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LABORATORY MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CE 8381- FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY
ANNA UNIVERSITY –CHENNAI-25
2017 Regulation
Authors
1. Prof.S.K.Nagoorvali.,BE (Aero)., ME (CAD)
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Vel Tech (Owned By RS Trust)
Avadi, Chennai-62
2. Prof.J.Arulmani. BE (Mech)., ME(Engg Design)
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Vel Tech (Owned By RS Trust)
Avadi, Chennai-62
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CE 8381 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LABORATORY LTPC

0 0 3 2
OBJECTIVES:
Upon Completion of this subject, the students can able to have hands on experience in flow
measurements using different devices and also perform calculation related to losses in pipes and
also perform characteristic study of pumps, turbines etc.,

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Determination of the Coefficient of discharge of given Orifice meter.

2. Determination of the Coefficient of discharge of given Venturi meter.
3. Calculation of the rate of flow using Rota meter.
4. Determination of friction factor for a given set of pipes.
5. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristic curves of centrifugal pump/
submergible pump
6. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristic curves of reciprocating pump.
7. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristic curves of Gear pump.
8. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristic curves of Pelton wheel.
9. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristics curves of Francis turbine.
10. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristic curves of Kaplan turbine.
OUTCOMES:

  Ability to use the measurement equipments for flow measurement

 
Ability to do performance trust on different fluid machinery

LIST OF EQUIPMENT FOR A BATCH OF 30 STUDENTS

S. NO. NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT Qty.

1 Orifice meter setup 1
2 Venturi meter setup 1
3 Rotameter setup 1
4 Pipe Flow analysis setup 1
5 Centrifugal pump/submergible pump setup 1
6 Reciprocating pump setup 1
7 Gear pump setup 1
8 Pelton wheel setup 1
9 Francis turbine setup 1
10 Kaplan turbine setup 1
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INDEX

S.NO. NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE NO

1 DETERMINATION OF THE CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF

GIVEN ORIFICE METER

2 DETERMINATION OF THE CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF

GIVEN VENTURI METER

3 CALCULATION OF THE RATE OF FLOW USING ROTO METER

4 DETERMINATION OF FRICTION FACTOR OF GIVEN SET OF

PIPES

5 CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

6 CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF SUBMERGIBLE PUMP

7 CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF RECIPROCATING PUMP

8 CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF GEAR PUMP

9 CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF PELTON WHEEL

10 CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF FRANCIS TURBINE

11 CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF TRIANGULAR NOTCH

12 KAPLAN TURBINE TEST RING

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DETERMINATION OF THE CO-EFFICIENT OF

DISCHARGE OF GIVEN ORIFICE METER
Exp No: 1

Date :

AIM:
To determine the co-efficient discharge through orifice meter

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Orifice meter
2. Differential U tube
3. Collecting tank
4. Stop watch
5. Scale

FORMULAE:
1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE:
Q act = A x h / t (m3 / s)

2. THEORTICAL DISCHARGE:

Q th = a 1 x a 2 x  2 g h /  a 12 – a 22 (m3 / s)
Where:
A = Area of collecting tank in m2
h = Height of collected water in tank = 10 cm
a 1 = Area of inlet pipe in, m2
a 2 = Area of the throat in m2
g = Specify gravity in m / s2
t = Time taken for h cm rise of water
H = Orifice head in terms of flowing liquid
= (H1 ~ H2) (s m / s 1 - 1)
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Where:
H1 = Manometric head in first limb
H2 = Manometric head in second limb
s m = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid
(i.e.) Liquid mercury Hg = 13.6
s1 = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1

3. CO EFFICENT OF DISCHARGE:

Co- efficient of discharge = Q act / Q th (no units)

DESCRIPTION:
Orifice meter has two sections. First one is of area a1, and second one of area a2, it does not have
throat like venturimeter but a small holes on a plate fixed along the diameter of pipe. The mercury level
should not fluctuate because it would come out of manometer.

PROCEDURE:
1. The pipe is selected for doing experiments
2. The motor is switched on, as a result water will flow
3. According to the flow, the mercury level fluctuates in the U-tube manometer
4. The reading of H1 and H2 are noted
5. The time taken for 10 cm rise of water in the collecting tank is noted
6. The experiment is repeated for various flow in the same pipe
7. The co-efficient of discharge is calculated

RESULT:
The co efficient of discharge through orifice meter is ……… (No unit)
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Manometric Manometric Time taken for h Actual Theoretical Co-efficient of

S.no Diameter in reading head cm rise of water t discharge discharge Qth discharge Cd
mm H=(H1~H2) Sec Q act x 10-3 x 10-3 (no unit)
H1 cm H2 cm x 12.6 x 10-2 m3 / s
of Hg of Hg m3 / s

Mean Cd =
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DETERMINATION OF THE CO EFFICIENT OF

DISCHARGE OF GIVEN VENTURIMETER

Exp No: 2
Date:

AIM:
To determine the coefficient of discharge for liquid flowing through venturimeter.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Venturimeter
2. Stop watch
3. Collecting tank
4. Differential U-tube
5. Manometer
6. Scale
FORMULAE:
1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE:
Q act = A x h / t (m3 / s)

2. THEORTICAL DISCHARGE:
Qth = a 1 x a 2 x  2 g h /  a 12 – a 22 (m3 / s)
Where:
A = Area of collecting tank in m2
h = Height of collected water in tank = 10 cm
a 1 = Area of inlet pipe in m2
a 2 = Area of the throat in m2
g = Specify gravity in m / s2
t = Time taken for h cm rise of water
H = Orifice head in terms of flowing
liquid (H1 ~ H2) (s m /s 1 - 1)
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Where:
H1 = Manometric head in first limb
H2 = Manometric head in second limb
s m = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid
(i.e.) Liquid mercury Hg = 13.6
s1 = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1

3. CO EFFICENT OF DISCHARGE:
Co- efficient of discharge = Q act / Q th (no units)

DESCRIPTION:
Venturi meter has two sections. One divergent area and the other throat area. The former is
represented as a 1 and the later is a 2 water or any other liquid flows through the Venturi meter and it
passes to the throat area the value of discharge is same at a 1 and a 2 .

PROCEDURE:
1. The pipe is selected for doing experiments
2. The motor is switched on, as a result water will flow
3. According to the flow, the mercury level fluctuates in the U-tube manometer
4. The reading of H1 and H2 are noted
5. The time taken for 10 cm rise of water in the collecting tank is noted
6. The experiment is repeated for various flow in the same pipe
7. The co-efficient of discharge is calculated

RESULT:
The co efficient of discharge through Venturimeter is ……… (No unit)
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Manometric Manometric Time taken for h Actual Theoretical Co-efficient of

S.no Diameter in reading head cm rise of water t discharge discharge Qth discharge Cd
-3 -3
mm H=(H1~H2) Q act x 10 x 10
H1 cm H2 cm x 12.6 x 10-2 sec m3 / s (no unit)
of Hg of Hg m3 / s

Mean Cd =
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CALCULATION OF THE RATE OF FLOW USING ROTOMETER

Exp No: 3
Date:

AIM:
To determine the percentage error in Rotometer with the actual flow rate.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Rotometer setup
2. Measuring scale
3. Stopwatch.

FORMULAE:

1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE:
Q act = A x h/ t (m3 / s)

Where:

A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)

h= 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank (10 -2 m).
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank.

CONVERSION:

Actual flow rate (lit / min), Qact = Qact x 1000 x 60 lit /min

Rotometer reading ~ Actual x 100 %

Percentage error of Rotometer =
Rotometer reading

= R ~ Qact / R x 100 %
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PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the motor and the delivery valve is opened
2. Adjust the delivery valve to control the rate in the pipe
3. Set the flow rate in the Rotometer, for example say 50 litres per minute
4. Note down the time taken for 10 cm rise in collecting tank
5. Repeat the experiment for different set of Rotometer readings
6. Tabular column is drawn and readings are noted
7. Graph is drawn by ploting Rotometer reading Vs percentage error of the Rotometer

RESULT:
The percentage error of the Rotometer was found to be……. %
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S.no Rotometer Actual Time taken for 10cm Actual discharge Percentage
Reading Discharge rise of water Qact (lpm) Error of
(lpm) Qact (m3/sec) In tank (t sec) Rotometer (%)
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DETERMINATION OF FRICTION FACTOR OF

GIVEN SET OF PIPES

Exp No: 4
Date:

AIM:
To find the friction ‘f’ for the given pipe.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. A pipe provided with inlet and outlet and pressure tapping
2. Differential u-tube manometer
3. Collecting tank with piezometer
4. Stopwatch
5. Scale

FORMULAE:
1. FRICTION FACTOR (F):
f = 2 x g x d x h f / l x v2 (no unit)

Where,

g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / sec2)

d = Diameter of the pipe (m)
l = Length of the pipe (m)
v = Velocity of liquid following in the pipe (m / s)
h f = Loss of head due to friction (m)
= h1 ~ h2

Where
h1 = Manometric head in the first limbs
h2 = Manometric head in the second limbs
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2. ACTUAL DISCHARGE:
Q=Axh/t (m3 / sec)
Where
A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)
h = Rise of water for 5 cm (m)
t = Time taken for 5 cm rise (sec)

3. VELOCITY:
V=Q/a (m / sec)
Where
Q = Actual discharge (m3/ sec)
A = Area of the pipe (m2)
DESCRIPTION:
When liquid flows through a pipeline it is subjected to frictional resistance. The frictional
resistance depends upon the roughness of the pipe. More the roughness of the pipe will be more the
frictional resistance. The loss of head between selected lengths of the pipe is observed.

PROCEDURE:

1. The diameter of the pipe is measured and the internal dimensions of the collecting tank and
the length of the pipe line is measured
2. Keeping the outlet valve closed and the inlet valve opened
3. The outlet valve is slightly opened and the manometer head on the limbs h1 and h2 are noted
4. The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow rate and then the
corresponding readings are noted.

RESULT:

1. The frictional factor ‘f‘for given pipe = x 10-2 (no unit)

-2
2. The friction factor for given pipe by graphical method = …… x 10 ( no unit )
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Diameter of Manometer readings Time for Actual discharge Velocity V2 Friction

S.no pipe mm 5cm rise Qact x 10-3 V factor
of water m/s m2 / s 2 f x 10-2
h1 x h2 x hf = (h1-h2) m3 / s
t sec
10-2 10-2 x 10-2

Mean f =
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CHARACTERISTICS TEST ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Exp No: 5
Date:

AIM:
To study the performance characteristics of a centrifugal pump and to determine the
characteristic with maximum efficiency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Centrifugal pump setup

2. Meter scale
3. Stop watch

FORMULAE :

1.ACTUAL DISCHARGE:

Q act = A x y / t (m3 / s)

Where:

A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)

y = 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank.

2. TOTAL HEAD:
H = Hd + H s + Z

Where:
Hd = Discharge head, meter
Hs = Suction head, meter
Z = Datum head, meter
3. INPUT POWER:
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I/P = (3600  N  1000) / (E  T) (watts)

Where,
N = Number of revolutions of energy meter disc
E = Energy meter constant (rev / Kw hr)
T = time taken for ‘Nr’ revolutions (seconds)

4. OUTPUT POWER:

Po = ρ x g x Q x H / 1000 (watts)

Where,
ρ = Density of water (kg / m³)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2)
H = Total head of water (m)

5. EFFICIENCY:

o = (Output power o/p / input power I/p)  100 %

Where,
O/p = Output power kW

I/ p = Input power kW

DESCRIPTION:

PRIMING:

The operation of filling water in the suction pipe casing and a portion delivery pipe for the
removal of air before starting is called priming.
After priming the impeller is rotated by a prime mover. The rotating vane gives a centrifugal
head to the pump. When the pump attains a constant speed, the delivery valve is gradually opened. The
water flows in a radially outward direction. Then, it leaves the vanes at the outer circumference with a
high velocity and pressure. Now kinetic energy is gradually converted in to pressure energy. The high-
pressure water is through the delivery pipe to the required height.

PROCEDURE:
1. Prime the pump close the delivery valve and switch on the unit
2. Open the delivery valve and maintain the required delivery head
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3. Note down the reading and note the corresponding suction head reading
4. Close the drain valve and note down the time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in
collecting tank
5. Measure the area of collecting tank
6. For different delivery tubes, repeat the experiment
7. For every set reading note down the time taken for 5 revolutions of energy meter disc.

GRAPHS:

1. Actual discharge Vs Total head

2. Actual discharge Vs Efficiency
3. Actual discharge Vs Input power
4. Actual discharge Vs Output power

RESULT:

Thus the performance characteristics of centrifugal pump was studied and the
maximum efficiency was found to be _____________
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Suction Suction head Delivery Delive Total Time Time Actual Inpu Outpu
S.no gauge Hs m Hs m of water Gauge ry Head taken taken Dischar t t %
of water Reading Head (H) m for ‘h’ for Nr ge Pow Power 
(hd) m of (Hd) of rise revolu (Qact) er (Po)
water m of water of water tion t x10-3 (Pi ) watt
water (t) S S m3\sec watt
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CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF SUBMERSIBLE PUMP

Exp No: 6
Date:

AIM:

To study the performance characteristics of a submersible pump.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Submersible pump
2. Meter scale
3. Stop watch
FORMULAE:

1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE:

Qact = A x h / t (m³ / sec)

Where,
A = Area of the collecting tank (m²)
h = Height of the water level collected (cm)
t = Time taken for ‘h’ rise of water (seconds)
x = Distance between the suction and delivery gauge

2. INPUT POWER:

Pi = (3600  Nr  1000) / (Ne  te) (watts)

Where,
Nr = number of revolutions of energy meter disc
Ne = energy meter constant (rev / Kw hr)
te = time taken for ‘Nr’ revolutions (seconds)
3. OUTPUT POWER:
Po = W  Qact  H (watts)
Where,
W = specific weight of water (N / m³)
Qact = actual discharge (m³ / s)
H = total head of water (m)
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4. EFFICIENCY:
% = (Output power Po / input power Pi)  100

DESCRIPTION:

In submergible pump electric motor and pump are coupled together and both are submerged in the water.
The electric current is conducted through a waterproof cable. This is multi stage centrifugal pump with
radial or mixed flow impellers.
The suction housing of the pump is fitted between the pump and motors are provided with a
perforated strainer. The windings of the motor are insulated well and cooled by water. A gate valve,
which is a non-return valve, is provided at the top of the pump to discharge water.

PROCEDURE:
1. The submersible pump is started
2. The delivery gauge reading is set to the required value by means
of Adjusting the gate-valve
3. The time taken for Nr revolutions in the energy meter disc is
Noted with the help of stop watch
4. The time taken for ‘h’ rise in water level in the collecting tank is
Found carefully. If the water flow is heavy reduce the ‘h’ value
5. The experiment is repeated for different delivery gauge readings
6. Finally the readings are tabulated and calculated
GRAPHS:

1. Actual discharge Vs Total head

2. Actual discharge Vs Input power
3. Actual discharge Vs Efficiency

RESULT:

The performance characteristic of the submersible pump is studied and the efficiency
is calculated …………… %
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Delivery Delivery Total Time taken for Time taken Actual Input Output
Gauge Head Head ‘h’ rise for Nr Discharge Power Power Efficiency
S.no Reading [Hd]x10 [Hd +2] Of water revolution [Qact] [Pi] [Po] %
[Hd] m of m of water [t]
Kg/cm2 water Sec Sec m3/sec Watts watts

Mean =
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CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF RECIPROCATING PUMP

Exp No: 7
Date:
AIM:
To study the performance characteristics of a reciprocating pump and to determine the
characteristic with maximum efficiency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Reciprocating pump
2. Meter scale
3. Stop watch
FORMULAE:

1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE:

Q act = A x y / t (m3 / s)
Where:
A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)
y = 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank
2. TOTAL HEAD:
H = Hd + Hs + Z
Where:
Hd = Discharge head; Hd = Pd x 10, m
Hs = Suction head; Pd = Ps x 0.0136, m
Z = Datum head, m
Pd = Pressure gauge reading, kg / cm2
Ps = Suction pressure gauge reading, mm of Hg
3. INPUT POWER:
Pi = (3600  N) / (E  T) (Kw)
Where,
N = Number of revolutions of energy meter disc
E = Energy meter constant (rev / Kw hr)
T = time taken for ‘N’ revolutions (seconds)
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4. OUTPUT POWER:

Po = ρ x g x Q x H / 1000 (Kw)
Where,
ρ = Density of water (kg / m³)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2)
H = Total head of water (m)
Q = Discharge (m3 / sec)

5. EFFICIENCY:

o = (Output power po / input power pi)  100 %

Where,
Po = Output power KW
Pi = Input power KW
PROCEDURE:
1. Close the delivery valve and switch on the unit
2. Open the delivery valve and maintain the required delivery head
3. Note down the reading and note the corresponding suction head reading
4. Close the drain valve and note down the time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in
collecting tank
5. Measure the area of collecting tank
6. For different delivery tubes, repeat the experiment
7. For every set reading note down the time taken for 5 revolutions of energy meter disc.

GRAPHS:

1. Actual discharge Vs Total head

2. Actual discharge Vs Efficiency
3. Actual discharge Vs Input power
4. Actual discharge Vs Output power

RESULT:

The performance characteristic of the reciprocating pump is studied and the efficiency
is calculated …………… %
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S.no
Delivery Suction Delivery Suction Datum Total Time taken Actual Time taken Input Output
pressure pressure head head head Z head for 10 cm of discharge for N rev of power power 
reading reading Hd=Pdx1 Hs = Ps m H rise of water Qact m³/s energy Pi kw Po kw
Pd kg / Ps mm 0.0 x in tank t sec meter disc %
cm2 of Hg 0.0136 t sec

Mean =
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CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF GEAR OIL PUMP

Exp No: 8
Date:
AIM:

To draw the characteristics curves of gear oil pump and also to determine efficiency of given gear
oil pump.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Gear oil pump setup

2. Meter scale
3. Stop watch
FORMULAE:

1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE:

Qact = A x y / t (m³ / sec)

Where,
A = Area of the collecting tank (m²)
y = Rise of oil level in collecting tank (cm)
t = Time taken for ‘h’ rise of oil in collecting tank (s)
2. TOTAL HEAD:
H = Hd + Hs + Z
Where
Hd = Discharge head; Hd = Pd x 12.5, m
Hs = Suction head; Pd = Ps x 0.0136, m
Z = Datum head, m
Pd = Pressure gauge reading, kg / cm2
Ps = Suction pressure gauge reading, mm of Hg
3. INPUT POWER:

Pi = (3600  N) / (E T) (kw)

Where,
Nr = Number of revolutions of energy meter disc
Ne = Energy meter constant (rev / Kw hr)
te = Time taken for ‘Nr’ revolutions (seconds)
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4. OUTPUT POWER:
Po = W  Qact  H /1000 (watts)
Where,
W = Specific weight of oil (N / m³)
Qact = Actual discharge h = (m³ / s)
Total head of oil (m)
5. EFFICIENCY:
% = (Output power Po / input power Pi)  100

DESCRIPTION:
The gear oil pump consists of two identical intermeshing spur wheels working with a fine
clearance inside the casing. The wheels are so designed that they form a fluid tight joint at the point of
contact. One of the wheels is keyed to driving shaft and the other revolves as the driven wheel.
The pump is first filled with the oil before it starts. As the gear rotates, the oil is trapped in
between their teeth and is flown to the discharge end round the casing. The rotating gears build-up
sufficient pressure to force the oil in to the delivery pipe.
PROCEDURE:
1. The gear oil pump is stated.
2. The delivery gauge reading is adjusted for the required value.
3. The corresponding suction gauge reading is noted.
4. The time taken for ‘N’ revolutions in the energy meter is noted with the help of a stopwatch.
5. The time taken for ‘h’ rise in oil level is also noted down after closing the gate valve.
6. With the help of the meter scale the distance between the suction and delivery gauge is
noted.
7. For calculating the area of the collecting tank its dimensions are noted down.
8. The experiment is repeated for different delivery gauge readings.
9. Finally the readings are tabulated.
GRAPH:
1. Actual discharge Vs Total head
2. Actual discharge Vs Efficiency
3. Actual discharge Vs Input power
4. Actual discharge Vs Output power

RESULT:
Thus the performance characteristics of gear oil pump were studied and maximum efficiency
was found to be. ………%.
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S.n
o Deliv Suction Delivery Suctio Datu Total Time taken for Actual Time taken for Input Output
ery pressur head n head m head H 10 cm of rise of discharge N rev of energy power Pi power 
press e Hd=Pdx Hs = head m water in tank t Qact m³/s meter disc t kw Po kw
ure reading 12.5 Ps x Z m sec sec %
readi Ps mm m 0.0136
ng of Hg m
Pd

Mean =
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CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF PELTON WHEEL

Exp No: 9
Date:

AIM:
To conduct load test on pelton wheel turbine and to study the characteristics of pelton wheel
turbine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Venturimeter
2. Stopwatch
3. Tachometer
4. Dead weight
FORMULAE:

1. VENTURIMETER READING:

h = (P1 ~ P2)  10 (m of water)

Where,
P1, P2 - venturimeter reading in Kg /cm2

2. DISCHARGE:

Q = 0.0055  h (m3 / s)

3. BRAKE HORSE POWER:

BHP = ( x D x N x T) / (60 75) (hp)

Where,
N = Speed of the turbine in (rpm)
D = Effective diameter of brake drum = 0.315 m
T = Torsion in To + T1 – T2 (Kg)

4. INDICATED HORSE POWER:

IHP = (1000  Q  H) / 75 (hp)
Where,
H = Total head (m)
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5. PERCENTAGE EFFICIENCY:

% = (B.H.P / I.H.P x 100) (%)

DESCRIPTION:

Pelton wheel turbine is an impulse turbine, which is used to act on high loads and for generating
electricity. All the available heads are classified in to velocity energy by means of spear and nozzle
arrangement. Position of the jet strikes the knife-edge of the buckets with least relative resistances and
shocks. While passing along the buckets the velocity of the water is reduced and hence an impulse force
is supplied to the cups which in turn are moved and hence shaft is rotated.

PROCEDURE:

1. The Pelton wheel turbine is started.

2. All the weight in the hanger is removed.
3. The pressure gauge reading is noted down and it is to be maintained constant for
different loads.
4. The venturimeter readings are noted down.
5. The spring balance reading and speed of the turbine are also noted down.
6. A 5Kg load is put on the hanger, similarly all the corresponding readings are noted
down.
7. The experiment is repeated for different loads and the readings are tabulated.
GRAPHS:
The following graphs are drawn.
1. BHP Vs IHP
2. BHP Vs speed
3. BHP Vs Efficiency
RESULT:

Thus the performance characteristics of the Pelton Wheel Turbine are done and the maximum
efficiency of the turbine is ………. %
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Pressur Total Venturime H= (P1- Weight Speed of Weigh Spring Tension Discharge B.H.P I.H.P 
S.no e Head ter reading P2) x 10 of turbine of Balance [T] Q x10-3 hp hp %
Gauge [H] Kg\cm2 m of hanger N hanger T2 Kg m3\sec
Reading m of water To Rpm [T1] Kg
[Hp] water P1 P2 Kg kg
Kg\cm2

Mean =
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CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF FRANCIS TURBINE

Exp No: 10
Date:

AIM:
To conduct load test on franchis turbine and to study the characteristics of francis turbine.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Stop watch
2. Tachometer
FORMULAE:
1. VENTURIMETER READING:
h = (p1 - p2) x 10 (m)
Where
P1, p2- venturimeter readings in kg / cm2

2. DISCHARGE:
Q = 0.011 x  h (m3 / s)

3. BRAKE HORSEPOWER:
BHP =  x D x N x T / 60 x 75 (h p)
Where
N = Speed of turbine in (rpm)
D = Effective diameter of brake drum = 0.315m
T = torsion in [kg]

4. INDICATED HORSEPOWER:
HP = 1000 x Q x H / 75 (hp)
Where
H – Total head in (m)
5. PERCENTAGE EFFICIENCY:
% = B.H.P x 100 / I.H.P ( %)
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DESCRIPTION:

Modern Francis turbine in an inward mixed flow reaction turbine it is a medium head turbine.
Hence it required medium quantity of water. The water under pressure from the penstock enters the
squirrel casing. The casing completely surrounds the series of fixed vanes. The guides’ vanes direct the
water on to the runner. The water enters the runner of the turbine in the dial direction at outlet and leaves
in the axial direction at the inlet of the runner. Thus it is a mixed flow turbine.

PROCEDURE:

1. The Francis turbine is started

2. All the weights in the hanger are removed
3. The pressure gauge reading is noted down and this is to be
maintained constant for different loads
4. Pressure gauge reading is assended down
5. The venturimeter reading and speed of turbine are noted down
6. The experiment is repeated for different loads and the reading are tabulated.

GRAPHS:
The following graphs are drawn
1. BHP (vs.) IHP
2. BHP (vs.) speed
3. BHP (vs.) % efficiency

RESULT:

Thus the performance charactertics of the Francis wheel turbine are done and the maximum
efficiency of the turbine is …………. %
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Pressure Total Venturimet H= (P1- Weight Speed Weigh Spring Tensio Discha
S.no Gauge Head er reading P2) x 10 of of of Balanc n rge B.H.P I.H.P  %
Reading [H] Kg\cm2 m of water hanger turbin hanger e [T] Q x10- hp hp
3
[Hp] m of To e [T1] T2 Kg
Kg\cm2 water Kg N kg Kg m3\sec
Rpm

H1 H2 P1 P2

Mean
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CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF TRIANGULAR NOTCH

Exp No: 11
Date:

AIM:

To determine the co-efficient of discharge of flow through triangular notch.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Notch tank
2. Triangular notch
3. Hook gauge
4. Collecting tank
5. Stop watch
6. Piezo meter
7. Meter scale

FORMULAE:

1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE:

Qact = A x h / t (m³ / sec)

Where,
A = Area of the collecting tank (m²)
h = Rise of water level in collecting tank (cm)
t = Time taken for ‘h’ rise of oil in collecting tank (s)

2. THEORETICAL DISCHARGE:

Qthe = (8 / 15) x (tan θ / 2) √ 2 x g x H 5/2 (m 3 / s)

Where
H = Manometer height in m
g = Gravity in m / s

3. CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE:
Cd = Qact / Q the (no unit)
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DESCRIPTION:

1. The inlet valve is opened and water is allowed to rise up to the level of the triangular notch
2. The pointer of the manometer gauge is adjusted so that it coincides the water surface and note
down reading
3. The inlet valve is opened so that the water flows over the notch at the same rate
4. The water level is noted by means of point gauge
5. The readings for H2 is noted
6. The time required for10 cm rise of water level is noted
7. The above procedure is repeated for different discharge

RESULT:
The co-efficient of discharge of triangular notch is Cd = …… (No unit)
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S.no Manometric reading Time taken for 10 cm of Actual Theoretical Co efficient of

rise of water t sec discharge Qact discharge discharge Cd
x10-3 Qthe x10-3 (no unit)
H1 H2 H= H1~ H2 m3\sec m3 \ sec
cm cm cm

Mean =
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KAPLAN TURBINE TEST RIG

Exp No: 12
Date:

AIM:

To study the characteristics of a Kaplan turbine

DESCRIPTION:

Kaplan turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine used in dams and reservoirs of low height to
convert hydraulic energy into mechanical and electrical energy. They are best suited for low heads say
from 10m to 5 m. the specific speed ranges from 200 to 1000

The turbine test rig consists of a 3.72 KW (5 Hp) turbine supplied with water from a suitable 20
Hp mixed flow pump through pipelines, sluice valve, and a flow measuring orifice meter. The turbine
consists of a cast-iron body with a volute casing, and axial flow gunmetal runner with adjustable pitch
vanes, a ring of adjustable guide vanes and draft tube. The runner consists of four numbers of adjustable
vanes of aerofoil section. These vanes can be adjusted by means of a regulator, which changes the inlet
and outlet angles of the runner vanes to suit the operating conditions. The marking at the outer end of the
shaft indicates the amount of opening the vanes. The guide van can be rotated about their axis by means
of hand wheel and the position indicated by a pair of dummy guide vanes fixed outside the turbine casing.
A rope brake drum is mounted on the turbine shaft to absorb the power developed. Suitable dead weights
and a hanger arrangement, a spring balance and cooling water arrangement is provided for the brake
drum.

Water under pressure from pump enters through the volute casing and the guiding vanes into the
runner while passing through the spiral casing and guide vanes a part of the pressure energy(potential energy)
is converted into velocity energy(kinetic energy). Water thus enters the runner at a high velocity and as it
passes through the runner vanes, the remaining potential energy is converted into kinetic energy due to
curvature of the vanes the kinetic energy is transformed in to mechanical energy, i.e., the water head is
converted into mechanical energy and hence the number rotates. The water from the runner is then discharged
into the tailrace. Operating guide vane also can regulate the discharge through the runner.
The flow through the pipelines into the turbine is measured with the office meter fitted in the
pipeline. A mercury manometer is used to measure the pressure difference across the orifice meter. The
net pressure difference across the turbine output torque is measured with a pressure gauge and vacum
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gauge. The turbine output torque is determined with the rope brake drum. A tachometer is used to
measure the rpm.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

1. Keep the runner vane at require opening

2. Keep the guide vanes at required opening
3. Prime the pump if necessary
4. Close the main sluice valve and they start the pump.
5. Open the sluice valve for the required discharge when the pump motor switches from star to
delta mode.
6. Load the turbine by adding weights in the weight hanger. Open the brake drum cooling water
gate valve for cooling the brake drum.
7. Measure the turbine rpm with tachometer
8. Note the pressure gauge and vacum gauge readings
9. Note the orifice meter pressure readings.

Repeat the experiments for other loads