Namma Kalvi 10th Tamil Unit 6 Surya Guide PDF

Namma Kalvi
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,ay; fiy ciueil cyfk;
epfH;fiy
6
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1.
xapyhl;lj;jpy; ,Uthpirapy; epd;W MLfpd;wdh;. ,j;bjhlhpd; brag;ghl;L
tpidj;bjhlh; vJ>
m) xapyhl;lj;jpy; ,Uthpirapy; epd;W MLth;.
M) xapyhl;lj;jpy; ,Uthpirapy; epd;W Mlg;gLfpwJ.
,) xapyhl;lk; ,Uthpirapy; epd;W Mlg;gLfpwJ.
<) xapyhl;lk; ,Uthpirapy; epd;W Mlg;gLfpd;wdh;. [tpil: ,]
2. fufhl;lj;ijf; Fk;ghl;;lk; vd;Wk; Flf;Tj;J vd;Wk; TWth;. ,j;bjhlUf;fhd tpdh

vJ>
m) fufhl;lk; vd;why; vd;d>
M) fufhl;lk; vf;fhy=;fspy; eilbgWk;.
,) fufhl;lj;jpd; ntWntW tot=;fs; ahit>
<) fufhl;lj;;jpd; ntW bgah;fs; ahit> [tpil: <]
FWtpdh
1. ``new;W ehd; ghh;j;j mh;r;Rdd; jgR vd;w Tj;jpy; mHfpa xg;gidiaa[k; rpwe;j
eog;iga[k; ,dpa ghly;fisa[k; Efh;e;J kpf kfpH;e;njd;~~ vd;W nrfh; vd;dplk;
Twpdhd;. ,f;Tw;iw maw;Tw;whf khw;Wf.
mh;r;Rdd; jgR vd;w Tj;jpy; mHfpa xg;gida[k;/ rpwe;j eog;iga[k;/ ,dpa
ghly;fisa[k; Efh;e;J kfpH;e;jjhf nrfh; vd;dplk; Twpdhd;.
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Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 229
rpWtpdh
1. gl=;fs; btspg;gLj;Jk; epfH;j;Jfiy Fwpj;J ,uz;L tpdhf;fisa[k; mtw;Wf;fhd

tpilfisa[k; vGJf.
m) fufhl;lk; vd;why; vd;d>
fufk; vd;Dk; gpj;jisr; brk;ignah rpwpa
Flj;ijnah jiyapy; itj;Jj; jhsj;jpw;F Vw;g
MLjy;.
M) fufr; brk;gpd; mikg;gpd; tpsf;Ff.
mog;ghfk; :
fufr; brk;gpd; mog;ghfj;ij cl;g[wkhfj; jl;o MLgthpd; jiyapy; ed;F
goa[k;go bra;fpd;wdh;.
brk;g[ epug;g[jy; :
jiyapy; brk;g[ epw;Fk; mstpw;F brk;gpd; cs;ns kziynah gr;rhprpianah
epug;g[th;.
fuf my=;fhuk; :
fz;zhoahYk; g{f;fshYk; mHTl;oa fuff; Tl;od; eLtpy; fpsp bghk;ik
bghUe;jpa @=;fpy; Fr;rpia brUfp itg;gh;.
beLtpdh
1. befpHpg; igfspd; jPikiaf; TWk; bghk;kyhl;lk; c=;fs; gs;spapd; Mz;L tpHhtpy;
epfH;j;jg;gLfpwJ. mjw;Fg; ghuhl;Liu xd;wpid vGJf.
befpHpg; igfspdhy; Vw;gLk; jPikfisg; bghk;kyhl;lk; @yk; epfH;j;jpf;fhl;oa
FGtpdUf;F gs;spapd; rhh;ghf vdJ ghuhl;Lfisj; bjhptpj;Jf; bfhs;fpnwd;.
jPikfs; :
befpHpg; igfshy; kz;zpd; tsk; Fd;WfpwJ. befpHp kz;zpy; g[ije;J
tpLtjhy; kiHePh; g{kpf;Fs; bry;y Kotjpy;iy. epyj;jo ePh;kl;lk; Fiwe;J
tpLfpwJ vd;w jftiy bghk;kyhl;lk; @yk; mUikahf vLj;Jiuj;jPh;fs;.
befpHpg; igfs; kz;zpy; g[ija[k; nghJ kz;zpYs;s ePiua[k; czita[k;
cwp+;Rtjw;F jilahf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij ghly; thapyhf vLj;Jiuj;jJ kpf
mUikahd fUj;J.
ku=;fspd; kPJ befpHpg; igfs; rpf;fpf; bfhs;tjhy; xspr;nrh;f;if KGikahf
eilbgw Koatpy;iy.
kl;fhj befpHpg; igfs; ePh; epiyfspy; kpjg;gjhy; ePh; khriltija[k; ePh; thH;
caphpd=;fs; Jd;g[Wtija[k; bghk;kyhl;lk; @yk; mUikahf tpsf;fpf; Twpa
,f;FGtpdUf;F ghuhl;Lfisj; bjhptpj;Jf; bfhs;fpnwd;.
230 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH X ,ay; 6
fHpt[ ePh; ghijfis befpHpg; igfs; milj;Jf; bfhs;tjhy; gytpjkhd bjhw;W

neha; Vw;gLfpwJ vd;gij gytpj mirt[fs; @yk; mUikahfj; bjhptpj;jPh;fs;.
ghypjPid vhpf;Fk; nghJ btsptUk; er;R tha[ g[w;Wneha; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ vd;gij
cz;ikr; rk;gtk; nghy; epfH;j;jpaikf;F kdkhh;e;j ghuhl;Lfs;.
befpHpiaj; jtph;j;jy; :
nkw;fz;l jPikfs; xHpe;jpl befpHpiaj; jtph;g;nghk; vd;w cWjpbkhHpia
kf;fs; midtUk; Vw;Fk; tifapy; ,ir/ ciuahly;fs;/ ehl;oak; kw;Wk;
mirt[ @yk; bjhptpj;j bghk;kyhl;lf; FGtpdUf;F kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; kdkhh;e;j
ghuhl;Lfisa[k; thH;j;Jfisa[k; bjhptpj;Jf; bfhs;fpwnd;.
jkpHh;fspd; kpfg;gHikahd kug[tHpf; fiyfspy; xd;W bghk;kyhl;lk;. ,J
bghGJnghf;F fhl;rpfiy MFk;. ,J bghGJnghf;F fhl;rpahf kl;Lky;yhky;
fy;tpawpt[/ kf;fspilna fhzg;gLk; mwpahikia ghly; tHpahf nghf;Ftjw;F
ey;y fiyahf tps=;FfpwJ. Fiwe;j neuj;jpy; mjpf brytpy;yhky; ,f;fiy
totk; thapyhf ek; gs;spapd; Mz;L tpHhtpy; bghk;kyhl;l epfH;r;rpia elj;jpa
fiyf;FGt[f;F kdkhh;e;j ghuhl;Lfs;.
befpHpg; igfshy; Vw;gLk; jPikiag; bghk;kyhl;lk; thapyhf epfH;j;jp v=;fs;
be+;rj;ij befpHr; bra;j midtUf;Fk; tzf;fk;.
2. epfH;fiy tot=;fs; mit epfGk; ,l=;fs; ? mtw;wpd; xg;gidfs; ? rpwg;g[k; gHika[k;
? ,j;jifa kf;fs; fiyfs; mUfp tUtjw;fhd fhuz=;fs; ? mtw;iw tsh;j;bjLf;f
ehk; bra;a ntz;Ltd ,it Fwpj;J ehspjGf;fhd jiya=;fk; vGJf.
(jiya=;fk; vd;gJ cz;ikfisj; jGtp/ rhd;W fhl;o/ kf;fSf;Fg; bghUs;
tps=;FkhW cz;ikahft[k; bjspthft[k; RUf;fkhft[k; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;)
epfH;fiy tot=;fs; :
fufhl;lk;  g[ypahl;lk;
kapyhl;lk;  bjUf;Tj;J
fhtoahl;lk;  bgha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk;
xapyhl;lk;  njhw;ghitf;Tj;J
njtuhl;lk;  bghk;kyhl;lk;
nritahl;lk;  ifa[iwg; ghitf;Tj;J
jg;ghl;lk;
epfGk; ,l=;fs; :
bjUf;Tj;J ? jpwe;jbtsp/ fsj;JnkL bjUr;re;jpg;g[
gpwepfH;fiyfs; ? jpwe;j btsp kw;Wk; nkilfs;
xg;gidfs; :
fufhl;lk; ? Mz;/ bgz; ntlkpl;L MLjy;
kapyhl;lk; ? kapy; tot Tz;Lf;Fs; cliy kiwj;jy;
,ay; 6 X
xapyhl;lk; ? xnu epwj;Jzpia Kz;lhR nghyf;fl;Ljy;/ fhypy; ry=;if/

ifapy; rpWJzp
njtuhl;lk; ? ntl;o/ jiyapYk; ,Lg;gpYk; rpW Jzp/ vspa xg;gid.
bgha;f;fhy; Ml;lk; :
murd;/ murp cil mzpjy; jiyapy; fPhplk; mzpjy;.
g[ypahl;lk; :
clypy; fWg;g[ k+;rs; nfhL Jzpahyhd thiy ,Lg;gpy; itj;jy;.
rpwg;g[k;/ gHika[k; :
rpwg;g[ :
thH;tpay; epfH;tpy; gphpf;f KoahJ.
kfpH;r;rp jUjy;
ftiyiag; nghf;Fjy;
Mtz=;fs; kw;Wk; Clf=;fshfj; jpfH;jy;.
gHik :
njhw;ghitf;Tj;J ? bghk;kyhl;lk;/ ifa[iwg; ghitf;Tj;J
bjUf;Tj;J ? ehlfk;
mUfp tUtjw;fhd fhuz=;fs; :
ehfhpf khw;wk;  fhyr;NHy;
nghjpa tUkhdkpd;ik  bjhHpy; khw;wk;
tsh;j;bjLf;f ehk; bra;a ntz;Ltd :
tpHhf;fspy; epfH;fiy epfH;r;rpfs;
thH;itj; J}a;ikg;gLj;Jk; fijfs;
fiyfisa[k; fiy+iua[k; ghuhl;ly;
tha;g;gspj;jy;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. rhpahd tpil thpiriaj; njh;e;bjL.

1. fufhl;lk; ? cWkp vdg;gLk; njtJe;Jgp
2. kapyhl;lk; ? njhyhy; fl;lg;gl;l Flk;/ jtpy; rp=;fp/ nlhyhf;/ jg;g[
3. xapyhl;lk; ? ieahz;o nksk;
4. njtuhl;lk; ? ieahz;o nks ,ir/ ehfRuk;/ jtpy;/ gk;ig
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 1/ 2/ 3/ 4 ,) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2 <) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 [tpil: m]
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2. bghUj;jkhd tpil thpiriaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf.

1. kapyhl;lk; ? fufhl;lj;jpd; Jiz Ml;lk;
2. xapyhl;lk; ? fk;gPuj;Jld; MLjy;
3. g[ypahl;lk; ? ntshz;ik bra;nthhpd; fiy
4. bjUf;Tj;J ? jkpHhpd; tPuj;ijr; brhy;Yk; fiy
m) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1 ,) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 <) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 [tpil: ,]
3. njtuhl;lj;jpy; vj;jid fiy+h;fs; fye;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk; vd;gJ kug[>
m) @d;W Kjy; gjpd;@d;W M) vl;L Kjy; gj;J
,) gj;J Kjy; gjpd;@d;W <) vl;L Kjy; gjpd;@d;W [tpil: <]
4.
rpw;W}h; kf;fspd; thH;tpay; epfH;t[fspy; gphpj;Jg; ghh;f;f ,ayhjf; TWfshfj;
jpfH;git ahit>
m) epfH;fiyfs; M) bgU=;fiyfs;
,) mU=;fiyfs; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy [tpil: m]
5. fufhl;lj;ij ntW vt;thW miHf;fyhk;>
m) Fl Ml;lk; M) Fk;ghl;lk;
,) bfhk;ghl;lk; <) brk;ghl;lk; [tpil: M]
6. fufhl;lj;jpw;F ,irf;fg;gLk; ,irf;fUtpfs;
i) ieahz;o nks ,ir ii) ehfRuk;
iii) jtpy; iv) gk;ig
m) i, ii - rhp M) i, ii, iii - rhp ,) ehd;Fk; rhp <) iii - rhp [tpil: ,]
7. fufhl;lk; epfH;j;Jjypy; vj;jid ngh; epfH;j;j ntz;Lk;>
m) 12 M) 2
,) 24 <) tiuaiw ,y;iy [tpil: <]
8. `èPuw twpahf; fufj;J~~ vd;w ghlyoapy; fufk; vd;w brhy; ,lk; bgWk; E}y;
m) mfehD}W M) g[wehD}W
,) fypj;bjhif <) ew;wpiz [tpil: M]
9. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; khjtp Moa ________ tif Mly;fspy; `Flf;Tj;J~ vd;w MlYk;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
m) gj;J M) gjpbdhU ,) VG <) vz; [tpil: M]
10. Flf;Tj;J vd;gJ

m) kapyhl;lk; M) fufhl;lk;
,) bghk;kyhl;lk; <) xapyhl;lk; [tpil: M]
11. fufhl;lj;jpd; Jizahl;lk;
m) kapyhl;lk; M) xapyhl;lk;
,) fhtoahl;lk; <) njtuhl;lk; [tpil: m]
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12. fhtoahl;lk; ? ,r;brhy;ypy; `fh~ vd;gjd; bghUs;

m) nrhiy M) ghuj;jh=;Fk; nfhy;
,) fhy; <) fhty; [tpil: M]
13. ,UKidfspYk; rk vilfisf; fl;oa jz;oidj; njhspy; Rke;J MLtJ
m) fufhl;lk; M) kapyhl;lk;
,) fhtoahl;lk; <) xapyhl;lk; [tpil: ,]
14.
kr;rf;fhto/ rh;g;gf;fhto/ g{f;fhto/ njh;f;fhto/ gwitf;fhto vd;W vjd;
mog;gilapy; miHf;fpd;wdh;>
m) mikg;g[ M) epwk;
,) mHF <) totk; [tpil: m]
15. ,y=;if/ knyrpah cs;spl;l g[yk;bgah; jkpHh; thGk; gpw ehLfspYk; Mlg;gLtJ
,) xapyhl;lk; <) fhtoahl;lk; [tpil: <]
16. xapyhl;lk; MLnthhpd; thpir vz;zpf;if

m) ,U M) ehd;F ,) MW <) vz; [tpil: m]
17. rhpahd Tw;Wfisf; fz;lwpf.
i) xapyhl;lk; bgUk;ghYk; Mz;fs; MLtnj tHf;fpy; cs;sJ.
ii) xnu FGtpy; taJ Kjph;e;jth;fSk; ,is+h;fSk; ,ize;J MLtJ cz;L.
iii) ,e;j Ml;lj;jpy; njhyhy; fl;lg;gl;l Flk;/ jtpy;/ rp=;fp/ nlhyf;/ jg;g[ nghd;w
,irf;fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
m) i, ii - rhp M) ii, iii - rhp
,) @d;Wk; rhp <) iii - kl;Lk; rhp [tpil: ,]
18. njtuhl;lk; vd;gJ ahh; kl;Lnk MLk; Ml;lk;>

m) Mz;fs; M) bgz;fs;
,) rpWth;fs; <) Kjpath;fs; [tpil: m]
19. njtuhl;lk;/ _______ Moa Ml;lk; vdg; bghUs; bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
m) thdj;Jj; njth;fs; M) tpwypah;
,) ghzh;fs; <) murh;fs; [tpil: m]
20. cWkp vdg; bghJthf miHf;fg;gLtJ
m) njtJe;Jgp M) rp=;fp ,) nlhyf; <) jg;g[ [tpil: m]
21. njtJe;Jgp vd;Dk; ,irf;fUtp gad;gLj;Jk; Ml;l tif
,) njtuhl;lk; <) nritahl;lk; [tpil: ,]
22. njtuhl;lk; vt;tif epfH;thf Mlg;gLfpd;wJ>

m) mHfpay; M) elg;gpay; ,) rl=;fpay; <) thH;tpay;[tpil: ,]
23. njtuhl;lk; nghd;nw Mlg;gl;L tUfpd;w fiy
m) kapyhl;lk; M) fhtoahl;lk;
,) nritahl;lk; <) xapyhl;lk; [tpil: ,]
24. nritahl;lf;fiy+h;fs; ,irj;Jf;bfhz;nl MLk; ,irf;fUtpfisf; fz;lwpf.
i) nritg;gyif ii) nrkf;fyk; iii) $hy;uh
,) i, iii - rhp <) @d;Wk; rhp [tpil: <]
25. ve;jg; gz;g[fisf; bfhz;L epfH;j;jpf;fhl;Lk; fiy bgha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk; MFk;.

m) nghyr; bra;jy; M) ,Ug;gijr; bra;jy;
,) bka;apay; <) elg;gpay; [tpil: m]
26. g[utp Ml;lk;/ g[utp ehl;oak; vd;w bgah;fspy; miHf;fg;gLk; Ml;lk;

m) kapyhl;lk; M) xapyhl;lk;
,) bgha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk; <) fhtoahl;lk; [tpil: ,]
27. bgha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk; ahUila fhyj;jpy; j+;irf;F te;jjhfr; Twg;gLfpwJ.
m) nrhHh; M) ehaf;fh;
,) kuhl;oah; <) M=;fpnyah; [tpil: ,]
28. ,uh$!;jhdpy; fr;rpbfho vd;Wk; nfusj;jpy; Fjpiuf;fsp vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLtJ

m) fhtoahl;lk; M) kapyhl;lk;
,) xapyhl;lk; <) bgha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk; [tpil: <]
29. ghly;fs; gad;gLj;jhj Ml;l tif
m) fuf M) bgha;f;fhy; Fjpiu
,) fhto <) kapy; [tpil: M]
30. bgha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lj;jpw;F ,irf;fg;gLk; ,irf;fUtpfisf; fz;lwpf.
i) ieahz;o nksk; ii) ehfRuk; iii) jtpy; iv) nlhyf;
m) i, ii - rhp M) iii, iv - rhp
,) iii - kl;Lk; jtW <) ehd;Fk; rhp [tpil: m]
31. jg;g[ vd;gJ
m) njhw;fUtp M) Jisf;fUtp
,) euk;g[f;fUtp <) bjhHpw;fUtp [tpil: m]
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32. ``jff jfjff je;je;j je;jff vd;W jhsk;

gjiy jpkpiyJo jk;gl;l Kk; bgUf~~ ? vd;w jg;ghl;l ,ir Fwpj;Jg; gjpt[ bra;a[k;
E}yhrphpah;/ E}y;
m) mz;zhkiyahh;/ fhtor;rpe;J M) mUzfphpehjh;/ jpUg;g[fH;
,) jpUeht[f;furh;/ njthuk; <) ,s=;nfhtofs;/ rpyg;gjpfhuk; [tpil: M]
33. giw vd;W miHf;fg;gLk; Ml;lk;
m) jg;ghl;lk; M) kapyhl;lk; ,) xapyhl;lk; <) fufhl;lk; [tpil: m]
34. ____ Fwpg;gpLk; fUg;bghUs;fspy; xd;whfg; giw ,lk; bgWfpwJ.
m) mfj;jpak; M) bjhy;fhg;gpak;
,) ed;D}y; <) ahg;gU=;fyk; [tpil: M]
35. brhy;YtJ nghd;nw ,irf;fty;y jhsf; fUtp
m) giw M) jtpy; ,) nlhyf; <) cWkp [tpil: m]
36. jkpH; kf;fspd; tPuj;ijr; brhy;Yk; fiyahfj; jpfH;tJ
m) fufhl;lk; M) fhtoahl;lk;
,) g[yp Ml;lk; <) xapyhl;lk; [tpil: ,]
37. i) ghl;Lk; trdKk; ,y;yhj Ml;l=;fspy; g[yp Ml;lKk; xd;W.
ii) g[yp Ml;lj;jpy; jg;g[ nksj;jpw;nfw;g xUtnuh/ ,Utnuh MLth;.
iii) tpHhf;fspy; g[ypntlkpLnthh; clk;bg=;Fk; g[ypiag; nghd;W fWg;g[ kw;Wk;
k+;rs; tz;zf;nfhLfisapl;Lj; Jzpahyhd thiy ,Lg;gpy; fl;of; bfhs;th;.
rhpahd Tw;Wfisf; fz;lwpf.
,) iii - kl;Lk; jtW <) @d;Wk; rhp [tpil: <]
38. bjUf;Tj;J mk;kd; tHpghl;od; xU gFjpahft[k; ,Uf;fpwJ

m) fhsp M) khhp ,) rh;f;if <) jpbusgjp [tpil: <]
39. epfH;j;jg;gl;l ,lj;ij mog;gilahff; bfhz;l fiy
m) g[yp Ml;lk; M) fhtoahl;lk; ,) bjUf;Tj;J <) Flf;Tj;J [tpil: ,]
40. fsj;JnkLfspy; epfH;j;jg;gl;lJ vJ>
m) g[yp Ml;lk; M) fhtoahl;lk;
,) Flf;Tj;J <) bjUf;Tj;J [tpil: <]
41. bjUf;Tj;ijj; jkpH;f;fiyapd; Kf;fpa milahskhf;fpath;
m) e. Kj;Jrhkp M) nguh. Y}h;J
,) thdkhkiy <) m.fp. gue;jhkdhh; [tpil: m]
42. ehlff;fiyia kPl;blLg;gnj jkJ Fwpf;nfhs; vd;wth;

m) e. Kj;Jrhkp M) r=;fujhR Rthkpfs;
,) ghpjpkhw;fiy+h; <) jp.it. eluhrd; [tpil: m]
43. fiy+hapW vd;W miHf;fg;gl;lth;
m) njtneag; ghthzhh; M) e. Kj;Jrhkp
,) jpahfuh$ ghftjh; <) vk;.v!;. Rg;g[yl;Rkp [tpil: M]
44. Tj;jg;gl;liw e. Kj;Jrhkpf;F ,e;jpa muR tH=;fpa tpUJ
m) gj;k _ M) mh;$Pdh
,) gj;kg{&z; <) ghuj uj;dh [tpil: m]
45. jkpH;ehL muR e. Kj;Jrhkpf;F tH=;fpa tpUJ
m) fiykhkzp M) ehlfkhkzp
,) t.c.rp. tpUJ <) fk;gd; tpUJ [tpil: m]
46. ntshz;ik bra;nthhpd; fiyahf ,Ue;J tUtJ
m) fhtoahl;lk; M) g[yp Ml;lk;
,) njtuhl;lk; <) bjUf;Tj;J [tpil: <]
47. mUr;Rdd; jgR vdg;gLtJ
m) bghUs; ntz;o epfH;j;jg;gLtJ M) kiH ntz;o epfH;j;jg;gLtJ
,) mUs; ntz;o epfH;j;jg;gLtJ <) mikjp ntz;o epfH;j;jg;gLtJ
[tpil: M]
48. fjfsp nghd;W brt;tpay; fiyahf Mf;Fk; Kaw;rpfs; nkw;bfhs;sg;gLk; fiy

m) kapyhl;lk; M) xapyhl;lk; ,) bjUf;Tj;J <) Flf;Tj;J [tpil: ,]
49. jkpH; ,yf;fpa=;fspy; ghitf; Fwpj;j bra;jpfs; fhzg;gLk; fhy vy;iy
m) r=;ffhyk;/ gjpbdl;lhk; M) r=;f kUtpa fhyk;/ gjpndHhk;
,) fhg;gpaf;fhyk;/ gjpdhwhk; <) r=;ffhyk;/ gjpide;jhk; [tpil: m]
50. kug;ghitiag; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;

m) jpUf;Fws; M) ehyoahh; ,) mfehD}W <) g[wehD}W [tpil: m]
51. njhw;ghitf; Tj;J gw;wpa bra;jpfisf; Fwpg;gpLtd
i) jpUthrfk; ii) gl;odj;jhh; ghly;fs;
m) i - rhp M) ii - rhp
,) ,uz;Lk; rhp <) ,uz;Lk; jtW [tpil: ,]
52. knyrpaj; jiyefh; nfhyhyk;g{hpy; g[fH;kpf;f ikag; gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; bjUtpd;
bgah;
m) ,uhr nrhHd; bjU M) td;dp bjU
,) uhnre;jpu nrhHd; bjU <) fk;gd; bjU [tpil: m]
,ay; 6 X
53. knyrpahtpy; ``,uhr nrhHd; bjU~~ cs;sijg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; kyh;

m) Kjyhk; cyfj; jkpH; khehl;L kyh;
M) ,uz;lhk; cyfj; jkpH; khehl;L kyh;
,) ehd;fhk; cyfj; jkpH; khehl;L kyh;
<) Ie;jhk; cyfj; jkpH; khehl;L kyh; [tpil: <]
FWtpdh
1. epfH;fiy vd;why; vd;d>

rpw;W}h; kf;fspd; thH;tpay; epfH;t[fspy; gphpj;Jg; ghh;f;f Koahjf; TWfshfj;
jpfH;git epfH;fiyfs;.
2. fufhl;lk; vd;why; vd;d>

`fufk;~ vd;Dk; gpj;jisr; brk;ignah/ rpwpa Flj;ijnah jiyapy; itj;J
jhsj;jpw;F Vw;g MLjy;.
,f;fufhl;lk; Fk;ghl;lk; vd;Dk; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fufj;jpd; g=;F ahJ>
g[wehD}W :
èPuw twpahf; fufj;J~ vd;Dk; g[wehD}w;Wg; ghlyoapy; fufk; vd;w brhy; ,lk;
bgw;Ws;sJ.
rpyg;gjpfhuk; :
khjtp Moa gjpbdhU tif Mly;fspy; xd;W `Flf;Tj;J~ vd rpyg;gjpfhuk;
TWfpwJ.
4. jkpHfj;jpy; fufhl;lk; epfH;j;jg;gLk; khtl;l=;fs; ahit>
jpUbey;ntyp  jpz;Lf;fy;
kJiu  j+;rht{h;
jpUr;rp  nfhak;g[j;J}h;
5. kapyhl;lk; vd;why; vd;d>
kapy; tot[s;s Tl;Lf;Fs; xUth; jd; cUtj;ij kiwj;Jf; bfhz;L ieahz;o
nksj;jpw;F Vw;g MLk; Ml;lnk kapyhl;lk;.
fufhl;lj;jpd; Jizahl;lk; kapyhl;lnk.
6. kapyhl;lj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; mirt[fs; ahit>
Ch;e;J MLjy;  jhtpahLjy;
kpje;J MLjy;  ,Ug[wKk; Rw;wpahLjy;
,wif tphpj;jhLjy;  mft[jy;
jiyiar; rha;j;jhLjy;  jz;zPh; Foj;Jf; bfhz;nl MLjy;
www.nammakalvi.org
7. fhtoahl;lk; vd;why; vd;d>

`fh~ vd;gjd; bghUs; ghue;jh=;Fk; nfhy;.
,U KidfspYk; rk vilfisf; fl;oa jz;oidj; njhspy; Rke;J MLtJ
fhtoahl;lk;.
8. fhtoapd; mikg;g[f;nfw;g mit ve;bje;jg; bgah;fspy; miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd>
kr;rf;fhto  njh;f;fhto
rh;g;gf;fhto  gwitf;fhto
g{f;fhto
9. fhtoahl;lk; Mlg;gLk; ehLfs; vit>
,y=;if/ knyrpah cl;gl jkpHh; thGk; gpw ehLfs;.
10. xapyhl;lk; vd;why; vd;d>
xnu epwj;Jzpia Kz;lhR nghyf; fl;Ljy;.
fhypy; ry=;ifia mzpjy;.
rpW Jzpia ,irf;nfw;g tPrp xapyhf MLk; FG Ml;lk;.
fk;gPuj;Jld; MLjy; jdpr;rpwg;g[ilaJ.
11. xapyhl;lj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,irf; fUtpfs; ahit>
jtpy;  jg;g[
rp=;fp  njhyhy; fl;lg;gl;l Flk;
nlhyf;
12. njtuhl;lk; vd;why; vd;d>
thdj;Jj; njth;fs; Moa Ml;lk; vdg; bghUs; bfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
,J Mz;fs; kl;Lnk MLk; Ml;lk;.
13. njtuhl;lj;jpw;Fhpa ,irf;fUtp Fwpj;J vGJf.
njtuhl;lhj;jpw;Fhpa ,irf;fUtp njtJe;Jgp.
,jd; bghJthd bgah; cWkp.
14. njtuhl;lj;jpw;Fhpa cil kw;Wk; my=;fhuk; Fwpj;J vGJf.
cil :
,ilapYk; jiyapYk; rpWJzp fl;Lth;.
ntl;o mzpe;jpUg;gh;.
my=;fhuk; :
fhy;fspy; ry=;if mzpth;.
vspa xg;gid bra;J bfhs;th;.
,ay; 6 X
15. nritahl;lk; vd;why; vd;d>

njtuhl;lk; nghd;nw Mlg;gl;L tUfpd;w fiy nritahl;lk;.
,irf;fUtpfs; :
nritg;gyif
nrkf;fyk;
$hy;uh
,irr;rhh;g[ fiyahft[k;/ tHpghl;Lf; fiyahft[k; cs;sJ.
16. bgha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lj;jpw;F tH=;fg;gLk; ntW bgah;fs; ahit>
g[utp Ml;lk;  fr;rp bfho (,uh$!;jhd;)
g[utp ehl;oak;  Fjpiuf;fdp (nfush)
17. jg;ghl;lk; vd;why; vd;d> mjw;F tH=;fg;gLk; ntW bgah;fs; ahit>
jg;g[ :
jg;g[ vd;w njhw;fUtpia ,irj;Jf; bfhz;nl/ mjd; ,irf;nfw;g MLk; Ml;lnk
jg;ghl;lk;.
ntW bgah;fs; :
jg;ghl;lk;  jg;g[
jg;gl;il  giw
`jg; jg;~ vd xypg;gjhy; jg;ghl;lk; vdg; bgah; bgw;wJ.
18. jg;ghl;lk; epfH;j;jg;gLk; ,l=;fisf; TWf.
nfhtpy; jpUtpHh  tpsk;gu epfH;r;rp
jpUkz tpHh  tpHpg;g[zh;t[ Kfhk;
,wg;g[
19. `giw~ Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
giw ? jkpHpirf; fUtp.
giw vd;gjw;F ngR vd;gJ bghUs;.
ngRtij ,irf;fg;gLk; jhsf;fUtp giw.
fUg;bghUs; :
bjhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLk; fUg;bghUs;fspy; xd;W giw.
20. jg;ghl;lj;jpw;Fhpa Ml;lf; TWfs; ahit>
tl;lkhf MLjy;  cl;fhh;e;J vGjy;
Fjpj;Jf; Fjpj;J MLjy;  eilahl;lk;
,uz;L thpirahf vjph; vjph; jpirapy; epd;W MLjy;.
21. g[ypahl;lk; vd;why; vd;d>

jkpHhpd; tPuj;ij brhy;Yk; fiyahfj; jpfH;tJ g[ypahl;lk;.
ghl;Lk; trdKk; ,y;yhj Ml;l=;fspy; xd;W.
g[ypiag; nghd;W fWg;g[k; k+;rSkhd tz;zf; nfhLfisapl;Lj; Jzpahy;
Md thiy ,Lg;gpy; fl;L MLth;.
22. g[ypahl;lj;jpw;Fhpa mirt[fisf; TWf.
g[ypiag; nghy elj;jy;  vk;gpf;Fjpj;jy;
gJ=;Fjy;  ehf;fhy; tULjy;
gha;jy;  gw;fs; bjhpa thiag; gpse;J cWKjy;.
23. bjUf;Tj;J Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
MLfsk; :
jpwe;j btspia MLfskhf;fp Mil/ mzp xg;gida[ld; bjUr;re;jpg;g[fspYk;
fsj;J nkLfspYk; elj;jg;gLk; eldk;.
xU=;fpizg;g[ :
,ir/ trdk;/ Mly;/ ghly;/ bka;ghLfSld; fijia xU=;fpizj;J tH=;Fth;.
24. Tj;Jg;gl;liw e. Kj;Jrhkp bgw;w tpUJfs; ahit>
,e;jpa murpd; jhkiuj;jpU tpUJ. (gj;k_)
jkpH;ehL murpd; fiykhkzp tpUJ.
25. mh;r;Rdd; jgR Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
kiH ntz;o epfH;j;jg;gLk; bjUf; Tj;J mh;r;Rdd; jgR.
26. njhw;ghitf; Tj;J vd;why; vd;d>
njhyhy; Md ghitiaf; bfhz;L epfH;j;Jk; fiyahjyhy; njhw;ghit vdg;
bgah; bgw;wJ.
njhypy; bra;j btl;L tiugl=;fis tpsf;fpd; xsp CLUt[k; jpiur;rPiyapy;
bghUj;Jth;.
fijf;nfw;g nkYk; fPGk;/ gf;fthl;oYk; mirj;Jf; fhl;o ciuahoa[k; ghoa[k;
fhl;LtJ njhw;ghitf; Tj;J.
27. njhw;ghitf; Tj;J vt;totpy; khw;wk; bgw;Ws;sJ>
ifa[iwg; ghitf;Tj;J/ bghk;kyhl;lk;.
28. fufhl;lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jgLk; ,irf;fUtpfs; ahit>
ieahz;o nksk;/ jtpy;/ ehfRuk;/ gk;ig.
29. fufhl;lj;jpw;F tH=;fg;gLk; ntW bgah;fs; ahit>
fufk;/ Fk;ghl;lk;/ Flf;Tj;J.
www.nammakalvi.org
,ay; 6 X
fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 132
eP=;fs; thGk; gFjpapYs;s epfH;fiyf; fiy+h;fis neh;Kfk; fz;L mtw;iwj; bjhFj;J

tFg;giwapy; goj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
epfH;fiyf; fiy+h;fsplk; neh;fhzypd; nghJ ehd; nfl;l rpy tpdhf;fSf;F
mth;fs; mspj;j gjpiy ehd; ,g;nghJ c=;fSf;F goj;Jf; fhl;Lfpnwd;.
fiy+h;fns- ,d;iwa fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; c=;fsJ fiyj;bjhHpy; ve;j mstpw;F
rpwg;ghf cs;sJ vd ehd; nfl;l nghJ mth;fs; Twpa bra;jpahdJ eh=;fs; kpft[k;
bjhHpypy; eyptile;Js;nshk;. Mfnt tWik epiyapy; ,Uf;fpnwhk; vd;wdh;.
vg;nghjhtJ ,j;bjhHpy; @yk; fpilf;Fk; tUkhdj;ij kl;Lnk ek;gpdhy; thH;f;if.
Mfnt ,j;bjhHpiy tpl;L tpl;L ntW bjhHpypy; <Lglyhk; vd;W fUJfpnwhk;
vdf; Twpdh;.
nkYk; ,f;fiyia epfH;j;Jtjw;fhd Mil/ Mguz=;fspd; bryt[k; mjpfkhf
cs;sJ. muRk; kf;fSk; v=;fs; fiyia Cf;Ftpj;J tha;g;gspj;jhh;fnsahdhy;
,f;fiyia mHpahky; ghJfhf;f Koa[k; vd;whh; kw;bwhU fiy+h;.
,t;thW ntjidaila[k; epfH;fiy fiy+h;fspd; fiyia Mjhpj;J
mth;fSf;Fk; tha;gspj;J mth;fis thH itg;nghk;. fiyiag; ghJfhg;nghk;.

,ay; fiy ftpijg; ngiH
g{j;bjhLj;jy;
6 ? ckh knf!thp
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. kyh;fs; jiuapy; eGt[k;/ vg;nghJ>

m) ms;sp Kfh;e;jhy; M) jsug; gpizj;jhy;
,) ,Wf;fp Kor;rpl;lhy; <) fhk;g[ Kwpe;jhy; [tpil: M]
FWtpdh
1.
rhe;jkhdbjhU gpug+;rj;ijr; Rkf;fpd;w xy;ypj; jz;Lfs; ? ,f;ftpij mofs;
czh;j;Jk; cs;sHif vGJf.
rhe;jkhdbjhU gpug+;rj;ijr; Rkf;fpw xy;ypj; jz;Lfshfj; Fwpg;gplg;gLnthh;
bgz;fs;. ,th;fs; mikjpahd Kiwapy; ,t;t[yfj;ijj; jh=;fp epWj;j nghuhLk;
nghuhspfs;.
rpWtpdh
1. etPd ftpijfspy; btspg;gLk; Ez;ik cs;sk;/ g{j;bjhLf;Fk; ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghlypy;
btspg;gLfpwJ. xg;gpl;L vGJf.
,Wf;fp Kor;rpl;lhy; ifahny g{btLj;jh ? khhpf;Ff;
fhk;g[fspd; fGj;J Kwpa[k; fhk;gGfpg; nghFkpd;D
jsug; gpizj;jhy; tpuyhny g{btLj;jh ? khhpf;F
kyh;fs; jiuapy; eGt[k; btk;gp tpLbkd;W brhy;yp
thrypy; kuzk; epw;gjwpe;Jk; j=;fj; Jul;o bfhz;L ? khhpKj;Jj;
tUe;jhky; rphpf;Fk; jh=;fp kybuLj;jhs;
,e;jg; g{it ? ehl;Lg;g[w ghly;
vg;goj; bjhLf;f ehd; ? etPd ftpij
tpil :
etPd ftpij

,g;ghlypy; Fwpf;Fk; g{it vd;w brhy; kyiua[k; bgz;iza[k; xg;gpl;Lf;
Twpa[s;sJ.
ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly; bgz; bja;tkhfpa khhpnahL xg;gpl;L ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.
etPd ftpij fUj;J ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghly; fUj;J

g{it ,Wf;fp Kor;rpl;lhy; fhk;gpd; 
khhpahfpa bgz; bja;tj;jpw;F
fGj;J KwptJ nghy bgz;fspd; ifahny g{g;gwpj;jhy; fhk;g[
fGj;J Kwpa[k;. mGfptpLk; vd;W ifahny

jsug; gpizj;jhy; kyh;fs; jiuapy; g{g;gwpf;ftpy;iy.
eGt[tJ nghy bgz;zpd; jsh;e;j  tpuyhy; g{g;gwpj;jhy; gadw;wjha;
thH;t[k; eGt[k;. btk;gptpLk; vd;W tpuyhy;

thrypny kuzk; te;J epd;whYk; g{g;gwpf;f tpy;iy.
tUe;jhky; rphpf;Fk; g{itg; nghy 
nkw;fz;l fhuzj;jhy; khhpahfpa
bgz;Qk; tUj;j=;fs; te;jnghJ bgz; bja;tj;Jf;F j=;fj; Jul;o
mtw;iw Rikahff; fUjhky; bfhz;L g{g;gwpj;jhh;.
rphpf;fpd;whs;. ,e;j bgz;zhfp g{it
bjhLg;gJ vg;go.
,ay; 6 X
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. ,e;jg; g{itj;bjhLg;gJ vg;go> vd;w ftpijia vGjpath;

m) ckh knf!;thp M) ,uh. kPdhl;rp
,) ,e;jpu ghh;j;jrhujp <) jhkiu [tpil: m]
2. ftp+h; ckh knf!;thp ve;j Mz;L v=;F gpwe;jth;>
m) 1971/ kJiu M) 1972/ jpUbey;ntyp
,) 1975/ nryk; <) 1973/ njdp [tpil: m]
3. ckh knf!;thp/ jw;nghJ thH;e;J tUfpd;w khtl;lk; ahJ>
m) njdp/ Mz;ogl;o M) kJiu/ mDg;ghdo
,) j+;rht{h;/ ty;yk; <) jpUr;rp/ ciwa{h; [tpil: m]
FWtpdh
1. `g{j;bjhLj;jy;~ vd;Dk; ftpij E}ypd; Mrphpaiug; gw;wp eP mwpe;jtw;iwf; TW.

Mrphpah; bgah; : ftp+h; ckh knf!;thp
gpwg;g[ : kJiu
thH;e;J tUk; Ch; : njdp/ Mz;og;gl;o.
E}y;fs; : el;rj;jpu=;fspd; eLnt/ btWk; bghGJ/ fw;ghit.
2. g{f;fisj; bjhLf;Fk; nghJ ,Wf;fp Kor;rpLtjhYk; jsug; gpizg;gjhYk; epfH;tJ
vd;d>
,Wf;fp Kor;rpLtjhy; fhk;g[fspd; fGj;J Kwpa[k;.
jsug; gpizj;jhy; kyh;fs; jiuapy; eGt[k;.
3. g{j;bjhLj;jy; vd;Dk; ftpijapy; g{it vd;w brhy; ahiuf; Fwpf;fpwJ> mg;g{it
bjhLg;gJ vg;go>
g{it vd;w brhy; bgz;izf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
kdkhfpa El;gkhd E}yhy; kl;Lnk bjhLf;f Koa[k;.
xt;bthU ehSk; eP=;fs; ghh;f;Fk; fhl;rpfspy; ' vjph;bfhs;Sk; epfH;t[fspy; fz;LzUk;

mHif @d;W epkpl=;fs; brhw;fspy; tpthpf;f.
www.nammakalvi.org
fhf;ifaplk; czh;e;jJ :
jpdKk; fhiyapy; te;J kuj;jpd; kPJ mkh;e;jpUf;Fk; xU fhf;iff;F
cztpLtJ tHf;fk;. fhf;ifapd; ,lJ fhy; Cdk;. ,lJ gf;f ,wf;if rhpe;jpUf;Fk;.
jd; cld; tUk; fhf;iffs; bra;a[k; midj;Jr; bray;fisa[k; CdKw;w fhf;ifa[k;
bra;a bjhpe;J bfhz;lJ FiwapUg;gpDk; Fiwia kwe;J g[jpa Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl
ntz;Lk;.
epiwt[ tpHhtpy; czh;e;jJ :
xU gs;spapy; rpw;Wz;o cztfk; elj;jpte;j jk;gjpapdh; taJ Kjph;t[
fhuzkhf j=;fs; gzpia epiwt[ bra;a[k; bghUl;L fhiy ,iw tzf;fj;jpw;Fg;
gpd; midtUf;Fk; ,dpg;g[ tH=;fpdh;. ,dpg;igg; bgw;Wf; bfhz;l midtUk;
ed;wp vd;w xU thh;j;ijia kl;Lnk Twpdh;. Mdhy; xU rpWtd; kl;Lk;/ ``ghl;o
clk;ig ed;whf ghh;j;Jf; bfhs;S=;fs;~~ vd;whd;. mr;rpWtd; gpwh; kPJ fhl;Lk; md;g[k;
mf;fiwa[k; bghpath;fsplk; ,y;iyna.

Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gps;isj;jkpH;
6 ? FkuFUguh;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
rpWtpdh
1.
itj;jpaehjg[hp KUfd; FHe;ijahf mzpe;jpUf;Fk; mzpfyd;fSld; br=;fPiu
Moa eaj;ij tpsf;Ff.
itj;jpaehjg[hp KUfd; br=;fPiu MLk; mHF :
fpz;fpzp :
fhy;fspy; mzpe;jpU;j rpW brk;bghd; fpz;fpzpfnshL rpyk;g[fSk; nrh;e;J Mod.
miu+hz; kzp :
,ilapy; miu+hz; kzpnahL xsp tPrpfpd;w miu tl;l=;fs; Mod.
rpW tapW :
gRk;bghd; vd xspUk; bjhe;jpa[ld; rpW tapW rhpe;jhoaJ.
,ay; 6 X
bew;wpr; Rl;o :
gl;lk; fl;oa bew;wpapy; bghl;Lld; tl;ltothd Rl;o ge;jhoaJ.
Fz;ly=;fs; :
fk;gpfshy; cUthd Fz;ly=;fSk; fhjpd; FiHfSk; mire;jhod.
cr;rpf; bfhz;il :
cr;rpf; bfhz;il mjpy; Rw;wpf; fl;lg;gl;Ls;s xspa[s;s Kj;Jf;fnshL MoaJ.
,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
Fz;lyKk; FiHfhJk; ? vz;Qk;ik
MLf ? tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
fl;oa ? bgabur;rk;
tl;lr; Rl;o ? Fwpg;g[g; bgabur;rk;
br=;fPiu ? gz;g[j; bjhif
gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;
gjpe;J ? gjp + j;(e;) + j; + c
gjp ? gFjp
j; ? re;jp/ è;~ MdJ tpfhuk;
j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy
c ? tpidbar;r tpFjp
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gps;isj;jkpiH ,aw;wpath;

m) FkuFUguh;; M) ,uhkyp=;f mofs;
,) jha[khdth; <) bra=;bfhz;lhh; [tpil: m]
2. br=;fPiug;gUtk; gps;isj;jkpHpy; vj;jifag; gUtk;>
m) ,uz;L M) ehd;F
,) Ie;J <) xd;W [tpil: m]
3. FkuFUguhpd; fhyk; ________ Mk; E}w;whz;L.
m) 16 M) 17 ,) 18 <) 19 [tpil: M]
4. FkuFUguh; mwpe;jpuhj bkhHpiaf; fz;lwpf.
m) jkpH; M) tlbkhHp
,) ,e;J!;jhdp <) kiyahsk; [tpil: <]
5. FkuFUguh;; ,aw;whj E}iyf; fz;lwpf.

m) fe;jh; fypbtz;gh M) ePjpbewp tpsf;fk;
,) kJiuf; fyk;gfk; <) jpUf;fhtY}h;f; fyk;gfk; [tpil: <]
6.
kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;jkpH;/ rfyfyhty;yp khiy/ jpUthqh; Kk;kzpf;nfhit
Kjyhd E}y;fis ,aw;wpath;
m) FkuFUguh; M) ,uhkyp=;f mofs;
,) jha[khdth; <) +hdpahuofs; [tpil: m]
7. rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fspd; tiffs;
m) 16 M) 64 ,) 96 <) 108 [tpil: ,]
8. gps;isj;jkpHpy; ,lk; bgWk; gUt=;fs;
m) 8 M) 10 ,) 12 <) 7 [tpil: M]
9. rhpahd Tw;wpidf; fz;lwpf.
i) gps;isj;jkpHpy; gj;Jg; gUt=;fs; mikj;J/ gUtj;jpw;Fg; gj;Jg;ghly; vd E}W
ghly;fshy; ,J ghlg;bgWk;.
ii) ,J Mz;ghw; gps;isj;jkpH;/ bgz;ghw; gps;isj;jkpH; vd ,Utifahfg;
ghlg;bgWk;.
,) ,uz;Lk; rhp <) ,uz;Lk; jtW [tpil: ,]
10. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf :

i) miu ehz; - jiyapy; mzptJ m) 4, 3, 2, 1
ii) Rl;o - fhjpy; mzptJ M) 3, 4, 1, 2
iii) Fz;lyk;/ FiH - bew;wpapy; mzptJ ,) 4, 2, 1, 3
iv) R{Hp - ,ilapy; mzptJ <) 1, 2, 4, 3 [tpil: m]
11. Mz;ghw; gps;isj; jkpGf;F bghUe;jhj gUtj;ijf; fz;lwpf.
m) rpw;wpy; M) rpWgiw ,) rpWnjh; <) Cry; [tpil: <]
12. bgz;ghw; gps;isj; jkpGf;F bghUe;jhj gUtj;ijf; fz;lwpf.
m) fH=;F M) mk;khid ,) Cry; <) rpw;wpy; [tpil: <]
13. gps;isj;jkpHpy; ,UghyUf;Fk; bghJthd gUt=;fs;
m) 6 M) 7 ,) 8 <) 10 [tpil: M]
14. gps;isj; jkpHpy; ,UghyUf;Fk; ,ilna ntWgLk; gUt=;fs;
m) 6 M) 3 ,) 7 <) 5 [tpil: M]
15. fhw;wpy; MLtJ nghd;W kpft[k; bkd;ikahff; FHe;ij MLk; gUtk;
m) fhg;g[ M) br=;fPiu ,) jhy; <) rg;ghzp [tpil: M]
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,ay; 6 X
16. br=;fPiug; gUtj;jpy; FHe;ijapd; jiy mire;jhLk; khjk; vJ>

m) 3 ? 4 M) 5 ? 6 ,) 7 ? 8 <) 9 ? 10 [tpil: M]
17. fpz;fpzp vd;w mzpfyd; mzpa[k; ,lk;
m) fhypy; M) ,ilapy; ,) bew;wpapy; <) fhjpy; [tpil: m]
18. Fz;lyKk;/ FiHfhJk;/ MLf ,r;brhw;fSf;fhd ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;igf; fz;lwpf.
m) vz;Qk;ik/ tpisbar;rk; M) vz;Qk;ik/ tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
,) Kw;Wk;ik/ tpidbar;rk; <) ck;ikj;bjhif/ tpa=;nfhs; tpidKw;W
[tpil: M]
19. `gjpe;J~ vd;Dk; brhy;iyg; gphpf;Fk; Kiw
m) gjp + j;(e;) + j; + c M) gjp + j; + j; + c
,) gjp + j; + e; + c <) gjpe;J + c [tpil: m]
20. FkuFUguh; vt;tpiwtid br=;fPiu MLkhW ntz;Lfpwhh;>
m) Rthkp kiy KUfd; M) itj;jpaehj KUfd;
,) jpUf;fGf;Fd;w KUfd; <) jpUr;bre;J}h; KUfd; [tpil: M]
21. fk;gp tpjk;bghjp Fz;ly K=;FiH fhJ kire;jhlf;
fl;oa R{Hpa[ Kr;rpa[ Kf;rpf; fjph;Kj; bjhLkhl ? vd;w mofspy;
,lk;bgw;Ws;s ,yf;fpa ea=;fs;
m) nkhid/ ,iag[ M) nkhid/ vJif
,) vJif/ ,iag[ <) ,iag[/ Kuz; [tpil: m]
22. `rpW gz;o rhpe;jhlg;~ vd;gjpy; `gz;o~ vd;gjd; bghUs;
m) tapW M) bgUf;fk; ,) jiy <) RUf;fk; [tpil: m]
FWtpdh
1. FkuFUguh; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
Mrphpah; bgah; ? FkuFUguh;
fhyk; ? fp.gp. 17Mk; E}w;whz;L
g[yik bgw;w bkhHpfs; ? jkpH;/ tlbkhHp ,e;J!;jhdp
,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ?f e;jh;fyp btz;gh/ kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;jkpH; kJiuf;
fyk;gfk; rfyfyh ty;yp khiy ePjpbewp tpsf;fk; jpUthqh;
Kk;kzpf;nfhit
2. gps;isj;jkpH; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
gps;isj;jkpH; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit:
Mz;ghw; gps;isj;jkpH;/ bgz;ghw; gps;isj;jkpH;.
3. Mz;ghw; gps;isj;jkpGf;Fhpa gj;Jg; gUt=;fisa[k; vGJf.
fhg;g[/ br=;fPiu/ jhy;/ rg;ghzp/ Kj;jk;/ tUif/ mk;g[yp/ rpw;wpy;/ rpWgiw/ rpWnjh;.
4. bgz;ghw; gps;isj;jkpGf;Fhpa gj;Jg; gUt=;fisa[k; vGJf.

fhg;g[/ br=;fPiu/ jhy;/ rg;ghzp/ Kj;jk;/ tUif/ mk;g[yp/ fH=;F/ mk;khid/ Cry;.
5.
Mz;ghw; gps;isj;jkpGf;Fk; bgz;ghw; gps;isj;jkpGf;Fk; chpa bghJthd
gUt=;fs; vj;jid> mit ahit>
bghJthd gUt=;fs; VG. mit:
fhg;g[/ br=;fPiu/ jhy;/ rg;ghzp/ Kj;jk;/ tUif/ mk;g[yp.
6. gps;isj;jkpHpy; FkuFUguh; Fwpg;gpLk; mzpfy;fs; ahit> mit vt;tpl=;fspy;
mzpag;gLk; vd;gija[k; gl;oaypLf.
mzpfyd;fs; mzpag;gLk; ,lk;
rpyk;g[/ fpz;fpzp fhy;
Rl;o bew;wp
miuehz; ,ilapy; mzpag;gLk; (,Lg;g[)
Fz;lyk;/ FiH fhJ
NHp jiy
7. br=;fPiug; gUtk; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
br=;fPiur; bro fhw;wpy; MLtJ nghy FHe;ijapd; jiy 5?6Mk; khj=;fspy;
bkd;ikahf mira[k;.
,g;gUtj;jpy; FHe;ij jd; ,Uif Cd;wp/ xU fhypid klf;fp/ kw;bwhU fhiy
ePl;o jiyepkph;e;Jk; Kfkire;Jk; MFk;.
8. gps;isj;jkpHpy; ghl;Lilj; jiytuhff; fUjg;gLnthh; ahh;>
,iwtidnah/ jiytiunah/ muridnah ghl;Lilj; jiytuhff; bfhz;L
FHe;ijahff; fUjpg; ghlg;gLk;.
9. FkuFUguh; Rl;o Fwpj;J TWtJ ahJ>
gl;lk; fl;oa bew;wpapy; tps=;Ffpd;w bghl;Lld; tl;ltothd Rl;o gjpe;jhll;Lk;.
rpWtpdh
1. gps;isj;jkpH; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

tif :
96 tifr; rpw;wpyf;fpa=;fSs; xd;W.
tiuaiw :
,iwtidnah jiytiunah muridnah ghl;Lilj; jiytuhff; bfhz;L/
mtiuf; FHe;ijahff; fUjp ghlg;gLk;. ghl;Lilj; jiytdpd; braw;fhpa braiy
vLj;jpak;g[k;.
,ay; 6 X
tiffs; :
,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit: Mz;ghy; gps;isj;jkpH;/ bgz;ghy; gps;isj;jkpH;.
gUt=;fspd; vz;zpf;if :
gj;J. gUtj;Jf;Fhpa 10 ghly;fs; tPjk; 100 ghly;fs; cs;sd.
Mz;ghy; gps;isj;jkpHpd; gUt=;fs; :
fhg;g[/ br=;fPiu/ jhy;/ rg;ghzp/ Kj;jk;/ tUif/ mk;g[yp/ rpw;wpy;/ rpWgiw/ rpWnjh;.
bgz;ghy; gps;isj;jkpGf;Fhpa gUt=;fs; :
fhg;g[/ br=;fPiu/ jhy;/ rg;ghzp/ Kj;jk;/ tUif/ mk;g[yp/ fH=;F/ mk;khid/ Cry;.
bghJthd gUt=;fs; :
fhg;g[/ br=;fPiu/ jhy;/ rg;ghzp/ tUif/ Kj;jk;/ mk;g[yp.
1. re;jeakpf;f FHe;ijg; ghly;fs; rpytw;iwj; bjhFj;J/ tFg;giwapy; gho kfpH;f.

`thrpj;Jg;~ gHFnthk; FHe;ijfns-
`thh;j;ij bjhliu~ thrpj;J
gHfp kfpH;nthk; FHe;ijfns-
`ngrpg;~ gHFnthk; FHe;ijfns-
`J}a~ jkpHpy; ngrpg; gHFnthk; FHe;ijfns-
`vGjpg;~ gHFnthk; FHe;ijfns-
`vGj;Jg; gpiHfis~ jtph;g;nghk; FHe;ijfns-
E}yfk; bry;nthk; FHe;ijfns-
E}y;fis mwpnthk; FHe;ijfns-

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fk;guhkhazk;
6 ? fk;gh;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. nfhry ehl;oy; bfhil ,y;yhj fhuzk; vd;d>
m) ey;y cs;sk; cs;sth;fs; ,y;yhjjhy;
M) Chpy; tpisr;ry; ,y;yhjjhy;
,) murd; bfhL=;nfhy; Ml;rp g[hptjhy;
<) m=;F tWik ,y;yhjjhy; [tpil: <]
FWtpdh
1. cw=;Ffpd;w Fk;gfd;d `vGe;jpuha; vGe;jpuha;~

fhyJ}jh; ifapny `cw=;Ftha; cw=;Ftha;~
Fk;gfd;did vd;d brhy;yp vGg;g[fpwhh;fs;> v=;F mtid cw=;fr; brhy;fpwhh;fs;>
`Fk;gfUznd- ck;Kila bgha;ahd thH;t[ vy;yhk; ,d;wpypUe;J ,w=;fj;
bjhl=;fptpl;lJ. mjidf; fhz;gjw;F vGe;jpLtha;~ vd;W brhy;yp
vGg;gpdhh;fs;.
tpy;iyg; gpoj;j fhyDf;Fj; J}juhdth; ifapny gLj;J cw=;fr; brhy;fpwhh;fs;.
rpWtpdh

1.
`flw;fiuapy; cg;g[f;fha;r;Rjy; eilbgWfpwJ" kiyg;gFjpapy; kiyg;gaph;fSk;
epyg; gFjpfspy; cHt[j;bjhHpYk; eilbgWfpd;wd~ ? fhyg; nghf;fpy; gy khw;w=;fs;
epfH;e;jnghjpYk; gz;ilj; jkpHhpd; jpizepiyj; bjhHpy;fs; ,d;wst[k;
bjhlh;tija[k; mtw;wpd; ,d;iwa tsh;r;rpiaa[k; vGJf.
epyk; bjhHpy; ' czt[g; gaph; ,d;iwa tsh;r;rp

Fwp+;rp kiybey;/ jpiz Vw;Wkjpg; bghUl;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wd. ehl;L
bey;/ njd;/ fpH=;F kUj;Jtj; Jiwapy; njd; Kf;fpa g=;F
tfpf;fpwJ.
,ay; 6 X
kUjk; bre;bey;/ btz;bza; cyf ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp bra;ag;gLfpwJ.

bgUk;ghyhd kf;fspd; czt[g; bghUshf
,Ug;gjhy; mjpfkhf gaphplg;gLfpwJ.
bea;jy; cg;g[/ kPd; kPd;fisg; gjg;gLj;Jk; bjhHpw;rhiyfs;
kpFjpahfp cs;sd. ,j;bjhHpw;rhiyfs;
@yk; gyUf;F ntiy tha;g;g[ mspf;fpwJ.
,=;F gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l kPd;fs; gy;ntW
ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp bra;ag;gLfpwJ.
,ijg; nghynt cg;gs=;fspy; cs;s cg;g[
Rj;jpfhpf;fg;gl;L Vw;Wkjp bra;ag;gLfpwJ.
beLtpdh

1. re;jf; ftpijapy; rpwf;Fk; fk;gd; vd;w jiyg;gpy; ,yf;fpa ciu vGJf.
md;g[k; gz;g[k; Fzr;rpj;jpuKk; bfhz;l jiyth; mth;fns- njh;e;bjLj;j g{f;fisg;
nghd;W thpir bjhFj;J mkh;e;jpUf;Fk; Md;ndhh;fns- mwp+h; bgUkf;fns-
tzf;fk;. ,aw;if bfhY tPw;wpUf;Fk; fhl;rpiag; bghpa fiy epfH;nt elg;gjhd
njhw;wkhff; fk;gd; fhl;Lf; ftp... jz;liy kapy;fs; Ml...
,t;t[iuiaj; bjhlh;f.
jz;liy kapy;fshl jhkiu tpsf;fe;; jh=;f/
bfhz;ly;fs; KHtpnd=;f Ftisfz; tpHpj;J nehf;f/
bjd;oiu baHpdp fhl;l/ njk;gpHp kfuahHpd;
tz;Lfsp dpJghl kUjk;tPw;wp Uf;Fk;khnjh.
jz;ly kapy;fs; Ml vd;Dk; ghlypy; fk;ghpd; ftpj;jpwk;
nrhiyia ehl;oa nkilahft[k;
kapiy eld khjuhft[k;
Fs=;fspy; cz;lhd miyfisj; jpiur;rPiyahft[k;
jhkiu kyiu tpsf;fhft[k;
nkff;Tl;l=;fis kj;jskhft[k;
tz;Lfspd; Xiria ahHpd; ,irahft[k;
ghh;itahsh;fis Ftiskyh;fshft[k; rpj;jhpj;J
jd; ftpj;jpwid rhd;whf;Ffpwhh;.
,e;jg; ghlypy; fk;gdpd; brhy;yhl;rp khz;g[wr; bra;fpd;wd. fk;gdpd; ftpj;jpwk;/
jhd; brhy;y te;jij tpsf;f ifahz;l cj;jpfs; midj;ija[k; ehk; epidj;Jg;
ghh;j;jhy; fk;gd; jkpGf;F fpilj;j tuk; vdyhk;.
gilg;ghsp jhd; thH;e;j fhyj;jpy; kl;Lky;yhJ/ jhd; tPH;e;j gpd;dUk;

thH;fpd;whd; vd;why; kpifahfhJ. me;j tifapy; fk;gd; ,d;Wk; jd; re;jf;
ftpijnahL thH;e;J tUfpd;whd;.
fhybkDk; MHpapYk;
fhw;WkiH CHpapYk; rhfhJ
fk;gdtd; ghl;L/ mJ
jiyKiwf;F mtd; vGjp itj;j rPl;L
vdf; fz;zjhrd; fk;gidg; ghLfpwhh;. mtuJ ftpj;jpwk; rhd;W.
fk;gd; ftpfis vGJtjw;F Kd;dh; mtd; urpf;fpwhd;. urpj;jij mDgtpj;J/
mjDs; fiue;J tplhky; gof;Fk; thrfid cs;ns ,Gj;J tUfpwhd;. jd; xt;bthU
thh;j;ijapYk; Xir eaj;ij cUthf;Ffpwhd;. jk;ik cr;rpf;F bfhz;L nrh;f;fpwhd;.
cjhuzkhf/
jhlif vd;w muf;fpia fk;gh; cUthf;Ffpwhh;.
,iwf;fil Joj;j g[Ut=;fs; vapW vd;Dk;
gpiwf;fpil gpwf;fpl koj;j gpythas
kwf;fil muf;fp ? vd vt;tst[ mHfhf jd; ftpj;jpwidg; gjpt[ bra;fpwhh;.
fk;gdpd; ftpij @yk; bgWk; ,d;g=;fs; vj;jidnah mjpy; xd;W re;jk;. Xir
jUk; ,d;gk; xU nfho ,d;gk; vd;gjw;F Vw;g/
fk;gh; f=;if fhz; glj;jpy;
MH beLe;jpiu MW fle;J ,th; nghthnuh

ntH beLk; gil........
vdj; bjhl=;Fk; ghlk; cyf;ifahy; khwp khwp ,of;Fk; xj;j Xirapy; mike;j
re;jk; ,of;Fk; fhl;rpia fk;gh; fz;Kd; vGg;g[fpwhh;.
cw=;Ffpd;w Fk;gfd;d- c=;fs; kha thH;bt yhk;

,w=;Ffpd;wJ- ,d;W fhz;" vGe;jpuha;- vGe;jpuha;-
fw=;F nghy tpy;gpoj;j fhy J}jh; ifapny/
cw=;Ftha;/ cw=;Ftha;- ,dpf; fple;J cw=;Ftha;-
nkw;brhd;d ftpijfis cw;W nehf;Fk;nghJ re;jf; ftpijapy; rpwfoj;Jg;
gwf;Fk; jkpH; beoa cyfpy; fk;gidj; jtpu ntW ahUkpy;iy vd;gij mwpaKofpwJ.
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,ay; 6 X
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. ghyfhz;lk; Mw;Wg;glyj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s MW vJ>

m) rua[ MW M) f=;if MW
,) eh;kij MW <) aKid MW [tpil m]
2. fPH;f;fhz;gdtw;Ws; bfho tifiar; nrh;e;jJ vJ>
m) brz;gfk; M) fKF ,) FUf;fj;jp <) bfhd;iw [tpil ,]
3. fk;gh; ,uhkhazj;jpw;F ,l;l bgah; vJ>
m) ,uhkfhij M) ,uhkhazk;
,) fk;guhkhazk; <) ,uhkhtjhuk; [tpil <]
4. bghUe;;jhj ,iziaj; njh;e;bjL.
m) ghyfhz;lk; ? Mw;Wg;glyk;/ ehl;Lg;glyk;
M) mnahj;jpah fhz;lk; ? f=;ifg; glyk;/ f=;if fhz; glyk;
,) a[j;jfhz;lk; ? Fk;gfUzd; tijg; glyk;
<) Re;ju fhz;lk; ? Ffg; glyk; [tpil <]
5. `fk;gd; ,irj;j ftpbay;yhk; ehd;~ vd;W bgUikg;gLgth;
m) ghujpahh; M) ghujpjhrd; ,) fz;zjhrd; <) fk;gjhrd;[tpil: m]
6. fk;gh; gpwe;j Ch;
m) jpUtGe;J}h; M) jpUf;fila{h;
,) jpUthqh; <) jpUbtz;fhL [tpil: m]
7. fk;guhkhazj;jpYs;s fhz;l=;fs;
m) MW M) VG ,) vl;L <) xd;gJ [tpil: m]
8. fk;gh; gpwe;j ehL
m) ghz;oa ehL M) nrhH ehL
,) nruehL <) gy;yt ehL [tpil: M]
9. rilag;g ts;sypd; Ch;
m) bjd;fhrp M) jpUbtz;bza; ey;Y}h;
,) jpUbey;ntyp <) jpUtGe;J}h; [tpil: M]
10. tpUj;jk; vd;Dk; xz;ghtpw;F cah;
m) g[fnHe;jp M) bra=;bfhz;lhh;
,) fk;gh; <) xl;lf;Tj;jh; [tpil: ,]
11. fk;gh; ,aw;whj E}iyf; fz;wpf.

m) ruRtjp me;jhjp M) gjpw;Wg; gj;je;jhjp
,) jpUf;if tHf;fk; <) VbuGgJ [tpil: M]
12. rilag;g ts;syhy; Mjhpf;fg; bgw;w g[yth;
m) fk;gh; M) g[fnHe;jp
,) xl;lf;Tj;jh; <) xsitahh [tpil: m]
13. cw=;Ffpd;w Fk;gfd;d vd;Dk; ghly; ,lk; bgw;Ws;s fhz;lk; ______ glyk;
______.
m) a[j;j fhz;lk;/ Fk;gfUzd; tijg; glyk;
M) ghyfhz;lk;/ ehl;Lg;glyk;
,) ghyfhz;lk;/ Mw;Wg;glyk;
<) mnahj;jpah fhz;lk;/ f=;ifg; glyk; [tpil: ,]
14.
`jhJF nrhiynjhW+;~ ? vd;W Mw;wpd; mHif th;zpf;Fk; fk;guhkhazj;jpd;
fhz;lk; vJ> glyk; vJ>
m) ghy fhz;lk;/ ehl;Lg;glyk;
M) ghyfhz;lk;/ Mw;Wg;glyk;
,) mnahj;jpah fhz;lk;/ f=;ifg; glyk;
<) a[j;j fhz;lk; Fk;gfUzd; tijg;glyk;; [tpil: M]
15. Xh; caph; gy cly;fspy; CLUtp cyht[tJ nghy gha[k; ejpahfg; ghyfhz;lj;jpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ
m) rua[ M) aKid ,) gpuk;kg[j;jpuh <) f=;if [tpil: m]
16. jz;liy kapy;fshl ? vd;W ,aw;if bfhYtPw;wpUf;Fk; fhl;rpiag; bghpa fiy
epfH;nt elg;gjhy; njhw;wkhff; fk;gd; vLj;jpak;g[k; fhz;lk;
m) ghyfhz;lk;/ ehl;Lg;glyk;
M) ghyfhz;lk;/ Mw;Wg;glyk;
,) mnahj;jpah fhz;lk;/ f=;ifg;glyk;
<) a[j;j fhz;lk; Fk;gfUzd; tijg;glyk; [tpil: m]
17. `tz;ikapy;iy~ vd;w fk;gdpd; ghlyhy; mwpag;gLtJ
m) xd;wpd; ,Ug;ghy; ,d;bdhd;W milahsg;gLfpwJ vd;gij
M) gytw;wpd; ,Ug;ghy; rpytw;iwf; fhz ,ayhky; nghtij
,) my;tHp ey;tHp mwpjy;
<) ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfis kdpjh;fnshL xg;gply; [tpil: m]
18. MH beLe;jpiu MW fle;J ,th; nghthnuh>
ntH beLk;gil fz;L tpy=;fpLk; tpy; Mnsh>
,g;ghlypy; mike;j ea=;fs; ahit>
m) vJif M) nkhid ,) Kuz; <) me;jhjp [tpil: m]
,ay; 6 X
19. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

i) jhJF nrhiy - Mw;Wg;glyk; m) 1, 2, 3, 4
ii) jz;liy kapy;fshl - ehl;Lg;glyk; M) 4, 3, 2, 1
iii) bta;nahd; xsp - f=;ifg;glyk; ,) 2, 3, 4, 1
iv) MH beLe;jpiu - f=;if fhz; glyk; <) 1, 4, 3, 2 [tpil: m]
FWtpdh
1. fk;ghpd; bgUikiar; Rl;Lk; bjhlh;fs; ahit>

fy;tpapy; bghpath; fk;gh;.
fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpa[k; ftpghLk;.
tpUj;jbkd;Dk; xz;ghtpw;F cah; fk;gd;.
2. fk;gh; ,aw;wpa E}y;fs; ahit>
ruRtjp me;jhjp  VbuGgJ
rlnfhgh; me;jhjp  rpiy vGgJ
jpUf;if tHf;fk;
3. fk;guhkhazk; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
,uhkdJ tuyhw;iwf; TWk; E}y;.
fk;gh; ,e;E}Yf;F ,uhktjhuk; vdg; bgahpl;lhh;.
MW fhz;l=;fis cilaJ.
re;jeak; kpf;fJ.
4. rua[ MW vt;tpl=;fspbyy;yhk; gutpg; gha;e;jjhf fk;gh; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;>
kfue;jk; rpe;Jfpd;w nrhiyfs;  g[Jkzy; jlhf=;fs;
mUk;g[fs; gyUk; bgha;iffs;  bey;tay;fs;
5. nfhry ehl;oy; vitbay;yhk; ,y;iy> Vd;>
tWik ,y;yhjjhy; m=;nf bfhil ,y;iy.
neUf;F neh; nghh; g[hpgth; ,y;yhjjhy; cly; typikia vLj;Jf;fhl;l tha;g;gpy;iy.
bgha;bkhHp ,y;yhjjhy; bka;ik jdpj;J tps=;ftpy;iy.
nfs;tpr; bry;tk; kpFe;jpUg;gjhy; mwpahik ,y;iy.
6. ,uhkdpd; toit vtw;wpw;bfy;yhk; ctikahf;fpa[s;shh; fk;gh;>
ik  ePyf;fly;
gr;ir epw kufjk;  fhh;nkfk;
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7. f=;if fhz; glyj;jpy; ntldpd; Tw;iw vGJf.

ahidfs; bfhz;l nridiaf; fz;L/ g[wKJF fhl;o tpyfpr; bry;fpd;w tpy;
tPudy;y ehd;.
,uhkDila njhHikia vz;zhky; MHKk; bghpa miyfisa[k; cila
f=;if Mw;iw mth;fs; jdpna fle;J nghf tplyhkh>
mt;thW bra;jhy; mw;gdhfpa ,e;j ntld; ,we;jpUf;fyhnk vd;W cyfj;jhh;
vd;id gHpbrhy;y khl;lhh;fsh>
,t;thW ntld; Twpdhd;.
rpWtpdh
1. fk;gh; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
Mrphpah; bgah; : fk;gh;
gpwe;j Ch; : nrhH ehl;oy; cs;s jpUtGe;J}h;
Mjhpj;jth; : jpUbtz;bza; ey;Y}h; rilag;g ts;sy;
bgw;w rpwg;g[fs; : fy;tpapy; bghpah; fk;gh;/ fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpa[k; ftpghLk;/
tpUj;jk; vd;Dk; xz;ghtpw;F cah; fk;gd;~~
,aw;wpa E}y;fs; : fk;guhkhazk;/ ruRtjp me;jhjp/ rlnfhgh; me;jhjp/ jpUf;if
tHf;fk;/ Vh; vGgJ/ rpiy vGgJ.
2. ,aw;if bfhY tPw;wpUf;Fk; fhl;rpiag; bghpa fiy epfH;nt elg;gjhd njhw;wkhff;
fk;gd; ftp vt;thW fhl;LfpwJ. (my;yJ) kUjk; vt;thW tPw;wpUf;fpwJ>
Fsph;e;j nrhiyfspy; kapy;fs; mHFw Mod.
tphpjhkiu kyh;fs; tpsf;Ffs; Vw;wpaJ nghy; njhd;wpd.
NGk; nkf=;fs; kj;js xypaha; vGe;jd.
kyUk; Ftis kyh;fs; fz;fs; tpHpj;Jg; ghh;g;gJ nghy; fhl;rpaspj;jd.
ePh; epiyfs; vGg;g[k; miyfs; jpiur;rPiyfsha; tphpe;jd.
kfu ahHpd; njd; xj;j ,irnghy; tz;Lfs; hP=;fhuk; ghl kUjk; tPw;wpUe;jJ.
1. fk;guhkhazf; fijkhe;jh;fSs; vtnuDk; xUth; Fwpj;J tFg;gpy; ciuahw;Wf.

jd; kidtp rPija[lDk; jk;gp ,yf;FtDlDk; ,uhkd; fhl;ow;Fr; brd;whd;.
bry;Yk; tHpapy; f=;iff; fiuia mile;jhd;. m=;nf md;ng tothd ntl;Ltj;
jiytd; Ffd; ,uhkidr; re;jpj;jhd;.
nghh;f;Fzk; kpf;f Ffdhdtd; Mapuk; glFfSf;Fj; jiytd;" f=;ifahw;Wj;
njhzpj; Jiwf;Fj; bjhd;Wbjhl;L chpika[ilatd;" gifth;fis mHpf;Fk;
tpy;yhw;wy; bgw;wtd;;" kiy nghd;w jpuz;l njhs;fis cilatd;. Jo vd;Dk;
giwia cilatd;" ntl;il eha;fisf; bfhz;oUg;gtd;" njhy; brUg;g[ mzpe;j
,ay; 6 X
bgU=;fhy;fis cilatd; " fhpa epwj;jtd;. fhpa nkff; Tl;lk; jpuz;L te;jhw;nghy;
kpFjpahd gilgyk; cilatd;.
,j;jifa Ffd; f=;iff; fiuapd; gf;fj;jpYs;s rpU=;fpnguk; vd;Dk; efhpy;
thH;gtd;. mtd; Kdpth; jtr;rhiyapy; cs;s ,uhkidf; fhz njDk; kPDk;
bfhz;L brd;whd; (murd;/ FU/ bja;tk; Mfpnahiuf; fhzr; bry;Yk; nghJ
btW=;ifnahL bry;yyhfhJ vd;gJ jkpH; kug[).
,uhkidf; fz;lJk; ,Us; nghd;w ePz;l Koa[ila jiy kz;zpy; goaf;
fPnH tpGe;J tz=;fpdhd;. gpd;/ vGe;J thia ifahy; bghj;jp/ cliy tisj;J
mlf;fkha; epd;whd;. ,uhkd; mtid jd; mUfpy; mkUkhW Twpa[k; khpahij
epkpj;jkhf mtd; mkutpy;iy.
Ffdpd; md;g[ kw;Wk; khpahijiaf; fz;l ,uhkd; Ffdplk;/ cs;sj;J
md;g[ Kjph;tpdhy; eP bfhz;L te;j ,e;jg; bghUl;fs; vj;jd;ikajha; ,Ue;jhYk;
mKjj;ijtpl rpwe;jdnt. md;g[ fye;jjdhy; J}adnt. ehd; ,ij Vw;Wf;
bfhz;lnj tpUk;gp cz;ljw;Fr; rkk; vd;whd;.
nkYk; Ffdplk;/ Kd;dh; eh=;fs; cld;gpwe;njhh; ehy;tuha; ,Ue;njhk; " tphpe;j
md;gpdhy; cd;ndhL Ituhndhk; vd;whd; ,uhkd;.

,ay; fiy tphpthdk;
gha;r;ry;
6 ? rh. fe;jrhkp
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. gha;r;ry; vd;Dk; rpWfij ve;j bjhFg;gpy; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ>
m) rh. fe;jrhkpapd; fijfs; M) jf;ifapd; kPJ ehd;F fz;fs;
,) RLkz; rpiyfs; <) bjhiye;J nghdth;fs;; [tpil: M]
2. gha;r;ry; vd;Dk; rpWfijapd; Mrphpah;
m) b$afhe;jd; M) rh. fe;jrhkp ,) b$ankhfd; <) mfpyd;; [tpil: M]
3. rh. fe;jrhkpapd; khtl;lk; ______ Ch; _______
m) ehfg;gl;odk;/ kapyhLJiw M) j+;rht{h;/ gilj;jiytd;Fo
,) jpUr;rp/ ciwa{h; <) jpUthqh;/ ty=;ifkhd;; [tpil: m]
4. rh. fe;jrhkp ve;j FWk;glj;jpw;F midj;Jyf tpUijg; bgw;Ws;shh;>

m) bjhiye;J nghdth;fs; M) R{h;a tk;rk;
,) rhe;jFkhhp <) RLkz; rpiyfs; ; [tpil: <]
5. rh. fe;jrhkpf;F vGj;Jyfpy; g[fiHg; bgw;Wj;je;j g[jpdk;
m) rhahtdk; M) R{h;a tk;rk;;
,) rhe;jFkhhp <) bjhiye;J nghdth;fs;; [tpil: m]
6. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf. (rh. fe;jrhkpapd; gilg;g[fs;)
i) jf;ifapd; kPJ ehd;F fz;fs; - rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ m) 4, 1, 3, 2
ii) tprhuizf; fkp&d; - g[jpdk; M) 4, 3, 2, 1
iii) RLkz; rpiyfs; - midj;Jyf tpUJ ,) 3, 4, 2, 1
iv) R{h;a tk;rk; - rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[ <) 2, 1, 3, 4
[tpil: m]
8. gha;r;ry; fijapy; ,lk; bgWgth;
m) mDkhh; M) ,uhkd; ,) thyp <) ,uhtzd; [tpil: m]
beLtpdh
1. rh. fe;jrhkpapd; `gha;r;ry;~ fijapy; tUk; `mDkhh;~ vd;w fiy+dpd; fiyj;jpwid

tpsf;Ff.
Kd;Diu:
g[jpd vGj;Jfshy; jdJ g[fiHj; jkpH; cyfpy; Kj;jpiug; gjpj;J rhfpj;a
mfhbjkp tpUJbgw;w rh. fe;jrhkapd; `gha;r;ry;~ fijapy; tUk; mDkhh; fiy+dpd;
fiy <Lghl;ilg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
bjUKid:
bjU Kidapy; jpde;njhWk; vj;jidnah fiyfs; eilbgw;Wf;
bfhz;oUf;fpd;wd. eLj;ju kf;fis ek;gp j=;fs; thH;thjhuj;ij bgUf;fpf;bfhs;s
mDkhh; ntlkpl;L xUtd; midtiua[k; kfpH;tpf;fpwhd;.
jpwikfs;:
Fu=;Fnghy Xote;jhd;. ,uz;L fhy;fiya[k; khwpkhwp jiyapy; moj;J
ntfkhff; iffis tPrp ele;jhd;. bfh+;rk; J}uk; brd;W filapy; ,Ue;j thiHj;
jhhpypUe;J gH=;fisg; gwpj;J mUfpy; ,Ue;jth;fSf;bfy;yhk; bfhLj;J jhKk; xU
gHk; rhg;gpl;lhd;.
gf;f thj;jpak;:
rj=;if nksk;/ jhsk;/ ehjRuk; xypf;f mjw;F Vw;whw;nghy; FWf;Fk; beLf;Fkhfg;
gha;e;njhodhd;. ePz;l thiy nkny RHw;wp jiuapy; moj;J g[Gjpiaf; fpsg;gpdhd;.
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,ay; 6 X

mDkhh; Ml;lk;:
,irf;nfw;g Moatd; jd;idna kwe;J iffis khh;nghL
midj;Jf;bfhz;lhd;. jhd; cz;ik mDkhuhf khwpaij vz;zp fPr; fPr; vd;W
fj;jpf;bfhz;nl ge;jf;fhiyg; gw;wpf;bfhz;L nkny Vwpdhd;.
jpObud nksKk; ehjRuKk; xypf;fj; bjhl=;fpanghJ Tl;lk; jpifj;jJ. fz;@o
fz; jpwg;gjw;Fs; mDkhh; fPnH Fjpj;jhh;. thypy; bghpa jPg;ge;jk; fz;L Tl;lk;
gpd;th=;fpaJ.
mDkhh; fhy;fisj; jiuapy; moj;J clk;igf; FYf;fpdhh;. beUg;g[
miygha;e;jJ. iffisj; jl;of; Fl;of;fuzk; nghl;lhd;. Tl;lk; gha;e;njhoaJ.
mDkhh; jd; fk;gPukhd njhw;wj;njhL epd;W rphpj;jhh;. Tl;lKk; mikjpahdJ.
mDkhh; mUfpy; mHF tuy;
mdkhuhy; thiy btF neukhfr; Rkf;f Koahjjhy; mHF ifapy;
bfhLj;Jtpl;L elf;f Muk;gpj;jhd;. thiyj; J}f;fpf; bfhz;L mHFthYk; Xl
Koatpy;iy. btl;fj;njhL thiyg; nghl;Ltpl;L btspnawpdhd;.
fhhpy; te;jth; \hud; mof;f xUtd; fhiu kwpj;jhd;. mDkhh; vhpr;rYw;W mtid
thyhy; gpd;Df;F ,Gj;jhd;. fhh; Kd;nd te;J mDkhUf;fg; gzk; bfhLf;f mDkhh;
th=;fhky; nksf;fhuidg; ghh;f;f nksf;fhud; th=;fp koapy; itj;Jf;bfhz;lhd;.
Mw;w=;fiu Xuk;
Ml;lkpy;yhky; mDkhh; elf;f Muk;gpj;jnghJ Tl;lk; Fiwa Muk;gpj;jJ.
nksf;fhud; jt[iyf; fPnH ,wf;fp itj;jhd;. Ml;lk; Koe;jJ vd;W jPu;khdk;
bra;J Tl;lk; Kw;wpYk; fiye;jJ. mDkhh; thahy; Kr;Rtpl;L Mykuj;jpy;
rha;e;Jbfhz;lhh;.
nksf;fhuud; gzj;ijg; g=;F nghl;L gpupj;Jf; bfhLj;jhd;. mDkhh; mij
th=;fpf; bfhz;L Mw;w=;fiunahuKs;s nfhapy; J}zpy; rha;e;Jbfhz;l mDkhh;
cl;fhu;e;jhh;.
Kot[iu
,f;fijapy; Tl;lj;jpdiu kfpH;tpf;f te;j mDkhhpd; Ml;lj;ijf; fz;L
ka=;fp mDkhiug; nghyj; jhDk; Modhd; mHF. mDkhnuhL xd;wpg; nghdhd;.
fiyf; fiyf;fhnt vd;gJnghy xU fiy+d; ,d;bdhU fiy+id cUthf;f
Koa[k;bkd;gij `gha;r;ry;~ fijapy; tUk; mDkhh; @yk; mwpaKofpwJ.
2. mDkhh; Ml;lk; Fwpj;J gha;r;ry; fijapd; thapyhf rh. fe;jrhkp TWtd ahit>
Kd;Diu:
g[jpd vGj;Jfshy; jdJ g[fiHj; jkpH; cyfpy; Kj;jpiug; gjpj;J rhfpj;a
mfhbjkp tpUJbgw;w rh. fe;jrhkapd; `gha;r;ry;~ fijapy; tUk; mDkhhpd; Ml;l=;fs;
Fwpj;J ,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;nghk;.
epwk; :
kdpjf; fhy;fspypUe;J khWgl;L gr;irah ePykh vd jPh;khdpf;f Koahj
epwj;ijg; g{rpf; bfhs;th;.
MLk; Kiw :
,uz;L fhy;fSk; kpd;dy; btl;o kiwtJ nghy gha[k;.
kuj;jpd; nkypUe;J Fjpj;jy;.
tyJ fhiya[k; ,lJ fhiya[k; khwp khwpj; jiuapy; cijj;J iffis tPrp
elj;jy;.
`fPr; fPr;~ vd fj;jpf; bfhz;nl ge;jy; fhypy; VWjy; Fjpj;jy;.
thy; tpj;ij :
FWf;Fk; beLf;Fkhf ele;J ePz;l thiy nkny RHw;wp rnubyd;W jiuapy;
glh;e;J g[Gjpiaf; fpsg;g[jy;.
thypy; jPg;ge;jk; itj;J MLjy;.
jPapd; $^thiyia koe;J miygha tpLjy;.
iffis Cd;wp Fl;of;fuzk; moj;jy;.
jPia tl;lkhfr; RHw;Wjy;.
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,irf;fUtpfs; :
rj=;if/ nksk;/ ehj!;tuk; nghd;w ,irf;fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
1. nkilf; fiy+h;fSk; gfy;; ntlf; fiy+h;fSk; vjph; bfhs;Sk; ,lh;ghLfisf;

Fwpj;J tFg;giwapy; tpthjpf;f.
Mrphpah; :
khzth;fns- nkilf; fiy+h;fSk; gfy; ntlf; fiy+h;fSk; vjph; bfhs;Sk;
,lh;ghLfs; Fwpj;J c=;fsJ fUj;J vd;d>
khzth; FG ? 1 :
xg;gidf;F gad;gLj;jpf; bfhs;Sk; my=;fhug; bghUl;fs; xt;thikia
Vw;gLj;Jk; ry=;iffs; fhypy; Fj;Jtjw;F tha;g;g[s;sJ. tpj;ijfisf; fhl;Lk;
nghJ rpy tpgj;Jfs; neu tha;g;g[s;sJ.
khzth; FG ? 2 :
vj;bjhHpy; bra;apDk; tUkhd nehf;Fld; bra;ag;gLfpwJ. epfH;fiy
fiy+h;fs; tUkhdk; <l;Ltijna Kjd;ikahff; bfhz;lth;fs;. ciHg;gjdhy;
tUk; tUkhdk; kfpHr;rpiaf; bfhLf;Fk; nghJ/ Vw;gLk; gpur;ridfis rkhspj;Jf;
bfhs;s ntz;oaJjhd;.
,ay; 6 X
Mrphpah; :
vj;bjhHpy; MapDk; btt;ntW tpjkhd gpur;ridfis vjph;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
,t;t[yfpy; ehk; thGk; thH;f;if ehlfj;jpy; eofh;fshf ,Uf;Fk; fiy+h;fs;
re;jpf;Fk; ,lh;ghLfs; ntW khjphpahdit.
nfhkhspfshf eof;Fk; fiy+h;fs; gpwhpd; nfypf; Tj;Jf;F Mshfpd;wdh;.
j=;fSf;Fhpa nrhf=;fs; vJthf ,Ue;jhYk; mjid btspg;gLj;jhJ kf;fis
kfpH;tpf;f epidf;Fk; fiy+h;fs; cah;e;jtnu.

,ay; fiy fw;fz;L
6 mfg;bghUs; ,yf;fzk;
ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. Fsph;fhyj;ijg; bghGjhff; bfhz;l epy=;fs;
m) Ky;iy/ Fwp+;rp/ kUj epy=;fs; M) Fwp+;rp/ ghiy/ bra;jy; epy=;fs;
,) Fwp+;rp/ kUjk;/ bra;jy; epy=;fs; <) kUjk;/ bra;jy;/ ghiy epy=;fs;
[tpil: ,]
FWtpdh
1. fhl;oy; tp[ise;j tufpy; rikj;j czt[ kiHf;fhy khiyapy; Nlhf cz;zr; Rit
kpFe;jpUf;Fk;. ,j;bjhlhpy; mike;Js;s Kjw;bghUs;fs; fUg;bghUis vGJf.
Kjw; bghUs;:
epyk; ? fhL ? Ky;iy
bghGJ ? bgUk;bghGJ ? fhh;fhyk;" rpWbghGJ ? khiy
fUg;bghUs; : czt[ ? tuF
2. fPH;tUk; bjhlh;fspy; bghUe;jhj fUg;bghUs;fisj; jpUj;jp vGJf.
cHth;fs; kiyapy; cGjdh;.
Ky;iyg;g{r; broiag; ghh;j;jthnw gujth; flYf;Fr; brd;wdh;.
cHth;fs; taypy; cGjdh;.
bea;jy;g{r; broiag; ghh;j;jthnw gujth; flYf;Fr; brd;wdh;. (my;yJ)
jhiHg;g{r; broiag; ghh;j;jthnu gujth; flYf;Fr; brd;wdh;.
www.nammakalvi.org
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpilfspy; rhpahd tpil thpiriaj; njh;e;bjL.

1. Fwp+;rp ? 1. ngqh;/ @J}h;
2. Ky;iy ? 2. gl;odk;/ ghf;fk;
3. kUjk; ? 3. rpWFo
4. bea;jy; ? 4. FWk;g[
5. ghiy ? 5. gho/ nrhp
m) 3/4/1/2/5 M) 4/3/1/5/2 ,) 3/2/5/1/4 <) 3/5/1/2/4 [tpil: <]
2. bghUj;jkhd tpiliaf; fz;lwpf.
1. Fwp+;rp ? 1. tw;wpa Rid/ fpzW
2. Ky;iy ? 2. kidf;fpzW/ bgha;if
3. kUjk; ? 3. fhl;lhW
4. bea;jy; ? 4. mUtpePh;/ RidePh;
5. ghiy ? 5. kzw;fpzW/ cth;f;fHp
m) 4/3/2/5/1 M) 5/4/1/2/3 ,) 4/3/5/1/2 <) 3/4/5/2/1 [tpil: m]
3. bghUe;;jhj ,iziaf; fz;lwpf.
m) Ky;iy ? tuF/ rhik
M) kUjk; ? bre;bey;/ btz;bzy;
,) bea;jy; ? jpid
<) ghiy ? Niwahlyhy; tUk; bghUs; [tpil: ,]
4. Ky;iy epyj;jpw;Fhpa bgUk;bghGjpidj; njh;e;bjL.
m) fhh;fhyk; M) Fsph;fhyk;
,) Kd;gdp <) gpd;gdp [tpil m]
5. Ie;jpizfSf;F chpad
i) Kjw;bghUs; ii) fUg;bghUs; iii) chpg;bghUs;
,) @d;Wk; rhp <) iii - kl;Lk; rhp [tpil: ,]
i) Fwp+;rp - flYk; fliy rhh;e;j ,lKk; m) 4, 3, 2, 1
ii) Ky;iy - taYk; tay; rhh;e;j ,lKk; M) 3, 4, 1, 2
iii) kUjk; - fhLk; fhL rhh;e;j ,lKk; ,) 4, 2, 3, 1
iv) bea;jy; - kiya[k; kiyrhh;e;j ,lKk; <) 3, 4, 2, 1 [tpil: m]
,ay; 6 X
7. kzYk; kzy; rhh;e;j ,lKk; ? vj;jpizf;FhpaJ>

m) Fwp+;rp M) Ky;iy ,) bea;jy; <) ghiy [tpil: <]
8. bghGJ vj;jid tifg;gLk;>
m) ,U M) @d;W ,) ehd;F <) MW [tpil: m]
i) fhh;fhyk; - khrp/ g=;Fdp m) 4, 3, 2, 1
ii) Fsph;fhyk; - khh;fHp/ ij M) 3, 4, 1, 2
iii) Kd;gdpf;fhyk; - Ig;grp/ fhh;j;jpif ,) 4, 2, 3, 1
iv) gpd;gdpf;fhyk; - Mtzp/ g[ul;lhrp <) 3, 4, 2, 1 [tpil: m]
10. ,sntdpw; fhyj;Jf;Fhpa khj=;fs;
m) Mtzp/ g[ul;lhrp M) rpj;jpiu/ itfhrp
,) Mdp/ Mo <) khh;fHp/ ij [tpil: M]
11. Mdp/ Mo Kjyhd khj=;fs;
m) fhh;fhyk; M) Fsph;fhyk;
,) ,sntdpw;fhyk; <) KJntdpw;fhyk; [tpil: <]
i) fhiy - khiy 6 kzp Kjy; ,ut[ 10 kzp tiu
ii) ez;gfy; - gpw;gfy; 2 kzp Kjy; 6 kzp tiu
iii) vw;ghL - fhiy 10 kzp Kjy; 2 kzp tiu
iv) khiy - fhiy 6 kzp Kjy; 10 kzp tiu
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 ,) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 <) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 [tpil: m]
13. ,ut[ 10 kzp Kjy; ,ut[ 2 kzp tiu cs;s rpWbghGJ
m) vw;ghL M) khiy ,) ahkk; <) itfiw [tpil: ,]
14. itfiwf;Fhpa fhy neuk;
m) ,ut[ 2 kzp Kjy; fhiy 6 kzp tiu M) fhiy 6 kzp Kjy; 10 kzp tiu
,) fhiy 10 kzp Kjy; 2 kzp tiu <) ,ut[ 10 kzp Kjy; ,ut[ 2 kzp tiu
[tpil: m]

i) Fwp+;rp - fhh;fhyk;
ii) Ky;iy - Fsph;fhyk;/ Kd;gdpf;fhyk;
iii) kUjk;/ bea;jy; - ,sntdpy;/ KJntdpy;/ gpd;gdp
iv) ghiy - MW bgUk;bghGJfs;
m) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 M) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 ,) 4/ 3/ 1/ 2 <) 2/ 4/ 3/ 1 [tpil: m]
16. ez;gfy; vj;jpizf;Fhpa rpWbghGJ>

m) Fwp+;rp M) Ky;iy ,) bea;jy; <) ghiy [tpil: <]
i) Fwp+;rp - itfiw m) 3, 4, 1, 2
ii) Ky;iy - vw;ghL M) 4, 3, 2, 1
iii) kUjk; - ahkk; ,) 1, 2, 3, 4
iv) bea;jy; - khiy <) 3, 2, 1, 4 [tpil: m]
18. jpizfSf;Fhpa bja;tj;ijg; bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

i) Fwp+;rp - bfhw;wit m) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
ii) Ky;iy - tUzd; M) 4, 5, 2, 3, 1
iii) kUjk; - ,e;jpud; ,) 3, 2, 4, 5, 1
iv) bea;jy; - jpUkhy; <) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
v) ghiy - KUfd; [tpil: m]
19. jpizfSf;Fhpa kf;fs; bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

i) btw;gd; - Fwp+;rp m) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
ii) njhd;wy; - Ky;iy M) 4, 5, 2, 3, 1
iii) Cud; - kUjk; ,) 3, 5, 4, 1, 2
iv) nrh;g;gd; - bea;jy; <) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
v) vapdh; - ghiy [tpil: <]

i) g[yp - ghiy m) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
ii) khd; - bea;jy; M) 4, 5, 2, 3, 1
iii) vUik - kUjk; ,) 2, 1, 4, 5, 3
iv) Kjiy - Ky;iy <) 4, 2, 3, 1, 5
v) typapHe;j ahid - Fwp+;rp [tpil: m]

i) Fwp+;rp - Futk;/ ghjphp m) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
ii) Ky;iy - jhiH M) 4, 5, 2, 1, 3
iii) kUjk; - jhkiu/ br=;fGePh; ,) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5
iv) bea;jy; - njhd;wp <) 3, 1, 4, 2, 5
v) ghiy - fhe;js; [tpil: m]
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,ay; 6 X

i) Fwp+;rp - mfpy;/ nt=;if m) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
ii) Ky;iy - bfhd;iw/ fhah M) 2, 3, 1, 5, 4
iii) kUjk; - fh+;rp ,) 3, 4, 2, 1, 5
iv) bea;jy; - g[d;id/ +hHy; <) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
v) ghiy - ,Yg;ig [tpil: m]

i) Fwp+;rp - flw;fhfk; m) 4, 2, 3, 1, 5
ii) Ky;iy - fhl;Lf; nfhHp/ kapy; M) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
iii) kUjk; - ehiu/ ePhf
; n
; fhHp/ md;dk; ,) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2
iv) bea;jy; - fpsp/ kapy; <) 3, 4, 2, 5, 1
v) ghiy - g[wh/ gUe;J [tpil: m]
24. tpshpahH; vj;jpidf;F chpaJ>
m) Fwp+;rp M) kUjk; ,) bea;jy; <) ghiy [tpil: ,]

i) Fwp+;rp - Jo m) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
ii) Ky;iy - kPd; nfhl;giw M) 4, 5, 2, 1, 3
iii) kUjk; - kzKHh ,) 3, 4, 5, 2, 1
iv) bea;jy; - VWnfhl;giw <) 3, 5, 1, 2, 4
v) ghiy - bjhz;lfk; [tpil: m]
26. brt;tHpg;gz;/ g+;Rug;gz; Kjypadtw;Wf;Fhpa jpizfs; Kiwna
m) bea;jy;/ ghiy M) Fwp+;rp/ Ky;iy
,) kUjk;/ bea;jy; <) kUjk;/ ghiy [tpil: m]
FWtpdh
1. bghUs; ,yf;fzk; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

bghUs; vd;gJ xGf;f Kiw.
jkpHh; thH;tpay; xGf;f=;fis mfk;/ g[wk; vd tFj;jdh;.
,tw;iwg; gw;wpf; TWtnj bghUs; ,yf;fzk;.
2. mfj;jpiz vd;why; vd;d>

md;g[ila jiytd; jiytp ,ilapyhd cwt[ epiyfisf; TWtJ mfj;jpiz
MFk;.
3. md;gpd; jpizfs; vj;jid> mit ahit>
md;gpd; jpizfs; Ie;J. mit:
Fwp+;rp/ Ky;iy/ kUjk;/ bea;jy;/ ghiy.
4. mfj;jpizf;Fhpa bghUs;fs; vj;jid> mit ahit>
mfj;jpizf;Fhpa bghUs;fs; @d;W. mit:
Kjw;bghUs;/ fUg;bghUs;/ chpg;bghUs;.
5. Kjw;bghUshtJ ahJ>
me;je;j jpizf;Fhpa epyKk; bghGJk; Kjw;bghUs; MFk;.
6. Itif epy=;fspd; miktpl=;fisf; TWf.
Fwp+;rp ? kiya[k; kiy rhh;e;j ,lKk;
Ky;iy ? fhLk; fhL rhh;e;j ,lKk;
kUjk; ? taYk; tay; rhh;e;j ,lKk;
bea;jy; ? flYk; fly; rhh;e;j ,lKk;
ghiy ? RuKk; Ruk; rhh;e;j ,lKk;
7. bghGJ vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
bghGJ ,uz;L tifg;gLk; mit: bgUk;bghGJ/ rpWbghGJ.
8. bgUk;bghGjpw;Fhpa TWfs; vj;jid> mit ahit>
bgUk;bghGjpw;Fhpa TWfs; MW. mit:
fhh;fhyk;/ Fsph;fhyk;/ Kd;gdp fhyk;/ gpd;gdp fhyk;/ ,sntdpw; fhyk;/ KJntdpw;
fhyk;.
9. rpWbghGjpw;Fhpa TWfs; vj;jid> mit ahit>
rpWbghGjpw;Fhpa TWfs; MW. mit:
fhiy/ ez;gfy;/ Vw;ghL/ khiy/ ahkk;/ itfiw.
10. vw;ghL gphpj;J bghUs; vGJf.
vy; + ghL = vw;ghL
vy; ? Nhpad;
ghL ? kiwa[k; neuk;
bghUs; ? Nhpad; kiwa[k; neuk;.
,ay; 6 X
11. fUg;bghUs; vd;why; vd;d>

xt;bthU epyj;jpw;Fk; chpa bja;tk; Kjyhfj; bjhHpy; tiuapy; jdpj;jdpna
Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ fUg;bghUs;.
12. chpg;bghUs; vd;why; vd;d>
ftpijfspy; fUg;bghUspd; gpd;dzpapy; mikj;Jg; ghlg;gLtJ chpg;bghUs;.
13. Itif epyj;jpw;Fhpa bja;t=;fspd; bgah;fisf; TW.
Fwp+;rp ? KUfd;
Ky;iy ? jpUkhy;
kUjk; ? ,e;jpud;
bea;jy; ? tUzd;
ghiy ? bfhw;wit
14. Itif epyj;jpw;Fhpa giwfisf; TW.
Fwp+;rp ? bjhz;lfg; giw
Ky;iy ? VWnfhl;giw
kUjk; ? kzKHh/ bey;yhpfpiz
bea;jy; ? kPd;nfhl; giw
ghiy ? Jo
15. Itif epyj;jpw;Fhpa ahH;/ gz; vit vd vGJf.
epyk; ahH; gz;
Fwp+;rp Fwp+;rp ahH; Fwp+;rpg; gz;
Ky;iy Ky;iy ahH; Ky;iyg; gz;
kUjk; kUj ahH; kUjg; gz;
bea;jy; tpshp ahH; brt;tHpg; gz;
ghiy ghiy ahH; g+;Rug; gz;
16. Itif epyj;jpw;Fhpa kuk;/ g{ Mfpatw;iw vGJf.

epyk; kuk; g{
Fwp+;rp mfpy;/ nt=;if Fwp+;rp/ fhe;js;
Ky;iy bfhd;iw/ fhah Ky;iy/ njhd;wp
kUjk; fh+;rp/ kUjk; br=;fGePh;/ jhkiu
bea;jy; g[d;id/ +hHy; jhiH/ bea;jy;
ghiy ,Yg;ig/ ghiy Futk;/ ghjphp
www.nammakalvi.org
17. Itif epyj;jpw;Fhpa kf;fs; ahbud vGJf.

kf;fs;
epyk;
cah;e;njhh; jhH;e;njhh;
Fwp+;rp btw;gd; Fwth; Fwj;jpah;
Ky;iy njhd;wy; Mah;/ Ma;r;rpah;
kUjk; Cud; cHth;/ cHj;jpah;
bea;jy; nrh;g;gd; gujd; guj;jpah;
ghiy ? vapdh;/ vapw;jpah;
18. Itif epyj;jpw;Fhpa tpy=;Ffs; kw;Wk; gwitfs; vit vdf; TWf.

epyk; tpy=;Ffs; gwitfs;
Fwp+;rp g[yp/ fuo/ rp=;fk; fpsp/ kapy;
Ky;iy Kay; khd;/ g[yp fhl;Lf;nfhHp/ kapy;
kUjk; vUik/ ePh; eha; ehiu/ md;dk;/ ePh;f;nfhHp
bea;jy; Kjiy/ Rwh flw;fhfk;.
ghiy typapHe;j ahid g[wh/ gUe;J.
19. Itif epyj;jpw;Fhpa bjhHpy;fs; ahit>

epyk; bjhHpy;fs;
Fwp+;rp njbdLj;jy;/ fpH=;F mfH;jy;
Ky;iy VW jGt[jy;/ epiu nka;j;jy;
kUjk; bey;yhpjy;/ fisgwpj;jy;
bea;jy; kPd;goj;jy;/ cg;g[ tpistpj;jy;
ghiy tHpg;gwp/ epiu fth;jy;
20. Itif epyj;jpw;Fhpa ePiu vGJf.

epyk; ePh;
Fwp+;rp mUtp ePh;/ Rid ePh;
Ky;iy fhl;lhW
kUjk; kidf;fpzW/ bgha;if
bea;jy; kzw;fpzW/ cth;f;fHp
ghiy tw;wpa Rid/ fpzW
,ay; 6 X
rpWtpdh
1. bgUk;bghGjpw;Fhpa TWfis vGjp mf;fhyj;jpw;fhd khj=;fisa[k; vGJf.

bgUk;bghGJ khjk;
fhh;fhyk; Mtzp/ g[ul;lhrp
Fsph;fhyk; Ig;grp/ fhh;j;jpif
Kd;gdpf; fhyk; khh;fHp/ ij
gpd;gdpf; fhyk; khrp/ g=;Fdp
,sntdpw; fhyk; rpj;jpiu/ itfhrp
KJntdpw;fhyk; Mdp/ Mo
(1 Mz;od; 12 khj=;fSk; ,uz;ouz;L khj=;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. (12'2 = 6)
2. rpWbghGjpw;Fhpa TWfisa[k; mjw;Fhpa neu mst[fisa[k; Fwpg;gpLf.
rpWbghGJ neuk;
fhiy fhiy 6 kzp Kjy; fhiy 10 kzp tiu
ez;gfy; fhiy 10 kzp Kjy; gpw;gfy; 2 kzp tiu
vw;ghL gpw;gfy; 2 kzp Kjy; khiy 6 kzp tiu
khiy khiy 6 kzp Kjy; ,ut[ 10 kzp tiu
ahkk; ,ut[ 10 kzp Kjy; ,ut[ 2 kzp tiu
itfiw ,ut[ 2 kzp Kjy; fhiy 6 kzp tiu
(1 ehspd; 24 kzp neuKk; ehd;F ehd;F kzp neukhf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. (24'4 = 6)
3. Ie;jpizf;Fk; chpa bgUk;bghGJfs; rpWbghGJfis vGJf.
jpiz bgUk;bghGJ rpWbghGJ

Fwp+;rp Fsph;fhyk;/ Kd;gdpf; fhyk; ahkk;
Ky;iy fhh;fhyk; khiy
kUjk; MW bgUk;bghGJfs; itfiw
bea;jy; MW bgUk; bghGJfs; vw;ghL
ghiy ,sntdpy;/ KJntdpy;/ gpd;gdp ez;gfy;
1. gz;ilj; jkpHhpd; jpizepiy thH;f;if Kiwiaa[k; ,d;iwa jkpHhpd; thH;f;if

Kiwiaa[k; xg;gpl;L xt;bthUth; fUj;ija[k; gjpt[ bra;J bghJf; fUj;ij mwpf.
gjpt[ bra;ag;gl;l fUj;Jfs;
fUj;J ? 1:
fhy=;fs; gy fle;jhYk; bja;tek;gpf;ifa[k; rl=;FfSk; bgUkstpy; khwhky;
cs;sd. kf;fsplk; rhjp btwpa[k; rhjp ntWghLk; eP=;fpa[s;sJ. kf;fs; midtUk;
rkk; vd;w epiyf;Fj; jFjpgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sdh;.
fUj;J ? 2:
czt[ Kiwapy; ,d;W bgUk; khw;wk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,aw;ifahd jhdpa=;fs;
kw;Wk; gaW tif czt[g; bghUl;fs; bgUk;ghYk; cztpy; nrh;f;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
fUj;J ? 3:
j=;fSf;bfd Fwpj;j gz;/ ahH;/ giw Mfpatw;iw gz;ilj; jpiz epy jkpHh;
gad;gLj;jpaijg; nghy ,d;W ahUk; gad;gLj;jtpy;iy. mtuth; tpUg;gkhd
,iria ,irg; gs;spfSf;Fr; brd;W fw;Wf;bfhs;fpd;wdh;.
fUj;J ? 4:
jpiz epyj;jpw;nfw;g bjhHpy;fs; ,d;W bgUkstpy; eilbgwtpy;iy.
,aw;ifapd; tpisahl;lhy; ,d;W kUjepy bjhHpy;fSk; bea;jy; epy bjhHpy;fSk;
kpft[k; eyptile;Js;sd. nkYk; mjpf tUkhdk; bgWtjw;fhft[k; fy;tpawpt[ bgw;W
tUtjhy; cah; gjtpapy; cs;s ntiyfis eho efu=;fSf;F kf;fs; ,lk;bgah;e;J
bry;fpd;wdh;.
fUj;J ? 5:
,aw;ifr; NHYk;/ ehfhpf tsh;r;rpa[k;/ fhyr; NHYk; vy;yh epiyfspYk;
khw;w=;fis Vw;gLj;jpdhYk; gz;ila kug[ khwhJ thH;fpd;wdh;.
bkhHpia Ms;nthk; gf;fk;: 149
bkhHpbgah;g;g[:
Koothu
Therukoothu is, as its name indicates, a popular form of theatre performed in the
streets. It is performed by rural artists. The stories are derived from epics like Ramayana,
Mahabharatha and other ancient puranas. There are more songs in the play with dialogues
improvised by the artists on the spot. Fifteen to twenty actors with a small orchestra forms a
koothu troupe. Though the orchestra has a singer, the artists sing in their own voices. Artists
dress themselves with heavy costumes and bright makeup. Koothu is very popular among
www.nammakalvi.org
,ay; 6 X
rural areas.
jkpHhf;fk; :
Tj;J
bjUf;Tj;J mjd; bgaUf;F Vw;whw;nghy; bjUtpy; elf;Fk; xU kpfr; rpwe;j
fiy. ,jpy; fpuhkg;g[w fiy+h;fs; g=;nfw;fpwhh;fs;. ,jd; fijfs; gH=;fhtpakhd
uhkhazk; kfhghujk; kw;Wk; giHa g[uhz=;fspy; ,Ue;J vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy;
giHa ghly;fis ciuahlYld; fiy+h;fs; cUthf;Ffpwhh;fs;. gjpide;J
Kjy; ,UgJ fiy+h;fs; rpwpa ,irf;FGthf nrh;e;jJjhd; bjUf;Tj;J Tl;lk;.
,irf;FGtpy; xU ghly;fs; ,Ue;jnghJk; fiy+h;fs; j=;fs; Fuypnyna
ghLthh;fs;. fiy+h;fs; kpfr; rpwe;j cilay=;fhuKk; xg;gifa[k; bra;jpUg;gh;.
fpuhkg; g[w=;fspy; Tj;Jkpft[k; gpugykhdJ.
bjhlh;fis mwpnthk;/ bjhlh;e;J bra;nthk;.
1.
xU jdpr;brhw;bwhlhpy; Xu; vGthnah gy vGtha;fnsh ,Ue;J xU
gadpiyiaf; bfhz;L mika[k;.
v.fh: m) nkhp ngUe;jpw;fhff; fhj;jpUe;jhh;.
M) nkhpa[k; fdfht[k; ngUe;jpy; Vwpdh;.
2. bjhlh; brhw;bwhlh;/ xd;Wf;Fk; nkw;gl;l gadpiyiaf; bfhz;L mika[k;.
v.fh: m) ,dpa epyh ngr;Rg; nghl;oapy; g=;nfw;whh;;" btw;wp bgw;whh;" ghpirj;
jl;or; brd;whh;.
M) md;th; mu=;fj;jpw;F te;J ehlfk; ghh;j;J/ kfpH;r;rp mile;jhh;.
3. fyitr; brhw;bwhlupy; fUj;J KGik bgw;w xU Kjd;ikj; bjhlUk; fUj;J
KGik bgwhj Jizj; bjhlh;fSk; fye;J tUk;.
v.fh: m) kiH bfhl;of; bfhz;oUe;jhYk; gfytd; gs;spf;F ele;J te;jhd;.
gfytd; gs;spf;F ele;J te;jhd; ? Kjd;ikj; bjhlh;
kiH bfhl;of; bfhz;oUe;jhYk; ? Jizj;bjhlh;
bjhlh;fis milg;g[f; Fwpf;Fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sthW khw;Wf.
v.fh: miHg;g[ kzp xypj;jJ. fay;tpHp fjitj; jpwe;jhs;.
(jdpr; brhw;bwhlu;fisf; fyitr; brhw;bwhlu;fshf khw;Wf)
miHg;g[ kzp xypj;jjhy;/ fay;tpHp fjitj; jpwe;jhs;.
1.
,d;dhrpahh; g[j;jf=;fis thpirg;gLj;jpdhh;. mtw;iwg; g[j;jf mLf;Ffspy;
mLf;fp itj;jhu;. g[j;jf=;fisf;nfl;lth;fSf;F vLj;Jf; bfhLj;jhh;.
(bjhlh; brhw;bwhluhf khw;Wf)
,d;dhrpahh; g[j;jf=;fis thpirg;gLj;jp/ g[j;jf mLf;Ffspy; mLf;fp/
g[j;jf=;fisf; nfl;lth;fSf;F vLj;Jf;bfhLj;jhh;.
2. xapyhl;lj;jpy; FGtpdh; xnu epwj; Jzpia Kz;lhR nghyf; fl;of;bfhz;L/

fhypy; ry=;if mzpe;J bfhz;L/ ifapy; xU rpW Jzpia ,irf;nfw;g tPrpa[k;
MLth;.
(jdpr; brhw;bwhlh;fshf khw;Wf.)
xapyhl;lj;jpy; FGtpdh; xnu epwj; Jzpia Kz;lhR nghyf; fl;of; bfhs;th;.
fhypy; ry=;if mzpe;J bfhs;th;. ifapy; xU rpW Jzpia ,irf;nfw;g tPrpa[k;
MLth;.
3. Tj;Jf; fiy+h; ghlj; bjhl=;fpdhh;. ToapUe;j kf;fs; mikjpahapdh;.
(fyitr; brhw;bwhluhf khw;Wf)
Tj;Jf; fiy+h; ghlj; bjhl=;fpajhy; ToapUe;j kf;fs; mikjpahapdh;.
4. Xof;bfhz;oUe;j kpd;tprpwp rl;bld epd;wt[ld;/ miwapy; cs;sth;fs; ngr;R
jilgl;lJ.
(jdpr; brhw;bwhlh;fshf khw;Wf)
Xof; bfhz;oUe;j kpd;tprpwp rl;bld epd;wJ. mjdhy; miwapy; cs;sth;fspd; ngr;R
jilgl;lJ.
gpwbkhHpr; brhw;fisj; jkpH;r;brhw;fshf khw;Wf.

g[jph;:
c=;fsplk; VG nfhy;L gp!;fl; cs;sJ. mjpy; xd;W kl;Lk; vil FiwthdJ.
c=;fsplk; cs;s xU juhir ,U Kiwfs; kl;Lnk a{!; gz;zp btapl; Fiwe;j
nfhy;L gp!;fl;ilf; fz;Lgpof;ft[k;.
tpil:
juhrpd; ,uz;L jl;LfspYk; @d;W @d;W nfhy;L gp!;fl;Lfis ita[=;fs;.
,uz;L jl;LfSk; <f;tyhf ,Ue;jhy;/ ifapy; kpr;rk; cs;s gp!;fl;nl btapl;
FiwthdJ. gl; Mdhy;/ xU gf;f juhRj; jl;L cah;e;jhy; mjpy; cs;s @d;W
gp!;fl;fspy; xd;W btapl; FiwthdJ. me;j @d;W gp!;fl;Lfis kl;Lk;
vLj;Jitj;Jf;bfhs;S=;fs;. ,uz;L jl;LfspYk; xU xU gp!;fl;ilg; nghl;L
,nj vf;!;bghpbkz;l;il upg;gPl; bra;J Md;riuf; fz;Lgpoa[=;fs;- My; jp bg!;l;-
gpwbkhHpr; brhy; jkpH;r; brhy; gpwbkhHpr; brhy; jkpH;r; brhy;

nfhy;L gp!;fl; j=;ff;fl;o gl; Mdhy;
<f;tyhf rkkhf upg;gPl; kWgo
btapl; vil Md;riu tpilia
vf;!;bghpbkz;l; ghpnrhjid My; jp bg!;l; midtUf;Fk; thH;j;Jfs;
,ay; 6 X
ehl;Lg;g[wg; ghlYf;nfw;w NHiy vGJf.
ghly; Mj;Jf;F me;jz;ilna mz;zd; tr;r bjd;dk;g[s;ns-

mz;zd; g[s;s thodhYk; ak;kho- ak;kho-
bjd;dk;g[s;s thlyhnkh> ak;kho- ak;kho-
tha;f;fhYf;F nkw;Fg;g[wk; t+;rp btr;r thiHkuk;
t+;rp kdk; thodhYk; ak;kho- ak;kho-
thiHkuk; ghlyhnkh ak;kho- ak;kho-
ghly; mz;zd; el;L itj;j bjd;dk;gps;isf;F ePh; gha;r;r/ njhg;g[f;F
vGe;j tUk; bgz;bzhUj;jp FHe;ijia ,L;g;gpypUe;J ,wf;fp tpLfpwhs;.
NHy; bjd;dk;gps;isf;F ePqw;Wfpwhs;" FHe;ij mGfpwJ" ghliyg; ghoathnw
FHe;ijapd; mGifia epWj;jp ePqw;Wjiyj; bjhlh;fpwhs;.
ghly; ghly; vGe;j NHy;

ghlwpnad; gog;gwpnad; ? ehd;jhd; tug;g[fSf;F ,ilna epd;W taypy;
gs;spf;Tlk; jhdwpnad; ntiy bra;a[k; tptrhap xUtd; jdf;F
Vlwpnad; vGj;jwpnad; ? ehd;jhd; fy;tpawpt[ ,y;yhj fhuzj;jpdhy; jhd;
vGj;Jtif jhdwpnad;. gLk; Jd;gj;ij vz;zp tUj;jj;Jld;
gof;fh ey;yh bjhp+;rpUe;jh ? ehd;jhd; ghof;bfhz;nl jd; ntiyiar;
g=;fhspa Vd; njLnwd; bra;fpwhd;.
vGj ey;yh bjhp+;rpUe;jh ? ehd;jhd;
vjpuhspa Vd; njLnwd;
ehbyGj;Jg; gor;rpUe;jh ? ehd;jhd;
ehY njrk; ngha;tUntd;.
ehY gf;fk; tug;g[f;Fs;ns ? bjdKk;
ehd; ghLnwd; bjk;kh=;Fjhd;.
kdpjDf;Fk; kyUf;Fkhd kzk; tPRk; ,e;j eat[iuiaj; bjhlh;f.

tz;Lfis <h;f;Fk; thridapy;
g{f;fsplk; trg;gLtJ kdpjh;fns-
g{r;rpiaf; ftUk; tz;z=;fspy;
g{f;fsplk; tpGtJ kdpjh;fns-
mHiff; bfhz;L g{ ftUifapy;
mg;g{f;fsplk; gzptJ kdpjh;fns-
www.nammakalvi.org
fl;Liu vGJf.
c=;fs; gFjpapy; eilbgw;w muRg; bghUl;fhl;rpf;Fr; brd;W te;j epfH;itf; fl;Liuahf;Ff.
Kd;Diu:
v=;fs; Chpy; muRg; bghUl;fhl;rp jpyfh; jplypy; eilbgw;wJ. muRg;
bghUl;fhl;rpf;F brd;W te;njd;. m=;nf ehd; fz;L kfpHe;;j epfH;t[fisf; Fwpj;J
,f;fl;Liu @yk; c=;fSld; gfph;e;J bfhs;s tpUk;g[fpnwd;.
EiHt[r;rPl;L:
bghUl;fhl;rp eilbgWk; ,lj;jpd; cs;ns bry;y EiHt[f; fl;lzk; tNypf;fg;
gl;lJ. gj;J tajpw;Fl;gl;lth;fSf;F q.30k; gj;J tajpw;F nkw;gl;lth;fSf;F
q.50k; EiHt[f; fl;lzkhf tNypf;fg;gl;lJ. eh=;fs; EiHt[r; rPl;ilg;
bgw;Wf;bfhz;L cs;ns brd;nwhk;.
gy;Jiw fz;fhl;rp mu=;f=;fs;:
tdj;Jiw mu=;fj;jpd; cs;ns brd;W ghh;j;jnghJ tdj;ija[k;
tdtpy=;Ffisa[k; ghJfhg;gJ vg;go vd;gij mwpe;J bfhz;nld;. fy;tpj;Jiw
mu=;fj;jpd; cs;ns fy;tp nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;l=;fs; kw;Wk; fy;tpapd; rpwg;g[ Fwpj;J
gy;ntW bra;jpfs; mr;rplg;gl;L xl;oitf;fg;gl;oUe;jJ. nghf;Ftuj;Jj;
Jiwapdh; rhiy tpjpfisf; filgpog;gjhy; rhiy tpgj;Jf;fisj; jtph;f;fyhk; vd;w
tpHpg;g[zh;r;rp fUj;Jfisj; bjhptpj;jd. nkYk; rpy nghf;Ftuj;Jf; FwpaPLfSf;fhd
tpsf;f=;fSk; mspf;fg;gl;ld. fhty;Jiw/ bghJg;gzpj; Jiw kPd; tsj;Jiw/
ntshz;Jiw nghd;W gy;ntW Jiw rhh;e;j mu=;;f=;fspd; cs;ns brd;W mhpa gy
jfty;fis mwpe;J bfhz;nld;.
m=;fhofs;:
tPl;L cgnahfg; bghUl;fs;/ tpisahl;Lg; bghUl;fs;/ my=;fhug; bghUl;fs;
vd gy;ntW bghUl;fisa[k; xnu ,lj;jpy; th=;fpf; bfhs;Sk; mst[f;F gy;ntW
m=;fhofs; ,Ue;jd. njitahd rpy bghUl;fis kl;Lk; ehd; th=;fpf; bfhz;nld;.
czt[ m=;fhof;Fr; brd;W bly;yp mg;gsk;/ kpsfha; g$;$p/ gdpf;TH; Kjypatw;iw
th=;fp cz;nld;.
,uhl;odk;:
Vwp tpisahLk; RHw;rpj; njuhfpa ,uhl;od=;fs; RHYk; Kiwia tpag;g[ld;
rpwpJ neuk; ghh;j;njd;. ,uhl;rr ,uhl;odk;/ Ftis ,uhl;odk;/ ouhfd; ,uhl;odk;
vd gy;ntW ,uhl;od=;fspy; Vwp kfpH;e;njd;.
gpw bghGJnghf;F mk;r=;fs;:
nga;tPL/ ghjhs fpzW/ Kg;ghpkhz jpiuau=;fk;/ kPd;fhl;rp rhiy/ gdptPL
vd gy;ntW mu=;f=;fs; ,Ue;jd. ,g;bghGJnghf;F mu=;f=;fSf;F jdpj;jdpna
fl;lzk; tNypf;fg;gl;lJ.
,ay; 6 X
Kot[iu:
gy kzp neukhf Rw;wpg;ghh;j;j fisg;g[ xUg[wk; ,Ue;jhYk; m=;nf Rw;wpg;ghh;j;j
kfpH;r;rp kpFjpa[ld; tPL jpUk;gpndd;.
bkhHpnahL tpisahL gf;fk;: 152
bjhlhpy; tpLgl;l tz;z=;fis c=;fspd; vz;z=;fshy; epug;g[f.

1. thdk; fUf;fj; bjhl=;fpaJ. kiHtUk;nghypUf;fpwJ.
2. midthpd; ghuhl;Lfshy;/ btl;fj;jpy; ghlfhpd; Kfk; rpte;jJ.
3. bts;is kdk; cs;stiu mg;ghtp vd;fpnwhk;.
4. fz;Qf;Ff; FSikahf ,Uf;Fk; gr;ir g[y;btspfspy; fjputdpd; k+;rs; btapy;
gutpf; fplf;fpwJ.
5. btapypy; miyahnj" cly; fUj;J tpLk;.
bghUj;jkhdtw;iwr; brhw;bgl;oapy; fz;L vGJf.
j=;Fk;/ juk; tPL/ mtpGk;/ ja=;Fk;/ kutPL/ njhw;ghit/ tpUJ/ njhw;git/ ftpGk;/
tpUe;J.
1. tpul;lhjPh;fs; ? gwitf;F kuk; tPL

btl;lhjPh;fs; ? kdpjUf;F mit jUk; kutPL.
2. fhiy xspapdpy; kyhpjH; mtpGk;.
nrhiyg; g{tpdpy; tz;odk; ftpGk;.
3. kiy Kfl;oy; nkfk; j=;Fk;.; mijg;
ghh;f;Fk; kd=;fs; bry;yj; ja=;Fk;.
4. thH;f;ifapy; njhw;git kPz;Lk; bty;Yk; ? ,ijj;
jj;Jtkha;j; njhw;ghit Tj;J brhy;Yk;.
5. bjUf;Tj;jpy; eofUf;Ff; ifjl;lny tpUJ. ? mjpy;
tUk;fhR Fiwe;jhYk; mJnt mth; tpUe;J.
mfuhjpapy; fhz;f.
jhy; – jhyhl;L/ jhY/ gps;isf; ftpa[Wg;gpy; xd;W/ ehf;F.
cGit – xUtpj kPd;/ g[yp/ Jk;gpyp
mft[jy; – miHj;jy;/ Mly;/ Tj;jhly;
Ve;bjHpy; – kpf;f mHF/ kpF tdg;g[
mzpik – rkPgk;/ mUF/ El;gk;/ Ez;ik.
fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ftpDw vGJf.
MLnthk; nks jhsj;njhL

ghLnthk; gk;ig cLf;ifnahL
tz;z Jzpairj;J
tl;lkha; MLnthk;
vz;zf; fUj;Jfis
vy;nyhUf;Fk; TWnthk;
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf

murpd; bgh=;fy; tpHhtpy; rpw;W}h;f; fiyfisf; fhl;rpahf;fpapUf;fpwhh;fs;.

xUg[wk; jpiufl;oj; njhw;ghitf; Tj;J epfH;e;Jbfhz;oUf;fpwJ. ,d;bdhUg[wk;
bghk;kyhl;lk; Mof;bfhz;oUe;jdh;. rw;W ele;jhy; jhiu jg;gl;il KH=;f
xapyhl;lk; MoathW kz;zpd; kf;fs;... ,f;fiyfis eP=;fs; ez;gh;fSld;
ghh;j;jthWk; Ritj;jthWk; bry;fpwPh;fs;.

,f;fiyfisg; ghJfhf;ft[k; tsh;f;ft[k; nkd;nkYk; gutyhf;ft[k; eP=;fs;
bra;atpUg;gdtw;iw thpirg;gLj;Jf.
1 gpwe;j ehs; tpHhf;fspy; kapyhl;lk; Kjyhd fiyfis epfH;j;j Kidntd;.
2 v=;fs; FLk;g tpHhf;fspy; bghk;kyhl;lk; epfH;j;j Vw;ghL bra;ntd;.
3 jpUkz tpHhf;fspy; bgha;f;fhy; Ml;lj;ij elj;Jntd;.
4 tpisahl;L tpHhf;fspy; g[ypahl;lk; elj;j Vw;ghL bra;ntd;.
5 nfhtpy; jpUtpHhf;fspy; fufhl;lk;/ fhtoahl;lk; Kjypa fiyepfH;r;rpfis
elj;j Vw;ghL bra;ntd;.
6 tpLKiw fhy=;fspy; bjUf;Tj;J epfH;j;Jtjw;F Vw;ghL bra;ntd;.
fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk;
Aesthetics ? mHfpay;/ KUfpay;
Terminology ? fiyr;brhy;
Artifacts ? fiyg; gilg;g[fs;
Myth ? bjhd;kk;

www.nammakalvi.org
,ay; 6 X
,ay; fiy thH;tpay; ,yf;fpak;
jpUf;Fws;
6 ? jpUts;Sth;
1. g[Jf;ftpijiaa[k; Fwisa[k; xg;gpl;Lg; ngRf.

g[Jf;ftpij
jf;fhspiaa[k; btz;ilf;fhiaa[k;
js;Stz;of;fhuh; juhrpy; epWf;ifapy;/
js;sp epw;Fk; gps;is
mtrpakhff; nfl;Fk; Mapuk; qghia
vg;gof; bfhLf;f vd;nw mth; kdk; nahrpf;Fk;...
``mj;jidf; fha;fisa[k; tpw;why;jhd;
kPjp Ie;E}whtJ kp+;Rk;" vd;d bra;a...~~
fha;fwp th=;fpath;
ftdf; Fiwthff; bfhLj;j
,uz;lhapuk; qghiaf;
Tg;gpl;Lj; je;Jtpl;Lg;
gps;isf;F cjt ahhplk; nfl;fyhk;.
vd;gij mLj;jgo nahrpf;Fk; mth; kdk;-
Fws;

mUbshLk; md;bghLk; thuhg; bghUshf;fk;
g[y;yhh; g[us tply;
tpil:
kw;wth;fsplk; ,uf;fKk; md;g[k; ,y;yhky; <l;Lk; bghUis Vw;Wf;bfhs;shJ
ePf;fptplntz;Lk; vd;w bfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpa js;Stz;of;fhuh;/
fha;fwp th=;fpath; ftdf; Fiwthff; bfhLj;j ,uz;lhapuk; qghia jhd;
itj;Jf;bfhs;shky; fha;fwp th=;fpatiu Tl;gpl;Lf; bfhLj;Jtpl;lhh;.
jdf;Fj; njit kpFjpaha; ,Ug;gpDk; js;Stz;of;fhuh; mwtHpapy; bry;tk;
<l;Ltijna tpUk;g[fpw xU ey;y gz;ghsh;.
2. Fwpg;g[fs; czh;j;Jk; Fwspd; fUj;Jfs; Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf.

m) mtUf;F mwpt[k; mjpfk;" gog;g[k; mjpfk;. ahuhYk; mtUf;bfjpuhfr; bray;gl
KoahJ.
M) vr;rhpf;ifahf ,U. gHFgth;fspy; ahh; ey;yth;/ ahh; bfl;lth; vd;W
fz;Lgpog;gJ fodk;.
,) mth; FLk;gk; Kd;ndwpapUg;gjw;Ff; fhuzk; bjhlh;e;J Kay;tJk; bjhHpypy;
mtUf;fpUe;j mwpt[k;.
<) thH;f;ifapy; ed;whfg; bghUsPl;L. mJjhd; cd;idj; jhH;thf epidj;jth;fspd;
thia milf;Fk;.
c) mf;fk;gf;fj;jhhplk; gHfhky; xJ=;fpna ,Ue;jhh;" Jizf;Fk; ahUk; ,y;iy.
,g;nghJ clk;g[ rhpapy;yhjnghJ ahUkpd;wpj; jpz;lhLfpwhh;.
tpil:
egh; ? 1 :
`mtUf;F mwpt[k; mjpfk;" gog;g[k; mjpfk;" ahuhYk; mtUf;F vjpuhf
bray;gl KoahJ.~ ,jndhL bjhlh;g[ila ntW VnjDk; fUj;jpUe;jhy;
TW.
egh; ? 2 :
`xU braiy bra;tjw;Fhpa Kiwfis E}y;tHpahf mwpe;jpUg;gpDk;
cyfpay; eilKiwfisa[k; mwpe;J/ Mk;/ Fo bray; tif vd;Wk;
mjpfhuj;jpy;/ tplhKaw;rp/ rpwe;j mwpthw;wy; ,t;tpuz;ila[k;
gpd;gw;Wgtd; Fo cah;e;J tps=;Fk; vd;W ts;Sth; Twpa[s;shh;.
egh; ? 1 :
`vr;rhpf;ifahf ,U. gHFgth;fspy; ahh; ey;yth; ahh; bfl;lth; vd;W
fz;Lgpog;gJ fodk;. Mfnt midthplKk; ftdkhfg; gHf ntz;Lk;.
g[hpfpwjh>
egh; ? 2 :
``gifthpd; bjhGJ epw;Fk; ifapd; cs;Sk; bfhiyf; fUtp kiwe;J
,Uf;Fk;. mJnghy mth; mGj fz;zPhpd; cs;Sk; t+;rfk; kiwe;J
,Uf;Fk; vd;gij czu ntz;Lk;~ vd;W ts;Sth; Tlh el;g[ vd;Wk;
mjpfhuj;jpy; TwpapUg;gij mwpe;J ehDk; vy;yhhplKk; ftdkhfnt
gHFfpnwd;.
egh; ? 1 :
`thH;f;ifapy; ed;whfg; bghUsPl;L. mJjhd; cd;idj; jhH;thf
epidj;jth;fspd; thia milf;Fk;.
egh; ? 2 :
`bghUis ed;whf <l;l ntz;Lk;. xUtDila gifia bty;Yk;
Th;ikahd Ma[jk; bghUisj; jtpu ntbwhd;Wkpy;iy vd;gij
ts;StuJ bghUs; bray; tif vd;Dk; mjpfhuk; @yk; eP TWk; Kd;dnu
mwpe;J itj;jpUe;njd;.
egh; ? 1 : `kzpkhwd; mf;fk; gf;fj;jhhplk; gHfhky; xJ=;fpna ,Ue;jhh;. Jizf;Fk;
ahUk; ,y;iy. ,g;nghJ clk;g[ rhpapy;yhjnghJ ahUkpd;wpj; jpz;lhLfpwhh;.
egh; ? 2 :
`Rw;wj;jhhplk; xUth; md;g[ ,y;yhkYk; typik ,y;yhkYk; ,Ue;jhy;
mth; gifthpd; typikia vjph; bfhs;s KoahJ vd;Dk; ts;Sthpd;
,ay; 6 X
fUj;ij kzpkhwd; mwpatpy;iy nghYk;. bray;gl;lhy; mtUf;F vjpuhf

ahUk; bray;gl KoahJ vd;W ts;Sth; mikr;R vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;jpy;
Twpa[s;shh;.
egh; ? 1 : `mth; FLk;gk; Kd;ndwpajw;Ff; fhuzk; bjhlh;e;J Kay;tJk; bjhHpypy;
mtUf;fpUe;j mwpt[k;jhd; fhuzk;. ,J gw;wp ts;Sth; VnjDk;
fUj;Jfisf; Twpa[s;shuh> tplhKaw;rp/ rpwe;j mwpthw;wy; ,uz;ila[k;
,iltplhky; gpd;gw;Wgthpd; FLk;gk; cah;e;J tps=;Fk;. Fobray;tif
103 tJ Fws; @yk; mwpayhk;.
FWtpdh
1. fug;gpLk;ig,y;yhh; ? ,j;bjhlhpd; bghUs; TWf.

jk;kplKs;s bghUis kiwj;J itj;jy; vd;Dk; Jd;gk; juhj ey;yth;.
2. j+;rk; vspah; giff;F ? ,t;tof;Fhpa mirfisa[k; tha;ghLfisa[k; vGJf.
rPh; mir tha;ghL
j+; ' rk;
neh; neh; njkh
ne ' ne
vsp'ah;
epiu neh; g[spkh
ep ' ne
giff;'F
epiu neh; = epiug[ gpwg;g[
ep ]' ne
3.
tWikapd; fhuzkhf cjtp nfl;L tUgthpd; jd;khdj;ij vs;speifahLtJ
Fwpj;Jf; Fwspd; fUj;J vd;d>
,fH;e;J Vsdk; bra;ahky; bghUs; bfhLg;gtiuf; fz;lhy; ,ug;gthpd; cs;sj;jpd;
cs;ns kfpH;r;rp bgh=;Fk;.
4. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; Tuhd Ma[jk; vJ vd;W bre;ehg;nghjhh; TWfpwhh;> Vd; vd;gij
vGJf.
bghpa fj;jp/ ,Uk;g[ <l;o/ ciHj;jjhy; fpilj;j Cjpak;/ tpy;Yk; mk;g[k;
Tuhd Ma[jk;: ciHj;jjhy; fpilj;j Cjpak;.
fhuzk;: ,Jnt mtDila giftid bty;Yk; Tuhd Ma[jk;.
rpWtpdh
1.
ts;Stk;/ rpwe;j mikr;rUf;Ff; Twpa ,yf;fz=;fs; ekf;Fk; bghUe;Jtijf;
Fws;tHp tpsf;Ff.
bjhHpy; bra;tjw;Fj; njitahd fUtp/ mjw;F Vw;w fhyk;/ braypd; jd;ik/
bra;a[k; Kiw Mfpatw;iw mwpe;J mhpa bray;fisr; bra;jy; ntz;Lk;.
www.nammakalvi.org
kdtypik/ Fofisf; fhj;jy;/ Ml;rpKiwfisf; fw;wy;/ E}y;fisf; fw;wy;/

tplhKaw;rp Mfpa Ie;Jk; rpwg;ghf mika ntz;Lk;.
NH;r;rpfs;:
,aw;ifahd Ez;zwpt[/ E}ywpt[ ,tw;iw cilath;fs; Kd; ve;j NH;r;rpa[k;
epw;f ,ayhJ.
eilKiwfis mwpjy;:
xU braiyr; bra;tjw;Fhpa Kiwfis E}y;tHpahf mwpe;jpUg;gpDk; cyfpay;
eilKiwfis mwpe;J bray;gl ntz;Lk;.
2. gyhplk; cjtp bgw;Wf; fod ciHg;ghy; Kd;ndwpa xUth;/ mtUf;F cjtpa ey;y
cs;s=;fisa[k; Rw;w=;fisa[k; mUfpy; nrh;f;ftpy;iy. mtUf;F czh;j;Jk; nehf;fpy;
ts;Sth; Fwpg;gpLk; fUj;Jfs; ahit>
gifthpd; typik:
Rw;wj;jhhplk; xUth; md;g[ ,y;yhkYk; bghUe;jpa Jiz ,y;yhkYk; typik
,y;yhkYk; ,Ue;jhy; mtuhy; gifthpd; typikia vjph;bfhs;s KoahJ.
giff;F Ml;gly;:
kdjpy; Jzpt[ ,y;yhjtuha; mwpa ntz;oatw;iw mwpahjtuha; bghUe;Jk;
gz;g[ ,y;yhjtuha;/ gpwUf;Ff; bfhLj;J cjthjtuha; ,Ue;jhy; vspjpy; giff;F
Ml;gl neUk;.
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
gyt[s; bjhpf
1. bghUsy; ytiug; bghUshfr; bra;a[k;

bghUsy;y jpy;iy bghUs; ? ,f;Fwspy; gapd;W tUk; mzp
m) ctikazp M) bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp
,) brhy;gpd;tUepiy mzp <) brhw;bghUs; gpd; tUepiyazp
[tpil: <]
2. Fd;nwwp ahidg;nghh; fz;lw;why; jd;ifj;bjhd;
Wz;lhfr; bra;thd; tpid ? ,f;Fwspy; gapd;W tUk; mzp
m) ctikazp M) cUtf mzp
,) ntw;Wik mzp <) gpwpJ bkhHpjy; mzp [tpil: m]
3. ,d;ikapd; ,d;dhj jpahbjdpd; ,d;ikapd;
,d;ikna ,d;dh jJ ? ,f;Fwspy; gapd;W tUk; mzp
m) brhy;gpd;tUepiyazp M) brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp
,) ctikazp <) cUtf mzp [tpil: M]
,ay; 6 X
4. kf;fns nghy;th; fath;" mtud;d

xg;ghhp ahk;fz;l jpy;. ? ,f;Fwspy; gapd;W tUk; mzp
m) ctik mzp M) cUtf mzp
,) ntw;Wik mzp <) gpwpJbkhHpjy; mzp [tpil: m]
5. njth; midah; fath; mtUe;jhk;
nktd bra;bjhGfyhd; ? ,f;Fwspy; gapd;W tUk; mzp
m) jw;Fwpg;ngw;w mzp M) t+;rg;g[fH;r;rp mzp
,) ctik mzp <) cUtf mzp [tpil: M]
6. brhy;yg; gad;gLth; rhd;nwhh;" fUk;g[nghy;
bfhy;yg; gad;gLk; fPH; ? ,f;Fwspy; gapd;W tUk; mzp
m) ctikazp M) cUtf mzp
,) gpwpJbkhHpjy; mzp <) ntw;Wik mzp [tpil: m]
7. rpwe;j mikr;rUf;Fhpa Fz eyd;fs;
m) 4 M) 5 ,) 3 <) 6 [tpil: M]
8. tplhKaw;rp/ rpwe;j mwpthw;wy; ,t;tpuz;ila[k; ,iltplhky; gpd;gw;Wgthpd; Fo
m) cah;e;J tps=;Fk; M) jhH;e;J epw;Fk;
,) thog; nghFk; <) fhzhky; eP=;Fk; [tpil: m]
FWtpdh
1. vj;jifa mhpa braiyr; bra;gth; mikr;rh; Mthh;>

bjhHpy; bra;tjw;Fj; njitahd fUtp/ mjw;F Vw;w fhyk;/ braypd; jd;ik/ bra;a[k;
Kiw Mfpatw;iw mwpe;J mhpa braiyr; bra;gth; mikr;rh; Mthh;.
2. mikr;rUf;Fhpa Ie;J rpwg;g[fs; ahit>
kdtypik/ Fofisf; fhj;jy;/ tplh Kaw;rp/ Ml;rp Kiwfisf; fw;wy;/ tplhKaw;rp.
3. vj;jifa mikr;rh;fSf;F Kd; NH;r;rpa[k; epw;f ,ayhJ>
,aw;ifahd Ez;zwpt[/ E}ywpt[ ,tw;iwa[ila mikr;rh;fSf;F Kd; NH;r;rpfs;
epw;f ,ayhJ.
4. Xh; mikr;rd; vtw;iw mwpe;J bray;gl ntz;Lk;>
xU braiyr; bra;tjw;Fhpa Kiwfis E}y; tHpahf mwpe;jpUg;gpDk; cyfpay;
eilKiwfis mwpe;J bray;gl ntz;Lk;.
5. mwj;ija[k; ,d;gj;ija[k; jUtJ vJ>
Kiwawpe;J jPikaw;w tHpapy; nrh;e;j bghUs; xUtDf;F mwj;ija[k; jUk;
,d;gj;ija[k; jUk;.
6. vj;jifa bghUis Vw;fhky; ePf;fptpl ntz;Lk;>

kw;wth;fsplk; ,uf;fKk; md;g[k; ,y;yhky; <l;Lk; bghUis Vw;Wf;bfhs;shky;
ePf;fptpl ntz;Lk;.
7. bghUsy;ytiug; bghUshfr; bra;tJ vJ> Vd;>
xU bghUl;lhf kjpf;fj;jfhjtiua[k; gpwh; kjpf;Fk;go bra;tJ bry;tk;.
Vbddpy; mijtpl rpwe;j bghUs; cyfpy; ntW vJt[k; ,y;iy.
8.
xUtd; jd; ifg;bghUisf; bfhz;L bra;a[k; bray; vjw;F ctikahff;
Twg;gl;Ls;sJ>
xUtd; jd; ifg;bghUisf; bfhz;L bra;a[k; brayhdJ/ Fd;wpd; nky; ghJfhg;ghf
epd;W bfhz;L ahidg; nghiuf; fhz;gJ nghd;wJ.
9. Tlh el;g[ Fwpj;J ts;Sth; TWk; bra;jp ahJ>
bfhiyf; fUtp:
gifthpd; bjhGJ epw;Fk; ifapd; cs;nsa[k; bfhiyf; fUtp kiwe;J ,Uf;Fk;.
t+;rfk;:
gifthpd; mGj fz;zPh; cs;Sk; t+;rfk; kiwe;J ,Uf;Fk;.
10. ahuhy; gifthpd; typikia vjph;bfhs;s KoahJ>
Rw;wj;jhhplk; md;g[ ,d;ik
bghUe;jpa Jiz ,d;ik
typikapd;ik
,tw;iwa[ilatd; gifthpd; typikia vjph;bfhs;s KoahJ.
11. xUtd; vspjpy; giff;F Ml;gl nehpLtJ vg;nghJ>
kdjpy; Jzpt[ ,y;yhik
mwpantz;oatw;iw mwpahik
bghUe;Jk; gz;g[ ,y;yhik
gpwUf;Ff; bfhLj;J cjthik
nkw;fz;l bray;fis cilath; vspjpy; giff;F Ml;gl neUk;.
12. xUtdJ Fo vg;nghJ rpwe;J tps=;Fk;>
tplhKaw;rp/ rpwe;j mwpthw;wy; ,t;tpuz;ila[k; ,iltplhky; gpd;gw;Wgthpd; Fo
rpwe;J tps=;Fk;.
13. cyfj;jhh; ahiu cwthff; bfhz;L nghw;Wthh;>
Fw;wk; ,y;yhky; jd; Fog;bgUikia caur; bra;J thH;gtiu cyfj;jhh; cwthff;
bfhz;L nghw;Wth;.
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,ay; 6 X
14. tWikapd; bfhLik KGtJk; bfLk; vg;nghJ>

jk;kplKs;s bghUis kiwj;J itj;jy; vd;Dk; Jd;gk; juhj ey;yhiuf; fz;lhy;
tWikapd; bfhLik KGtJk; bfLk;.
15. ahUila cs;sj;jpy; kfpH;r;rpg; bgh=;Fk;. vg;nghJ>
,fH;e;J Vsdk; bra;ahky; bghUs; bfhLg;gtiuf; fz;lhy; ,ug;gthpd; cs;sj;jpy;
kfpH;;r;rp bgh=;Fk;.
16. kf;fs;/ fath; Fwpj;J ts;Sth; Twpa bra;jp ahJ>
fath; kf;fisg; nghynt ,Ug;gh;/ fath;f;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; cs;s xg;g[ik `njhw;wk;~
kl;Lnk ntbwe;j xg;g[ika[k; fpilahJ.
17. njth; fath; Fwpj;J ts;Sth; TwpaJ ahJ>
njtUk; fatUk; xnu jd;ikah;/ njth;fisg; nghynt fath;fSk; jhk;
tpUk;g[tdtw;iwr; bra;J thH;th;.
18. rhd;nwhh; fath; Fwpj;J ts;Sth; TWtJ ahJ>
xUth; jk; Fiwia brhy;tijf; nfl;lt[ld; cjtp bra;gth; rhd;nwhh;.
fUk;igg; gpHptJ nghy beUf;fpg; gpHpe;jhy;jhd; gad;gLgth; fath;.
rpWtpdh
1. `For;bray; tif vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;jpy; Fo cah;t[ Fwpj;J ts;Sth; TWk; fUj;J ahJ>
,iltplhky; gpd;gw;Wjy;:
tplh Kaw;rp/ rpwe;j mwpthw;wy; ,t;tpuz;ila[k; ,iltplhky; gpd;gw;Wgthpd; Fo
cah;e;J tps=;Fk;.
Fw;wk; ,d;ik:
Fw;wk; ,y;yhky; jd; Fog;bgUikia caur; bra;J thH;gtiu cyfj;jhh; cwthff;
bfhz;L nghw;Wth;.
2. `faik~ vd;Wk; mjpfhuj;jpy; fath; Fwpj;J ts;Sth; Fwpg;gpLk; bra;jp ahJ>
njhw;w xg;g[ik:
fatUf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; cs;s xg;g[ik njhw;wk; kl;Lnk. ntbwjpYk; xg;g[ik
,y;iy.
njtUk; fatUk;:
njtUk; fatUk; xnu jd;ikah;/ njth;fisg; nghynt fath;fSk; jPatw;iwr;
bra;J xGFthh;fs;
rhd;nwhh;?fath;:
xUth; jk; Fiwiar; brhy;tijf; nfl;l clndna cjtp bra;gth; rhd;nwhh;.
fUk;igg; gpHptJ nghy beUf;fpg; gpHpe;jhy;jhd; gad;gLth; fath;.
3. bghUsy; ytiug; bghUshfr; bra;a[k;

bghUsy;y jpy;iy bghUs; ? ,g;ghlypy; gapd;W te;Js;s mzpiaf; Twp tpsf;Ff.
,g;ghlypy; gapd;W te;Js;s mzp brhw;bghUs; gpd; tUepiyazp.
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
xU bra;a[spy; Kd;dh; te;j brhy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J xnu bghUisj;
jUtJ brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp MFk;.
bghUs; tpsf;fk;:
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; bghUs; vd;w brhy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J xnu bghUisj;
jUfpwJ.
Fws; tpsf;fk;:
xU bghUshf kjpf;fj; jfhjtiu kjpf;fr; bra;tJ bghUs;. mijtpl cyfpy;
ntW vJt[k; ,y;iy.
4. Fd;nwwp ahidg;nghh; fz;lw;why; jd;ifj;bjhd;
Wz;lhfr; bra;thd; tpid ? ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; gapd;W te;Js;s mzpiaf; Twp
tpsf;Ff.
,g;ghlypy; gapd;W te;Js;s mzp ctik mzp.
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
bra;a[spy; ctik xU thf;fpakhft[k;/ ctnkak; kw;bwhU thf;fpakht[k;/ ctk
cUg[ btspg;gilahf tUtJ ctik mzp MFk;.
tpsf;fk;:
ctik : kiynky; ghJfhg;ghf epd;W ahidg; nghiuf; fhQjy;.
ctnkak; : jd; ifg;bghUisf; bfhz;L bra;a[k; bray;
ctk cUg[ : mw;W (btspg;gil)
bghUj;jk;:
xUtd; jd; ifg;bghUisf; bfhz;L xU braiyr; bra;tJ kiynky;
ghJfhg;ghf epd;W bfhz;L ahidg; nghiuf; fhz;gJ nghd;wJ.
5. ,d;ikapd; ,d;dhj jpahbjdpd; ,d;ikapd;
,d;ikna ,d;dh jJ ? ,f;Fwl;;ghtpy; gapd;WtUk; mzpiaf; Twp tpsf;Ff.
,g;ghlypy; gapd;W te;Js;s mzp brhw;bghUs; gpd; tUepiyazp.
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
xU bra;a[spy; Kd;dh; te;j brhy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J xnu bghUisj;
jUtJ brhw;bghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp MFk;.
bghUs; tpsf;fk;:
,ay; 6 X
,f;Fwl;ghtpy; ,d;ik vd;w brhy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J tWik vd;Dk; xnu
bghUisj; jUfpwJ.
Fws; tpsf;fk;:
xUtUf;F tWikiag; nghd;W Jd;gk; jUtJ vJ vd;why; mJ tWikna
MFk;.
6. njth; midah; fath; mtUk;jhk;
nktd bra;bjhGf yhd; ? ,f;Fwl;;ghtpy; gapd;Wte;Js;s mzpiar;; Rl;o tpsf;Ff.
,g;ghlypy; gapd;W te;Js;s mzp t+;rg; g[fH;r;rp mzp
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
gHpg;gJ nghyg; g[fH;tJk; g[fH;tJ nghyg; ghpg;gJk; t+;rg;g[fH;r;rp mzp MFk;.
,g;ghly; g[fH;tJ nghyf; Twp gHpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
bghUs; tpsf;fk;:
g[fH;jy; ? fath; njth;fSf;F xg;ghth;
gHpj;jy; ? fath; jk; kdk; nghd nghf;fpy; jPa bray;fisr; bra;thh;fs;.
Fws; tpsf;fk;:
njtUk; fatUk; xU jd;ikah;. njtiug; nghy fatUk; jhk; tpUk;gpaij
bra;th;.
7. kf;fns nghy;th; fath;" mtud;d
xg;ghhp ahk;fz;l jpy; ? ,g;ghlypy; gapd;W te;Js;s mzpiaf; Twp tpsf;Ff.
,g;ghlypy; gapd;W te;Js;s mzp ctik mzp MFk;.
mzp ,yf;fzk;:
bra;a[spy; ctik xU thf;fpakhft[k;/ ctnkak; kw;bwhU thf;fpakht[k;/ ctk
cUg[ btspg;gilahf tUtJ ctik mzp MFk;.
tpsf;fk;:
ctik : fath; kf;fisg; nghy; ,Ug;gh;.
ctnkak; : njhw;w xg;g[ikiaj; jtpu ntbwe;j xg;g[ika[k; ,y;iy.
ctk cUg[ : md;d
tpsf;fk;:
fath; kf;fisg; nghynt ,Ug;gh;. fatUf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; cs;s xg;g[ik
njhw;wnk jtpu ntW vJt[k; ,y;iy.
beLtpdh
1. bghUs; bray;tif Fwpj;J ts;Sth; TWk; tskhh;e;j fUj;Jf;fisf; TW.

rpwe;j bghUs;:
xU bghUl;lhf kjpf;fj; jfhjtiua[k; kjpg;g[ilatuhfr; bra;tJ bry;tk;.
bry;tj;ij my;yhky; rpwe;j bghUs; cyfpy; ntW vJt[k; ,y;iy.
mwk;/ ,d;gk;:
Kiwawpe;J jPikaw;w tHpapy; xUth; nrh;e;j bry;tk; mtUf;F mwj;ija[k;
jUk;/ ,d;gj;ija[k; jUk;
ePf;fntz;oa bghUs;:
kw;wth;fsplk; ,uf;fKk; md;g[k; ,y;yhky; <l;Lk; bghUis Vw;Wf;bfhs;shky;
ePf;fptpl ntz;Lk;.
jd; ifg;bghUs;:
jd; ifg;bghUisf; bfhz;L xUtd; bra;a[k; brayhdJ/ Fd;wpd;nkny
ghJfhg;ghf epd;W bfhz;L ahidg; nghiuf; fhz;gjw;F rkkhFk;.
Th;ikahd Ma[jk;
bghUis <l;l ntz;Lk;. giftiu bty;Yk; Th;ikahd Ma[jk; bghUisj;
jtpu ntW xd;Wk; ,y;iy.

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Namma Kalvi

,ay; fiy ciueil cyfk;

2. fufhl;lj;ijf; Fk;ghl;;lk; vd;Wk; Flf;Tj;J vd;Wk; TWth;. ,j;bjhlUf;fhd tpdh

1. gl=;fs; btspg;gLj;Jk; epfH;j;Jfiy Fwpj;J ,uz;L tpdhf;fisa[k; mtw;Wf;fhd

 fHpt[ ePh; ghijfis befpHpg; igfs; milj;Jf; bfhs;tjhy; gytpjkhd bjhw;W

 xapyhl;lk; ? xnu epwj;Jzpia Kz;lhR nghyf;fl;Ljy;/ fhypy; ry=;if/

1. rhpahd tpil thpiriaj; njh;e;bjL.

2. bghUj;jkhd tpil thpiriaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf.

10. Flf;Tj;J vd;gJ

12. fhtoahl;lk; ? ,r;brhy;ypy; `fh~ vd;gjd; bghUs;

16. xapyhl;lk; MLnthhpd; thpir vz;zpf;if

18. njtuhl;lk; vd;gJ ahh; kl;Lnk MLk; Ml;lk;>

22. njtuhl;lk; vt;tif epfH;thf Mlg;gLfpd;wJ>

25. ve;jg; gz;g[fisf; bfhz;L epfH;j;jpf;fhl;Lk; fiy bgha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk; MFk;.

26. g[utp Ml;lk;/ g[utp ehl;oak; vd;w bgah;fspy; miHf;fg;gLk; Ml;lk;

28. ,uh$!;jhdpy; fr;rpbfho vd;Wk; nfusj;jpy; Fjpiuf;fsp vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLtJ

32. ``jff jfjff je;je;j je;jff vd;W jhsk;

38. bjUf;Tj;J mk;kd; tHpghl;od; xU gFjpahft[k; ,Uf;fpwJ

42. ehlff;fiyia kPl;blLg;gnj jkJ Fwpf;nfhs; vd;wth;

48. fjfsp nghd;W brt;tpay; fiyahf Mf;Fk; Kaw;rpfs; nkw;bfhs;sg;gLk; fiy

50. kug;ghitiag; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;

53. knyrpahtpy; ``,uhr nrhHd; bjU~~ cs;sijg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; kyh;

1. epfH;fiy vd;why; vd;d>

7. fhtoahl;lk; vd;why; vd;d>

15. nritahl;lk; vd;why; vd;d>

21. g[ypahl;lk; vd;why; vd;d>

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 132

eP=;fs; thGk; gFjpapYs;s epfH;fiyf; fiy+h;fis neh;Kfk; fz;L mtw;iwj; bjhFj;J

,ay; fiy ftpijg; ngiH

1. kyh;fs; jiuapy; eGt[k;/ vg;nghJ>

1. ,e;jg; g{itj;bjhLg;gJ vg;go> vd;w ftpijia vGjpath;

1. `g{j;bjhLj;jy;~ vd;Dk; ftpij E}ypd; Mrphpaiug; gw;wp eP mwpe;jtw;iwf; TW.

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 133

xt;bthU ehSk; eP=;fs; ghh;f;Fk; fhl;rpfspy; ' vjph;bfhs;Sk; epfH;t[fspy; fz;LzUk;

,ay; fiy ftpijg; ngiH

1. Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gps;isj;jkpiH ,aw;wpath;

5. FkuFUguh;; ,aw;whj E}iyf; fz;lwpf.

10. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf :

16. br=;fPiug; gUtj;jpy; FHe;ijapd; jiy mire;jhLk; khjk; vJ>

4. bgz;ghw; gps;isj;jkpGf;Fhpa gj;Jg; gUt=;fisa[k; vGJf.

1. gps;isj;jkpH; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 135

1. re;jeakpf;f FHe;ijg; ghly;fs; rpytw;iwj; bjhFj;J/ tFg;giwapy; gho kfpH;f.

,ay; fiy ftpijg; ngiH

1. cw=;Ffpd;w Fk;gfd;d `vGe;jpuha; vGe;jpuha;~

epyk; bjhHpy; ' czt[g; gaph; ,d;iwa tsh;r;rp

kUjk; bre;bey;/ btz;bza; cyf ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp bra;ag;gLfpwJ.

gilg;ghsp jhd; thH;e;j fhyj;jpy; kl;Lky;yhJ/ jhd; tPH;e;j gpd;dUk;

MH beLe;jpiu MW fle;J ,th; nghthnuh

cw=;Ffpd;w Fk;gfd;d- c=;fs; kha thH;bt yhk;

1. ghyfhz;lk; Mw;Wg;glyj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s MW vJ>

11. fk;gh; ,aw;whj E}iyf; fz;wpf.

19. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.

1. fk;ghpd; bgUikiar; Rl;Lk; bjhlh;fs; ahit>

7. f=;if fhz; glyj;jpy; ntldpd; Tw;iw vGJf.

1. fk;guhkhazf; fijkhe;jh;fSs; vtnuDk; xUth; Fwpj;J tFg;gpy; ciuahw;Wf.

,ay; fiy tphpthdk;

4. rh. fe;jrhkp ve;j FWk;glj;jpw;F midj;Jyf tpUijg; bgw;Ws;shh;>

1. rh. fe;jrhkpapd; `gha;r;ry;~ fijapy; tUk; `mDkhh;~ vd;w fiy+dpd; fiyj;jpwid

2. fufhl;lj;ijf; Fk;ghl;;lk; vd;Wk; Flf;Tj;J vd;Wk; TWth;. ,j;bjhlUf;fhd tpdh

1. gl=;fs; btspg;gLj;Jk; epfH;j;Jfiy Fwpj;J ,uz;L tpdhf;fisa[k; mtw;Wf;fhd

fHpt[ ePh; ghijfis befpHpg; igfs; milj;Jf; bfhs;tjhy; gytpjkhd bjhw;W

xapyhl;lk; ? xnu epwj;Jzpia Kz;lhR nghyf;fl;Ljy;/ fhypy; ry=;if/

18. njtuhl;lk; vd;gJ ahh; kl;Lnk MLk; Ml;lk;>

25. ve;jg; gz;g[fisf; bfhz;L epfH;j;jpf;fhl;Lk; fiy bgha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk; MFk;.

28. ,uh$!;jhdpy; fr;rpbfho vd;Wk; nfusj;jpy; Fjpiuf;fsp vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gLtJ

48. fjfsp nghd;W brt;tpay; fiyahf Mf;Fk; Kaw;rpfs; nkw;bfhs;sg;gLk; fiy

xt;bthU ehSk; eP=;fs; ghh;f;Fk; fhl;rpfspy; ' vjph;bfhs;Sk; epfH;t[fspy; fz;LzUk;

1. cw=;Ffpd;w Fk;gfd;d `vGe;jpuha; vGe;jpuha;~

1. fk;ghpd; bgUikiar; Rl;Lk; bjhlh;fs; ahit>

1. fk;guhkhazf; fijkhe;jh;fSs; vtnuDk; xUth; Fwpj;J tFg;gpy; ciuahw;Wf.

1. rh. fe;jrhkpapd; `gha;r;ry;~ fijapy; tUk; `mDkhh;~ vd;w fiy+dpd; fiyj;jpwid

1. nkilf; fiy+h;fSk; gfy;; ntlf; fiy+h;fSk; vjph; bfhs;Sk; ,lh;ghLfisf;

1. bghUs; ,yf;fzk; Fwpg;g[ tiuf.

2. mfj;jpiz vd;why; vd;d>

11. fUg;bghUs; vd;why; vd;d>

16. Itif epyj;jpw;Fhpa kuk;/ g{ Mfpatw;iw vGJf.

17. Itif epyj;jpw;Fhpa kf;fs; ahbud vGJf.

18. Itif epyj;jpw;Fhpa tpy=;Ffs; kw;Wk; gwitfs; vit vdf; TWf.

19. Itif epyj;jpw;Fhpa bjhHpy;fs; ahit>

20. Itif epyj;jpw;Fhpa ePiu vGJf.

1. bgUk;bghGjpw;Fhpa TWfis vGjp mf;fhyj;jpw;fhd khj=;fisa[k; vGJf.

2. rpWbghGjpw;Fhpa TWfisa[k; mjw;Fhpa neu mst[fisa[k; Fwpg;gpLf.

3. Ie;jpizf;Fk; chpa bgUk;bghGJfs; rpWbghGJfis vGJf.

1. gz;ilj; jkpHhpd; jpizepiy thH;f;if Kiwiaa[k; ,d;iwa jkpHhpd; thH;f;if

2. xapyhl;lj;jpy; FGtpdh; xnu epwj; Jzpia Kz;lhR nghyf; fl;of;bfhz;L/

1. fug;gpLk;ig,y;yhh; ? ,j;bjhlhpd; bghUs; TWf.

kdtypik/ Fofisf; fhj;jy;/ Ml;rpKiwfisf; fw;wy;/ E}y;fisf; fw;wy;/

1. vj;jifa mhpa braiyr; bra;gth; mikr;rh; Mthh;>

6. vj;jifa bghUis Vw;fhky; ePf;fptpl ntz;Lk;>

14. tWikapd; bfhLik KGtJk; bfLk; vg;nghJ>

3. bghUsy; ytiug; bghUshfr; bra;a[k;

1. bghUs; bray;tif Fwpj;J ts;Sth; TWk; tskhh;e;j fUj;Jf;fisf; TW.