P

O
Sols non saturés U
R

par Pierre DELAGE E

Professeur à l’École nationale des ponts et chaussées (ENPC)
Directeur de recherche au Centre d’enseignement et de recherche en mécanique des sols
(CERMES)
N
et Yu-Jun CUI
Directeur de recherche au Centre d’enseignement et de recherche en mécanique des sols
(CERMES) S
A
Bibliographie
Références mocouple psychrometers . Soil Science p. 479-484, Balkema/Presses des ponts
V
[1] AHMED (S.), LOVELL (C.W.) et DIAMOND
(S.). – Pore sizes and strenght of compacted
clay. J. of the Geotechnical Engineering Divi-
Society of America Journal, 20 , n o 6,
p. 1125-1129 (1982). [26]
(1995).
FREDLUND (D.G.) et RAHARDJO (H.). – Soil O
[15] DELAGE (P.), ALZOGHBI (P.) et CUI (Y.J.). – Mechanics for unsaturated soils. A Wiley-

[2]
sion, ASCE, vol. 100 (GT4), p. 407-425 (1974).
ASSOULINE (S.), TESSIER (D.) et BRUAND
Air, water and oil transfers in an unsaturated
compacted silt. Proceeding of the Inter-
Interscience Publication, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. 517 p. (1993). I
(A.). – A conceptual model of the water national Symposium on Physical Modelling
retention curve. Water Ressources Research
34 (2), p. 223-231 (1998).
and Testing in Environmental Geotechnics.
La Baule, p. 61-68 (2000).
[27] GARDNER (R.). – A method of measuring the
capillary tension of soil moisture over a wide
moisture range. Soil Science, vol. 43, p. 227-
R
[3] BEAR (J.). – Dynamics of fluids in porous [16] DELAGE (P.), AUDIGUIER (M.), CUI (Y.J.) et 283 (1937).
media. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1969). DEVEUGHELE (M.). – Water retention pro- [28] GARDNER (R.). – Calculation of capillary
[4] BIAREZ (J.), FLEUREAU (J.M.), ZERHOUNI prieties and microstructure of various geo- conductivity from pressure plate outflow
materials. Proccedings of the 11th ECSMFE,
(M.I.) et SOEPANDJI (B.S.). – Variations de
volume des sols argileux lors de cycles
drainage-humidification. Revue française de [17]
Copenhague, vol. 3, p. 43-48 (1995).
DELAGE (P.), AUDIGUIER (M.), CUI (Y.J.) et
data. Proceedings of the Soil Science Society
of America, 20, p. 317-320 (1956). P
[29] GENS (A.) et ALONSO (E.E.). – A framework

[5]
Géotechnique 41, p. 63-71 (1987).
BLACK (W.P.M.). – A method for estimating
the California Bearing Ratio of cohesive soils
HOWAT (M.). – Microstructure of a compac-
ted silty clay. Canadian Geotechnical Jour-
nal, vol. 33, p. 150-158 (1996).
for the behaviour of unsaturated expansive
clays. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, L
vol. 29, p. 1013-1032 (1992).
from plasticity data. Géotechnique 12,
p. 271-282 (1962).
[18] DELAGE (P.), HOWAT (M.) et CUI (Y.J.). – The
relationship between suction and swelling
[30] GOUY (G.). – Sur la constitution de la charge
électrique à la surface d’un électrolyte. An.
U
[6] CHANDLER (R.J.) et GUTIERREZ (C.I.). – The properties in a heavily compacted unsatura-
filter paper method of suction measurement.
Géotechnique, vol. 36, p. 265-268 (1986).
ted clay. Engineering Geology (50) 1-2,
p. 31-48 (1998). [31]
physique, Paris, vol. 9, p. 457-468 (1990).
GRABOWSKA-OLSZEWSKA (B.). – SEM ana-
lysis of microstructures of loess deposits.
S
[7] CHAPMAN (D.L.). – A contribution to the [19] DELAGE (P.), CUI (Y.J.) et De LAURE (E.). – Air Bulletin of the International Association of
theory of electrocapillarity. Philosophical flow through an unsaturated compacted silt. Engineering Geology 11, p. 45-48 (1975).
Magazine, vol. 25, no 6, p. 475-481 (1913). Proc. of Unsat’98, Beijing, vol. 1, p. 563-568
(1998). [32] HILLEL (D.). – Fundamentals of soil physics.
[8] COLLINS (K.) et McGOWN (A.). – The form Academic press, 413 p. (1980).
and function of microfabric features in [20] DELAGE (P.), CUI (Y.J.), YAHIA-AÏSSA (M.) et
variety of natural soils . Géothechnique, De LAURE (E.). – On the unsaturated hydrau- [33] KASSIFF (G.), LIVNEH (M.) et WISEMAN (G.).
vol. 24, p. 233-254 (1974). lic conductivity of a dense compacted bento- – Pavements on expansive clays. Jerusalem
nite. Proc. of Unsat’98, Beijing, vol. 1, Academic Press, 218 p. (1969).
[9] COREY (E.C.). – Measurement of air and
water permeability in unsaturated soil. Pro- p. 344-348 (1998). [34] KRISCHER (D.) et ROHNALTER (H.). – Warme-
ceedings of the Soil Science Society of Ame- [21] De VRIES (D.A.). – Simultaneous transfer of lertung und Dampfdiffusion in feuchten
rica, 21, p. 7-11 (1957). heat and moisture in porous media. Trans. Gutern. Ver. dt. lng. Forschungsh, 402 p.
Am. Geophys. Un. 39, no 5, p. 909-916 (1958). (1940).
[10] CRONEY (D.). – The movement and
distribution of water in soils. Géotechnique, [22] DIAMOND (S.). – Pore Size Distribution in [35] LAMBE (T.W.). – The structure of compacted
3 (1), p. 1-16 (1952). clays. Clays and clay minerals, vol. 18, p. 7-23 caly. J. of the Soil Mechanics and Founda-
(1970). tions Division, ASCE, vol. 84, SM2, p. 1-34
[11] CRONEY (D.) et COLEMAN (J.D.). – Pore pres-
(1958).
sure and suction in soil. Pore pressure and [23] EDIL (T.B.), MOTAN (S.E.) et TOHA (F.X.). –
suction in soils, p. 31-37, Butterworths, Lon- Mechanical behaviour and testing methods [36] LANG (A.R.G.). – Osmotic coefficient and
dres (1961). of unsaturated soils. Laboratory Shear water potentials of sodium chloride solutions
Strength of Soil, ASTM, STP 740, p. 114-129 from 0 to 40 oC. Austrian Journal of Chemis-
[12] CRONEY (D.), COLEMAN (J.D.) et BLACK
(1981). try 20 : p. 2017-23 (1967).
(W.P.M.). – The movement and distribution of
water in soil in relation to highway design [24] FAWCETT (R.G.) et COLLIS-GEORGE (N.). – A [37] McQUEEN (I.S.) et MILLER (R.F.). – Calibra-
and performance. Highway research Board, filter paper method for determining the mois- tion and evaluation of a wide-range gravime-
Special Report no 40, Washington (1958). ture characteristics of soil. Australian Journal tric method for measuring moisture stress.
[13] CUI (Y.J.), DELAGE (P.) et ALZOGHBI (P.). – of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Hus- Soil Science, vol. 106, no 3, p. 225-231 (1968).
Microstructure and collapse behaviour of a bandry, vol. 7, p. 162-167 (1967). [38] MITCHELL (J.K.). – Fundamentals of soil
loess from northern France. Proc. of [25] FLEUREAU (J.M.) et TAÏBI (S.). – Water-air behaviour. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New
Unsat’98, Beijing, vol. 1, p. 31-36 (1998). permeabilities for unsaturated soils. Procee- York, 437 p. (1993).
[14] DANIEL (D.E.). – Measurement of hydraulic dings of the 1st International Conference on [39] MUALEM (Y.). – A catalogue of the hydraulic
conductivity of unsaturated soils with ther- Unsaturated Soils Unsat’95, Paris, vol. 2, properties of Unsaturated soils. Technion,

Toute reproduction sans autorisation du Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie

est strictement interdite. − © Techniques de l’Ingénieur, traité Construction Doc. C 304 − 1
P SOLS NON SATURÉS ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
O
U Israel Institute of technology, Haïfa, 55 p.
(1974).
[58] WILLIAMS (J.) et SHAYKEWICH (C.F.). – An
evaluation of polyethylene glycol PEG 6000
and PEG 20000 in the osmotic control of soil
Mécanique des Sols, vol. 1, Dublin, p. 26-28
(1987).
[40] PELLERIN (F.M.). – La porosimétrie au mer- [76] DELAGE (P.), SURAJ De SILVA (G.P.R.) et
R cure appliquée à l’étude des sols et des
roches. Bulletin de liaison des laboratoires
water matric potential. Canadian Journal of
Soil Science 102 (6), p. 394-398 (1969).
VICOL (T.). – Suction controlled testing of non
saturated soils with an osmotic consolido-
des Ponts et Chaussées 106, p. 105-116 [59] YOSHIMI (Y.) et OSTERBERG (J.O.). – meter. 7th International Conference on
(1979). Compression of partially saturated cohesive Expansive Soils, Dallas, p. 206-211 (1992).
[41] PARCEVAUX (Ph.). – Étude microscopique et soils. ASCE J. of the Soil Mechanics and [77] DINEEN (K.) et BURLAND (J.B.). – A new
macroscopique du gonflement de sols Foundations Div. 89 (4), p. 1-24 (1963).
E argileux. Thèse de docteur-ingénieur, École
supérieure des mines de Paris (1980).
[60] ZERHOUNI (M.I.). – Essais triaxiaux utilisant
des psychromètres. Comptes-rendus du
approach to osmotically controlled oedo-
meter testing. Proc. 1st Conf. on Unsaturated
Soils Unsat’95, Paris, vol. 2, p. 459-465
1er Congrès International sur les Sols non
N [42] PHILIP (J.R.) et De VRIES (D.A.). – Moisture
movement in porous materials under tempe-
rature gradients. Trans. Am. Geophys.
saturés Unsat’95, Paris, vol. 2, p. 673-678
(1995).
[78]
(1995).
DUNCAN (J.M.) et CHANG (C.Y.). – Non linear
analysis of stress and strain in soils. ASCE J.
Un. 38, p. 222-232 (1957). [61] AITCHINSON (G.D.). – Relationship of mois- Soils Mech. and Found. Div., vol. 96, SM5,
[43] RICHARDS (L.A.). – A pressure - membrane ture stress and effective stress functions in p. 1629-1654 (1970).
extraction apparatus for soil solution. Soil unsaturated soils. Pore Pressure and Suction
[79] DRUMRIGHT (E.E.) et NELSON (J.D.). – The
S [44]
science, vol. 51, p. 377-386 (1941).
RIDLEY (A.M.) et BURLAND (J.B.). – A new
[62]
in Soils, Butterworth, Londres, p. 47-52
(1961).
ALONSO (E.E.), GENS (A.) et HIGHT (D.W.). –
shear strength of unsaturated tailings sand.
Proc. of the 1st Conference on Unsaturated
instrument for measurement of soil moisture Soils Unsat’95, Paris, vol. 1, p. 45-50 (1995).
A suction. Géotechnique 43, no 2, p. 321-324
(1993).
Special problem soils. General report.
Comptes Rendus de la 9e Conférence Euro-
péenne de Mécanique des Sols et des Tra-
[80] ESCARIO (V.). – Swelling of soils in contact
with water at a negative pressure. Proc. 2nd

V [45] RIDLEY (A.M.) et WRAY (W.K.). – Suction

measurement : a review of current theory
and practicies. Proc. of the First Inter. Conf.
vaux de Fondations, 3, p. 1087-1146, Dublin
(1987).
[81]
Int. Conf. on Engineering and Research on
Expansive Clays, Texas, p. 207-217 (1969).
ESCARIO (V.). – Suction controlled penetra-
[63] ALONSO (E.E.), GENS (A.) et JOSA (A.). – A
O [46]
on Unsaturated
p. 1293-1322 (1995).
Soils, vol. 3,

ROLLINS (R.L.), SPANGLER (M.G.) et

Paris,
constitutive model for partially saturated
soils. Géotechnique, vol. 40 (3), p. 405-430
tion and shear tests. Proc. 12th Int. Conf. on
Soil Mech. and Found. Eng., vol. 1, p. 43-46,
Rio, Balkema (1980).
(1990).
I KIRKHAM (D.). – Movement of soil moisture
under a thermal gradient. Highway Research
Board proceedings, 33, p. 492-508 (1954).
[64] BARDEN (L.), MADEDOR (A.O.) et SIDES
(G.R.). – Volume change characteristics of
[82] ESCARIO (V.) et SAEZ (J.). – The shear
strength of partly saturated soils. Géo-
technique 36 (3), p. 453-456 (1986).
R [47] SATTLER (P.) et FREDLUND (D.G.). – Use of
thermal conductivity sensors to measure
matric suction in the laboratory. Canadian [65]
unsaturated clay. ASCE J. Soil Mech. and
Found. Div., 95 (SM1), p. 35-52 (1969).
BASTOS (C.A.B.), GEHLING (W.Y.G.) et BICA
[83] ESCARIO (V.) et JUCA (J.). – Strength and
deformation of partly saturated soils. Proc.
Geotechnical Journal, 26, p. 491-498 (1989). (A.V.D.). – Some considerations about the 4th Int. Conf. Expansive Soils (1989).
[48] SCHNEIDER (A.). – Neue dagramme zur shear strength and erodibility of unsaturated [84] FREDLUND (D.G.) et MORGENSTERN (N.R.).
bestimmung der relativen luftfeuchtigkeit residual soils. Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Unsatu- – Constitutive relations for volume change in

P uber gesattigten wasserigen salzslosungen

und wasserigen schwefelsaurelosingen bei
[66]
rated Soils Unsat’98, Beijing, vol. 1, p. 19-24
(1998).
BISHOP (A.W.). – Teknisk Ukeblad, no 39,
unsaturated soils. Canadian Geotechnical J.,
vol. 13 (3), p. 261-276 (1976).
verschiedenen temperaturen. Holz als [85] FREDLUND (D.G.) et MORGENSTERN (N.R.).
L [49]
Rohund Werkstoff 18 : 269-272 (1960).
SITHARAM (T.G.), SIVAPULLAIAH (P.V.) et [67]
p. 859-863 (1959).
BISHOP (A.W.) et DONALD (I.B.). – The expe-
– Stress state variables for unsaturated soils.
ASCE J. Soil Mech. and Found. Eng., GT 5,
rimental study of partly saturated soil in the p. 447-466 (1977).
U SUBBA RAO (K.S.). – Shrinkage behaviour of
compacted unsaturated soils. Proceedings of
the 1st International Conference on Unsatura-
triaxial apparatus. Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Soil
Mechanics and Found. Eng., vol. 1, p. 13-21,
[86] FREDLUND (D.G.). – Appropriate concepts
and technology for unsaturated soils. Cana-
Paris (1961).
S [50]
ted Soils Unsat’95, Paris, vol. 1, p. 195-200,
Balkema/Presses de l’ENPC (1995).
SPANNER (D.C.). – The Peltier effect and its
[68] BISHOP (A.W.) et BLIGHT (G.E.). – Some
aspects of effective stress in saturated and [87]
dian Geotechnical J., vol. 16, p. 121-139
(1979).
FREDLUND (D.G.) et HASAN (J.V.). – One
use in the measurement of suction pressure. unsaturated soils. Géotechnique no 3, p. 177- dimensional consolidation theory : unsatu-
J. Exptl. Botany, vol. 2, p. 145-168 (1951). 197 (1963). rated soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal,
[51] SPENCER (H.H.). – Laboratory methods for [69] BLATZ (J.) et GRAHAM (J.). – A system for 16, p. 521-531 (1979).
maintaining constant humidity. International controlled suction in triaxial tests. Géotechni- [88] GAN (J.K.), FREDLUND (D.G.) et RAHARDJO
critical tables of numerical data, physics, que 50, no 4, p. 465-469 (2000). (H.). – Determination of the shear strength
chemistry and technology. Published for [70] BOLZON (G.), SCHREFLER (B.A.) et ZIEN- parameters of an unsaturated soil using the
the National Research Council, McGraw-Hill, KIEWICZ (O.C.). – Elasto-plastic soil constitu- direct shear test. Can. Geotech. J. 25 (8),
New York (1926). tive laws generalised to partially saturated p. 500-510 (1988).
[52] TESSIER (D.). – Recherches expérimentales states. Géotechnique, vol. 46, p. 279-289 [89] GATMIRI (B.) et DELAGE (P.). – Nouvelle
sur l’organisation des particules dans les (1996). formulation de la surface d’état en indices
argiles. Thèse CNAM, Laboratoire de Géolo- [71] COLEMAN (J.D.). – Stress strain relations for des vides pour un modèle non linéaire élasti-
gie Appliquée, Paris (1975). partly saturated soil. Correspondence, Géo- que des sols non saturés. Proc. 1st Int. Conf.
[53] VACHAUD (G.), GAUDET (J.P.) et KURAZ (E.). technique 12 (4), p. 348-350 (1962). on Unsaturated Soils, vol. 2, p. 1049-1056,
– Air and water flow during ponded infiltra- [72] CUI (Y.J.) et DELAGE (P.). – Yielding and plas- Paris, Balkema/Presses des Ponts et Chaus-
tion in a bounded column of soil. Journal of tic behaviour of an unsaturated compacted sées (1995).
hydrology, 22, p. 89-108 (1974). silt. Géotechnique 46, no 2, p. 291-311 (1996). [90] GEISER (F.), LALOUI (L.) et VULLIET (L.). –
[54] Van OLPHEN (H.). – An introduction to clay [73] DE CAMPOS (T.M.P.) et CARRILLO (C.W.). – Yielding of a remoulded sandy silt in satura-
colloid chemistry. 2nd Ed. John Wiley and Direct shear testing on unsaturated soil from ted and unsaturated states. Proc. 2nd Int.
Sons, Inc., New York (1977). Rio de Janeiro. Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Unsatu- Conf. on Unsaturated Soils Unsat’98, vol. 1,
[55] VERBRUGGE (J.C.). – Emploi d’une méthode rated Soils Unsat’95, Paris, vol. 1, p. 31-44 p. 54-59, Beijing (1998).
psychrométrique dans des essais triaxiaux (1995). [91] GIBSON (R.E.) et HENKEL (D.J.). – Influence
sur un limon remanié non saturé. Revue [74] DELAGE (P.) et GRAHAM (J.). – The mechani- of duration of tests at constant rate of strain
Canadienne de Géotechnique, vol. 15, p. 501- cal behaviour of unsaturated soils. Proc. 1st of measured drained strength. Géotechnique
509 (1978). Int. Conf. on Unsaturated Soils Unsat’95, 4 (1) : p. 6-15 (1954).
[56] VILAR (O.M.). – Suction controlled oedome- vol. 3, p. 1223-1256, Paris, Balkema/Presses [92] HABIB (S.A.), KATO (T.) et KARUBE (D.). –
ter tests on a compacted clay. Proceedings of des Ponts et Chaussées (1995). Suction controlled one dimensional swelling
the first Inter. Conf. on Unsaturated Soils, [75] DELAGE (P.), SURAJ De SILVA (G.P.R.) et De and consoldation behaviour of expansive
Paris, vol. 1, p. 201-206 (1995). LAURE (E.). – Un nouvel appareil triaxial pour soils. Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Unsaturated Soils
[57] WEAST. – Chemical rubber company (1968). les sols non saturés. 9e Cong. Eur. de Unsat’95, vol. 1, p. 101-107 (1995).

Toute reproduction sans autorisation du Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie

Doc. C 304 − 2 est strictement interdite. − © Techniques de l’Ingénieur, traité Construction
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ SOLS NON SATURÉS
P
O
soils under controlled suction. Proc. of the 3rd
[93] HO (D.Y.) et FREDLUND (D.G.). – Strain rates
for unsaturated soil shear strain testing. Proc.
7th South-East Asia Conf. Soil Mech. and
[106] MONGIOVI (L.) et TARANTINO (A.). – An
apparatus to investigate on the two effective
stresses in unsaturated soils. Proc. of the
Int. Conf. of Expansive Soils, p. 195-200.
Haifa (1973).
U
2nd Conference on Unsaturated Soils,
[94]
Found. Eng. Hong-Kong, p. 787-803 (1982).
JENNINGS (J.E.B.). – A revised effective
stress law for use in the prediction of the
Unsat’98, Beijing, vol. 1, p. 422-425 (1998).
[107] OTEO-MAZO (C.), SAEZ-AUÑON (J.) et ESTE-
[120] FREDLUND (D.G.), RAHARDJO (H.) et GAN
(J.K.M.). – Non-Linearity of Strength Enve-
lope for Unsaturated Soils. Proceedings of
R
behaviour of unsaturated soils. Pore Pres- BAN (F.). – Laboratory tests and equipment the 6th International Conference on Expan-
sure and Suction in Soils, Butterworths, Lon- with suction control. Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on sive Soils vol. 1, New Delhi, p. 49-54 (1987).
dres, p. 26-30 (1961). Unsaturated Soils Unsat’95, Paris, vol. 3, [121] GEHLING (W.Y.Y.), CERATTI (J.A.), NUNEZ
[95] JENNINGS (J.E.B.) et BURLAND (J.B.). –
Limitations to the use of effective stresses in
p. 1509-1515 (1995).
[108] PHILLIP (A.W.) et CAMERON (D.A.). – The
(W.P.) et RODRIGUES (M.R.). – A study of the
influence of suction on the resilient beha-
viour of soils from southern Brazil. Proc. of
E
partly saturated soils. Géotechnique 12, no 2, influence of soil suction on the resilient

[96]
p. 125- 144 (1962).
JOSA (A.), ALONSO (E.E.), LLORET (A.) et
modulus of expansive soil subgrades. Proc.
of the 1st Conference on Unsaturated Soils
the 2nd Inter. Conf. on Unsaturated Soils,
Unsat’98, Beijing, vol. 1, p. 47-53 (1998). N
Unsat’95, Paris, vol. 1, p. 171-176 (1995). [122] GENS (A.). – Constitutive modelling :
GENS (A.). – Stress-strain behaviour of par-
tially saturated soils. Proc. IXth Eur. Conf. of [109] ROMERO (E.), LLORET (A.) et GENS (A.). – application to compacted soils. General
Soil Mech. and Found. Eng., vol. 2, p. 561-564 Development of a new suction and tempe- report, Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Unsaturated
rature controlled oedometer cell. Proc. 1st Int. Soils Unsat’95, vol. 3, p. 1179-1200. Paris

[97]
(1987).
JUCA (J.F.T.) et FRYDMAN (S.). – General
Conf. on Unsaturated Soils Unsat’95, vol. 2,
p. 553-559 (1995). [123]
(1995).
JOMMI (C.) et DI-PRISCO (C.). – Un semplice
S
report : Experimental techniques. Proc. of
the 1st Conference on Unsaturated Soils,
Unsat’95, Paris, vol. 3, p. 1257-1292 (1995).
[110] TOLL (D.G.). – A framework for unsaturated
soil behaviour. Géotechnique 40 (1), p. 31-44
(1990).
approcio teorico per la modellazione del
comportamento meccanico di terreni granu-
lari parcialmente saturi. Proc. Conf. il ruolo
A
[98] KASSIFF (G.) et BENSHALOM (A.). – Experi-
mental relationship between swell pressure
and suction. Géotechnique 21, p. 245-255
[111] TUFFOUR (Y.A.). – Shear strength of partially
saturated clays. MSc Thesis, Technion, Israel
Institute of Technology (1984). [124]
dei fluidi nei problemi di ingegneria geotec-
nica, Mondovi, p. 167-188 (1994).
JUCA (J.F.T.), FERREIRA (R.N.) et BASTOS
V
[99]
(1971).
KOMORNIK (A.), LIVNEH (M.) et SMUCHA
(S.). – Shear strength and swelling of clays
[112] WHEELER (S.J.) et KARUBE (D.). – General
report : constitutive modelling. Proc. of the
(E.G.). – Volume change and shear strength
of an unsaturated expansive clay. Proc. of the
2nd Conference on Unsaturated Soils
O
1st Conference on Unsaturated Soils
under suction. Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Expan-
sive Soils Denver (1980).
Unsat’95, Paris, vol. 3, p. 1323-1356 (1995).
[113] WHEELER (S.J.). – Inclusion of specific water
[125]
Unsat’98, Beijing, vol. 1, p. 72-77 (1998).
KHALILI (N.) et KHABBAZ (M.H.). – An effec-
I
tive stress based approach for shear strength
[100] LAMBE (T.W.) et WHITMAN (R.V.). – Soil
Mechanics. SI Version. J. Wiley, New York,
553 p (1979).
volume within an elasto-plastic model for
unsaturated soil. Canadian geotechnical J.,
vol. 33, p. 42-57 (1996).
determination of unsaturated soils. Proc. of
the 2nd Conference on Unsaturated Soils,
R
Unsat’98, Beijing, vol. 1, p. 78-83 (1998).
[101] MAÂTOUK (A.), LEROUEIL (S.) et La [114] WHEELER (S.J.) et SIVAKUMAR (V.). – An
ROCHELLE (P.). – Yielding and critical state of [126] LLORET (A.) et ALONSO (E.E.). – State sur-
elasto-plastic critical framework for unsatura-
a collapsible unsaturated silty soil. Géotech- face for partially saturated soils. Proc. of the
ted soil. Géotechnique 45 (1), p. 35-53 (1995).
11th Inter. Conf. on Soil Mech. and Found.
nique 45 (3), p. 465-477 (1995).
[102] MARINHO (F.A.M.), CHANDLER (R.J.) et
[115] YASUFUKU (N.), MURATA (H.) et HYODO
(M.). – Yield Characteristics of anisotropically
[127]
Eng., San Francisco, vol. 2, p. 557-562 (1985).
TANG (G.X.), GRAHAM (J.) et WAN (A.W.L.).
P
CRILLY (M.S.). – Stiffness measurements on consolidated sand under low and high stres-
an unsaturated high plasticity clay using
bender elements. Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on
ses. Soils and Foundation 31, no 1, p. 95-109
(1991).
– On yielding behavior of an unsaturated
sand - bentonite mixture. Proc. of the 2nd
Conference on Unsaturated Soils, Unsat’98,
L
Unsaturated Soils Unsat’95, Paris, vol. 2,
p. 535-539 (1995).
[103] MASHHOUR (M.M.), IBRAHIM (M.I.) et
[116] BURLAND (J.-B.). – Some aspects of the
mechanical behaviour of partially saturated
soils. Moisture Equilibria and Moisture
[128]
Beijing, vol. 1, p. 149-154 (1998).
FREDLUND (D.G.), MORGENSTERN (N.R.) et
WIDGER (R.A.). – The shear strength of unsa-
U
EL-EMAM (M.M.). – Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on
Unsaturated Soils Unsat’95, Paris, vol. 3,
p. 1487-1493 (1995).
Changes Beneath Covered Areas, p. 270-278.
Butterworths, Sydney (1965).
[117] CUI (Y.J.), DELAGE (P.) et SULTAN (N.). – An
turated soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal
15, p. 313-321 (1978). S
[104] MATYAS (E.L.) et RADHAKRISHNA (H.S.). – elasto-plastic model for unsaturated soils. Dans les Techniques de l’Ingénieur
Volume change characteristics of partially Proceedings of the 1st International Confer- DELAGE (P.) et CUI (Y.J.). – L’eau dans les sols non
saturated soils . Géotechnique 18 , n o 4, ence on Unsaturated Soils Unsat’95. Paris, saturés. C 301. Traité Construction, volume C2
p. 432-448 (1968). vol. 2, p. 703-709 (1995). (2000).
[105] MODARESSI (A.), ABOU-BEKR (N.) et FRY [118] CUI (Y.J.), DELAGE (P.) et ALZOGHBI (P.). – MAGNAN (J.-P.) et SOYEZ (B.). – Compressibilité.
(J.J.). – Unified approach to model partially Étude du comportement des lœss sur le tracé Consolidation. Tassement . C 214. Traité
saturated and saturated soil. Proc. of the 1st du TGV Nord. Rapport final, 85 p. (1997). Construction, volume C2 (1988).
Conference on Unsaturated Soils, Unsat’95, [119] ESCARIO (V.) et SAEZ (J.). – Measurement of MAGNAN (J.-P.). – Résistance au cisaillement. C 216.
Paris, vol. 3, p. 1495-1502 (1995). the properties of swelling and collapsing Traité Construction, volume C2 (1991).

Toute reproduction sans autorisation du Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie

est strictement interdite. − © Techniques de l’Ingénieur, traité Construction Doc. C 304 − 3