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    Vehicle and Human Characteristics

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    Aisha Alenezi
    This document discusses key concepts related to vehicle dynamics including: 1. Forces that impede vehicle motion such as aerodynamic, rolling, and grade resistance. 2. Tractive effort which is determined by the engine and maximum friction between tires and road. 3. Vehicle acceleration which is governed by tractive effort and vehicle mass. 4. Braking forces and stopping sight distance which considers perception-reaction time.

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    Vehicle and Human Characteristics

    Uploaded by

    Aisha Alenezi
    61 views24 pages
    This document discusses key concepts related to vehicle dynamics including: 1. Forces that impede vehicle motion such as aerodynamic, rolling, and grade resistance. 2. Tractive effort which is determined by the engine and maximum friction between tires and road. 3. Vehicle acceleration which is governed by tractive effort and vehicle mass. 4. Braking forces and stopping sight distance which considers perception-reaction time.

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    Highway engineer

    Original Title

    Ch2A

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    This document discusses key concepts related to vehicle dynamics including: 1. Forces that impede vehicle motion such as aerodynamic, rolling, and grade resistance. 2. Tractive effort which is determined by the engine and maximum friction between tires and road. 3. Vehicle acceleration which is governed by tractive effort and vehicle mass. 4. Braking forces and stopping sight distance which considers perception-reaction time.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    61 views24 pages

    Vehicle and Human Characteristics

    Uploaded by

    Aisha Alenezi
    This document discusses key concepts related to vehicle dynamics including: 1. Forces that impede vehicle motion such as aerodynamic, rolling, and grade resistance. 2. Tractive effort which is determined by the engine and maximum friction between tires and road. 3. Vehicle acceleration which is governed by tractive effort and vehicle mass. 4. Braking forces and stopping sight distance which considers perception-reaction time.

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    Vehicle and 81

    I
    Human III

    Characteristics
    Outline
    Ii SEE
    1. noisy
    Resistance
    Std I
    a. Aerodynamic
    b. Rolling
    c. Grade going up or down
    2. Tractive Effort I 61

    3. Acceleration
    4. Braking Force
    5. Stopping Sight Distance (SSD)
    jot If I is 8 W
    Main Concepts
    • Resistance
    • Tractive effort
    • Vehicle acceleration
    • Braking
    • Stopping distance
    Constant speed as Zero

    given O O Osgrade
    e tiou.LA odYnami
    Rolling

    Resistance
    Resistance is defined as the force impeding
    vehicle motion
    1. What is this force?
    2. Aerodynamic resistance
    3. Rolling resistance
    4. Grade resistance
    Stp 12
    Aerodynamic Resistance Ra
    Composed of:
    1. s Turbulent air flow around vehicle body
    (85%)
    2. DI Friction of air over vehicle body (12%)
    3. Vehicle component resistance, from
    TH radiators and air vents (3%) air density const
    velocity
    D Q.sn fgrn.tAre
    v sip
    G O
    power
    from National Research Council
    l ob
    UI DWI's f I P I
    Rolling Resistance Rrl

    Composed primarily of
    1. Resistance from tire deformation ( 90%)
    2. Tire penetration and surface compression (
    4%)
    3. Tire slippage and air circulation around wheel
    ( 6%)
    4. Wide range of factors affect total rolling
    resistance
    5. Simplifying approximation:
    Grade Resistance Rg
    Composed of
    – Gravitational force acting on the vehicle

    θ
    g
    For small angles,

    R
    g

    θ W
    g
    Available Tractive Effort

    The minimum of:


    1. Force generated by the engine, Fe
    2. Maximum value that is a function of the
    vehicle’s weight distribution and road-tire
    interaction, Fmax
    Tractive Effort Relationships
    Engine-Generated Tractive Effort
    Fe = Engine generated tractive
    • Force effort reaching wheels (lb)
    M = Engine torque (ft-lb)
    e
    ε0 = Gear reduction ratio
    ηd = Driveline efficiency
    r = Wheel radius (ft)

    • Power
    Vehicle Speed vs. Engine Speed

    V = velocity (ft/s)
    r = wheel radius (ft)
    ne = crankshaft rps
    i = driveline
    slippage
    ε0 = gear reduction
    Typical Torque-Power Curves
    Maximum Tractive Effort

    • Front Wheel Drive Vehicle

    • Rear Wheel Drive Vehicle

    • What about 4WD?


    Diagram
    R
    h a

    Rr ma
    lf
    h
    W W
    f F
    θ
    l bf g
    f Rrl
    r
    l W
    L r Fb
    r
    r
    θ
    g
    Vehicle Acceleration
    • Governing Equation

    • Mass Factor
    (accounts for inertia of vehicle’s rotating parts)
    Example
    A 1989 Ford 5.0L Mustang Convertible starts on a flat grade from a dead
    stop as fast as possible. What’s the maximum acceleration it can
    achieve before spinning its wheels? µ = 0.40 (wet, bad pavement)
    1989 Ford 5.0L Mustang
    Convertible
    Torque 300 @ 3200 rpm
    Curb Weight 3640
    Weight Distribution Front 57% Rear 43%
    Wheelbase 100.5 in
    Tire Size P225/60R15
    Gear Reduction
    3.8
    Ratio
    Driveline efficiency 90%
    Center of Gravity 20 inches high
    Braking Force
    • Front axle

    • Rear axle
    Braking Force
    • Ratio

    • Efficiency

    g = maximum deceleration in g units.


    max
    Braking Distance
    • Theoretical
    – ignoring air resistance

    • Practical
    For grade =
    0

    • Perception

    • Total
    Stopping Sight Distance (SSD)
    • Worst-case conditions
    – Poor driver skills
    – Low braking efficiency
    – Wet pavement
    • Perception-reaction time = 2.5 seconds
    • Equation
    Stopping Sight Distance (SSD)

    from ASSHTO A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 2001

    Note: this table assumes level grade (G =


    0)
    SSD – Quick and Dirty
    1. Acceleration due to gravity, g = 32.2 ft/sec2
    2. There are 1.47 ft/sec per mph
    3. Assume G = 0 (flat grade)

    V = V1 in mph
    a = deceleration, 11.2 ft/s2 in US customary units
    tp = Conservative perception / reaction time = 2.5 seconds
    Primary References

    • Mannering, F.L.; Kilareski, W.P. and Washburn, S.S.


    (2005). Principles of Highway Engineering and
    Traffic Analysis, Third Edition). Chapter 2

    • American Association of State Highway and


    Transportation Officals (AASHTO). (2001). A
    Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and
    Streets, Fourth Edition. Washington, D.C.

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