ICS 03.120.10;91.140.

50 NRS 048-5:1998
ISBN 0-626-11555-8 First edition

Rationalized User Specification

ELECTRICITY SUPPLY —
QUALITY OF SUPPLY

Part 5: Instrumentation and

transducers for voltage quality
monitoring and recording

Preferred requirements for applications in

the Electricity Supply Industry

N R S
 This Rationalized User Specification is
issued by the NRS Project
on behalf of the
User Group given in the foreword
and is not a standard as contemplated in the Standards Act, 1993 (Act 29 of 1993).

Rationalized user specifications allow user

organizations to define the performance and quality
requirements of relevant equipment.

Rationalized user specifications may, after a certain

application period, be introduced as national standards.

Amendments issued since publication

Amdt No. Date Text affected

Correspondence to be directed to Printed copies obtainable from

South African Bureau of Standards South African Bureau of Standards

(Electrotechnical Standards) Private Bag X191
Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001
Pretoria 0001
Telephone: (012) 428-7911
Fax: (012) 344-1568
E-mail: sales@sabs.co.za
Website: http://www.sabs.co.za

COPYRIGHT RESERVED

Printed on behalf of the NRS Project in the Republic of South Africa

by the South African Bureau of Standards
1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, Pretoria
 1 NRS 048-5:1999

Contents
Page

Foreword ..................................................................................................................... 2

Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 4

Key words ..................................................................................................................... 4

1 Scope ..................................................................................................................... 5

2 Normative references ....................................................................................................... 5

3 Definitions and abbreviations ............................................................................................ 6

4 Requirements ................................................................................................................. 7

4.1 General requirements applicable to type A, type B and type C instruments................ 7

4.2 Particular requirements for type A instruments ........................................................ 11
4.3 Particular requirements for type B and type C instruments........................................ 13

5 Methods of test.............................................................................................................. 14

5.1 Type tests……………………………………….......................................................... 14

5.2 Routine tests………………………………………....................................................... 21

Annexes

A Accuracy requirements for external transducers................................................................. 22

B Recommended schedule for type tests….…………………………………………………… ........ 22
C Guide for purchasers on preparing an enquiry.. .................................................................. 23
D Model format for schedules A and B ................................................................................. 25
E Bibliography. .................................................................................................................. 26
NRS 048-5:1998 2

Foreword
This part of NRS 048 was developed to provide supply authorities with a specification for power quality
monitoring equipment that would meet the needs for reporting to the National Electricity Regulator as
specified in NRS 048-3. It was developed by a working group appointed by the Electricity Suppliers
Liaison Committee. Consultation with instrument suppliers formed on integral part of the development
process.
The working group comprised the following members:
R G Coney (Chairman) Eskom
H O Boshoff Bellville Electricity Department
M Case SAIEE
N Croucher National Electricity Regulator
R W Curtis JCI
B de Jager Bloemfontein Electricity Department
A J Dold Durban Electricity
P A Johnson (Project Leader) NRS Project
R Koch Eskom
M Kuster Cape Town Electricity Department
G R Marloth Metropolitan Electricity, Greater Johannesburg TMC
T O Mould Kimberley Electricity Department
M Outram Port Elizabeth Electricity Department
A T Smith Benoni Electricity Department
J S van Heerden SABS NETFA
D Vrey Pretoria Electricity Department
M Wilson Boksburg Electricity Department

An interest group that included potential suppliers of instrumentation was consulted. The interest group
comprised the following members:

S Bush Spescom Measuregraph (Pty) Ltd

M Dekenah Marcus Dekenah Consulting cc
P Doman Eskom, Technology Group
H Erwin Eskom, Cape Distributor
R Goodland Quality of Supply Technologies
R H Goodwin H.V. Test cc
G Johnstone/H Nel Africon Engineering International (Pta)
J Laurencik Timecount (Pty) Ltd
M Lydon IST Energy (Pty) Ltd
V Rengecas SABS
D Smith KoCos
W van Wyk CT Lab cc
S Venter Flo-Co (Pty) Ltd

ISBN 0-626-11555-8
 3 NRS 048-5:1998

At the time that the ESLC accepted this edition, the ESLC comprised the following members:

R Wienand (Chairman) Director, Technical Services, Durban Electricity, AMEU

H Beck City Electrical Engineer, East London, AMEU
B F Berwyn-Taylor City Electrical Engineer, Cape Town, AMEU
A J Claasen Manager, Electrical Engineering Standards, SABS
F H D Conradie Senior Manager (Transmission), Eskom
P Crowdy Design Manager, Distribution Technology, Eskom
R W Curtis JCI, for Chamber of Mines of South Africa
J A Ehrich City Electrical Engineer, Pretoria, AMEU
A H L Fortmann City Electrical Engineer, Boksburg, AMEU
B Gwilt City Electrical Engineer, Port Elizabeth, AMEU
D F Hunt Technology Standardization Manager, Eskom
I P Kruger Director, Department of Electrical Engineering, SABS
A R Lock Executive Officer, Metropolitan Electricity, Greater Johannesburg
TMC, AMEU
J G Malan City Electrical Engineer, Kempton Park, AMEU
J Maroga Distribution Technology Manager, Eskom
A J van der Merwe City Electrical Engineer, Bloemfontein, AMEU
H R Whitehead Executive Director, Durban Electricity, AMEU
NRS 048 consists of the following parts, under the general title Electricity supply — Quality of supply:

Part 1: Overview of implementation of standards and procedures.

Part 2: Minimum standards.

Part 3: Procedures for measurement and reporting.

Part 4: Application guidelines for utilities (in course of preparation).

Part 5: Instrumentation and transducers for voltage quality monitoring and recording.

Annexes A, B, C, D and E are for information only.

Recommendations for corrections, additions or deletions should be addressed to the NRS Project
Manager, c/o Electrical Engineering Manager, SABS, Private Bag X191, Pretoria 0001.
NRS 048-5:1998 4

Introduction
It is anticipated that three types of instrument will be used for monitoring quality of supply (QOS) for the
six categories of site as defined in NRS 048-3:

a) an instrument with limited capability, that will monitor and record interruptions and voltage regulation
at sites of categories 3, 4 and 5 (type A instruments);
b) an instrument that is capable of monitoring and recording all relevant parameters at category 2 sites
(type B instruments); and
c) a comprehensive instrument that is capable of monitoring and recording all relevant parameters at
category 1 sites (type C instruments).

Type B instruments would also be suitable for use at category 6 sites (generators), with the exception
of frequency monitoring. Frequency is intended to be monitored by means of existing instrumentation at
generation sites, where it is anticipated that out-of-limits occurrences will be logged manually.

Purchasers should ensure that the instruments used are capable of measuring the QOS parameters in
strict compliance with the assessment methods specified in NRS 048-2.

Although some multifunction instruments might have the functionality to measure flicker, this
specification does not cover functional requirements for the measurement of flicker. Flicker
measurement is covered by IEC 61000-4-15 (see also NRS 048-2).

This part of NRS 048 is intended to form the basis of the technical requirements of an enquiry for the
purchase of voltage quality monitoring instruments, and sets out a series of type tests intended to be
applied to a sample instrument of specific design submitted by a manufacturer to a test authority.
Limited routine tests intended to be applied to each instrument on manufacture are also specified.

Although no specific tests for reliability or design life are included in this specification, suppliers should
be aware that a design life of at least 10 years is required, and that the supply industry intends to
subject samples of instruments that are to be purchased in significant quantities to accelerated
environmental stress testing to obtain a prediction of the expected life of instruments.

Monitoring instruments will be installed countrywide, in a wide range of environments. Hence, the
requirements for environmental withstand and electromagnetic compatibility are based on severity levels
that in some cases might be more severe than those normally associated with test instruments used in
specialist applications.

The NER intends to require industry to monitor and record voltage spikes and transients in the future.
However, as indicated in NRS 048-2, the measurement criteria for defining minimum standards have not
yet been established and it is anticipated that this will take several years. It is therefore not a
requirement that type A instruments, as defined in this edition of this part of NRS 048, be capable of
measuring and recording voltage spikes and transients.

Although some supply authorities might require type A instruments also to measure and record voltage
dips, there is an overriding requirement on the part of the majority of supply authorities to have an
instrument that complies with the minimum specification and that can be provided at minimum cost.

Key words
Quality of supply; Instrumentation; Transducers; Monitoring; Specifications.
 5 NRS 048-5:1998

SPECIFICATION

Electricity supply — Quality of supply

Part 5: Instrumentation and transducers for voltage quality

monitoring and recording

For applications in the Electricity Supply Industry

1 Scope
This part of NRS 048 covers minimum requirements for instruments intended for monitoring and
recording quality of supply (QOS) at site categories 1 to 6 (as specified in NRS 048-3) for the purposes
of supplying the National Electricity Regulator with QOS information. It does not specify instruments for
the measurement and recording of voltage flicker and power frequency.

NOTES
1 Instruments that provide additional features for QOS investigations (for example, the measurement of harmonic currents)
might also be required to monitor and record voltage parameters in terms of the requirements of NRS 048-3.

2 For information on the measurement of flicker and power frequency, see NRS 048-2 and NRS 048-3.

3 The options included in this part of NRS 048 are not necessarily comprehensive. Suppliers can also offer additional
optional facilities.

2 Normative references
The following standards and specifications contain provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this part of NRS 048. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were
valid. All standards and specifications are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this
part of NRS 048 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the
documents listed below. Information on currently valid national and international standards and
specifications can be obtained from the South African Bureau of Standards.
IEC 60060-1:1989, High voltage test techniques — Part 1: General definitions and test requirements.

IEC 60060-2:1994, High voltage test techniques — Part 2: Measuring systems.

IEC 60068-2-1:1990, Environmental testing — Part 2: Tests — Tests A — Cold.

IEC 60068-2-2:1974, Environmental testing — Part 2: Tests — Tests B — Dry heat.

IEC 60068-2-6:1995, Environmental testing — Part 2: Tests — Test Fc: Vibration (sinusoidal).

IEC 60068-2-27:1987, Environmental testing — Part 2: Tests — Test Ea and guidance: Shock.

IEC 60068-2-30:1980, Environmental testing — Part 2: Tests — Test Db and guidance: Damp heat,
cyclic (12 +12 hour cycle).

IEC 60068-2-63:1991, Environmental testing — Part 2: Test methods — Test Eg: Impact, spring
hammer.

IEC 60695-2-1/1:1994, Fire hazard testing — Part 2: Test methods — Section 1/Sheet 1: Glow-wire
end-product test and guidance.
NRS 048-5:1998 6

IEC 61000-4-2:1995, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 4: Testing and measurement

techniques — Section 2: Electrostatic discharge immunity test — Basic EMC publication.

IEC 61000-4-3:1995, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 4: Testing and measurement

techniques — Section 3: Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test.

IEC 61000-4-4:1995, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 4: Testing and measurement

techniques — Section 4: Electrical fast transient/burst immunity test — Basic EMC publication.

IEC 61000-4-5:1995, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 4: Testing and measurement

techniques — Section 5: Surge immunity test.

NRS 048-1:1996, Electricity supply — Quality of supply — Part 1: Overview of implementation of

standards and procedures.

NRS 048-2:1996, Electricity supply — Quality of supply — Part 2: Minimum standards.

Amendment 1, 1998

NRS 048-3:1998, Electricity supply — Quality of supply — Part 3: Procedures for measurement and
reporting.
Second edition

SABS 1222:1985, Enclosures for electrical equipment (classified according to the degree of protection
that the enclosure provides).

SABS CISPR 22:1985, Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of
information technology equipment.

3 Definitions and abbreviations

For the purposes of this part of NRS 048, the definitions and abbreviations given in NRS 048-1 and the
following definitions apply:

3.1 limit range of operation: Extreme conditions that an operating instrument can withstand without
damage to and without degradation of its metrological characteristics when it is subsequently operated
under its rated operating conditions.

3.2 limits
3.2.1 limits of intrinsic error: The limits of intrinsic error with respect to reference conditions.
3.2.2 limits of variations: The limits of variations with respect to rated operating conditions.
NOTE — These can be indicated by assigning an accuracy class to an instrument whereby the limits are implicit in the
classification. For example, a class 2 instrument has a limit of intrinsic error not exceeding ± 2 %.

3.3 resolution (of an instrument): The smallest change in the quantity being measured that will
produce an observable change in the reading of the instrument. When used in the context of an
analogue-to-digital converter, it represents the smallest change in analogue input that will generate a
change of one bit.

3.4 routine test: A test to which each individual device (equipment) is subjected, during or after
manufacture, to ascertain whether it complies with certain criteria. [IEC 61010-1]

3.5 specified operating range: The range of values of a single influence quantity which forms part of
 7 NRS 048-5:1998
the rated operating conditions. [IEC 60359]

3.6 storage and transport conditions: Extreme conditions which a non-operating measuring
instrument can withstand without damage and without degradation of its metrological characteristics
when it is subsequently operated under its rated operating conditions. [IEC 60359]

3.7 type test: A test of one or more samples of equipment (or parts of equipment) made to a particular
design, to show that the design and construction meet one or more requirements. [IEC 61010-1]

NOTE — Compliance with all the type tests is the basis that a recognized laboratory will use when issuing a certificate of
compliance with this part of NRS 048.

4 Requirements

4.1 General requirements applicable to type A, type B and type C instruments

NOTE — This part of NRS 048 does not specify safety requirements. Some of the performance type tests are however also
internationally accepted tests for safety, as specified in IEC 61010-1. Suppliers are expected to have taken into account all
the relevant requirements of IEC 61010-1 in the design of the instruments.

4.1.1 Insulation (including impulse voltage test)

The instrument and its incorporated auxiliary devices, if any, shall retain adequate dielectric qualities
under normal conditions of use, while taking into account the atmospheric influences and different
voltages to which the instrument might be subjected.

The instrument shall withstand the impulse voltage test and the a.c. voltage test specified in 5.1.4.2 and
5.1.4.3, respectively.

The clearance and creepage distances between terminals shall be not less than those specified in table
1.

Table 1 — Clearances and creepage distances

1 2 3 4 5 6
Rated full-scale Rated impulse Minimum clearances Minimum creepage distances
voltage voltage
V V mm mm
Type A, type B and type C Type A Type B and
type C
150 2 500 1,5 1,5 2,5 1,6
300 4 000 3,0 3,0 5,0 3,2
NRS 048-5:1998 8

4.1.2 Measurement accuracy

4.1.2.1 Sampling and assessment methods

The sampling and assessment methods used shall be as specified in NRS 048-2, except in the case of
type A instruments (see 4.2.1.5).

4.1.2.2 Limits of intrinsic error and resolution

In the case of particular requirements for type A instruments, see 4.2.

In the case of particular requirements for type B and type C instruments, see 4.3.

4.1.2.3 Effect of influence quantities on accuracy

The effect of influence quantities on operation and accuracy shall not exceed the limits of variation in
percentage error specified in table 2.

Table 2 — Influence quantities

1 2
Influence quantity Limits of variation
in percentage error
Voltage variation ± 10 % 1,0
Frequency variation ± 2 % 0,8
Reversed phase sequence 1,5
Voltage unbalance 4,0
Harmonic components in voltage 1,0
Continuous magnetic induction of external origin 3,0
Magnetic induction of external origin 0,5 mT 3,0
Electromagnetic HF fields 3,0
Operation of accessories 1,0

4.1.3 Electrical requirements

4.1.3.1 Influence of variations in supply voltage

Any reduction in or loss of supply voltage, including voltage dips, shall not cause any stored data to be
lost or corrupted. For testing, see 5.1.6.1.

4.1.3.2 Power requirements

The burden, in volt amperes, or the impedance of the input circuits, in mega-ohms, and the power
consumption of the auxiliary supply shall be stated by the supplier in schedule B (see annex D for
model format). Instruments shall be capable of continuous operation within a supply voltage range of at
least − 20 % to +15 % of Un, where Un is the nominal value of the supply voltage. The supplier shall
state the voltage range for continuous operation in schedule B. For testing, see 5.1.6.2.

4.1.3.3 Power supply

An instrument may derive its operating power from the phase(s) being measured. In the event of the
instrument’s developing an internal fault, it shall disconnect (internally) from the external supply.
 9 NRS 048-5:1998
4.1.3.4 Galvanic isolation

Internal galvanic isolation at the measuring point shall be provided.

4.1.3.5 Nominal input voltage range

The nominal input voltage range shall be 0 V to 300 V (r.m.s. 0 V to 230 V).

4.1.4 Electromagnetic compatibility

4.1.4.1 Emissions

An instrument shall not generate conducted or radiated noise that could interfere with other equipment.
For testing see 5.1.7.1.

4.1.4.2 Immunity

An instrument shall be so designed that radiated and conducted electromagnetic disturbances and
electrostatic discharge do not damage or substantially influence the operation and functionality of the
instrument. For testing see 5.1.7.2.

4.1.5 Climatic conditions

4.1.5.1 Temperature range

The temperature range of instruments shall be as shown in table 3.

Table 3 — Temperature ranges

1 2 3
1)
Temperatures Type A instruments Type B and type C
instruments
0 0
C C
Specified operating range − 10 to 55 0 to 40
Limit range of operation − 10 to 65 − 10 to 55
Limit range for storage and − 15 to 70 − 15 to 70
transport 2)
1) All temperature ranges are of ambient temperature.
2) Storage and transport should be at the extremes of this temperature range for a
maximum period of 6 h only.

4.1.5.2 Relative humidity

An instrument shall be deemed to be able to withstand the relative humidity requirements given in
table 4 if it passes the combined temperature and humidity test given in 5.1.8.3.

Table 4 — Relative humidity

1 2
Period Relative humidity
Annual mean < 75 %
For 30 days, these days being spread in a 95 %
natural way over one year
Occasionally, excluding the 30 days indicated 85 %
NRS 048-5:1998 10

above
4.1.6 Mechanical requirement

4.1.6.1 General

All parts that are subject to corrosion under normal working conditions shall be protected effectively.
Under normal working conditions, any protective coating shall be liable neither to damage by ordinary
handling, nor to damage due to exposure to air. Tests of immunity to mechanical shock and vibration
are given in 5.1.9.2 and 5.1.9.3, respectively.
NOTE — Where an instrument is to be installed where there might be the possibility of inadvertent contact with terminals,
adequate protection should be provided, such as a sealable terminal cover.

4.1.6.2 Case

The case shall be so constructed and arranged that any non-permanent deformation will not prevent
satisfactory operation of the instrument. For testing mechanical strength, see 5.1.9.1. Specific
requirements for type A instruments, and for type B and type C instruments are specified in 4.2 and
4.3, respectively.

4.1.6.3 Resistance to heat and fire

The terminal block, the terminal cover (if applicable) and the instrument case shall not be ignited by
thermal overload of live parts in contact with them. For tests of resistance to heat and fire, see 5.1.9.4.

4.1.7 Data communication, processing and analysis

4.1.7.1 Each instrument shall have a data communication interface. It shall be capable of interfacing
with a modem or a suitable hand-held device or lap-top PC for extracting stored values.

In the case of type A instruments a serial RS 232 interface shall be provided for the extraction of data.

In the case of type B and type C instruments a serial RS 232 interface or an acceptable industry
standard interface shall be provided. The type of interface shall be stated in schedule B (see annex D).

4.1.7.2 Any software required to configure the instrument, or to download and analyse data in terms of
the minimum reporting requirements, shall be provided with the instrument. Details of the operating
system and minimum requirements of any processor (PC) needed for data analysis shall be provided.

4.1.7.3 The “95 %” daily values as specified in NRS 048-2 shall be derived by disregarding the eight
most extreme values of the 144 × 10 min samples in each 24 h period.

4.1.8 Data format

4.1.8.1 There shall be no special requirements for the user in retrieving correctly date-tagged and
consistent data over the “year 2000” millennium change.

4.1.8.2 Data shall be formatted in comma-separated or tab-separated ASCII file format. Where data are
not in this format, software shall be provided with the instrument to convert data to the required format.

4.1.9 Operational indicator

The instrument shall provide a visual indication of correct operation.
 11 NRS 048-5:1998

4.1.10 Calibration sheet

Each instrument shall be supplied with a calibration certificate, and calibration shall be traceable.

4.1.11 Marking

Each instrument shall bear the following information, in permanent and indelible marking, on the outer
side:

a) the serial number and the year of manufacture; and, where applicable,

b) the nominal supply voltage range (see 4.3.6), and

c) the number and type of inputs.

4.1.12 Clock accuracy

The clock, when unsynchronized, shall have an accuracy of

a) one part in ten thousand, or better, over the specified operating temperature range, and

b) one part in one hundred thousand, or better, at reference temperature.

4.2 Particular requirements for type A instruments

4.2.1 Measurement, assessment and recording

4.2.1.1 Type A instruments shall be capable of single-phase phase to earth/neutral measurements of

voltage regulation and interruptions.

4.2.1.2 The sampling rate shall be at least 10 samples per cycle and shall be stated by the supplier in
schedule B (see annex D).

4.2.1.3 The measurement resolution shall be at least 2,54 V and shall be stated by the supplier in
schedule B (see annex D).

NOTE — The resolution for type A instruments is based on an 8-bit register, with a full-scale r.m.s. input of 230 V (0 V to
300 V nominal supply).

4.2.1.4 The accuracy of type A instruments shall be 2 % or better at reference conditions (accuracy
class 2), and shall be stated by the supplier in schedule B (see annex D).

4.2.1.5 The sampling method need not comply strictly with that specified in NRS 048-2, but the
assessed 10 min values shall, within an accuracy of ± 1 %, be the same as a reference instrument
sampling in accordance with the requirements of NRS 048-2 (see 5.1.5.1).

NOTE — It is intended that a reference instrument will be maintained by an acceptable testing authority and that it should
have a basic accuracy of at least 0,2 %.

4.2.1.6 For each incident of consecutive 10 min values outside threshold voltages, the duration (number
of 10 min values) shall be recorded, with the date and the time of each incident.

The daily voltage values (both high and low daily values, assessed as given in 4.6.2 of NRS 048-2) shall
be recorded with date and time tags.
NRS 048-5:1998 12

4.2.1.7 Each incident when the sampled voltage remains less than 2,54 V for a continuous period
exceeding 3 s, shall be recorded as an interruption and the duration noted. The start of the incident,
with the date and the time, shall also be recorded.

NOTE  NRS 048-2 makes a distinction between planned and forced interruptions. The instrument will inherently record all
interruptions.

4.2.1.8 The data obtained from the instrument shall be the same, within the specified accuracy
tolerance, as the data from the reference instrument.

4.2.1.9 There shall be memory retention of at least one year in the event of a loss of supply voltage.

4.2.1.10 The clock shall have an internal supply that should be capable of sustaining the operation of
the clock for a period of at least seven years. Where applicable, the expected minimum battery life shall
be stated by the supplier in schedule B (see annex D).

4.2.1.11 It is permissible for the date to be derived by the user from the days elapsed since power-
up/reset. Although NRS 048-2 specifies daily recording periods, starting at 00:00 and ending at 24:00,
it is acceptable for the instrument to record 24 h periods from the time of power-up or reset.

4.2.1.12 Inadvertent resetting of the memory registers through a single operator action shall not be
possible.

4.2.1.13 Data storage capacity shall be provided for storing one year’s data, in terms of the minimum
reporting requirements. A register reset facility shall be provided but it shall not be possible to reset the
registers with a single operator action. In the event of the registers’ being full, the data shall continue to
be stored on a first in, first out basis.

NOTE  It is anticipated that data would be downloaded from the instrument and the registers reset at most once a month,
and at least once a year. In some applications, the instrument might be exchanged for another, and the data downloaded
from instruments at another location (for example, at a central office equipped with a PC). In other appli-cations, the
instruments will be left in situ, and the data downloaded onto a hand-held device (for example a lap-top PC).

4.2.2 Enclosure

Type A instruments will be required to operate in weather-resistant enclosures, such as those used for
power consumption meters (for example, street-mounted cabinets or pole-mounted boxes). When
installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, the instrument enclosure shall provide a
degree of protection of at least IP 51, Category 2 (that is, without vacuum pump) in accordance with
SABS 1222. It shall be able to be fixed to a flat surface and its dimensions shall not exceed 300 mm ×
210 mm × 150 mm.

NOTE  These dimensions are based on the dimensions recommended in the case of single-phase electricity dis-pensers
(see SABS 1524-1).

4.2.3 Electrical connection

Electrical connections shall be either by means of screw type terminals or an internally connected,
flexible cable of length at least 600 mm. The size of wire that can be accepted by the terminals shall be
stated in schedule B (see annex D).
 13 NRS 048-5:1998

4.3 Particular requirements for type B and type C instruments

4.3.1 Measurement, assessment and recording

4.3.1.1 Minimum sampling rates

4.3.1.1.1 The sampling rate for type B instruments shall be at least 10 samples/cycle and shall be
stated by the supplier in schedule B (see annex D).

4.3.1.1.2 The sampling rate for type C instruments shall be at least 64 samples/cycle and shall be
stated by the supplier in schedule B (see annex D).

4.3.1.2 Minimum measurement resolution

4.3.1.2.1 The measurement resolution for type B instruments shall not exceed 2,54 V and shall be
stated by the supplier in schedule B (see annex D).

4.3.1.2.2 The measurement resolution for type C instruments shall not exceed 76 mV and shall be
stated by the supplier in schedule B (see annex D).
NOTES

1 The resolution for type B instruments is based on an 8-bit register, with a full-scale r.m.s input of 230 V (0 V to 300 V
nominal supply).

2 The resolution for type C instruments is based on a 12-bit register, with a full-scale r.m.s. input of 110 V (0 V to 150 V
nominal supply).

4.3.1.3 Minimum accuracy

4.3.1.3.1 The accuracy of type B instruments shall be 2 %, or better, at reference conditions (accuracy
class 2), and shall be stated by the supplier in schedule B (see annex D).

4.3.1.3.2 The accuracy of type C instruments shall be 1 %, or better, at reference conditions (accuracy
class 1), and shall be stated by the supplier in schedule B (see annex D).

4.3.1.4 Display

A display of measured values is not mandatory.

4.3.1.5 Data storage

Data storage space shall be provided for storing at least one month’s data, in terms of the minimum
reporting requirements.

4.3.1.6 Circuit configuration connection capability

The instrument shall be capable of being connected to circuits in both phase-to-phase and phase-to-
neutral configuration.

4.3.1.7 Parameters to be measured by type C instruments

4.3.1.7.1 At least 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th harmonic +THD, unbalance, voltage regulation, voltage dips and
interruptions shall be measured and assessed, in accordance with the requirements of NRS 048-2. All
daily values or incidents for each measured parameter shall be stored with date and time tags.

4.3.1.7.2 The highest harmonic number that can be measured to the required accuracy shall be stated
by the supplier in schedule B (see annex D).
NRS 048-5:1998 14

4.3.2 Enclosure

4.3.2.1 Instruments shall be housed in an enclosure suitable for surface mounting on a wall or a table,
or shall be designed for mounting in a 19-inch rack.

4.3.2.2 Enclosures intended for surface mounting shall provide a degree of protection of at least IP 40,
in accordance with SABS 1222.

4.3.3 Electrical connections

Screw type terminals are preferred for electrical connections. The terminal type and the size of wire
that can be accepted shall be stated in schedule B (see annex D).

4.3.4 Clock synchronization/setting

4.3.4.1 A clock setting facility shall be provided.

4.3.4.2 A clock synchronisation facility is preferred and may operate via the data communication port.

4.3.5 Nominal input voltage range

The nominal input voltage range shall be 0 V to 150 V (r.m.s. 0 V to 110 V).

4.3.6 Supply voltage

The instrument shall operate either from a nominal 230 V supply or from a measurement circuit.

5 Methods of test

5.1 Type tests

5.1.1 General

Type tests shall be carried out on one or more specimens of a particular design of instrument, selected
by the manufacturer, to establish its specific characteristics and to prove compliance with the
requirements of this part of NRS 048.

A recommended type test sequence is given in annex B.

In case of modifications made to the instrument after the type test and that affect only part of the
instrument, it will be sufficient to perform limited tests on the characteristics that might have been
affected by the modifications.

5.1.2 Reference conditions

Unless otherwise specified, tests shall be performed under the reference conditions specified in table 5.
 15 NRS 048-5:1998
Table 5 — Reference conditions

1 2 3
Influence quantity Reference value Permissible tolerance
Ambient temperature 23 °C ± 2 °C
Supply voltage 230 V or measured voltage ± 1%
Frequency 50 Hz ± 0,3 %
Waveform Sinusoidal voltage Distortion less than 3 %

5.1.3 Inspection

Inspect the instrument for compliance with all the physical characteristics for which no type test is
specified.

5.1.4 Insulation properties

5.1.4.1 General test conditions

5.1.4.1.1 Perform the test on the instrument in accordance with IEC 60060-1 and IEC 60060-2, with
terminal screws, where applicable, screwed down onto a conductor of the maximum size intended to be
fitted in the terminals.

5.1.4.1.2 For the purpose of the insulation tests, the term “earth” has the following meanings:

a) in the case of instruments that have a case made of metal, “earth” is the case itself, placed on a flat
conducting surface; and
b) in the case of instruments that have a case made partly or entirely of an insulating material, “earth”
is a conductive foil so wrapped around the instrument as to touch all the accessible conductive
parts and connected to the flat conducting surface on which the instrument is placed. The
conductive foil shall be at a distance of not less than 20 mm from the terminals and the holes for
conductors.

5.1.4.1.3 After the insulation tests have been conducted, perform accuracy tests at reference
conditions and verify that there has been no change in the percentage error of the instrument exceeding
the uncertainty of the measurement, and that there has been no mechanical damage to the instrument.

Insulation tests shall be done under normal conditions of use. During the tests, the quality of the
insulation shall not be impaired by dust or abnormal humidity.

The normal conditions for insulation tests are

a) ambient temperature: 23 °C ± 2 °C,

b) relative humidity: 40 % to 60 %, and
c) atmospheric pressure: 80 kPa to 106 kPa.

5.1.4.2 Impulse voltage test

Perform the test in accordance with IEC 61000-4-5.

For each of the following tests, apply the impulse voltage ten times with one polarity and then repeat
with the other polarity. The minimum time between impulses shall be 3 s.
NRS 048-5:1998 16

5.1.4.2.1 Impulse voltage tests for circuits and between circuits

Perform the test independently on each circuit that is insulated from other circuits of the instrument in
normal use. Connect the terminals of the circuits that are not subject to impulse to earth.

5.1.4.2.2 Impulse voltage test of electric circuits relative to earth

Connect all terminals of the instrument together. Apply the impulse between the common connection
and earth.

During the test no flash-over, disruptive discharge or puncture shall occur.

5.1.4.3 A.c. voltage test

Carry out the a.c. voltage test with an r.m.s. test voltage of 2 kV.

The test voltage shall be substantially sinusoidal, of frequency 45 Hz to 65 Hz, and applied for 1 min,

a) between all circuits connected together and earth, and

b) between circuits not normally connected together.

The power source shall be capable of supplying at least 500 VA.

During the test no flash-over, disruptive discharge or puncture shall occur.

5.1.5 Accuracy of monitoring and recording of voltage

5.1.5.1 Type A instruments

Under reference conditions, connect the instrument under test in parallel with a reference instrument, to
a supply voltage that can be programmed to be varied and interrupted. The reference instrument shall
have a clock that is accurate to 6 s or less over a 7 d period, unsynchronized at reference conditions.
Exercise the monitoring and recording functions of the instruments for a continuous period of 7 d. The
test voltage shall include at least 400 of each of the following:

a) periods of low voltage, that should result in 10 min values below the low voltage threshold;

b) periods of high voltage, that should result in 10 min values above the high voltage threshold; and

c) at least 100 periods of no voltage and exceeding 3 s, that should be recorded as interruptions.

Extract the recorded data from the test instrument and the reference instrument and compare the data.
Check for compliance with 4.2.1.5.

5.1.5.2 Type B and type C instruments

Vary each influence quantity listed in table 2 in turn, while keeping all other quantities at reference
conditions. Measure the voltage at nominal rated input voltage. Ensure that the variation in percentage
error for recorded data is within the limits shown in table 2.
 17 NRS 048-5:1998

5.1.6 Tests of electrical requirements

5.1.6.1 Influence of supply voltage

With the instrument supplied at reference voltage initially and with known sample data stored in all
registers, subject the instrument to changes in the supply voltage, as follows:

a) 100 % voltage dips:

1) dip time: 1 s
2) number of dips: 3
3) restoring time between interruptions: 50 ms

b) 100 % voltage interruption:

1) interruption time: 20 ms
2) number of interruptions: 1

c) 50% voltage reduction:

1) reduced voltage time: 1 min

2) number of reductions: 1.

Upon completion of the test there shall be no loss of previously stored information.

NOTE — Where the instrument gets its auxiliary supply from the measurement circuit, the stored data will have changed as
a result of this test.

5.1.6.2 Power consumption

Measure the power consumption of the instrument with steady-state inputs. Check for compliance with
the information provided by the supplier (see 4.1.3.2).

5.1.7 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)

5.1.7.1 Emissions

Perform the tests required in terms of the regulations of the Telecommunication Act, 1996 (Act 103 of
1996). The frequency range and limits for the levels of spurious signals generated by equipment covered
by this specification, are those specified in SABS CISPR 22 for class B information technology
equipment.

5.1.7.2 Immunity

5.1.7.2.1 Fast transi ent burst test

Perform the test in accordance with IEC 61000-4-4, under the following conditions:

a) with the test voltage applied in common mode to earth to

1) the supply terminals, energized at reference voltage, and

2) the input terminals, energized at the maximum of the nominal voltage range;
NRS 048-5:1998 18

b) test severity level 3;

c) a test voltage of 2 kV on the supply and input terminals; and

d) duration of test: the fast transient is to be applied three times for 1 s, spread equally over a period of
10 min.
Upon completion of the test, the instrument shall show no damage and there shall be no change in
stored information.

5.1.7.2.2 Immunity to electromagnetic HF fields

Perform the test in accordance with IEC 61000-4-3, under the following conditions:

a) With the instrument supplied at reference voltage:

1) no input voltage;
2) frequency band: 80 MHz to 1 000 MHz;
3) test severity level: 3; and
4) test field strength: 10 V/m.

Ensure that the application of the HF fields does not produce any change in the stored information.

b) As for (a), but with (steady-state) voltages at the maximum of the nominal voltage range on all input
terminals.

Ensure that the measured voltages do not vary in error (compared to the measurements in the
absence of the HF fields) by more than the limits given in table 2.

5.1.7.2.3 Immunity to electrostatic discharge

Perform the test in accordance with IEC 61000-4-2, under the following conditions:

a) with the instrument in the non-operating condition, and unenergized, with the supply terminals
connected together and the input terminals connected together; and

b) with the instrument energized, with reference voltage on the supply terminals, and steady-state
voltages at the maximum of the nominal voltage range on all input terminals.

Use the following conditions for each test:

a) contact discharge

b) test severity:

1) level 4 for type A

2) level 3 for type B and type C

 19 NRS 048-5:1998
c) test voltage:

1) 8 kV for type A

2) 4 kV for type B and type C

d) number of discharges: 10.

Ensure that the instrument shows no sign of damage or change of stored information, and that the
instrument’s performance falls within the accuracy requirements of this part of NRS 048.

5.1.8 Climatic influences

Upon completion of each of the following climatic tests, the instrument shall show no damage and there
shall be no change in stored information.

5.1.8.1 Dry heat test

Perform the test in accordance with IEC 60068-2-2, under the following conditions:

a) with the instrument in the non-operating condition, with data stored in the registers

b) temperature: 70 °C ± 2 °C

c) duration of test: 72 h.

5.1.8.2 Cold test

Perform the test in accordance with IEC 60068-2-1, under the following conditions:

a) with the instrument in the non-operating condition, with data stored in the registers
b) temperature: − 25 °C ± 3 °C
c) duration of test: 72 h.

5.1.8.3 Damp heat cyclic test

5.1.8.3.1 Perform the test in accordance with IEC 60068-2-30, under the following conditions:

a) with the instrument supplied at reference voltage

b) with no measurement input voltages
c) with a variant of 1
d) upper temperature:

1) 55 °C ± 2 °C, for type A instruments

2) 40 °C ± 2 °C, for type B and type C instruments
e) no special precautions taken to remove moisture

f) duration of test: 6 cycles.

NRS 048-5:1998 20

5.1.8.3.2 Twenty-four hours after completion of this test, submit the instrument to the following tests:

a) an impulse voltage test in accordance with 5.1.4.2, except that the impulse voltage shall be 0,8
times that specified in 5.1.4.2; and

b) a functional test.

The instrument shall show no signs of damage and shall operate correctly.

5.1.9 Tests of mechanical requirements

5.1.9.1 Spring hammer test

Test the mechanical strength of the instrument case using a spring hammer, in accordance with
IEC 60068-2-63.

Mount the instrument in its normal working position and allow the spring hammer to act on the outer
surfaces of the instrument cover (including windows, if applicable) with a kinetic energy of 0,5 Nm
± 0,05 Nm. Ensure that the instrument has not sustained damage that could affect its functioning, and
that it is not possible to touch live parts.

5.1.9.2 Mechanical shock test

Perform the test in accordance with IEC 60068-2-27, under the following conditions:

a) with the instrument in the non-operating condition, without packing, and with sample data stored in
registers

b) with a half-sine pulse

c) peak acceleration: 30 gn (300 m/s2 )

d) duration of pulse: 18 ms.

Upon completion of the test, the instrument shall show no signs of damage to or change in stored
information and shall operate in accordance with the requirements of this part of NRS 048.

5.1.9.3 Vibration test

Perform the test in accordance with IEC 60068-2-6, under the following conditions:

a) with the instrument in the non-operating condition, without packing, and with sample data stored in
registers
b) test procedure: A
c) frequency range: 10 Hz to 150 Hz
d) transition frequency: 60 Hz

e) f < 60 Hz, constant amplitude of movement 0,075 mm

f) f > 60 Hz, constant acceleration 9,8 m/s2 (1 g)

g) single-point control
h) number of sweep cycles per axis: 10.
 21 NRS 048-5:1998
NOTE — Ten sweep cycles take 75 min to complete.

Upon completion of the test, the instrument shall show no signs of damage, there shall be no change in
stored information and the instrument shall operate in accordance with the requirements of this part of
NRS 048.

5.1.9.4 Resistance to heat and fire

Perform the test in accordance with IEC 60695-2-1, under the following conditions:

a) terminal block: 960 °C ± 15 °C

b) terminal cover and meter case: 650 °C ± 10 °C

c) at a duration of application of 30 s ± 1 s.

Apply the glow wire at any random location. If the terminal block is integral with the case, it is sufficient
to perform the test on the terminal block only. Check for compliance with 4.1.6.3.

5.1.9.5 Protection against penetration of dust and water

5.1.9.5.1 In the case of type A instruments, carry out the applicable tests in SABS 1222, with the
instrument mounted as intended for use and in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Check
for compliance with 4.2.2.

5.1.9.5.2 In the case of type B and type C instruments intended for surface mounting, carry out the
applicable test in SABS 1222. Check for compliance with 4.3.2.2.

5.2 Routine tests

5.2.1 Measurement accuracy

Apply test voltages to exercise all the measurement functionalities. Compare the results with reference
instruments that are certified as complying with the measurement, assessment and recording
requirements of NRS 048-2. Check for compliance with the accuracy requirements in 4.1.2.

5.2.2 Clock accuracy

Check the clock accuracy (drift) against a reference clock. Check for compliance with 4.1.12.
NRS 048-5:1998 22

Annex A
(informative)

Accuracy requirements for external transducers

A.1 New electromagnetic voltage transformers (VTs) used for voltage measurement should comply
with the relevant requirements of SABS IEC 60186 for measuring transformers.

A.2 Alternatively, electronic or optically coupled measuring transformers of comparable accuracy may
be used. These will have an inherent uniform frequency response over the range of harmonics to be
measured.

A.3 Further information on the expected measurement accuracy of voltage transformers for the
measurement of harmonics is given in IEC 61000-4-7.

NOTES

1 Although SABS IEC 60186 and other standards for electromagnetic VTs do not consider the accuracy of voltage
measurement for harmonics of the fundamental power frequency, the deviation of the transformer ratio from the nominal
value (at fundamental frequency) is generally not expected to exceed 5 % over the harmonic range, up to the 25th harmonic.

2 At the time of publication of this part of NRS 048, IEC 60044-7, Instrument transformers — Part 7: Electronic voltage
transformers, was in course of preparation.
 23 NRS 048-5:1998

Annex B
(informative)

Recommended schedule for type tests

1 2 3
Sequence Test Subclause
1 Inspection 5.1.3
2 Insulation 5.1.4
3 Accuracy 5.1.5
4 Electrical 5.1.6
5 EMC 5.1.7
6 Climatic influences 5.1.8
7 Mechanical 5.1.9
NRS 048-5:1998 24

Annex C
(informative)

Guide for purchasers on preparing an enquiry

C.1 General

A model format that can be used in compiling schedules A and B, is given in annex D to provide the
purchaser with a convenient aid in purchasing. Use of this form is intended to obviate the need for
preparing a detailed technical specification.

The purchaser need only specify compliance with this part of NRS 048, provide the tenderers with
details of his particular requirements, and set out the information he requires the tenderer to provide, as
indicated below.

C.2 Schedules

In his enquiry, the purchaser should provide his own schedule A and schedule B, based on the model
format given in annex D.

C.2.1 Schedule A

Schedule A lists the requirements to be specified by the purchaser in enquiries and orders. These
requirements include references to the relevant subclauses of this part of NRS 048 to assist in
compiling the schedules.

Where the text of any referenced standard stipulates that the purchaser shall indicate his requirements,
these requirements should also be specified in schedule A.

The purchaser should set out his particular requirements and choices in his own schedule A.

C.2.2 Schedule B

The purchaser should draw up his own schedule B (based on the schedule B in the model format), and
require the tenderer to fill in this schedule. By doing this, the tenderer will be stating compliance with
this part of NRS 048 and will provide the information the purchaser requires.

NOTES

1 Where this part of NRS 048 allows the purchaser to make a choice, the example of schedule A (given in annex D) lists
the preferred items/values/quantities. In the interests of standardization, purchasers are encouraged not to deviate from
these preferences.

2 When preparing his own schedule A and schedule B on the basis of the examples given in annex D, the purchaser need
include only the items he considers relevant or necessary.

3 These schedules, when completed, become normative annexes to the enquiry specification.

C.3 Commercial conditions

A purchaser will furthermore need to indicate the commercial conditions applicable and to draw up a
price schedule. Requirements for delivery, storage, packing and marking should be attended to in this
part of the enquiry.
 25 NRS 048-5:1998

Annex C
(concluded)

C.4 Quality assurance

This part of NRS 048 does not cover the purchaser's possible requirements in respect of quality
assurance, quality control, inspections, etc., since each purchaser needs to consider the criticality of
application of each component, his own policy towards these matters, etc. Purchasers are referred to
SABS ISO 9001, SABS ISO 9002 and SABS ISO 9003 for guidance.

C.5 Testing

Attention should be paid to tests and related costs. Tests should be performed by a competent party
and tenderers should be requested to provide assurances on this point. Price schedules should be so
drawn up and covering letters so worded that the costs of all services, including tests, delivery and
spares, are declared and allowed for in the tender.

Before performing type tests, routine tests and sample tests, the number of samples used and the
frequency of sampling should be agreed upon with the supplier.

C.6 Revision of standards and specifications used as normative references

As has been indicated, this part of NRS 048 is based on a set of defined standards and specifications
that might be revised or amended. Most purchasers will, in principle, wish to use the most recent
editions of standards and specifications. The recommended approach to this issue is to secure an
undertaking from a supplier to review the latest versions and amendments of standards and
specifications and to incorporate these where possible and agreeable to both parties. A blanket
commitment to work to the "most recent" versions creates legal difficulties of interpretation and risks for
both parties and should therefore be properly assessed. Invariably, this cannot be done in the time
available.
NRS 048-5:1998 26

Annex D
(informative)

Model format for schedules A and B

This model format is provided as a convenient aid in purchasing. Guidance on the preparation of an
enquiry using this form is given in annex C.

Schedule A: Purchaser's specific requirements

Schedule B: Particulars of equipment to be supplied
Item Sub- Description Schedule A Schedule B
clause
Requirements applicable to instruments
of type A, type B and type C
1 4.1.3.2 a) Burden (in VA) or impedance (in MΩ )
of input circuits xxxxxxxxxx ___________
b) Power consumption of auxiliary
supply (if applicable) xxxxxxxxxx ___________
c) Voltage range for continuous
operation xxxxxxxxxx ___________
2 4.1.7.1 Data communication interface for type B
and type C instruments xxxxxxxxxx ___________
Particular requirements for type A
instruments
3 4.2.1.2 Sampling rate samples/cycle at least 10
4 4.2.1.3 Resolution V at least 2,54
5 4.2.1.4 Accuracy (% of full-scale reading) % 2
6 4.2.1.11 Expected minimum battery life years
7 4.2.3 If applicable, size of wire that can be
accepted by terminals mm2 xxxxxxxxxx
Particular requirements for type B and
type C instruments
8 4.3.1.1 Sampling rate — Type B samples/cycle at least 10
— Type C samples/cycle at least 64
9 4.3.1.2 Resolution — Type B V 2,54 or less
— Type C mV 76 or less
10 4.3.1.3 Accuracy (% of full-scale reading)
— Type B % 2 or better
— Type C % 1 or better
11 4.3.1.7.2 Type C only: highest harmonic number 13th
measured with required accuracy or higher
12 4.3.2 Enclosure/mounting type
a) surface mounting xxxxxxxxxx ____________
b) 19-inch rack mounting xxxxxxxxxx ____________
13 4.3.3 Electrical connection
a) type of connection xxxxxxxxxx ____________
b) maximum wire size xxxxxxxxxx ____________
 27 NRS 048-5:1998

Annex E
(informative)

Bibliography
The following documents were a source of reference in compiling this part of NRS 048:

Bolton W., Electrical and electronic measurement and testing. 1992. Harlow, Essex, UK: Longman
Scientific & Technical.

IEC 60359:1987, Expression of the performance of electrical and electronic measuring equipment.

IEC 61000-4-7:1991, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 4: Testing and measurement

techniques — Section 7: General guide on harmonics and interharmonics measurements and
instrumentation, for power supply systems and equipment connected thereto.

IEC 61000-4-15:1997, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 4: Testing and measurement

techniques — Section 15: Flickermeter — Functional and design specifications.

IEC 61010-1:1990, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control and
laboratory use — Part 1: General requirements.

SABS 1524-1:1994, Electricity dispensing systems — Part 1: Single-phase electricity dispensers.

SABS IEC 60186:1987, Voltage transformers.

SABS IEC 61036:1996, Alternating-current static watt-hour meters for active energy (classes 1 and 2).

SABS ISO 9001:1994, Quality systems — Model for quality assurance in design, development,
production, installation and servicing.

SABS ISO 9002:1994, Quality systems — Model for quality assurance in production and installation.

SABS ISO 9003:1994, Quality systems — Model for quality assurance in final inspection and test.

sabs pta