TOEFL SYLLABUS

1. SKill 1 : Subjects and verbs

Kucing itu tidur di meja : The cat sleeps on the table

Kucing kucing itu tidur di meja : The cats sleep on the table

Kucing itu di meja : The cat is on the table

Kucing kucing itu di meja : The cats are on the table

The bag is on the floor. The bags are on the floor.

Barry does a great job. The workers do a great job.

Andri has three cats. The neighbours have three cats.

Keypoint :
Perhatikan Main verb dari kalimat ter sebut, main verb harus sesuai dengan
subjek kalimat tersebut. Dengan ketentuan

predikat
subject
tobe verb
Singular Works
The man Sits
Is
He Verb-s/es Plays
was
She Says
Ardi goes
Plural Work
We Sit
Are
They Verb-1 Play
were
The boys Say
go

The verb needs to match its subject

• A singular subject needs a singular verb:
[The library is full of books.]
• A plural subject needs a plural verb:
[The libraries are full of books.]

We should also consider “tenses” or “verb phrase forms”

Verb / predicate
subject Progressive Past Perfect Future/Modals
Passive
( tobe + verb-ing ) (Verb-2) (have/has)
Singular doing did Has done Will do done
Th man Sitting Sat Has Sat Can Sit Sat
Is Is
He Playing Played Has Played Must Play Played
was was
She Saying Said Has Said Would Say Said
Ardi eating ate Has eaten Should eat eaten
Plural doing did Have done Will do done
We Sitting Sat Have Sat Can Sit Sitting
Are Are
They Playing Played Have Played Must Play Playing
were were
The boys Saying Said Have Said Would Say Saying
eating ate Have eaten Should eat eaten
• Sometimes singular and plural verbs are the same, for example, when the verb is in the
past tense:
[The student studied.] [The students studied.]
• or when there’s a modal:
[The student must study.] [The students must study.]

2. Skill 2 : Object of preposition

Keypoint :
Perhatikan Main verb dari kalimat ter sebut, main verb harus sesuai dengan
subjek kalimat tersebut. Dengan ketentuan, subjek pada kalimat tersebut berbentuk
frase kata benda, sebelum sebuah preposisi seperti ( to, of, on, in, ) biasanya berbentuk
singular atau plural, maka main verb pada kalimat itu harus sesuai seperti pada skill 1.

An object of a preposition cannot be the subject of a clause. The subject of the first
sentence is windows (not house), so the verb is plural. The subject of the second
sentence is price (not tickets), so the verb is singular.

The windows of that house need to be repaired.

The window of that house needs to be repaired.
In my opinion, the prices of movie tickets are too expensive.

3. Skill 3 : Present participle

Keypoint :
Perhatikan verb-ing pada kalimat, apabila verb-ing pada kalimat itu
berfungsi sebagi Main verb dari kalimat ter sebut, maka verb-ing harus didahului
oleh tobe (is, am ,are, was, were, been ). Apabila verb-ing pada kalimat itu
berfungsi menjelaskan kata benda, maka verb-ing tersebut tidak boleh didahului
oleh tobe (is, am ,are, was, were, been )
It is a “Verb-ing”
functioned :
- As main verb The children are playing soccer.
- as adjective The children playing soccer are noisy.

4. Skill 4 : past participle ( Verb-3 atau verb-ed )

Keypoint :
Perhatikan ( Verb-3 atau verb-ed ) pada kalimat, apabila verb-ed pada kalimat
itu berfungsi sebagi Main verb dari kalimat ter sebut, maka ( Verb-3 atau verb-ed ) harus
didahului oleh kata bantu/ tobe (have, has, had / is, am ,are, was, were, been ). Apabila
Verb-3 atau verb-ed pada kalimat itu berfungsi menjelaskan kata benda, maka Verb-3
atau verb-ed tersebut tidak boleh didahului oleh kata bantu/tobe (have, has, had / is, am
,are, was, were, been )

It is a “Verb-ed or past participle form”

functioned :
- As main verb Chris has played the piano for ten years.
- as adjective :

- Soccer is a game played by millions of people.

- I want a garden filled with flowers.
- The broken window needs to be fixed.
- Our stolen car has been found by the police.
5. Skill 5 : Coordinate connectors

Keypoint :
Kata kunci yang harus diperhatikan pada skill ini yaitu, connectors “ and, but, or “.
Apabila dalam kalimat terdapat connector tersebut, pastikan bahwa bagian sebelum dan
sesudah connector tersebut setara,menunjuk kan kesamaan fungsi, jenis kata, bentuk
kata dll.( …noun and noun, ….verb or verb, ….adverb and adverb. )

Using Connectors “ and, but, or , so “

And : showing two parallel condition

But : showing two contradictive conditions
Or : showing two possibly conditions or choices
So : showing a consequency

And : The sun is shining, and the birds are singing.

But : I was looking for my book, but I couldn’t find it.
Or : Did you do your homework, or did you forget?
So : I don’t have any money, so I can’t buy anything.

6. Skill 6 : Adverb clause connectors

Connectors that form adverbs of clause:

Keypoint :
Kata kunci yang harus diperhatikan pada skill ini yaitu, connectors “ after, as, before,
since, intil, because, if, whether, although, eventhough,while“. Apabila dalam kalimat
terdapat connector tersebut, pastikan bahwa bagian sesudah connector tersebut
harus berbebtuk Klausa (Subject – verb - object/adverb)
After
As
Before
Since
Until
Because
Since + Subject – verb - object/adverb
If
Whether
Although
Even though
Though
while
We can also join two clauses by using a subordinating conjunction, such as after,
because, if, although, and many others. For example:

I’ll do my homework tomorrow

I’ll do my homework after I watch TV.

No, you need to do your homework before you watch TV.
Whenever I do my homework, I watch TV.
If you watch TV, you won’t be able to concentrate.
I can concentrate, even though I’m watching TV!
Unless you turn off the TV, you’ll get a bad grade on your test
because you won’t remember anything.
 OK. I’ll turn off the TV since you think it’s important.
Good. Now that you’ve turned off the TV, you’ll be able to study.
I’m going to take a break because I’ve been studying hard.

7. Skill 7 : Noun clause connectors

X : What do you think about my shirt ?

Y : Your shirt is OK
Whatever you wear is OK
The teacher said [that we should do our homework].
Did you know [that Sacramento is the capital of California]?
I think [that classical music is boring].

Where was Leonardo Da Vinci born? I’ve forgotten.

 I’ve forgotten [where Leonardo Da Vinci was born].
Why do people like watching TV? We can’t understand it.
 We can’t understand [why people like watching TV].
How can heavy airplanes stay in the air? It puzzles me.
 [How heavy airplanes can stay in the air] puzzles me.
What do you want? Anything is fine with me.
 [Whatever you want] is fine with me.
Who will come to the party? I’m thinking about it.
 I’m thinking about [who will come to the party].

It is a clause function as a noun ( preceded by connectors )

Keypoint :
Kata kunci yang harus diperhatikan pada skill ini yaitu, connectors
berbentuk kata tanya “ what, when, where, why, how, “. Apabila dalam
kalimat terdapat connector tersebut, pastikan bahwa bagian sesudah
connector tersebut harus berbebtuk Klausa (Subject – verb -
object/adverb)

What
When
Where
Why + Subject – verb - object/adverb
How
Whether
If
that

Question words like who, where, or what can also introduce noun
clauses. The word order is Subject + Verb + Object

8. Skill 8 : Noun clause connectors/Subject

( sebuah klausa /anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda, sehingga fungsi pada
kalimat tersebut sebagai Subjek atau Objek.)

Keypoint :

Kata kunci yang harus diperhatikan pada skill ini yaitu, connectors berbentuk kata
tanya “ who,what, which “. Apabila dalam kalimat terdapat connector tersebut, pastikan
 bahwa bagian sesudah connector tersebut harus tidak ada subject ( – verb -
object/adverb)

Using connectors that have double functions, as a subject of a clause and as a

connector

Who
What + verb - object/adverb
Which
• When a question word is the subject of a noun clause, it always needs a singular verb.
I don’t know [who is knocking at the door].
[Who knows the answer] should tell us right away.
Please tell me [what has happened].
• Of course, sometimes you can’t tell if the verb is singular or plural. Here the verb is the
same in singular or plural.
I don’t know [who broke the window].
[Whoever broke the window] should apologize.
We’re all wondering [what might happen].

9. Skill 9 : adjective clause connectors

( sebuah klausa /anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai penjelas kata benda, sehingga
fungsi pada kalimat tersebut sebagai penjelas Subjek atau Objek. Fungsi connector
“whom, that,which” itu sebagai objek dari anak kalimat tersebut)

Using connectors that have double functions, as a subject of a clause and as a

connector

Whom
that
Which

Keypoint :

Kata kunci yang harus diperhatikan pada skill ini yaitu, connectors berbentuk kata tanya
“ whom,that, which “. Apabila dalam kalimat terdapat connector tersebut, pastikan
bahwa bagian sesudah connector tersebut harus ada subject ( – verb - object/adverb)

10. Skill 10 : adjective clause connectors sebagai subjek

( sebuah klausa /anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai penjelas kata benda, sehingga
fungsi pada kalimat tersebut sebagai penjelas Subjek atau Objek. Fungsi connector “
who, that, which” itu sebagai subjek dari anak kalimat tersebut)

Using connectors that functions, as a connector

Who
that
Which
• A clause can also be used to describe or give more information about a noun. We call
this kind of clause an adjective clause or a relative clause.
I like to watch movies [which make me laugh].
The strawberries [that I bought] were delicious.
People [who drive too fast] should be more careful.

Keypoint :
 Kata kunci yang harus diperhatikan pada skill ini yaitu, connectors berbentuk kata tanya
“ who,that, which “. Apabila dalam kalimat terdapat connector tersebut, pastikan bahwa
bagian sesudah connector tersebut harus tidak ada subject ( – verb - object/adverb)

11. Skill 11 : Agreement after prepositional phrase

( Kesesuaian bentuk verb dengan subjek berbentuk Prepoeitional Phrase )

An object of a preposition cannot be the subject of a clause. The subject of the first
sentence is windows (not house), so the verb is plural. The subject of the second
sentence is price (not tickets), so the verb is singular.

[The windows (of that house) need to be repaired.]

[(In my opinion,) the price (of movie tickets) is too expensive.]

Keypoint :

Kata kunci yang harus diperhatikan pada skill ini yaitu, Main verb (Predikat Utama)
pada kalimat tersebut harus disesuaikan dengan Jumlah benda sebelum preposisi
( of, in, on, at dll ) pada subjek tersebut.

Jika jumlah bendanya tunggal maka main verb nya harus Verb-s/es, atau kalau
tobe “ is atau was.

Jika jumlah bendanya jamak maka main verb nya harus Verb-1, atau kalau tobe
“ are atau were.

12. Skill 12 : Agreement after Expression of quantity

( Kesesuaian bentuk verb dengan subjek berbentuk Prepoeitional Phrase yang

menggunakan kata penunjuk jumlah tertentu, seperti ; most, all, some, half )

• When the subject of the sentence starts with some expressions of quantity (a word that
says how much or how many), the verb might be singular or plural. In this case, the
verb matches the object of the preposition.

Most (of the lesson) was easy to understand.

singular noun singular verb
Most (of the sentences) were easy to understand.
plural noun plural verb
Most (of the information) was easy to understand.
uncountable noun singular verb
All of the students were asleep.
All of the cake was eaten. Yummy!
Most of the hour was spent on reviewing verb tenses.
Most of the books in the library are hardcovers.
Some of the students are awake now.

Some of the furniture has plastic covers over it.

Some of the furnitures have plastic covers over it.

Half of the ice cream was strawberry, and half was vanilla.
Half of the children like strawberry, and half like vanilla
 Keypoint :
Kata kunci yang harus diperhatikan pada skill ini yaitu, Main verb ( Predikat
Utama ) pada kalimat tersebut harus disesuaikan dengan Jumlah benda setelah
preposisi ( of, in, on, at dll ) pada subjek tersebut.
Jika jumlah bendanya tunggal maka main verb nya harus Verb-s/es, atau kalau
tobe “ is atau was.
Jika jumlah bendanya jamak maka main verb nya harus Verb-1, atau kalau tobe “
are atau were.

13. Skill 13 : Agreement after certain words

( Kesesuaian bentuk verb dengan subjek berbentuk Prepoeitional Phrase yang

menggunakan kata penunjuk jumlah tertentu yang selalu menyatakan tunggal , seperti ;

Here are some correct examples with these odd words:

Everybody needs to be polite to each other.

Somebody is knocking on the door.
Does anybody want to go to Starbucks?
Nobody in this room has two heads.
Each member of the team tries hard to win.

Keypoint :

Kata kunci yang harus diperhatikan pada skill ini yaitu, Karena subjek pada
kalimanya menggunakan kata penunjuk jumlah tunggal, maka Main verb ( Predikat
Utama ) pada kalimat tersebut harus selalu berbentuk Verb-s/es, atau kalau tobe “
is / was..

14. Skill 14 : Parallel structure with coordinate

conjunctions ( Kata sambung ; and, but, or )

• In grammar, two things are parallel if they are the same grammatically:

Dogs and cats make good pets. (Both are nouns.)

We went to the library and borrowed a book. (Both are verbs in the past tense.)
The doctor is kind, caring, and intelligent.
Students will need paper and a pencil in every class.
You should go to the library and study.
Have you read the book or seen the movie?
(It’s OK not to repeat “have.”)
I took piano lessons but didn’t practice often.
(It’s OK if one has a negative and the other doesn’t.)
We can eat lunch at home or in a restaurant.
There’s junk on the floor, under the bed, and on the chair.

Keypoint :
 Kata kunci yang harus diperhatikan pada skill ini yaitu; connector “ and, but. or ”.
Hal yang penting pada penggunaan kata sambung tersebut adalah bahwa dua hal
atau lebih yang digabungkan dengan connector di atas harus parallel ( fungsinya,
bentuknya ataupun jenisnya ).

15. Skill 15 : Parallel structure with paired conjunctions

( Kata sambung berpasangan; both….and, either…….or, neither…..nor, not only

……but also…… )

• Paired conjunctions are two conjunctions that work together in a pair. These are:
• With paired conjunctions, be careful of two things:
1. Use both halves of the pair together. Don’t mix up pairs.
Correct:
He not only cooked dinner, but also washed the dishes.
(Good. Not only and but also fit together.)
Incorrect:
He not only cooked dinner, and washed the dishes.
(Not so good. Not only goes with but also, not and.)
1. Use the same kind of word or structure after both parts of the pair.
Correct:
I neither know what he wants nor want to find out.
(Good. Know and want are both present tense verbs.)
Incorrect:

Keypoint :
Kata kunci yang harus diperhatikan pada skill ini yaitu; connector “both….and,
either…….or, neither…..nor, not only ……but also…… ”.
Hal yang penting pada penggunaan kata sambung tersebut adalah

1. Pasangan nonnector diatas harus benar, tidak boleh tertukar

2. bahwa dua hal atau lebih yang digabungkan dengan connector di atas harus
parallel ( fungsinya, bentuknya ataupun jenisnya ).

16. Skill 16 : Past Participle after have

( Kata kerja bentuk ke 3, sering di sebut past participle ) Kata kerja ini biasanya
berbentuk Verb-ed, kata kerja ini selalu berpasangan dengan kata bantu “ have, has
atau had “

Keypoint :

Kata kunci yang harus diperhatikan pada skill ini yaitu; kata bantu have, has atau
had, apabila menjumpai kata bantu tersebut, maka pastikan bentuk kata kerjanya adalah
bentuk ke 3 /past participle / berbentuk Verb-ed

17. Skill 17 : Present participle or past participle after “be”

( Verb-ing atau verb-3 yang harus kita pakai setelah Tobe seperti ; is, are, was, were
atau been.
Yang perlu kita perhatikan pada skill ini adalah bentuk susunan kalimatnya, apakah
kalimat itu bersusun kalimat aktif atau pasif.
 They are reading news papaers. ( active sentence )
The doors are locked in the evening. ( passive sentence )
Keypoint :

Kata kunci yang harus diperhatikan pada skill ini yaitu; Perhatikan main verb pada
kalimat tersebut, apabila kalimat yang kita hadapi itu menggunakan tobe is, are,
was, were atau been, maka langkah selanjutnya kita pastikan apakah kalimat itu
bersusun aktif atau pasif. Jika kalimatnya besusun kalimat aktif, maka kita gunakan
Verb-ing, namun jika kalimatnya bersusun kalimat pasif, maka kita gunakan verb-3/
verb-ed

18. Skill 18 Based form after Modals ( Bentuk verb setelah ada
Modals )

( can, may, must, will, shall, ought to, could, might, have to, has to, had to, would,
should )
Semua kata kerja yang mengikuti kata- kata bantu seperti itu harus berbentuk kata
dasar atau verb-1
Keypoint :

Kata kunci yang harus diperhatikan pada skill ini yaitu; Perhatikan main verb pada
kalimat tersebut, apabila kalimat yang kita hadapi itu menggunakan modals
seperti ; ( can, may, must, will, shall, ought to, could, might, have to, has to, had to,
would, should ) maka kita gunakan kata dasar atau verb-1.

You could stay in my house.

Could I visit your show room ?

19. Skill 19 : Singular and Plural nouns

Keypoint :

Kata kunci yang harus diperhatikan pada skill ini yaitu; Nouns phrase atau frase
kata benda yang terdapat pada subjek ataupun objek dari kalimat tersebut. Kita
akan bingung menentukan apakah kata benda yang kita gunakan harus berbentuk
tunggal (singular) ataukah jamak ( Plural) setelah menggunakan kata penunjuk
jumlah tertentu seperti ; each, every, single, a, an, one atau both, two, many,
several, various.

We have finished reading several (book / books)

We should read each (chapter / chapters) of the book.

ARTICLES FOR SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS FOR NOUN PHRASE

For singular nouns ( untuk bentuk each, every, single, a, an, Each
tunggal ) one chapter
For plural nouns ( untuk bentuk jamak ) both, two, many, several, Several
various. chapters

Kalimat kalimat di atas menjadi :

We have finished reading several books
We should read each chapter of the book.
 20. Skill 20 : Countable and uncountable nouns

Keypoint :

Kata kunci yang harus diperhatikan pada skill ini yaitu; Nouns phrase atau frase
kata benda yang terdapat pada subjek ataupun objek dari kalimat tersebut. Kita
akan bingung menentukan apakah kata benda yang kita gunakan harus berbentuk
countable noun ataukah uncountable noun setelah menggunakan kata penunjuk
jumlah tertentu seperti ; much, amount, little, less, many, number, few, fewer

Countable nouns many, number, few, fewer

Uncountable Nouns much, amount, little, less,

21. Skill 21 : Subject and object pronouns

As Subject As Object As Adjective As adj posessive Reflexive pronouns

(Sebagai subjek) (Sebagai objek) (Sebagai kt.sifat) (Sebagai kt.ganti) ( diri sendiri )

I Me My Mine Myself

Saya Saya Milik saya Milik saya Saya sendiri

We Us Our Ours Ourselves

Kami/kita Kami/kita Milik kami/kita Milik kami/kita Kami/kita sendiri

You You Your Yours Yourselfe/ves

Kamu/kalian Kamu/kalian Milikmu/kalian Milikmu/kalian Kamu/kalian sendiri

She Her Her Hers Herself

Dia (pr) Dia (pr) Milknya (pr) Milknya (pr) Dia (pr) sendiri

He Him His Him Himself

Dia (lk) Dia (lk) Miliknya (lk) Miliknya (lk) Dia (lk) sendiri

It It Its Its Itself

Itu /benda Itu /benda Milik benda Milik benda Binatang/benda itu
sendiri

They Them Their Theirs Theirselves

meraka meraka Milik mereka Milik mereka Mereka sendiri

22. Skill 22 : Possessive pronouns

23. Skill 23 : Pronoun reference

24. Skill 24 : Adjective and adverbs

25. Skill 25 : Adjectives after Linking verbs