to enable
Timing Override. Uncheck the box to disable Timing
Override and restore default settings, which vary
depending on the channel bandwidth:
Channel Bandwidth Down Slot Up Slot

40 MHz 2000 µs 2000 µs
30 MHz 4000 µs 4000 µs
20 MHz 4000 µs 4000 µs

10 MHz 4000 µs 4000 µs
8 MHz 4000 µs 4000 µs
5 MHz 8000 µs 8000 µs
• Master IP (Slave) Available when airSync is enabled on

the slave AP. Enter the IP address of the master AP.


airOS® v5.6 User Guide Chapter 4: Wireless
Chapter 4: Wireless A new message appears. You have three options:

The Wireless page contains everything needed to set up • Test To try the changes without saving them, click
the wireless part of the link. This includes SSID, channel Test. To keep the changes, click Apply. If you do not
and frequency settings, device mode, data rates, and click Apply within 180 seconds (the countdown is
wireless security. displayed), the device times out and resumes its earlier
configuration.
• Discard To cancel your changes, click Discard.
Basic Wireless Settings

In this section, configure the basic wireless settings, such
as wireless mode, wireless network name (SSID), country
code, 802.11 mode, output power, and data rates.
Wireless Mode Specify the Wireless Mode of the
device. The mode depends on the network topology
requirements. airOS supports the following modes:
• Station If you have a client device to connect to an
AP, configure the client device as Station mode. The
client device acts as the subscriber station while it is
connecting to the AP. The SSID of the AP is used, and all
the traffic to and from the network devices connected to
Change To save or test your changes, click Change.
the Ethernet interface is forwarded.
Note: If WDS (Transparent Bridge Mode) is
disabled, the radio uses arpnat, which results
in non-transparent bridging. To have a fully
transparent bridge, select Station and then
enable WDS (Transparent Bridge Mode).

Chapter 4: Wireless airOS® v5.6 User Guide
Auto (Available in AP‑Repeater mode only.) Check the

Auto box to automatically establish WDS connections
between APs in AP‑Repeater mode. If the Auto option
is enabled, the device will choose WDS Peers (APs in
AP‑Repeater mode) according to the SSID setting.
Note: All APs in AP‑Repeater mode (WDS Peers)
must operate on the same frequency channel, use
the same channel spectrum width, and share the
same security settings.
• Access Point If you have a single device to act as

an AP, configure it as Access Point mode. The device WDS Peers (Available in AP‑Repeater mode only.) If you
functions as an AP that connects multiple client devices. do not enable the Auto option, then specify the APs in
If you have multiple APs repeating signals where AP‑Repeater mode. Enter the MAC address of each AP
Ethernet connections are not readily available, then use in each WDS Peers field. One MAC address should be
AP‑Repeater mode. specified for a Point-to-Point (PtP) connection use case.
Note: For Access Point (WDS) mode, select Access You can specify up to six WDS Peers for a Point-to-Multi-
Point and then enable WDS (Transparent Bridge Point (PtMP) connection use case.
Mode). SSID If the device is operating in Access Point or
• AP‑Repeater If you have multiple APs, configure them AP‑Repeater mode, specify the wireless network name or
as AP‑Repeater mode to create a wireless network SSID (Service Set Identifier) used to identify your WLAN.
infrastructure, WDS. If the Auto option is enabled, all APs All the client devices within range will receive broadcast
using the same wireless mode (AP‑Repeater) and SSID messages from the AP advertising this SSID.
automatically establish the WDS connections. (Client If the device is operating in Station mode, specify the
devices can still connect to APs in AP‑Repeater mode.) SSID of the AP the device is associated with. There can be
Note: For AP‑Repeater mode, the WPA™/WPA2™ several APs with an identical SSID.
security methods will not work; instead, use Select (Available in Station mode only.) To display the list
none or the WEP security method (this may of available APs, click Select.
compromise the security of your network). The Site Survey tool will search for available wireless
You still have the option of using RADIUS MAC networks in range on all supported channels and allow
authentication and MAC ACL. you to select one for association. In case the selected
WPA or WPA2 requires different roles on AP network uses encryption, you’ll need to configure security
configuration (authenticator or supplicant). on the Wireless page.
WDS (Transparent Bridge Mode) (Available in Access • Lock to AP Select the AP from the list. Click Lock to AP
Point or Station mode only.) In most cases, we recommend to allow the station to always maintain a connection to
that you use WDS because it enables transparent Layer 2 an AP with a specific MAC address.
traffic. To use WDS with Station or Access Point mode, • Select Select the AP from the list and click Select for
check the Enable box. association.
The WDS protocol is not defined as a standard, so there • Scan Click Scan to refresh the list of available wireless
may be compatibility issues between equipment from networks.
different vendors.
You can change the list of Scanned Frequencies for the
• Station (WDS) Station (WDS) mode should be used if Site Survey using the Frequency List option if it is enabled.
the device is connecting to an AP in Access Point (WDS)
Lock to AP MAC (Available in Station mode only.) This
mode.
allows the station to always maintain a connection
• Access Point (WDS) Access Point (WDS) mode allows to an AP with a specific MAC address. This is useful as
Layer 2 bridging with devices in Station (WDS) mode. sometimes there can be multiple APs using the same SSID.
Note: If you connect devices running in Station Enter a MAC address in the Lock to AP MAC field, and the
(WDS) mode to a device running in Access Point station will lock to the AP with this specific MAC address
(WDS) mode, then all security methods (including and not roam between several APs with the same SSID.
WPA/WPA2 encryption) are available and work
properly.

Hide SSID (Available in Access Point or AP‑Repeater Channel Width Displays the spectral width of the radio
mode only.) When Hide SSID is enabled, the SSID (wireless channel. You can use this option to control the bandwidth
network name) will not be broadcast to wireless stations. consumed by your link.
Country Code Each country has their own power level Using higher bandwidth increases throughput. Using
and frequency regulations. To ensure the device operates lower bandwidth:
under the necessary regulatory compliance rules, you must • Reduces throughput proportional to the reduction in
select the country where your device will be used. The IEEE channel size. For example, as 40 MHz increases possible
802.11 mode, channel and frequency settings, and output speeds by 2x, half spectrum channel (10 MHz) decreases
power limits will be tuned according to the regulations of possible speeds by 2x.
the selected country.
• Increases the number of available, non-overlapping
IEEE 802.11 Mode This is the radio standard used for channels, so networks can scale better.
operation of your device. 802.11b, 802.11a, and 802.11g
are older standards, while 802.11n is a newer standard • Increases the Power Spectral Density (PSD) of the
that provides higher capacity and better performance. channel, so you can increase the link distance – more
Options include: robust links over long distances.
• A/N mixed Connects to an 802.11a or 802.11n network. Available channel widths are device-specific. Supported
This mode offers better compatibility. A/N mixed mode is wireless channel spectrum widths include:
selected by default on the following devices: • 3 MHz The channel spectrum with the width of 3 MHz.
-- M900 Series devices • 5 MHz The channel spectrum with the width of 5 MHz
-- M3 Series devices (known as Quarter-Rate mode).
-- M365 Series devices • 7 MHz The channel spectrum with the width of 7 MHz.
-- M5 Series devices • 8 MHz The channel spectrum with the width of 8 MHz.
• B/G/N mixed Connects to an 802.11b, 802.11g, or • 10 MHz The channel spectrum with the width of
802.11n network. This mode offers better compatibility. 10 MHz (known as Half-Rate mode).
B/G/N mixed mode is selected by default on the • 14 MHz The channel spectrum with the width of
following devices: 14 MHz.
-- M2 Series devices • 20 MHz The standard channel spectrum width of
DFS (Only applicable to specific 5 GHz devices configured 20 MHz (selected by default).
with specific Country Codes.) Radar systems use specific Note: To connect standard Wi-Fi devices that use
frequencies in the 5 GHz range. DFS (Dynamic Frequency the 2.4 GHz band, ensure that 20 MHz is selected.
Selection) technology avoids interference with radar
• 25 MHz The channel spectrum with the width of
signals. Depending on the regulations of the country
25 MHz.
selected in the Country Code option:
• 28 MHz The channel spectrum with the width of
• Specific 5 GHz devices may be allowed use of DFS
28 MHz.
frequencies in the UNII‑2 band (5.25 - 5.725 GHz) if they
use DFS technology. • 30 MHz The channel spectrum with the width of
30 MHz.
• The DFS option may be available in airOS. If available,
then you can use this option to enable or disable DFS • 40 MHz The channel spectrum with the width of
functionality. 40 MHz.
Before your device starts using a DFS frequency, it • Auto 20/40 MHz (Available in Station mode only.)
may lose connection for 1 or 10 minutes during the Offers better compatibility.
Channel Availability Check (CAC) time, depending on Channel Shifting (Not available for 5 GHz products.)
the frequency. (In particular, weather radar frequencies, Enables special channels with a frequency offset regarding
5600 - 5650 MHz, may have long wait times.) standard 802.11b/g/n channels. This is a proprietary
If your device detects a radar on that frequency, it adds feature developed by Ubiquiti Networks. Channel shifting
this frequency to a blacklist for 30 minutes. If only one uses non-standard (non‑802.11) channels offset from the
frequency is on the Frequency List, then the device will standard channels. All the channels can be shifted by
lose connection for 30‑40 minutes after it detects the 2 MHz (in 802.11b/g/n) from the default central channel
radar. Also, any radio operating with Equivalent Isotropic frequency.
Radiated Power (EIRP) > 200 mW will lose connection for Note: Channel Shifting is not compatible with legacy
30 minutes if it detects a radar. products.
The benefits of Channel Shifting include private
networking and inherent security, so your network is less
likely to be detected by other Wi‑Fi devices.

Frequency, MHz The default, auto, allows the device Calculate EIRP Limit (Not applicable to the
to automatically select the frequency. You can specify a NanoStationM900 loco.) Mandatory for all US products
frequency from the drop-down list. You can change the list with fixed antennas, this option should remain enabled
using the Frequency List option if it is enabled. so it forces the transmit output power to comply with the
If DFS frequencies in the UNII-2 band (5.25 ‑ 5.725 GHz) regulations of the selected country. If enabled, you cannot
should be available for your device but are not displayed set EIRP above the amount allowed per regulatory domain
in the drop-down list, then the DFS frequencies are locked. (different maximum output power levels and antenna
For information on how to unlock the DFS frequencies, gains are allowed for each IEEE 802.11b/g/n regulatory
refer to this option, “UNII-2 Band” on page 55. domain or country).
Extension Channel (Available in Access Point or To disable EIRP Limit calculation, you must enable the
AP‑Repeater mode only with 40 MHz channel width Installer EIRP Control setting on the Advanced page.
enabled.) A 40 MHz channel is two 20 MHz channels Antenna (Available for devices with multiple antenna
bonded together. The Extension Channel tells the radio gain options.) Devices that have internal antennas do not
to append an additional channel either above or below offer the Antenna field; however, their default settings (if
the existing standard channel. For example, if you select applicable) are still listed for your reference.
5805 MHz (40 MHz channel) and Lower, the radio will use
Note: NanoBeam with dish antenna models are
(5775 to 5795 MHz) + (5795 to 5815 MHz), but if you select
now renamed as PowerBeam.
5805 MHz (40 MHz channel) and Upper, the radio will use
(5795 to 5815 MHz) + (5815 to 5835 MHz). Follow the instructions for your M model device:
Frequency List, MHz (Available in Access Point or • airGridM2/M2 HP Select the size of the grid reflector,
AP‑Repeater mode only.) Multiple frequencies are available 11x14 – 16 dBi or 17x24 – 20 dBi. For no gain, select
to avoid interference between nearby APs. The frequency Not specified. If you are not using a grid reflector, then
list varies depending on the selected Country Code, IEEE keep the default, Feed only - 3 dBi.
802.11 Mode, Channel Width, and Channel Shifting options. • airGridM5/M5 HP Select the size of the grid reflector,
This restricts AP operation to the selected frequencies 11x14 – 23 dBi, 17x24 - 28 dBi (M5), or 17x24 – 27 dBi
when the auto option is enabled. (M5 HP). For no gain, select Not specified. If you are not
Once enabled, click Edit to open the Frequency List using a grid reflector, then keep the default, Feed only -
window. 3 dBi.
• LiteStationM5 Select the appropriate option,
Horizontal (6 dBi) or Vertical (6 dBi). The default is
Horizontal.
• NanoBeamM5 16 The default is 16 dBi.
• NanoBeamM5 19 The default is 19 dBi.
• NanoBridgeM2 If you are not using a dish reflector,
then select Feed only - 3 dBi. Otherwise, keep the
default, 18 dBi.
Select the frequencies and click OK, or click Close to close • NanoBridgeM3/M365 The default is 19 dBi.
the window without any selections. • NanoBridgeM5 Select the size of the dish reflector,
Frequency Scan List, MHz (Available in Station mode 300 - 22 dBi or 400 - 25 dBi. For no gain, select Not
only.) This restricts scanning to only the selected specified. The default is Feed only - 3 dBi. If you are not
frequencies. The benefits are faster scanning as well as using a grid reflector, then keep the default, Feed only -
filtering out unwanted APs in the results. The Site Survey 3 dBi.
tool will look for APs in selected frequencies only. Once • NanoBridgeM900 The default is 13 dBi.
enabled, click Edit to open the Frequency List window.
• NanoStationM2 The default is 11 dBi.
• NanoStationM3/M365 The default is 12 dBi.
• NanoStationM5/M6 The default is 16 dBi.
• NanoStationM900 The default is Internal (2x2) for
11 dBi.
• NanoStationM2 loco The default is 8 dBi.
• NanoStationM5 loco The default is 13 dBi.
Select the frequencies that you want to scan and click OK,
or click Close to close the window without any selections.

• NanoStationM900 loco Select the appropriate option: For example, if a problematic link has traffic stability issues
Internal (2x2) for 8 dBi, External (1x1), or External + and uses the Default, you may want to try the Alternative
Internal (2x2). The external RP-SMA maps to chain 0, to see if it improves the situation.
which is the horizontal polarity internally. The default is
Note: The Data Rate Module affects the TX rate only,
Internal (2x2).
not the RX rate. You can select Default or Alternative
• PowerBeamM2 400 If you are not using a dish reflector, on a single device; this option does not depend
then select Feed only - 3 dBi. Otherwise, keep the on which algorithm is selected on the AP or its
default, 400 - 18 dBi. stations.
• PowerBeamM5 300 If you are not using a dish reflector, Max TX Rate, Mbps Defines the maximum data rate
then select Feed only - 3 dBi. Otherwise, keep the range (in Mbps) at which the device should transmit
default, 300 - 22 dBi. wireless packets. You can fix a specific data rate between
MCS 0 and MCS 7 (or MCS 15 for 2x2 chain devices). We
recommend that you use the automatic option, especially
if you are having trouble getting connected or losing data
at a higher rate. In this case, the lower data rates will be
• PowerBeamM5 400 If you are not using a dish reflector,
used automatically. If you select 20 MHz for the Channel
then select Feed only - 3 dBi. Otherwise, keep the
Width, the maximum data rate is MCS 7 - 65/72.2 (Mbps)
default, 400 - 25 dBi.
or MCS 15 - 130/144.4 (Mbps). If you select 40 MHz for the
• PowerBeamM5 620 If you are not using a dish reflector, Channel Width, the maximum data rate is MCS 7 - 135/150
then select Feed only - 3 dBi. Otherwise, keep the (Mbps) or MCS 15 - 270/300 (Mbps).
default, 620 - 29 dBi.
• Automatic If enabled, the rate algorithm selects the
• PowerBridgeM3/M365 The default is 18 dBi. best data rate, depending on link quality conditions. We
• PowerBridgeM5 The default is 24 dBi. recommend that you use this option, especially if you
• PowerBridgeM10 The default is 18 dBi. are having trouble getting connected or losing data at a
higher rate. For more information about data rates, refer
Antenna Gain (Not available if the device uses an to ”Advanced Wireless Settings” on page 45.
integrated antenna.) Enter the antenna gain in dBi. With
Calculate EIRP Limit enabled, Antenna Gain calculates the Note: The Max TX Rate is a range because it varies,
TX power backoff needed to remain in compliance with depending on which guard interval value is
local regulations. The Antenna Gain setting complements automatically selected by the rate algorithm. If the
the Cable Loss setting; they both affect the TX power of normal guard interval (800 ns) is used, then the
the device. data rate is lower. If the short guard interval (400 ns)
is used, then the data rate is higher.
Cable Loss (Only applicable to devices with external
antenna connectors.) Enter the cable loss in dB. With Wireless Security
Calculate EIRP Limit enabled, Cable Loss affects the TX
power of the device. In case you have high amounts of In Access Point or AP‑Repeater mode, configure the wireless
cable loss, you may increase the TX power while remaining security settings that will be used by the devices on your
in compliance with local regulations. The Cable Loss wireless network.
setting complements the Antenna Gain setting; they both In Station mode, enter the security settings of the AP that
affect the TX power of the device. the device is associated with.
Output Power Defines the maximum average transmit The following table lists the wireless security methods
output power (in dBm) of the device. To specify the output available for each wireless mode:
power, use the slider or manually enter the output power Security Method Access Point AP-Repeater Station
value. The transmit power level maximum is limited
none ✓ 1
✓ 1
✓
according to country regulations. (If the device has an
internal antenna, then Output Power is the output power WEP ✓ 2
delivered to the internal antenna.) WPA-AES ✓ ✓

Data Rate Module (Not applicable to the airGateway.) WPA2-AES ✓ ✓
You have a choice of data rate algorithms to use for your
1 If you select none as your security method, then this may compromise the
link, Default or Alternative. If the Default is not working security of your network; however, you have the options of using RADIUS MAC
well for your link, you can try the Alternative to determine Authentication and MAC ACL.
which is the best data rate algorithm for your individual 2 If you select WEP as your security method, then this may compromise the
situation. The Alternative tries to move the link to a higher security of your network; however, you have the option of using MAC ACL.
data rate but continuously monitors the packet failure
counters. You should get more stable data rates when
using the Alternative; however, results will vary depending
on the link’s specific environment and configuration.

Security airOS supports the following wireless security Acct Server IP/Port If the Accounting Server is enabled,
methods: enter the IP address of the accounting server.
• none If you want an open network without wireless In the second field, enter the UDP port of the RADIUS
security, select none. You still have the option of using accounting server. The most commonly used port is the
RADIUS MAC authentication and MAC ACL. default, 1813, but this may vary depending on the RADIUS
• WEP WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) is the oldest and server you are using.
least secure security algorithm. Acct Server Secret If the Accounting Server is enabled,
• WPA-AES WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) security mode enter the password. A shared secret is a case-sensitive text
with AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) support only. string used to validate communication between an Access
AES is also known as CCMP (Counter Mode with Cipher Point and RADIUS server.
Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol), Show Check the box if you want to view the characters of
which uses the AES algorithm. the Acct Server Secret.
• WPA2-AES WPA2 security mode with AES support only. Mac ACL This option enables the MAC address Access
WPA2 was developed to strengthen wireless encryption Control List. For details, refer to “MAC ACL” on page 30.
security and is stronger than WPA, so WPA2-AES is the
strongest security option available. If all of the wireless WEP
devices on your network support this option, we
recommend that you select it.
None
Authentication Type Select one of the following

authentication methods:
• Open This option is selected by default. The station is
authenticated automatically by the AP.
• Shared Key The station is authenticated after the
challenge, which is generated by the AP.
WEP Key Length Specifies the length of the WEP security
RADIUS MAC Authentication You can authenticate key. Select one of the two options:
devices using their MAC addresses. • 64-bit This option is selected by default. A 64-bit key is
MAC Format Select the appropriate format of the MAC 10 HEX or 5 ASCII characters in length.
address. • 128‑bit The 128-bit option provides more security and
Use Empty Password To submit the MAC address is 26 HEX or 13 ASCII characters in length.
without a password, check the Enable box. Key Type Specifies the character format of the WEP key:
Auth Server IP/Port In the first field, enter the IP • HEX By default, this option uses hexadecimal
address of the RADIUS authentication server. RADIUS is a characters. 0-9, A-F, or a-f are valid characters.
networking protocol providing centralized Authentication,
Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) management for • ASCII ASCII uses the standard English alphabet and
computers to connect to and use a network service. numeric characters.
In the second field, enter the UDP port of the RADIUS WEP Key Enter the appropriate WEP encryption key:
authentication server. The most commonly used port is Type HEX ASCII
the default, 1812, but this may vary depending on the 10 hexadecimal characters 5 ASCII characters
RADIUS server you are using. 64-bit (0-9, A-F or a-f ) Example:
Example: 00112233AA ubnt1
Auth Server Secret Enter the password. A shared
secret is a case-sensitive text string used to validate 26 hexadecimal characters
13 ASCII characters
(0-9, A-F or a-f )
communication between an Access Point and RADIUS 128-bit
Example:
Example:
server. ubntproducts1
00112233445566778899AABBCC
Show Check the box if you want to view the characters of Key Index Specifies the index of the WEP key used. Four
the Auth Server Secret. different WEP keys can be configured at the same time,
Accounting Server If you are using an accounting server, but only one is used. To set the effective key, select 1, 2, 3,
check the Enable box. or 4.

Mac ACL This option enables the MAC address Access WPA User Password Enter the password credential used
Control List. For details, refer to “MAC ACL” on page 30. by the supplicant for EAP authentication.
WPA-AES or WPA2-AES Show Check the box if you want to view the characters of
the WPA User Password.
The configuration options are the same. WPA2-AES is the
strongest security method. If all of the wireless devices on EAP- Access Point Mode
your network support this option, we recommend that The options below apply in Access Point or AP‑Repeater
you select it. mode only.
WPA Authentication Specify one of the following WPA

key selection methods:
• PSK Pre-shared Key method (selected by default).
• EAP EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) Auth Server IP/Port In the first field, enter the IP
IEEE 802.1x authentication method. This method is address of the RADIUS authentication server. RADIUS is a
commonly used in enterprise networks. networking protocol providing centralized Authentication,
Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) management for
PSK computers to connect to and use a network service.
In the second field, enter the UDP port of the RADIUS
authentication server. The most commonly used port is
1812, but this may vary depending on the RADIUS server
you are using.
Auth Server Secret Enter the password. A shared
secret is a case-sensitive text string used to validate
communication between an Access Point and RADIUS
WPA Preshared Key Specify a passphrase. The preshared server.
key is an alpha‑numeric password between 8 and 63
characters long. Show Check the box if you want to view the characters of
the Auth Server Secret.
Show Check the box if you want to view the characters of
the WEP Preshared Key. Accounting Server If you are using an accounting server,
check the Enable box.
EAP Acct Server IP/Port If the Accounting Server is enabled,
EAP - Station Mode enter the IP address of the accounting server.
The options below apply in Station mode only. In the second field, enter the UDP port of the RADIUS
accounting server. The most commonly used port is 1813,
but this may vary depending on the RADIUS server you
are using.
Acct Server Secret If the Accounting Server is enabled,
enter the password. A shared secret is a case-sensitive text
string used to validate communication between an Access
Point and RADIUS server.
EAP-TTLS / EAP-PEAP Select the authentication protocol Show Check the box if you want to view the characters of
used by your AP. The inner authentication protocol is set the Acct Server Secret.
to MSCHAPV2 by default. Mac ACL This option enables the MAC address Access
WPA Anonymous Identity Enter the identification Control List. For details, refer to “MAC ACL” on page 30.
credential used by the supplicant for EAP authentication
in unencrypted form.
WPA User Name Enter the identification credential used
by the supplicant for EAP authentication.

MAC ACL
The options below apply in Access Point or AP‑Repeater
mode only.
MAC ACL The MAC address Access Control List (ACL) lets
you allow or deny clients connectivity to the device. When
enabled, you have the following options:
Policy Select one of the policy types:
• Allow Wireless clients on the list can access the device.
Any wireless client that is not on the list is denied access
to the device.
• Deny Wireless clients on the list are denied access to
the device. Any wireless client that is not on the list can
access the device.
• ACL To add MAC addresses of wireless clients, click ACL.
-- Enabled The policy is applied to this wireless client.

-- MAC Enter the MAC address in this format:
XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX (each X represents a valid
hexadecimal character: 0-9, A-F, or a-f ).
-- Comment Enter a description of the wireless client.
-- Action Click Add to add the MAC address of a
wireless client. Click Del to remove the MAC address
of a wireless client. Click Edit to make changes to an
entry.
Note: MAC ACL should be used in combination
with a security method such as WPA or WPA2.
It should not be used as the only method of
security on your network.

airOS® v5.6 User Guide Chapter 5: Network
Chapter 5: Network • Bridge The device acts as a transparent bridge, operates

in Layer 2 (like a managed switch), and usually has only
The Network page allows you to configure bridge or one IP address (for management purposes only).
routing functionality and IP settings.
• Test To try the changes without saving them, click • Router The device is usually separated into two
Test. To keep the changes, click Apply. If you do not networks or subnets (one WAN and one LAN). The
click Apply within 180 seconds (the countdown is WLAN functions as the Wide Area Network (WAN). The
displayed), the device times out and resumes its earlier Ethernet ports function as the LAN. Each wireless or
configuration. wired interface on the WAN or LAN has an IP address (for
management purposes only).
Network Role
airOS supports Bridge, Router, and SOHO Router modes.
Only the routers can support the router modes.
Network Mode Specify the Network Mode of the device. • SOHO Router SOHO (Small Office/Home Office) Router
The default setting is device-specific. The mode depends mode is derived from Router mode. The main Ethernet
on the network topology requirements. port labeled <···> functions as the WAN port. The WLAN
Bridge mode is adequate if you have a very small network. and other Ethernet ports function as the LAN. Each
However, a larger network has significantly more traffic wireless or wired interface on the WAN or LAN has an IP
that requires management by a device using Router or address (for management purposes only).
SOHO Router mode. Router or SOHO Router mode keeps
broadcast traffic within its respective broadcast domain,
so that broadcast traffic will not overload the overall traffic
in the network.

Chapter 5: Network airOS® v5.6 User Guide
The following summarizes the differences between Bridge, SOHO Router Mode
Router, and SOHO Router modes:
• The device operates in Layer 3 to perform routing and
Bridge Mode enable network segmentation – wireless clients and the
• The device forwards all network management and WAN interface are on a different IP subnet. SOHO Router
data packets from one network interface to the other mode blocks broadcasts and can pass through multicast
without any intelligent routing. For simple applications, packet traffic. You can configure additional firewall
this provides an efficient and fully transparent network settings for Layer 3 packet filtering and access control.
solution. • The device can act as a DHCP server and use Network
• There is no network segmentation, and the broadcast Address Translation (Masquerading), which is widely
domain is the same. Bridge mode does not block used by APs. NAT acts as the firewall between the LAN
any broadcast or multicast traffic. You can configure and WAN.
additional firewall settings for Layer 2 packet filtering • For example, SOHO Router mode is used in an
and access control. installation where the main Ethernet port connects to
• WLAN and LAN interfaces belong to the same network the Internet Service Provider (ISP) via a modem.
segment and share the same IP address space. They • In devices with one Ethernet port (while operating in
form the virtual bridge interface while acting as bridge Access Point or AP‑Repeater mode), SOHO Router mode
ports. The device features IP settings for management works like Router mode, except that the LAN port
purposes. works as a WAN port, and the WLAN works as the local
network. In devices with two or more Ethernet ports,
Router Mode the main Ethernet port becomes the WAN port, and the
• The device operates in Layer 3 to perform routing and WLAN and other LAN ports become the local network.
enable network segmentation – wireless clients and
Note: Do not use the SOHO Router mode in
the WAN interface are on a different IP subnet. Router
combination with Station wireless mode; this may
mode blocks broadcasts and can pass through multicast
cause the device to become inaccessible. If this
packet traffic. You can configure additional firewall
did happen, reset the device to defaults; press and
settings for Layer 3 packet filtering and access control.
hold the Reset button for eight seconds and then
• The device can act as a DHCP server and use Network release it.
Address Translation (Masquerading), which is widely
Disable Network Disables the WLAN, LAN0, or LAN1
used by APs. NAT acts as the firewall between the LAN
interface(s). Use this setting with caution as you cannot
and WAN.
establish any Layer 2 or Layer 3 connection through the
• For example, Router mode is used in a typical Customer disabled interface. You cannot access the device from
Premises Equipment (CPE) installation. The device acts the wireless or wired network that is connected to the
as the demarcation (demarc) point between the CPE disabled interface.
and Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP), with the
wireless interface of the device connecting to the WISP.
The following diagram shows the NanoBeam at a
residence wirelessly connecting to a WISP tower.
Configuration Mode
WISP Tower The Network page has two views, Simple and Advanced.
NanoBeam
Configuration Mode Select the appropriate mode for

your application:
• Simple The following basic configuration settings are
available:
• “Network Role” on page 31
• “Configuration Mode” on page 32
The following settings are available in Bridge mode only:
• “Management Network Settings – Bridge Mode” on
page 33

The following settings are available in Router or SOHO -- DHCP Fallback IP Specify the IP address for the
Router mode only: device to use if a DHCP server is not found.
• “WAN Network Settings” on page 34 -- DHCP Fallback Netmask Specify the netmask for the
• “LAN Network Settings” on page 38 device to use if a DHCP server is not found.
• “Port Forwarding” on page 40 • Static Assign static IP settings to the device.
• “Multicast Routing Settings” on page 40 Note: IP settings should be consistent with the
The following settings are available in SOHO Router address space of the device’s network segment.
mode only:
• “DHCP Address Reservation” on page 40
• Advanced Displays the advanced configuration
settings, in addition to the basic configuration settings:
• “Interfaces” on page 41
• “IP Aliases” on page 41
• “VLAN Network” on page 41
• “Bridge Network” on page 42
• “Firewall” on page 42
• “IPv6 Firewall” on page 43
• “Static Routes” on page 43
• “Traffic Shaping” on page 44 -- IP Address Specify the IP address of the device. This
The following settings are available in Router or SOHO IP will be used for device management purposes.
Router mode only: -- Netmask Enter the netmask of the device. The
• “Management Network Settings – Router or SOHO netmask defines the address space of the device’s
Mode” on page 34 network segment. The netmask 255.255.255.0 is
• “IPv6 Static Routes” on page 44 typically used for Class C networks.
-- Gateway IP Typically, this is the IP address of the host
Management Network Settings – router, which provides the point of connection to the
Bridge Mode Internet. This can be a DSL modem, cable modem, or
WISP gateway router. The device directs data packets
to the gateway if the destination host is not within the
local network.
Note: In Bridge mode, the gateway IP address
should be from the same address space (on the
same network segment) as the device.
Management Interface (Available in Advanced view.) -- Primary DNS IP Specify the IP address of the primary
Select the interface used for management. DNS (Domain Name System) server for management
purposes only.
Management IP Address The device can use a static IP
address or obtain an IP address from its DHCP server. -- Secondary DNS Specify the IP address of the
secondary DNS server for management purposes only.
• DHCP The local DHCP server assigns a dynamic IP
This entry is optional and used only if the primary DNS
address, gateway IP address, and DNS address to the
server is not responding.
device.
MTU (Available in Simple view.) The Maximum
Transmission Unit (MTU) is the maximum frame size (in
bytes) that a network interface can transmit or receive. The
default is 1500.

Management VLAN (Available in Simple view.) If enabled, • SLAAC If IPv6 is enabled, then SLAAC (StateLess Address
automatically creates a management Virtual Local Area Auto‑Configuration) is enabled by default; the device
Network (VLAN). assign itself an IPv6 address.
• VLAN ID Enter a unique VLAN ID from 2 to 4094.
Note: If Management VLAN is enabled, then the
device will not be accessible from other VLANs,
including the untagged VLAN.
Auto IP Aliasing If enabled, automatically generates an
Management Network Settings –
IP address for the corresponding WLAN/LAN interface. Router or SOHO Mode
The generated IP address is a unique Class B IP address Management Interface (Available in Advanced view.)
from the 169.254.X.Y range (netmask 255.255.0.0), which Select the interface used for management.
is intended for use within the same network segment only.
The Auto IP always starts with 169.254.X.Y, with X and Y
as the last two octets from the MAC address of the device.
For example, if the MAC is 00:15:6D:A3:04:FB, then the
generated unique Auto IP will be 169.254.4.251.
The Auto IP Aliasing setting can be useful because you WAN Network Settings
can still access and manage devices even if you lose, (Available in Router or SOHO Router mode only)
misconfigure, or forget their IP addresses. Because an
Auto IP address is based on the last two octets of the MAC
address, you can determine the IP address of a device if
you know its MAC address.
STP Multiple interconnected bridges create larger
networks. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) eliminates loops
from the topology while finding the shortest path within a
network.
If enabled, the device bridge communicates with other
network devices by sending and receiving Bridge Protocol WAN Interface Select the interface used for connection
Data Units (BPDU). STP should be disabled (default setting) to the external network (Internet).
when the device is the only bridge on the LAN or when WAN IP Address The IP address of the WAN interface
there are no loops in the topology, as there is no need for connected to the external network. You can use this IP
the bridge to use STP in this case. address for routing and device management purposes.
IPv6 Disabled by default. Select IPv6 if you want to use The device can use one of the following:
IPv6 addressing.
• “DHCP” on page 34
• “Static” on page 35
• “PPPoE” on page 36
• Static Select Static to manually define the IPv6 settings

DHCP
of the device. Complete the following: The external DHCP server assigns a dynamic IP address,
gateway IP address, and DNS address to the device.
-- IPv6 Address Enter the IPv6 address of the device.
-- IPv6 Netmask Enter the IPv6 netmask of the device.
The default is 64.

DHCP Fallback IP Specify the IP address for the device to • DMZ IP Specify the IP address of the local host network
use if an external DHCP server is not found. device. The DMZ host device will be completely exposed
DHCP Fallback Netmask Specify the netmask for the to the external network.
device to use if an external DHCP server is not found. Auto IP Aliasing If enabled, automatically generates an
MTU (Available in Simple view.) The Maximum IP address for the corresponding WLAN/LAN interface.
Transmission Unit (MTU) is the maximum frame size (in The generated IP address is a unique Class B IP address
bytes) that a network interface can transmit or receive. The from the 169.254.X.Y range (netmask 255.255.0.0), which
default is 1500. is intended for use within the same network segment only.
The Auto IP always starts with 169.254.X.Y, with X and Y
NAT Network Address Translation (NAT) is an IP as the last two octets from the MAC address of the device.
masquerading technique that hides private network IP For example, if the MAC is 00:15:6D:A3:04:FB, then the
address space (on LAN interface) behind a single public IP generated unique Auto IP will be 169.254.4.251.
address (on WAN interface).
The Auto IP Aliasing setting can be useful because you
NAT is implemented using the masquerade type firewall can still access and manage devices even if you lose,
rules. NAT firewall entries are stored in the iptables misconfigure, or forget their IP addresses. Because an
nat table. Specify static routes to allow packets to pass Auto IP address is based on the last two octets of the MAC
through the airOS device if NAT is disabled. address, you can determine the IP address of a device if
• NAT Protocol Devices on the LAN side behind a NAT’ed you know its MAC address.
router have no transparent connectivity with devices MAC Address Cloning When enabled, you can change
on WAN side; this may be critical for some Internet the MAC address of the respective interface. This is
protocols. For this purpose NAT Protocol has NAT helpers especially useful if your ISP only assigns one valid IP
that enable NAT traversal for various protocols: SIP, PPTP, address and it is associated to a specific MAC address. This
FTP, and RTSP. is usually used by cable operators or some WISPs.
If NAT is enabled, you can modify data packets to allow • MAC Address Enter the MAC address you want to clone
them to pass through the device. To avoid modification to the respective interface. This becomes the new MAC
of some specific types of packets, such as SIP, PPTP, FTP, address of the interface.
or RTSP, then uncheck the respective box(es).
Block management access To block device management Static
from the WAN interface, check this box. This feature makes Assign static IP settings to the device.
Router or SOHO Router mode more secure if the device has Note: IP settings should be consistent with the
a public IP address. address space of the device’s network segment.
DMZ DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) specifically allows one
computer/device behind NAT to become “demilitarized”,
so all ports from the public network are forwarded to the
ports of this private network, similar to a 1:1 NAT.
• DMZ Management Ports The airOS device responds to
requests from the external network as if it were the host
device that is specified with the DMZ IP address. DMZ
Management Ports is disabled by default; the device is
accessible from the WAN port. If DMZ Management Ports
is enabled, all management ports will be forwarded to
the device, so you’ll only be able to access the device
from the LAN side.
The default values of the management ports are:
Management Method Management Port

HTTP/HTTPS 80/443 TCP
SSH 22 TCP
Telnet 23 TCP
IP Address Specify the IP address of the device. This IP
SNMP 161 UDP will be used for device management purposes.
Discovery 10001 UDP Netmask Enter the netmask of the device. The netmask
airView 18888 TCP defines the address space of the device’s network
segment. The netmask 255.255.255.0 is typically used for
Class C networks.

Gateway IP Typically, this is the IP address of the host The default values of the management ports are:
router, which provides the point of connection to the
Internet. This can be a DSL modem, cable modem, or Management Method Management Port
WISP gateway router. The device directs data packets to HTTP/HTTPS 80/443 TCP
the gateway if the destination host is not within the local SSH 22 TCP
network.
Telnet 23 TCP
Primary DNS IP Specify the IP address of the primary
DNS (Domain Name System) server for management SNMP 161 UDP
purposes only. Discovery 10001 UDP
Secondary DNS IP Specify the IP address of the airView 18888 TCP
secondary DNS server for management purposes only.
This entry is optional and used only if the primary DNS • DMZ IP Specify the IP address of the local host network
server is not responding. device. The DMZ host device will be completely exposed
MTU (Available in Simple view.) The Maximum to the external network.
Transmission Unit (MTU) is the maximum frame size (in Auto IP Aliasing If enabled, automatically generates an
bytes) that a network interface can transmit or receive. The IP address for the corresponding WLAN/LAN interface.
default is 1500. The generated IP address is a unique Class B IP address
NAT Network Address Translation (NAT) is an IP from the 169.254.X.Y range (netmask 255.255.0.0), which
masquerading technique that hides private network IP is intended for use within the same network segment only.
address space (on LAN interface) behind a single public IP The Auto IP always starts with 169.254.X.Y, with X and Y
address (on WAN interface). as the last two octets from the MAC address of the device.
For example, if the MAC is 00:15:6D:A3:04:FB, then the
NAT is implemented using the masquerade type firewall
generated unique Auto IP will be 169.254.4.251.
rules. NAT firewall entries are stored in the iptables
nat table. Specify static routes to allow packets to pass The Auto IP Aliasing setting can be useful because you
through the airOS device if NAT is disabled. can still access and manage devices even if you lose,
misconfigure, or forget their IP addresses. Because an
• NAT Protocol Devices on the LAN side behind a NAT’ed
Auto IP address is based on the last two octets of the MAC
router have no transparent connectivity with devices
address, you can determine the IP address of a device if
on WAN side; this may be critical for some Internet
you know its MAC address.
protocols. For this purpose NAT Protocol has NAT helpers
that enable NAT traversal for various protocols: SIP, PPTP, MAC Address Cloning When enabled, you can change
FTP, and RTSP. the MAC address of the respective interface. This is
especially useful if your ISP only assigns one valid IP
If NAT is enabled, you can modify data packets to allow
address and it is associated to a specific MAC address. This
them to pass through the device. To avoid modification
is usually used by cable operators or some WISPs.
of some specific types of packets, such as SIP, PPTP, FTP,
or RTSP, then uncheck the respective box(es). • MAC Address Enter the MAC address you want to clone
to the respective interface. This becomes the new MAC
Block management access To block device management
address of the interface.
from the WAN interface, check this box. This feature makes
Router mode more secure if the device has a public IP PPPoE
address.
Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) is a virtual
DMZ DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) specifically allows one private and secure connection between two systems
computer/device behind NAT to become “demilitarized”, that enables encapsulated data transport. Subscribers
so all ports from the public network are forwarded to the sometimes use PPPoE to connect to Internet Service
ports of this private network, similar to a 1:1 NAT. Providers (ISPs), typically DSL providers.
• DMZ Management Ports The airOS device responds to Select PPPoE to configure a PPPoE tunnel. You can
requests from the external network as if it were the host configure only the WAN interface as a PPPoE client
device that is specified with the DMZ IP address. DMZ because all the traffic will be sent via this tunnel. After the
Management Ports is disabled by default; the device is PPPoE connection is established, the device will obtain the
accessible from the WAN port. If DMZ Management Ports IP address, default gateway IP, and DNS server IP address
is enabled, all management ports will be forwarded to from the PPPoE server. The broadcast address is used to
the device, so you’ll only be able to access the device discover the PPPoE server and establish the tunnel.
from the LAN side.
If there is a PPPoE connection established, then the IP
address of the PPP interface will be displayed on the
Main page next to the PPP interface statistics; otherwise
a Not Connected message and Reconnect button will be
displayed. To re-connect a PPPoE tunnel, click Reconnect.

Block management access To block device management

from the WAN interface, check this box. This feature makes
Router mode more secure if the device has a public IP
address.
DMZ DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) specifically allows one
computer/device behind NAT to become “demilitarized”,
so all ports from the public network are forwarded to the
ports of this private network, similar to a 1:1 NAT.
• DMZ Management Ports The airOS device responds to
requests from the external network as if it were the host
device that is specified with the DMZ IP address. DMZ
Management Ports is disabled by default; the device is
accessible from the WAN port. If DMZ Management Ports
is enabled, all management ports will be forwarded to
the device, so you’ll only be able to access the device
from the LAN side.
The default values of the management ports are:
Username Specify the username to connect to the PPPoE Management Method Management Port
server; this must match the username configured on the HTTP/HTTPS 80/443 TCP
PPPoE server.
SSH 22 TCP
Password Specify the password to connect to the PPPoE
Telnet 23 TCP
server; this must match the password configured on the
PPPoE server. SNMP 161 UDP
Show Check the box if you want to view the characters of Discovery 10001 UDP
the password. airView 18888 TCP
Service Name Specify the name of the PPPoE service.
Fallback IP Specify the IP address for the device to use if • DMZ IP Specify the IP address of the local host network
the PPPoE server does not assign an IP address. device. The DMZ host device will be completely exposed
to the external network.
Fallback Netmask Specify the netmask for the device to
use if the PPPoE server does not assign a netmask. Auto IP Aliasing If enabled, automatically generates an
IP address for the corresponding WLAN/LAN interface.
MTU/MRU The size (in bytes) of the Maximum The generated IP address is a unique Class B IP address
Transmission Unit (MTU) and Maximum Receive Unit from the 169.254.X.Y range (netmask 255.255.0.0), which
(MRU) used for data encapsulation during transfer through is intended for use within the same network segment only.
the PPP tunnel. The default value is 1492. The Auto IP always starts with 169.254.X.Y, with X and Y
Encryption Enables the use of Microsoft Point-to-Point as the last two octets from the MAC address of the device.
Encryption (MPPE). For example, if the MAC is 00:15:6D:A3:04:FB, then the
NAT Network Address Translation (NAT) is an IP generated unique Auto IP will be 169.254.4.251.
masquerading technique that hides private network IP The Auto IP Aliasing setting can be useful because you
address space (on LAN interface) behind a single public IP can still access and manage devices even if you lose,
address (on WAN interface). misconfigure, or forget their IP addresses. Because an
NAT is implemented using the masquerade type firewall Auto IP address is based on the last two octets of the MAC
rules. NAT firewall entries are stored in the iptables address, you can determine the IP address of a device if
nat table. Specify static routes to allow packets to pass you know its MAC address.
through the airOS device if NAT is disabled. MAC Address Cloning When enabled, you can change
• NAT Protocol Devices on the LAN side behind a NAT’ed the MAC address of the respective interface. This is
router have no transparent connectivity with devices especially useful if your ISP only assigns one valid IP
on WAN side; this may be critical for some Internet address and it is associated to a specific MAC address. This
protocols. For this purpose NAT Protocol has NAT helpers is usually used by cable operators or some WISPs.
that enable NAT traversal for various protocols: SIP, PPTP, • MAC Address Enter the MAC address you want to clone
FTP, and RTSP. to the respective interface. This becomes the new MAC
If NAT is enabled, you can modify data packets to allow address of the interface.
them to pass through the device. To avoid modification
of some specific types of packets, such as SIP, PPTP, FTP,
or RTSP, then uncheck the respective box(es).
IPv6 Disabled by default. Select IPv6 if you want to use Netmask Enter the netmask of the device. The netmask
IPv6 addressing. defines the address space of the device’s network
• Static (Not available for PPPoE) Select Static to segment. The netmask 255.255.255.0 is typically used for
manually define the IPv6 settings of the device. Class C networks.
Complete the following: MTU (Available in Simple view.) The Maximum
-- IPv6 Address Enter the IPv6 address of the device. Transmission Unit (MTU) is the maximum frame size (in
bytes) that a network interface can transmit or receive. The
-- IPv6 Netmask Enter the IPv6 netmask of the device. default is 1500.
The default is 64.
DHCP Server The built-in DHCP server assigns IP
-- IPv6 Gateway Enter the IPv6 address of the local addresses to clients connected to the LAN interface.
gateway, which is typically the host router.
• Disabled The device does not assign local IP addresses.
• SLAAC Select SLAAC (StateLess Address

Auto‑Configuration) to have the device assign itself an
IPv6 address.
• Enabled The device assigns IP addresses to client
devices on the local network.
• DHCPv6 Select DHCPv6 to have an external DHCP

server assign a dynamic IP address, gateway IP address,
and DNS address to the device.
LAN Network Settings

(Available in Router or SOHO Router mode only)
-- Range Start and End Determines the range of IP

addresses assigned by the DHCP server.
-- Netmask Enter the netmask of the device. The
netmask defines the address space of the device’s
network segment. The netmask 255.255.255.0 is
typically used for Class C networks.
LAN Interface In Simple view the LAN interface is
displayed. Select the interface used for LAN connection. -- Lease Time The IP addresses assigned by the DHCP
Click Del to delete the interface. If there is no interface server are valid only for the duration specified by
selected, select an interface from the Add LAN drop-down the lease time. Increasing the time ensures client
list, and click Add. operation without interruption, but could introduce
potential conflicts. Decreasing the lease time avoids
IP Address The IP address of the LAN interface. If the LAN
potential address conflicts, but might cause more
interface is the Bridge, all the bridge ports (for example,
slight interruptions to the client while it acquires a
the Ethernet and WLAN interfaces) will be considered as
new IP address from the DHCP server. The time is
local network interfaces. This IP will be used for routing
expressed in seconds.
of the local network; it will be the gateway IP for all the
devices on the local network. This IP address can be used
for management of the device.

-- DNS Proxy The Domain Name System (DNS) proxy -- Stateless The DHCP clients select their own IPv6
server forwards the DNS requests from the hosts on addresses (also known as SLAAC). (The DHCPv6 server
the local network to the DNS server. If enabled, the assigns network settings except for the IP addresses to
device (LAN port) will act as the DNS proxy server DHCP clients.) A /64 mask on the LAN is required.
and forward DNS requests from the hosts on the local • DNS Proxy If Stateless or Stateful is selected, then
network to the real DNS server. DNS Proxy is enabled by default. The Domain
-- Primary DNS If DNS Proxy is disabled, then specify Name System (DNS) proxy server forwards the DNS
the IP address of the primary DNS server for DHCP requests from the hosts on the local network to the
clients. DNS server.
-- Secondary DNS If DNS Proxy is disabled, then specify
the IP address of the secondary DNS server. This entry
is optional and used only if the primary DNS server is
not responding.
• Relay Relays DHCP messages between DHCP clients
• Preferred DNS If DNS Proxy is disabled, then specify
and DHCP servers on different IP networks.
the IP address of the preferred DNS server.
-- Stateful The DHCPv6 server assigns IPv6 addresses
and other network settings to DHCP clients.
• DNS Proxy If Stateless or Stateful is selected, then
DNS Proxy is enabled by default. The Domain
Name System (DNS) proxy server forwards the DNS
requests from the hosts on the local network to the
DNS server.
-- DHCP Server IP Specify the IP address of the DHCP

server that should get the DHCP messages. • Preferred DNS If DNS Proxy is disabled, then specify
-- Agent-ID Specify the identifier of the DHCP relay the IP address of the preferred DNS server.
agent.
UPnP Allows the use of Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)
network protocol for gaming, videos, chat, conferencing,
and other applications.
Add LAN (Available in Advanced view.) Select an interface,
and then click Add. • IPv6 Address (Available if DHCPv6 is enabled for IPv6
in the WAN Network Settings.) Select the appropriate
IPv6 Disabled by default. Select IPv6 if you want to use
addressing method, Static or Prefix Delegation:
IPv6 addressing.
-- Static Select Static to manually define the IPv6
settings of the device. Complete the following:
• IPv6 Address Enter the IPv6 address of the device.
• IPv6 Netmask Enter the IPv6 netmask of the
• IPv6 DHCP Server The built-in DHCPv6 server device. The default is 64.
assigns IPv6 addresses to clients connected to the
wireless interface and LAN interface while the device is • IPv6 DHCP Server Refer to the IPv6 DHCP Server
operating in Access Point or AP‑Repeater wireless mode. description in the previous column.
The built-in DHCP server assigns IPv6 addresses to
clients connected to the LAN interface while the device
is operating in Station mode.
-- Disabled The device does not assign local IPv6
addresses and other network settings.

-- Prefix Delegation Select this option to delegate a Enabled Enables the specific port forwarding rule. All
pool of IPv6 addresses. Then configure the following: the added port forwarding rules are saved in the system
• IPv6 Prefix Length Enter the delegated prefix configuration file; however, only the enabled port
length provided by the DHCPv6 server and typically forwarding rules are active on the device.
specified by the WISP. The default is 64. Interface Select the appropriate interface.
• IPv6 DHCP Server Refer to “IPv6 DHCP Server” on Private IP The IP address of the local host that needs to
page 39. be accessible from the external network.
Private Port The TCP or UDP port of the application
running on the local host. The specified port will be
accessible from the external network.
Type The Layer 3 protocol (IP) type that needs to be
forwarded from the local network.
Source IP/mask The IP address and netmask of the
DHCP Address Reservation source device.
(Available in SOHO Router or Router mode with the DHCP Public IP/mask The public IP address and netmask of the
server enabled) device that will accept and forward the connections from
The DHCP server assigns dynamic IP addresses to its the external network to the local host.
DHCP clients; however, you can map a static IP address Public Port The TCP or UDP port of the device that will
to a specific DHCP client using its unique MAC address. accept and forward the connections from the external
Click the + button to display the DHCP Address Reservation network to the local host.
section.
Comment Enter a brief description of the port
forwarding functionality, such as FTP server, web server, or
game server.
Action You have the following options:
Enabled Enables the specific DHCP address reservation. • Add Add a port forwarding rule.
Interface Select the appropriate interface. • Edit Make changes to a port forwarding rule. Click Save
to save your changes.
MAC Address Enter the MAC address of the DHCP client.
• Del Delete a port forwarding rule.
IP Address Enter the IP address that should be assigned.
Comment You can enter a brief description of the Multicast Routing Settings
purpose for the DHCP address reservation. (Available in Router or SOHO Router mode only)
Action You have the following options: With a multicast design, applications can send one copy
• Add Add a DHCP address reservation. of each packet and address it to a group of computers
• Edit Make changes to a DHCP address reservation. Click that want to receive it. This technique addresses packets
Save to save your changes. to a group of receivers rather than to a single receiver. It
relies on the network to forward the packets to the hosts
• Del Delete a DHCP address reservation.
that need to receive them. Common routers isolate all the
Port Forwarding broadcast (thus multicast) traffic between the local and
external networks; however, the device provides multicast
(Available in Router or SOHO Router mode only) traffic pass-through functionality.
Port forwarding allows specific ports of the hosts on the
local network to be forwarded to the external network
(WAN). This is useful for a number of applications (such
as FTP servers, VoIP, gaming) that require different host
systems to be seen using a single common IP address/
port. Click the + button to display the Port Forwarding
section.

Multicast Routing Enables multicast packet pass-through Interface Select the appropriate interface.
between local and external networks while the device is IP Address The alternative IP address for the interface.
operating in Router mode. Multicast intercommunication This can be used for routing or device management
is based on Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP). purposes.
Multicast Upstream Specify the source of multicast Netmask The network address space identifier for the IP
traffic. alias.
Multicast Downstream Specify the destination(s) of Comment You can enter a brief description of the
multicast traffic. purpose for the IP alias.
Add Add a destination. Action You have the following options:
Del Delete a destination. • Add Adds a IP alias.
Interfaces • Edit Make changes to an IP alias. Click Save to save your
changes.
(Available in Advanced view.) The Maximum Transmission
Unit (MTU) is the maximum frame size (in bytes) that • Del Delete an IP alias.
a network interface can transmit or receive. You can
configure a different MTU value for each of the interfaces.
VLAN Network
(Available in Advanced view.) You can create multiple
Click the + button to display the Interfaces section.
Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs). Click the + button to
display the VLAN Network section.
Enabled Enables the specific VLAN. All the added VLANs

are saved in the system configuration file; however, only
the enabled VLANs are active on the device.
Interface Displays the name of the interface. Interface Select the appropriate interface.
MTU Limited by the hardware capabilities of the specific VLAN ID The VLAN ID is a unique value assigned to
product, the maximum MTU value is typically 2024. The each VLAN at a single device; every VLAN ID represents a
default is 1500. different VLAN. The VLAN ID range is 2 to 4094.
Action Click Edit to change the MTU. Then click Save to Comment You can enter a brief description of the
apply your change. purpose for the VLAN.
IP Aliases Action You have the following options:
(Available in Advanced view.) You can configure IP aliases • Add Add a VLAN.
for the network interfaces for management purposes. For • Edit Make changes to a VLAN. Click Save to save your
example, you may need multiple IP addresses (one private changes.
IP address and one public IP address) for a single device. If • Del Delete a VLAN.
a CPE uses PPPoE, the CPE obtains a public PPPoE address,
but the network administrator assigns an internal IP alias Note: A VLAN cannot be deleted if it is selected as
to the device. This way the network administrator can the management interface.
manage the device internally without going through the
PPPoE server.
Click the + button to display the IP Aliases section.
Enabled Enables the specific IP alias. All the added IP

aliases are saved in the system configuration file; however,
only the enabled IP aliases are active on the device.

Bridge Network Firewall

(Available in Advanced view.) You can create one or (Available in Advanced view.) You can configure firewall
more bridge networks if you need complete Layer 2 rules for the network interfaces. Click the + button to
transparency. This is similar to using a switch – all traffic display the Firewall section.
flows through a bridge, in one port and out another
port, regardless of VLANs or IP addresses. For example,
if you want to use the same IP subnet on both sides of a
device, then you create a bridge network. There are many
different scenarios that could require bridged interfaces,
so the Bridge Network section is designed to allow
flexibility. Enable Enables firewall functionality.
Click the + button to display the Bridge Network section. Enabled Enables the specific firewall rule. All the added
firewall rules are saved in the system configuration file;
however, only the enabled firewall rules are active on the
device.
Target To allow packets to pass through the firewall
unmodified, select ACCEPT. To block packets, select
DROP.
Interface Select the appropriate interface where the
Enabled Enables the specific bridge network. All firewall rule is applied. To apply the firewall rule to all
the added bridge networks are saved in the system interfaces, select ANY.
configuration file; however, only the enabled bridge
networks are active on the device. IP Type Sets which specific Layer 3 protocol type (IP, ICMP,
TCP, UDP, P2P) should be filtered.
Interface The interface is automatically displayed.
! Can be used to invert the Source IP/Mask, Source Port,
STP Multiple interconnected bridges create larger Destination IP/Mask, and/or Destination Port filtering
networks using IEEE 802.1d Spanning Tree Protocol criteria. For example, if you enable ! (Not) for the specified
(STP), which is used for finding the shortest path within a Destination Port value 443, then the filtering criteria will
network and eliminating loops from the topology. be applied to all the packets sent to any Destination Port
If enabled, the device bridge communicates with other except port 443, which is commonly used by HTTPS.
network devices by sending and receiving Bridge Protocol Source IP/Mask Specify the source IP of the packet
Data Units (BPDU). STP should be disabled (default setting) (specified within the packet header). Usually it is the
when the device is the only bridge on the LAN or when IP of the host system that sends the packets. The mask
there are no loops in the topology, as there is no need for is in CIDR or slash notation. For example, if you enter
the bridge to use STP in this case. 192.168.1.0/24, you are entering the range of 192.168.1.0
Ports Select the appropriate ports for your bridge to 192.168.1.255.
network. (Virtual ports are available if you have created Source Port Check the box and specify the source port of
VLANs.) the packet (specified within the packet header). Usually it
• Add Select a port. is the port of the host system application that sends the
• Del Delete a port. packets.
Comment You can enter a brief description of the Destination IP/Mask Specify the destination IP of the
purpose for the bridge network. packet (specified within the packet header). Usually it is
the IP of the system which the packet is addressed to. The
mask is in CIDR or slash notation. For example, if you enter
• Add Add a bridge network. 192.168.1.0/24, you are entering the range of 192.168.1.0
• Del Delete a bridge network. to 192.168.1.255.
Note: A bridge network cannot be deleted if it is Destination Port Specify the destination port of the
selected as the management interface. packet (specified within the packet header). Usually it is
the port of the host system application which the packet is
addressed to.
Comment You can enter a brief description of the
purpose for the firewall rule.

In Bridge mode, all active firewall entries are stored in is in CIDR or slash notation. For example, if you enter
the FIREWALL chain of the ebtables filter table. (Ebtables 2001:db8::/64, you are entering the range of
is a transparent link‑layer filtering tool used on bridge 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000 to
interfaces; this allows the filtering of network traffic 2001:0db8:0000:0000:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff.
passing through a bridge.) Source Port Specify the source port of the packet
In Router or SOHO Router mode, all active firewall entries (specified within the packet header). Usually it is the port
are stored in the FIREWALL chain of the iptables filter of the host system application that sends the packets.
table. Destination IP/Mask Specify the destination IP of the
Action You have the following options: packet (specified within the packet header). Usually it is
• Add Add a firewall rule. the IP of the system which the packet is addressed to. The
• Edit Make changes to a firewall rule. Click Save to save 2001:db8::/64, you are entering the range of
your changes. 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000 to
• Del Delete a firewall rule. 2001:0db8:0000:0000:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff.
Note: Packets are processed by sequentially Destination Port Specify the destination port of the
traversing the firewall rules. packet (specified within the packet header). Usually it is
the port of the host system application which the packet is
IPv6 Firewall addressed to.
(Available in Advanced view.) You can configure IPv6 Comment You can enter a brief description of the
firewall rules for the local and external network interfaces. purpose for the firewall rule.
Click the + button to display the IPv6 Firewall section. All active firewall entries are stored in the FIREWALL6
chain of the ebtables filter table.
• Add Add a firewall rule.
• Edit Make changes to a firewall rule. Click Save to save
your changes.
Enable Enables firewall functionality.
• Del Delete a firewall rule.
Enabled Enables the specific firewall rule. All the added
firewall rules are saved in the system configuration file; Static Routes
however, only the enabled firewall rules are active on the (Available in Advanced view.) You can manually add
device. static routing rules to the system routing table; you can
set a rule that a specific target IP address (or range of IP
addresses) passes through a specific gateway. Click the +
button to display the Static Routes section.
Target To allow packets to pass through the firewall

unmodified, select ACCEPT. To block packets, select
DROP. Enabled Enables the specific static route. All the added
static routes are saved in the system configuration file;
Interface Select the appropriate interface where the however, only the enabled static routes are active on the
firewall rule is applied. To apply the firewall rule to all device.
interfaces, select ANY.
Target Network IP Specify the IP address of the
IP Type Sets which specific Layer 3 protocol type (IP, ICMP, destination.
TCP, UDP) should be filtered.
Netmask Specify the netmask of the destination.
! Can be used to invert the Source IP/Mask, Source Port,
Destination IP/Mask, and/or Destination Port filtering Gateway IP Specify the IP address of the gateway.
criteria. For example, if you enable ! (Not) for the specified Comment You can enter a brief description of the
Destination Port value 443, then the filtering criteria will purpose for the static route.
be applied to all the packets sent to any Destination Port Action You have the following options:
except port 443, which is commonly used by HTTPS.
• Add Add a static route.
Source IP/Mask Specify the source IP of the packet
• Edit Make changes to a static route. Click Save to save
(specified within the packet header). Usually it is the
your changes.
IP of the host system that sends the packets. The mask
• Del Delete a static route.

IPv6 Static Routes Bursting allows the bandwidth to spike higher than the
maximum bandwidth you configure in the Ingress and
(Available in Router or SOHO Router mode only) Egress Rate settings – for a short period of time. Once the
(Available in Advanced view.) You can manually add IPv6 Ingress or Egress Burst (volume of data) is used up, the
static routing rules to the system routing table; you can throughput drops back down to the corresponding Ingress
set a rule that a specific target IP address (or range of IP or Egress Rate setting (maximum bandwidth) you have set.
addresses) passes through a specific gateway. Click the + For example, you have the following conditions:
button to display the IPv6 Static Routes section.
• Egress Burst is set to 2048 kBytes.
• Egress Rate is set to 512 kbit/s.
• Actual maximum bandwidth is 1024 kbit/s.
Bursting allows 2048 kBytes to pass at 1024 kbit/s before
Enabled Enables the specific static route. All the added throttling down to 512 kbit/s.
static routes are saved in the system configuration file;
however, only the enabled static routes are active on the
device.
Target Network IP Specify the IP address of the
destination.
Netmask Specify the netmask of the destination. The Enable Enables bandwidth control on the device.
Enabled Enables the specific rule. All the added rules are
2001:db8::/64, you are entering the range of
saved in the system configuration file; however, only the
2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000 to
enabled rules are active on the device.
2001:0db8:0000:0000:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff.
Interface Select the appropriate interface.
Gateway IP Specify the IP address of the gateway.
Comment You can enter a brief description of the Ingress
purpose for the static route. • Enable Enables the ingress values.
Action You have the following options: • Rate, kbit/s Specify the maximum bandwidth value
• Add Add a static route. (in kilobits per second) for traffic entering the specified
interface.
• Edit Make changes to a static route. Click Save to save
your changes. • Burst, kBytes Specify the data volume (in kilobytes)
that is allowed before the ingress maximum bandwidth
• Del Delete a static route.
applies.
Traffic Shaping Egress
(Available in Advanced view.) Traffic Shaping controls • Enable Enables the egress values.
bandwidth from the perspective of the client. In Station
• Rate, kbit/s Specify the maximum bandwidth value
mode only, bursting allows fast downloads when a user
(in kilobits per second) for traffic exiting the specified
downloads small files (for example, viewing different
interface.
pages of a website), but prevents a user from using
excessive bandwidth when downloading large files (for • Burst, kBytes Specify the data volume (in kilobytes)
example, streaming a movie). that is allowed before the egress maximum bandwidth
applies.
As Layer 3 QoS, you can limit the traffic at the device at
the interface level, based on a rate limit you define. Each Action You have the following options:
interface has two types of traffic: • Add Add a rule.
• Ingress traffic entering the interface • Edit Make changes to a traffic shaping rule. Click Save
• Egress traffic exiting the interface to save your changes.
We recommend using Traffic Shaping to control egress • Del Deletes a traffic shaping rule.
traffic, because it is more efficient in the egress direction.
When an interface accepts ingress traffic, it cannot control
how quickly the traffic arrives – the sending device
controls that traffic. However, when an interface sends out
egress traffic, it can control how quickly the traffic exits.

airOS® v5.6 User Guide Chapter 6: Advanced
Chapter 6: Advanced
The Advanced page handles advanced routing and
wireless settings. Only technically advanced users who
have sufficient knowledge about WLAN technology
should use the advanced wireless settings. These settings
should not be changed unless you know the effects the
changes will have on the device.
• Apply To immediately save your changes, click Apply. RTS Threshold (If airMAX is enabled, RTS Threshold is not
required.) Determines the packet size of a transmission
• Test To try the changes without saving them, click and, through the use of an AP, helps control traffic flow.
Test. To keep the changes, click Apply. If you do not The range is 0-2346 bytes. The default setting is the value
click Apply within 180 seconds (the countdown is 2346; this means that RTS is disabled.
displayed), the device times out and resumes its earlier
configuration. Note: As an alternative, you can select Off to disable
this option.
The 802.11 wireless networking protocol uses the 802.11
Advanced Wireless Settings wireless networking Request to Send (RTS)/Clear to Send
The table displays the available 802.11n data rates: (CTS) mechanisms to reduce frame collisions introduced
by the hidden terminal problem. The RTS/CTS packet size
threshold is 0-2346 bytes. If the packet size that the device
Chains Data Rates
wants to transmit is larger than the threshold, then the
RTS/CTS handshake is triggered. If the packet size is equal
1x1 MCS 0, MCS 1, MCS 3, MCS 4, MCS 5, MCS 6, MCS 7
to or less than the threshold, then the data frame is sent
MCS 8, MCS 9, MCS 10, MCS 11, immediately.
2x2
MCS 12, MCS 13, MCS 14, MCS 15

Chapter 6: Advanced airOS® v5.6 User Guide
The system uses RTS/CTS frames for the handshake; Multicast Enhancement (Available in Access Point or
this reduces collisions for APs with hidden stations. The AP‑Repeater mode only.) If clients do not send IGMP
station sends an RTS frame first; the AP responds with a (Internet Group Management Protocol) messages, then
CTS frame. After the handshake with the AP is completed, they are not registered as receivers of your multicast
the station sends data. CTS collision control management traffic. Using IGMP snooping, the Multicast Enhancement
has a time interval defined; during this interval, all other option isolates multicast traffic from unregistered
stations do not transmit and wait until the requesting clients and allows the device to send multicast traffic to
station finishes transmission. registered clients using higher data rates. This lessens the
risk of traffic overload on PtMP links and increases the
reliability of multicast traffic since packets are transmitted
again if the first transmission fails. If clients do not send
IGMP messages but should receive multicast traffic, then
you may need to disable the Multicast Enhancement
option. By default this option is enabled.
Installer EIRP Control (Not available for US products with
fixed antennas.) Allows you to control the Calculate EIRP
Limit setting on the Wireless page.
Extra Reporting Reports additional information, such
as device name, in the 802.11 management frames. This
Distance To specify the distance value in miles (or information is commonly used for system identification
kilometers), use the slider or manually enter the value. and status reporting in discovery utilities and router
The signal strength and throughput fall off with range. operating systems.
Changing the distance value will change the ACK Client Isolation (Available in Access Point or AP‑Repeater
(Acknowledgement) timeout value accordingly. mode only.) Allows packets to be sent only from the
Auto Adjust We recommend enabling the Auto Adjust external network to the CPE and vice versa. If Client
option. Every time the station receives a data frame, it Isolation is enabled, wireless stations connected to the
sends an ACK frame to the AP (if transmission errors are same AP will not be able to interconnect on both the Layer
absent). If the station does not receive an ACK frame 2 (MAC) and Layer 3 (IP) levels. This also affects associated
from the AP within the set timeout, then it re-sends the stations and WDS peers as well.
frame. If too many data frames are re-sent (whether the Sensitivity Threshold, dBm Defines the minimum client
ACK timeout is too short or too long), then there is a poor signal level accepted by the AP for the client to connect.
connection, and throughput performance drops. If the client signal level subsequently drops, the client
The device has a new auto-acknowledgement remains connected to the AP.
timeout algorithm, which dynamically optimizes the
frame acknowledgement timeout value without user Advanced Ethernet Settings
intervention. This critical feature is required for stabilizing
long-distance 802.11n outdoor links.
If two or more stations are located at considerably
different distances from the AP they are associated with,
the distance to the farthest station should be set on the
AP side.
Aggregation A part of the 802.11n standard that allows LAN0/1 Speed By default, the option is Auto. The device
sending multiple frames per single access to the medium automatically negotiates transmission parameters, such as
by combining frames together into one larger frame. It speed and duplex, with its counterpart. In this process, the
creates the larger frame by combining smaller frames with networked devices first share their capabilities and then
the same physical source, destination end points, and choose the fastest transmission mode they both support.
traffic class (QoS) into one large frame with a common
To manually specify the maximum transmission link
MAC header.
speed and duplex mode, select one of the following
• Frames Determines the number of frames combined in options: 100 Mbps‑Full, 100 Mbps-Half, 10 Mbps-Full,
the new larger frame. or 10 Mbps‑Half. If you are running extra long Ethernet
• Bytes Determines the size (in bytes) of the larger frame. cables, a link speed of 10 Mbps could help to achieve
• Enable Check the box to use the Aggregation option. better stability.
Multicast Data Allows multicast packets to pass through. Full-duplex mode allows communication in both
By default this option is enabled. directions simultaneously. Half-duplex mode allows
communication in both directions, but not simultaneously
and only in one direction at a time.

airOS® v5.6 User Guide Chapter 6: Advanced
POE Passthrough (Availability is device-specific.) When Four LEDs

enabled, the device allows Power over Ethernet (PoE)
power to pass from the main port to the secondary
port, thereby powering an additional device, such as a LED Default Threshold Value
compatible IP camera.
1 -94 dBm
Signal LED Thresholds
2 -80 dBm
(This feature is not available on all devices.) You can
configure the LEDs on the device to light up when
3 -73 dBm
received signal levels reach the values defined in the
following fields. This allows a technician to easily deploy
4 -65 dBm
an airOS CPE without logging into the device (for example,
for antenna alignment operation).
Six LEDs
LED Default Threshold Value
1 -94 dBm
Signal (Available if the device supports GPS.) The type of 2 -88 dBm
signal, such as wireless or GPS.
Thresholds, dBm The number of LEDs is device-specific, 3 -82 dBm
and the default values vary depending on the number of
LEDs. The specified LED will light up if the signal strength 4 -77 dBm
reaches the value set in the field.
5 -71 dBm
For example, if the device has four LEDs and the signal
strength (on the Main page) fluctuates around -63 dBm,
6 -65 dBm
then the LED threshold values can be set to the following:
-70, -65, -62, and -60.
Note: The “-” character is outside of the field and
should not be used for the signal strength value
specification.
The following tables list the default threshold values for
devices with two, three, four, or six LEDs.
Two LEDs
1 -94 dBm
2 -65 dBm
Three LEDs
1 - 94 dBm
2 -77 dBm
3 -65 dBm

Chapter 6: Advanced airOS® v5.6 User Guide

airOS® v5.6 User Guide Chapter 7: Services
Chapter 7: Services Ping Watchdog

Ping Watchdog sets the device to continuously ping a
The Services tab configures system management services: user-defined IP address (it can be the Internet gateway,
Ping Watchdog, SNMP, servers (web, SSH, Telnet), NTP, for example). If it is unable to ping under the user-defined
DDNS, system log, and device discovery. constraints, then the device will automatically reboot. This
Change To save or test your changes, click Change. option creates a kind of “fail-proof” mechanism.
A new message appears. You have three options: Ping Watchdog is dedicated to continuous monitoring of
• Apply To immediately save your changes, click Apply. the specific connection to the remote host using the Ping
tool. The Ping tool works by sending ICMP echo request
• Test To try the changes without saving them, click packets to the target host and listening for ICMP echo
Test. To keep the changes, click Apply. If you do not response replies. If the defined number of replies is not
click Apply within 180 seconds (the countdown is received, the tool reboots the device.
displayed), the device times out and resumes its earlier
configuration.

Chapter 7: Services airOS® v5.6 User Guide
For the purpose of equipment identification, configure the

SNMP agent with contact and location information:
SNMP Agent Enables the SNMP agent.
• SNMP Community Specify the SNMP community
string. It is required to authenticate access to
Management Information Base (MIB) objects and
functions as an embedded password. The device
supports a read-only community string; authorized
management stations have read access to all the objects
Ping Watchdog Enables use of Ping Watchdog. in the MIB except the community strings, but do not
• IP Address To Ping Specify the IP address of the target have write access. The device supports SNMP v1. The
host to be monitored by Ping Watchdog. default SNMP Community is public.
• Ping Interval Specify the time interval (in seconds) • Contact Specify the contact who should be notified in
between the ICMP echo requests that are sent by Ping case of emergency.
Watchdog. The default value is 300 seconds. • Location Specify the physical location of the device.
• Startup Delay Specify the initial time delay (in
Web Server
seconds) until the first ICMP echo request is sent by Ping
Watchdog. The default value is 300 seconds.
The Startup Delay value should be at least 60 seconds
as the network interface and wireless connection
initialization takes a considerable amount of time if the
device is rebooted.
• Failure Count to Reboot Specify the number of ICMP
echo response replies. If the specified number of ICMP
echo response packets is not received continuously,
Ping Watchdog will reboot the device. The default value The following Web Server parameters can be set:
is 3. Web Server By default, HTTP service is enabled.
• Save Support Info This generates a support Secure Connection (HTTPS) By default, the web server
information file in case Ping Watchdog reboots the uses secure HTTPS mode.
device.
• Secure Server Port If secure HTTPS mode is used,
SNMP Agent specify the TCP/IP port of the web server. The default is
443.
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an
application layer protocol that facilitates the exchange Server Port If HTTP mode is used, specify the TCP/IP port
of management information between network of the web server. The default is 80.
devices. Network administrators use SNMP to monitor Session Timeout Specifies the maximum timeout before
network‑attached devices for issues that warrant the session expires. Once a session expires, you must log
attention. in again using the username and password. The default is
The device contains an SNMP agent, which does the 15 minutes.
following:
SSH Server
• Provides an interface for device monitoring using SNMP
• Communicates with SNMP management applications
for network provisioning
• Allows network administrators to monitor network
performance and troubleshoot network problems
The following SSH Server parameters can be set:

SSH Server This option enables SSH access to the device.
• Server Port Specify the TCP/IP port of the SSH server.
• Password Authentication If enabled, you must
authenticate using administrator credentials to grant
SSH access to the device; otherwise, an authorized key is
required.

airOS® v5.6 User Guide Chapter 7: Services
• Authorized Keys Click Edit to import a public key file NTP Client Enables the device to obtain the system time
for SSH access to the device instead of using an admin from a time server on the Internet.
password. • NTP Server Specify the IP address or domain name of
the NTP server.
Dynamic DNS
Domain Name System (DNS) translates domain names
to IP addresses; each DNS server on the Internet holds
these mappings in its respective DNS database. Dynamic
Domain Name System (DDNS) is a network service that
notifies the DNS server in real time of any changes in the
-- Choose File Click Choose File to locate the new key device’s IP settings. Even if the device’s IP address changes,
file. Select the file and click Open. you can still access the device through its domain name.
-- Import Imports the file for SSH access.
-- Enabled Enables the specific key. All the added keys
are saved in the system configuration file; however,
only the enabled keys are active on the device.
-- Type Displays the type of key.
-- Key Displays the key.
-- Comment You can enter a brief description of the
Dynamic DNS If enabled, the device allows
key.
communications with the DDNS server.
-- Action You have the following option:
• Service Select the appropriate service from the
• Remove Removes a public key file. drop‑down menu:
-- Save Saves your changes. • dyndns.org (default)
-- Close Discards your changes. • changeip.com
Telnet Server • zoneedit.com
• free.editdns.net
• no-ip.com
• noip.com
• freedns.afraid.org
• dnsmax.com
The following Telnet Server parameters can be set:
• thatip.com
Telnet Server This option activates Telnet access to the
device. • he.net
• Server Port Specify the TCP/IP port of the Telnet server. • dnsdynamic.org
• dnsexit.com
NTP Client • ovh.com
Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a protocol for • dnsomatic.com
synchronizing the clocks of computer systems over
packet-switched, variable-latency data networks. You • 3322.org
can use it to set the system time on the device. If the • namecheap.com
System Log option is enabled, then the real system time • easydns.com
is reported next to every log entry that registers a system
event. • Host Name Enter the host name of the device to
update it on the DDNS server.
• Username Enter the user name of the DDNS account.
• Password Enter the password of the DDNS account.
• Show Check the box to display the password
characters.

Chapter 7: Services airOS® v5.6 User Guide
System Log
Every logged message contains at least the system time
and name of the specific service that generates the
system event.
Messages from different services have different contexts
and different levels of detail. Usually error, warning, or
informational system service messages are reported;
however, more detailed debug level messages can also
be reported. The more detailed the system messages
reported, the greater the volume of log messages
generated.
System Log This option enables the registration routine

of system log (syslog) messages. By default it is disabled.
• Remote Log Enables the syslog remote sending
function. System log messages are sent to a remote
server, which is specified in the Remote Log IP Address
and Remote Log Port fields.
-- Remote Log IP Address The host IP address that
receives syslog messages. Properly configure the
remote host to receive syslog protocol messages.
-- Remote Log Port The TCP/IP port that receives syslog
messages. 514 is the default port for the commonly
used system message logging utilities.
-- TCP Protocol Send the system log messages using
the TCP protocol.
Device Discovery
Discovery Enables device discovery, so the device can be

discovered by other Ubiquiti devices through the Device
Discovery tool available through the airOS Configuration
(refer to “Discovery” on page 58) or as a separate
download at: downloads.ubnt.com
CDP Enables Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)
communications, so the device can send out CDP packets
to share its information.

airOS® v5.6 User Guide Chapter 8: System
Chapter 8: System Firmware Update

This section manages the firmware maintenance.
The System page contains administrative options. This
page enables the administrator to reboot the device, reset
it to factory defaults, upload new firmware, back up or
update the configuration, and configure the administrator
account.
Change To save or test your changes, click Change. Firmware Version Displays the current firmware version.
A new message appears. You have three options: Build Number Displays the build number of the firmware
• Apply To immediately save your changes, click Apply. version.
• Test To try the changes without saving them, click Check for Updates By default, the firmware automatically
Test. To keep the changes, click Apply. If you do not checks for updates. To manually check for an update, click
click Apply within 180 seconds (the countdown is Check Now.
displayed), the device times out and resumes its earlier Upload Firmware Click this button to update the device
configuration. with new firmware.
• Discard To cancel your changes, click Discard. The device firmware update is compatible with all
configuration settings. The system configuration is
preserved while the device is updated with a new
firmware version. However, we recommend that you back
up your current system configuration before updating the
firmware.

Chapter 8: System airOS® v5.6 User Guide
This is a three-step procedure: System Accounts

1. Click Choose File to locate the new firmware file. Select You can change the administrator password to protect
the file and click Open. your device from unauthorized changes. We recommend
2. Click Upload to upload the new firmware to the device. that you change the default administrator password on
3. The Uploaded Firmware Version is displayed. Click the very first system setup:
Update to confirm.
If the firmware update is in process, you can close the
firmware update window, but this does not cancel the
firmware update. Please be patient, as the firmware
update routine can take three to seven minutes. You
cannot access the device until the firmware update
routine is completed.
Note: Do not power off, do not reboot, and do
not disconnect the device from the power supply
during the firmware update process as these Administrator User Name Specifies the name of the
actions will damage the device! administrator.
Device Key button Click this button to change the administrator
password.
The Device Name (host name) is the system-wide device
identifier. The SNMP agent reports it to authorized • Current Password Enter the current password for
management stations. The Device Name will be used in the administrator account. It is required to change the
popular router operating systems, registration screens, Password or Administrator User Name.
and discovery tools. • New Password Enter the new password for the
administrator account. airOS will indicate that the
password is Too Short (text color: brown) if it has fewer
than four characters. As you enter the new password,
airOS will indicate its strength: Weak (red), Normal
(orange), or Strong (green).
Device Name Specifies the host name. Note: The password length is 4 characters minimum
and 63 characters maximum; we recommend using
Interface Language Allows you to select the language
at least 8 characters.
displayed in the web management interface. English is the
default language. • Verify New Password Re-enter the new password for
the administrator account.
You may upload additional language profiles. Refer to our
wiki page at the following URL: Read-Only Account Check the box to enable the
http://wiki.ubnt.com/How_to_import_Language_Profile read‑only account, which can only view the Main page.
Configure the username and password to protect your
Date Settings device from unauthorized changes.
• Read-Only Account Name Specifies the name of the
system user.
• Key button Click this button to change the read-only
password.
-- New Password Enter the new password for the
read‑only account.
Time Zone Specifies the time zone according to -- Show Check the box to display the read-only
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). password characters.
Startup Date When enabled, you are able to change the
device’s startup date.
• Startup Date Specifies the device’s startup date. Click
the Calendar icon or manually enter the date in the
format determined by the browser locale.

airOS® v5.6 User Guide Chapter 8: System
Miscellaneous Device Maintenance

The controls in this section manage the device
maintenance routines: reboot and support information
reports.
Reset Button To allow use of the reset button, check the

box. To prevent an accidental reset to default settings,
uncheck the box (this also disables the remote POE reset
Reboot Device Initiates a full reboot cycle of the device.
functionality).
Reboot is the same as the hardware reboot, which is
Note: You can reset the device to default settings similar to the power-off and power-on cycle. The system
through System > Reset to Defaults. configuration stays the same after the reboot cycle
UNII-2 Band This option is available if DFS (Dynamic completes. Any changes that have not been applied are
Frequency Selection) frequencies in the UNII-2 band lost.
(5.25 - 5.725 GHz) should be available for your device but Support Info This generates a support information
are locked. To unlock the DFS frequencies, follow these file that the Ubiquiti support engineers can use when
instructions: providing customer support. This file only needs to be
1. Visit www.ubnt.com/fcclabelrequest and follow the generated at their request.
online instructions to request the activation key and
FCC labels.
Configuration Management
The controls in this section manage the device
2. After you have received your activation key and FCC
configuration routines and the option to reset the device
labels, check the box next to UNII-2 Band.
to factory default settings.
3. In the Company Name field, enter the company name
The device configuration is stored in plain text file (cfg
you provided when you requested the activation key.
file). You can back up, restore, or update the system
4. In the Key field, enter the activation key. configuration file:
5. Apply the FCC labels to the appropriate device(s).
airMAX Technology Features (Available on the System
page if the Ubiquiti logo page is not displayed.) airMAX
is Ubiquiti’s proprietary Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA) polling technology. airMAX offers better tolerance
against interference and increases the maximum number
of users that can associate with an AP that is airMAX- Back Up Configuration Click Download to download the
capable. current system configuration file.
After you have enabled this setting on the System page,
Note: We strongly recommend that you save
the Ubiquiti logo page appears. For more information, see
the configuration file in a secure location. The
“airMAX Settings” on page 15.
configuration file includes confidential information,
Location such as WPA keys in plain text.
Latitude and longitude define the device’s coordinates; Upload Configuration Click Choose File to locate the
they are used to automatically update the device’s new configuration file. Select the file and click Open.
location for airOS management. We recommend that you back up your current system
configuration before uploading the new configuration.
Note: Use only configuration files for the same
type of the device. Behavior may be unpredictable
if you mix configuration files from different types
of devices. (For example, upload a RocketM5
Latitude The latitude of the device’s location is displayed. configuration file to a RocketM5; do NOT upload a
Valid values for latitude are -90 to +90. BulletM5 configuration file to a RocketM5.)
Longitude The longitude of the device’s location is

displayed. Valid values for longitude are -180 to +180.

Chapter 8: System airOS® v5.6 User Guide
Upload Click this button to upload the new configuration

file to the device. Click Apply to confirm.
After the device reboots, the settings of the new
configuration are displayed in the Wireless, Network,
Advanced, Services, and System tabs of the web
management interface.
Reset to Factory Defaults Resets the device to the
factory default settings. This option will reboot the
device, and all factory default settings will be restored.
We recommend that you back up your current system
configuration before resetting the device to its defaults.

airOS® v5.6 User Guide Chapter 9: Tools
Chapter 9: Tools Alignment Beep You can enable the audio option so
a technician can easily align the antenna of an airMAX
Each page of the airOS interface contains network device without looking at the airOS Configuration
administration and monitoring tools. Click the Tools Interface. The higher the pitch, the stronger the signal
drop‑down list at the top right corner of the page. strength. Each rise in pitch correlates to an increase in the
received signal level, which is represented by a color in the
Align Antenna airOS Configuration Interface:
Use the Align Antenna tool to point and optimize the • Red (weakest received signal level)
antenna in the direction of maximum link signal. The • Yellow
Antenna Alignment window reloads every second. • Green
• Blue (strongest received signal level)
Site Survey
The Site Survey tool searches for wireless networks in range
on all supported frequencies.
Signal Level Displays the signal strength of the last

received packet.
Vertical/Horizontal Displays the wireless signal level (in
dBm) of each polarity, if there is more than one polarity.
(The number of polarities is device-specific.)
Noise Level Displays the background noise level (in dBm)
when the wireless signal is received. Scanned Frequencies In Station mode, you can change
Max Signal Displays the maximum signal strength (in the frequency list; for details, see “Frequency Scan List,
dBm). Use the slider to adjust the range of the Signal MHz” on page 26.
Level meter to be more sensitive to signal fluctuations (it After the search is completed, the Site Survey tool reports
changes an offset of the maximum indicator value). the following for each result:
MAC Address Displays the MAC address of the wireless
interface of the device.
SSID Displays the wireless network name.
Device Name Displays the host name or identifier of the
device.

Chapter 9: Tools airOS® v5.6 User Guide
Radio Mode Displays the technology used by the device. Ping

Encryption Displays the encryption method used by the You can ping other devices on the network directly from
device (if any). the device. The Ping tool uses ICMP packets to check the
Signal/Noise, dBm Displays the signal strength and noise preliminary link quality and packet latency estimation
levels, in dBm. between two network devices.
Frequency, GHz/Channel Displays the frequency in GHz
and channel in use.
To refresh the window, click Scan.
Discovery
The Device Discovery tool searches for all Ubiquiti devices
on your network.
Network Ping
Select Destination IP You have two options:
Search As you enter keywords, the Search field • Select a remote system IP from the drop-down list,
automatically filters devices containing specified names or which is generated automatically.
numbers.
• Select specify manually and enter the IP address in the
After the search is completed, the Discovery tool reports field displayed below.
the following for each result:
Packet Count Enter the number of packets to send for
MAC Address Displays the MAC address or hardware the ping test.
identifier of the device.
Packet Size Specify the size of the packet.
Device Name Displays the host name or identifier of the
Start Click this button to start the test.
device.
After the test is completed, the Ping tool reports the
Mode Displays the operating mode of the wireless
following information for each packet sent:
device, AP or STA (Station). If the device is not wireless (for
example, a UniFi Video Camera), then “-” is displayed. Host Displays the host name or identifier.
SSID Displays the wireless network name. Time Displays the round-trip time.
Product Displays the product name or type of the device. TTL Displays the Time To Live (TTL), the number of hops
allowed before the ping test fails.
Firmware Displays the version number of the firmware.
The Ping tool reports packet loss statistics and round-trip
IP Address Displays the IP address of the device.
time evaluation:
To access a device configuration through its web
management interface, click the device’s IP address. Packets Received Displays the number of packets
received.
To refresh the window, click Scan.
Loss Displays the percentage of packets lost.
Min. Displays the minimum round-trip time in
milliseconds.
Avg. Displays the average round-trip time in milliseconds.
Max. Displays the maximum round-trip time in
milliseconds.

Traceroute Speed Test

The Traceroute tool traces the hops from the device to This utility allows you to test the connection speed
a specified IP address. Use this tool to find the route between two airOS devices that are using firmware
taken by ICMP packets across the network to a specified version 5.2 or above. You can use Speed Test to estimate a
destination host name or IP address. preliminary throughput between two network devices.
Note: If traffic shaping is enabled on either
device, then the Speed Test results will be limited
accordingly.
Destination Host Enter the host name or IP address of

the destination host.
Resolve IP Addresses Select this option to resolve the
hop addresses symbolically rather than numerically.
Start Click this button to start the test.
Select Destination IP You have two options:
After the test is completed, the Traceroute tool reports the
following information for each hop: • Select a remote system IP from the drop-down list,
which is generated automatically.
# Displays the hop number.
• Select specify manually and enter the IP address in the
Host Displays the host name, identifier, or IP address of field displayed below.
the hop host.
User Enter the administrator username.
IP Displays the IP address of the hop host.
Note: Enter the remote system access credentials
Responses Displays the round-trip times from the device
required for communication between two airOS
to the hop host. There are three packets sent per hop, so
devices. Administrator username and password are
there should be three round-trip times displayed. If there
required to establish the TCP/IP-based throughput
is no response from the hop host within the timeout
test.
interval of 5 seconds, then “*” is displayed.
Password Enter the administrator password.
Remote WEB port Enter the remote web port of the
airOS device to establish a TCP/IP-based throughput test
(for example, specify port 443 if HTTPS is enabled in the
remote device). The default is 80.
Show Advanced Options Enables additional Speed Test
utility options.
Direction Select one of three directions:
• duplex Estimates the incoming (RX) and outgoing (TX)
throughput at the same time.
• receive Estimates the incoming (RX) throughput.
• transmit Estimates the outgoing (TX) throughput.
Duration Enter the number of seconds the test should
last. The default is 30 seconds.
Run Test Click this button to start the test.
Test Results Displays three result categories:
• RX Displays the estimated incoming throughput.
• TX Displays the estimated outgoing throughput.
• Total Displays the aggregate throughput.

airView Main View

Use the airView Spectrum Analyzer to analyze the noise
environment of the radio spectrum and intelligently select
the optimal frequency to install a PtP airMAX link. Device Displays the device name, MAC (Media Access
There are two system requirements for the airView Control) address, and IP address of the device running
Spectrum Analyzer: airView.
• Your system is connected to the device via Ethernet. Total RF Frames Displays the total number of Radio
Launching airView will terminate all wireless Frequency (RF) frames gathered since the start of the
connections on the device. airView session or since the Reset All Data button was last
• Java Runtime Environment 1.6 (or above) is required on clicked.
your client machine to use airView. FPS Displays the total number of frames per second (FPS)
On first use, the following window appears. gathered since the start of the airView session or since
the Reset All Data button was last clicked. The wider the
interval amplitude, the fewer the FPS will be gathered.
Reset All Data Click to reset all gathered data. Use this
option to analyze the spectrum for another location or
address.
File Menu
Click Exit to end the airView session.
• Do NOT warn me about this in the future Check the View Menu
box to bypass this window in future launches of the
• Launch airView Click Launch airView to download the
Java Network Launch Protocol (jnlp) file and complete
the launch of airView.
Enable Chart Panel 1 (top) Displays the Waterfall or

Channel Usage chart in Chart Panel 1, depending on
which option you have selected in Preferences. This
time‑based graph shows the aggregate energy collected
or channel usage for each frequency since the start of the
airView session.
Enable Chart Panel 2 (middle) Displays the Waveform
chart in Chart Panel 2. This time-based graph shows the RF
signature of the noise environment since the start of the
airView session. The energy color designates its amplitude.
Cooler colors represent lower energy levels (with blue
representing the lowest levels) in that frequency bin, and
warmer colors (yellow, orange, or red) represent higher
energy levels in that frequency bin.
Enable Chart Panel 3 (bottom) Displays the Real-time
chart (traditional spectrum analyzer) in Chart Panel 3.
Energy (in dBm) is shown in real time as a function of
frequency.
Note: Energy is the power ratio in decibels (dB) of
the measured power referenced to one milliwatt
(mW).
Clear All Markers Resets all previously assigned
markers. Markers are assigned by clicking a point, which
corresponds with a frequency on the Real-time chart.

Preferences Changes airView settings, such as enabling • Channel Usage For each Wi-Fi channel, a bar displays
or disabling charts and traces, or specifying the frequency a percentage showing the relative “crowdedness” of
interval. that specific channel. To calculate this percentage, the
airView Spectrum Analyzer analyzes both the popularity
Preferences
and strength of RF energy in that channel since the start
Select View > Preferences to display the Preferences - of an airView session.
airView Spectrum Analyzer window.
Enable Waveform chart (middle) Check the box to
enable the middle chart. This time-based graph shows
the RF signature of the noise environment since the
start of the airView session. The energy color designates
frequency bin, and warmer colors (yellow, orange, or red)
represent higher energy levels in that frequency bin.
The spectral view over time will display the steady-state RF
Charts energy signature of a given environment.
Enable Real-time chart (bottom) Check the box to
enable the bottom chart. This graph displays a traditional
spectrum analyzer in which energy (in dBm) is shown in
real time as a function of frequency. There are three traces
in this view:
• Current (Yellow) Shows the real-time energy seen by
the device as a function of frequency.
• Average (Green) Shows the running average energy
across frequency.
• Maximum (Blue) Shows updates and maximum power
levels across frequency.
Realtime Traces
Enable top chart Check the box to enable the top chart.
Select the desired chart to display in the top chart panel
on the main view. There are two options:
• Waterfall This time-based graph shows the aggregate
energy collected for each frequency since the start
of the airView session. The energy color designates
frequency bin, and warmer colors (yellow, orange, or
red) represent higher energy levels in that frequency
bin.
The Waterfall View’s legend (top-right corner) provides
a numerical guide associating the various colors to
power levels (in dBm). The low end of that legend (left)
is always adjusted to the calculated noise floor, and the
high end (right) is set to the highest detected power
level since the start of the airView session.

The following settings apply only to the Real-time chart:

Current Real-time Trace Check the Enable box to enable
the real-time trace. When enabled, the yellow outline on
the Real-time chart represents the real-time power level of
each frequency. The refresh speed depends on the FPS.
Averages Trace Check the Enable box to enable the
averages trace. When enabled, the averages trace is
represented by the green area on the Real-time chart,
which displays the average received power level data
since the start of the airView session. To enable a shaded
green area, check the Shaded Area box. To display only
a green outline without the shaded area, uncheck the
Shaded Area box.
Maximum Power Levels Trace Check the Enable box to
enable the maximum power trace. When enabled, the
maximum power trace is represented by the blue area on
the Real-time chart, which displays the maximum received
power level data since the start of the airView session. To
enable a shaded blue area, check the Shaded Area box.
To display only a blue outline without the shaded area,
uncheck the Shaded Area box.
Frequency Range Select the amplitude of the
frequency interval to be scanned from the Frequency
Range drop‑down list. Available frequencies are device-
dependent. There are pre-defined ranges for the most
popular bands. You can enter a custom range; select
Custom Range from the Frequency Range drop-down list
and enter the desired values in the Start and End fields.
Help
Click About to view the version and build number of the

airOS™ Controller User Guide Appendix A: Contact Information
Appendix A: Contact
Information
Ubiquiti Networks Support
Ubiquiti Support Engineers are located around the world
and are dedicated to helping customers resolve software,
hardware compatibility, or field issues as quickly as
possible. We strive to respond to support inquiries within
a 24-hour period.
Ubiquiti Networks, Inc.
2580 Orchard Parkway
San Jose, CA 95131
www.ubnt.com
Online Resources
Support: support.ubnt.com
Community: community.ubnt.com
Downloads: downloads.ubnt.com
JL071515

© 2012-2015 Ubiquiti Networks, Inc. All rights reserved. Ubiquiti, Ubiquiti Networks, the Ubiquiti U logo, the Ubiquiti beam logo, airControl, airGateway,
airGrid, airMAX, airOS, airRouter, airSelect, airSync, airView, Bullet, NanoBeam, NanoBridge, NanoStation, PicoStation, PowerBeam, PowerBridge, Rocket, and
WispStation are trademarks or registered trademarks of Ubiquiti Networks, Inc. in the United States and in other countries. WPA and WPA2 are trademarks of
the Wi-Fi Alliance. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

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Chapter 3: Ubiquiti Logo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Appendix A: Contact Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

ii Ubiquiti Networks, Inc.

Chapter 1: Overview Supported Products

Ubiquiti Networks, Inc. 1

Note: If neither the Genuine Product logo nor

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Ubiquiti Networks, Inc. 3

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Chapter 2: Main Device Name Displays the customizable name or

Ubiquiti Networks, Inc. 5

6 Ubiquiti Networks, Inc.

Ubiquiti Networks, Inc. 7

airSync (GPS Series Only) Indicates the airSync status. If

8 Ubiquiti Networks, Inc.

Monitor Latency (Available if the Auto Adjust setting is enabled

10 Ubiquiti Networks, Inc.

Ubiquiti Networks, Inc. 11

airOS examines the destination IP address of each data

12 Ubiquiti Networks, Inc.

IPv6 Routes Port Forward

Note: You can also manually add static routes (refer

Firewall Rules IP and MAC level access control and

Ubiquiti Networks, Inc. 13

GPS Details (GPS Series Only)

Refresh To update the information, click Refresh.

Clear To delete all entries in the system log, click Clear.

14 Ubiquiti Networks, Inc.

Chapter 3: Ubiquiti Logo airMAX Settings

Ubiquiti Networks, Inc. 15

For compatibility, legacy or 802.11 a/b/g devices should use

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Device Displays the device name, MAC (Media Access

Ubiquiti Networks, Inc. 17

View Menu Charts

Enable Chart Panel 1 (top) Displays the Waterfall or

18 Ubiquiti Networks, Inc.

airSync (GPS Series Only)

Ubiquiti Networks, Inc. 19

• Enable airSync Check the box to enable airSync.

20 Ubiquiti Networks, Inc.

• Timing Override (Master) Available when airSync

Channel Bandwidth Down Slot Up Slot

30 MHz 4000 µs 4000 µs

20 MHz 4000 µs 4000 µs

• Master IP (Slave) Available when airSync is enabled on

Ubiquiti Networks, Inc. 21

22 Ubiquiti Networks, Inc.

Chapter 4: Wireless A new message appears. You have three options:

Basic Wireless Settings

Ubiquiti Networks, Inc. 23

Auto (Available in AP‑Repeater mode only.) Check the

• Access Point If you have a single device to act as

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Ubiquiti Networks, Inc. 25

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delivered to the internal antenna.) WPA-AES ✓ ✓