Thermal Engineering Lab Manual

THERMAL ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL Acad.
Year: 2013-14
THERMAL ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL
3RD YEAR B.TECH I-SEMESTER
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MRCET DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 1 of 85

THERMAL ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL Acad.Year: 2013-14
PREFACE
The primary purpose of the laboratory ‘THERMAL ENGINEERING’ is to show students
the experimental methods on thermal energies on various engines and demonstrate
their operational procedures. These values can be further used to determine other fuel
properties. In order that students have a fairly good understanding of the theory
underlying the experiments, the entire course is designed such that classroom lectures
precede lab work. Students are advised to pay close attention in class so that they
can perform well in the lab.
LAB POLICY
GROUPS
Students will be formed into groups of three or four on the first lab day. Once a
student has signed up with a group, he or she may not change groups without prior
approval of the instructor.
LAB REPORTS
You will perform the experiment in group, and turn in ONE REPORT PER GROUP. Your
report should be self-contained, i.e. an engineering technologist should be able to
perform the experiment and duplicate your results by reading your report. DO NOT
"adjust" your data to make them fit what you believe to be an acceptable value. Your
report should be an accurate description of the experiment. If your results differ
significantly from reference values you should check your settings carefully (calibration,
wrong units, wrong calculations, etc.), and do the experiment again. Try to explain
any discrepancies but do not "adjust" your data.

REPORT FORMAT:
The report must be hand written. A report should include the following in order
A. A title page, which includes the following information, in order:
1. Course Number and Section Number
2. Experiment Title
3. Names of the Group Members (who contributed to do the lab/report)
4. Due Date
B. Objective or purpose of the experiment work.
C. Theoretical aspect of the experiment.
D. Experimental procedure that explains briefly the procedure of how the experiment
was performed and all the equipment used.
E. Experimental and/or calculated results. (Include all data you have taken, a
sample calculation, and the results) The result table must be presented in
tabular form. Also, all calculations and graphical work (e.g. graph) must be
hand written/drawn.
F. Discussion of results in light of the theoretical “predictions”. Include an error
analysis. Quantify the errors whenever possible.
G. Conclusions, wherein you write what you learned from the experiment. Your
conclusions must summarize your report and must be based on your
experimental results
Lab reports are due at the beginning of next lab. Late lab reports will not be accepted.
Note: In order to get a good grade in the lab, please follow the instructions listed
below:
1. Read about the lab prior to the beginning of the lab. Do each lab with an
attitude of learning.

2. Please bring your lab manual to the lab. Each group should have at least one
lab manual with them.
3. Students are advised to bring blank and graph papers to the lab, on which
you can do calculations and draw graphs.
**Remember, the lab grade is 20% of your final grade. Doing well in lab will help
you in getting a good overall course grade. Remember,
“Nothing worthwhile will ever be achieved without deep thought and hard work”
ATTENDANCE:
Attendance will be taken at the beginning of every lab session.
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB POLICY:
We want to maintain the high quality conditions of this lab for the students in future
years. Thus, it is necessary for you to adhere to the established policy of NO
BEVERAGES, FOOD, NEWS PAPERS, MAGAZINES, TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND ANIMALS
within the Strength of Materials lab.
SAFETY:
For your own safety, please wear the pants and shoes that cover toes for this Lab. The safety
goggle will be needed for several labs.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Every student should obtain a copy of the laboratory manual.
2. Dress code: Students must come to the laboratory wearing: (1) trousers, (ii)
half-sleeve tops and (iii) Leather shoes.
Half pants, loosely hanging garments and slippers are not allowed.
3. To avoid any injury, the student must take the permission of the laboratory staffs
before handling the machines.
4. EVERY STUDENT IS REQUIRED TO HANDLE THE EQUIPMENT WITH CARE.
5. Students must ensure that their work areas are clean.
6. At the end of each experiment, the student must take initials from the staff on your
data/observations.
7. Laboratory report must be submitted in standard sheet, available at stores in the

subsequent lab turn. Reports on ordinary sheets and computer papers will not be
accepted.
8. Each member of any group must submit lab report even if the experiment has
been performed in a group.
9. The lab report must contain:
I. Title of the experiment,

II. Three to four lines stating the objectives,
III. A few lines on background;
IV. Name of all equipments/tools used along with one line description of its use
V. Neatly labeled sketches.
10. Student can check their laboratory reports after correction for discussion.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
SN NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT
1. I.C. ENGINE VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM
2. I.C. ENGINE PORT TIMING DIAGRAM
3. I.C. ENGINE PERFORMANCE TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER 4
STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
4. PERFORMANCE TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER 2 – STROKE PETROL
ENGINE
5. MORSE TEST ON 4 - CYLINDER 4 - STROKE PETROL ENGINE
6. EVALUATION OF ENGINE FRICTION BY CONDUCTING
MOTORING/RETARDATION TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER 4 STROKE
DIESEL ENGINE
7. HEAT BALANCE TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER 4 STROKE DIESEL
ENGINE
8. DETERMINATION OF AIR/FUEL RATIO AND VOLUMETRIC
EFFICIENCY ON 4-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
9. DIS-ASSEMBLY/ASSEMBLY OF I.C. ENGINE
10. PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR
11. STUDY OF BABCOCK-WILCOX BOILER

Experiment No. 1
I.C. ENGINE
VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM

VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM
AIM:
The experiment is conducted to

 Determine the actual valve timing for a 4-stroke diesel engine
and hence draw the diagram.
PROCEDURE:
1. Keep the decompression lever in vertical position.

2. Bring the TDC mark to the pointer level closed.
3. Rotate the flywheel till the inlet valves moves down i.e.,
opened.
4. Draw a line on the flywheel in front of the pointer and take
the reading.
5. Continue to rotate the flywheel till the inlet valve goes
down and comes to horizontal position and take reading.
6. continue to rotate the flywheel till the outlet valve opens,
take the reading.
7. Continue to rotate the flywheel till the exhaust valve gets
closed and take the reading.
Observations
Arc Length, S Angle ‘’

Sl.
Valve Position in
No. cm mm degrees
TDC – Inlet Valve
1
open
BDC – Inlet Valve
2
Close
TDC – Exhaust
3
Valve Open
BDC – Exhaust
4
Valve Close

Calculations
1. Diameter of the flywheel, D
D= Circumference of the flywheel



2. Angle ‘’ in degrees,
S x 360
= D x 


Where,
S = Arc length, mm
RESULT:
Valve Timing diagram is drawn

Experiment No. 2
I.C. ENGINE
PORT TIMING DIAGRAM

PORT TIMING DIAGRAM

AIM:

 Determine the actual PORT timing for a 2-stroke Petrol engine
and hence draw the diagram.
PROCEDURE:
8. Bring the Piston to Top and start as if from the spark.

9. Rotate the flywheel till the Exhaust port opens and note the
reading.
10. Continue the same way and note the reading for the
Transfer port.
11. Continue to rotate the flywheel till the Piston moves from
BDC to TDC and note down the closing of Transfer and
Exhaust port readings.
Observations:
Sl. No. Valve Position Angle ‘’ in degrees
1 Transfer Port open

2 Transfer Port Close
3 Exhaust Port Open
4 Exhaust Port Close
RESULT:
Port Timing diagram is drawn.

Experiment No. 3
I.C. Engine Performance Test

Single Cylinder 4 Stroke Diesel Engine

I.C. Engine Performance Test

INTRODUCTION
A machine, which uses heat energy obtained from combustion of
fuel and converts it into mechanical energy, is known as a Heat
Engine. They are classified as External and Internal Combustion
Engine. In an External Combustion Engine, combustion takes place
outside the cylinder and the heat generated from the combustion of
the fuel is transferred to the working fluid which is then expanded to
develop the power. An Internal Combustion Engine is one where
combustion of the fuel takes place inside the cylinder and converts
heat energy into mechanical energy. IC engines may be classified
based on the working cycle, thermodynamic cycle, speed, fuel, cooling,
method of ignition, mounting of engine cylinder and application.
Diesel Engine is an internal combustion engine, which uses

heavy oil or diesel oil as a fuel and operates on two or four stroke. In a
4-stroke Diesel engine, the working cycle takes place in two
revolutions of the crankshaft or 4 strokes of the piston. In this engine,
pure air is sucked to the engine and the fuel is injected with the
combustion taking place at the end of the compression stroke. The
power developed and the performance of the engine depends on the
condition of operation. So it is necessary to test an engine for different
conditions based on the requirement.
DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS:

The test rig is built for loading mentioned below:

a. Mechanical Loading (Water cooled)
1. The equipment consists of KIRLOSKAR Diesel Engine (Crank

started) of 5hp (3.7kW) capacity and is Water cooled. The Engine is
coupled to a Rope Brake Drum Dynamometer for loading purposes.
Coupling is done by an extension shaft in a separate bearing house.
The dynamometer is connected to the spring load assembly for
varying the load.
2. Thermocouples are provided at appropriate positions and are read by

a digital temperature indicator with channel selector to select the
position.
3. Rota meters of range 15LPM & 10LPM are used for direct
measurement of water flow rate to the engine and calorimeter
respectively.
4. Engine Speed and the load applied at various conditions is

determined by a Digital RPM Indicator and spring balance reading.
5. A separate air box with orifice assembly is provided for regularizing

and measuring the flow rate of air. The pressure difference at the
orifice is measured by means of Manometer.
6. A volumetric flask with a fuel distributor is provided for measurement

and directing the fuel to the engine respectively.
EXPERIMENTATION:
AIM:
a. To study and understand the performance characteristics of the
engine.
b. To draw Performance curves and compare with standards.
PROCEDURE:

1. Give the necessary electrical connections to the panel.

2. Check the lubricating oil level in the engine.
3. Check the fuel level in the tank.
4. Allow the water to flow to the engine and the calorimeter and
adjust the flowrate to 6lpm & 3lpm respectively.
5. Release the load if any on the dynamometer.
6. Open the three-way cock so that fuel flows to the engine.
7. Start the engine by cranking.
8. Allow to attain the steady state.
9. Load the engine by slowly tightening the yoke rod handle of the
Rope brake drum.
10. Note the following readings for particular condition,
a. Engine Speed
b. Time taken for cc of diesel consumption
c. Rotameter reading.
d. Manometer readings, in cms of water &
e. Temperatures at different locations.
11. Repeat the experiment for different loads and note down the
above readings.
12. After the completion release the load and then switch of the
engine.
13. Allow the water to flow for few minutes and then turn it off.
OBSERVATIONS:
Sl. Speed, Load Applied Manometer Time for

No. rpm Reading 10cc of
F1 F2 h1 h2 fuel
F= hw =
(F1~F2) collected, t
(h1+h2) sec

Sl. No. T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Sl. No. Engine water flowrate, Calorimeter water flowrate,

LPM1 LPM2
CALCULATIONS:
1. Mass of fuel consumed, mf
mf = Xcc x Specific gravity of the fuel kg/sec

1000 x t
Where,
SG of Diesel is = 0.827
Xcc is the volume of fuel consumed = 10ml
t is time taken in seconds
2. Heat Input, HI
HI = mf x Calorific Value of Fuel kW

Where,

Calorific Value of Diesel = 44631.96 KJ/Kg
3. Output or Brake Power, BP
Engine output BP = 2 NT kW
60000
Where,
N is speed in rpm
T = F x r x 9.81 N-m
r = 0.15m
4. Specific Fuel Consumption, SFC

SFC = mf x 3600 kg/kW – hr
BP
5. Brake Thermal Efficiency, ηbth%

ηbth% = 3600 x 100
SFC x CV
6. Mechanical Efficiency, ηmech%

ηmech% = BP
x 100
IP
Determine the IP = Indicated Power, using WILLAN’S LINE method and
the procedure is as below:
 Draw the Graph of Fuel consumption Vs Brake power
 Extend the line obtained till it cuts the Brake power axis
 The point where it cuts the brake power axis till the zero point
will give the Power losses (Friction Power loss)
 With this the IP can be found using the relation:

IP = BP + FP
TABULATION:
Sl. Input Output SFC Brake Thermal Mechanical
Power Power Efficiency Efficiency
1
2
3
4
5
RESULT:
Graphs to be plotted:
1) SFC v/s BP
2) ηbth v/s BP
3) ηmech v/s BP

4) ηvol v/s BP
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Do not run the engine if supply voltage is less than 180V

2. Do not run the engine without the supply of water.
3. Supply water free from dust to prevent blockage in rotameters, engine
head and calorimeter.
4. Note that the range for water supply provided is an approximate
standard values, however the user may select the operating range to
his convenience not less than 3 & 2 LPM for engine and calorimeter
respectively.
5. Do not forget to give electrical earth and neutral connections correctly.
6. It is recommended to run the engine at 1500rpm otherwise the
rotating parts and bearing of engine may run out.
TO DO RETARDATION TEST FOLLOW THE PROCEDURE

BELOW:
1. Start the engine as given in the main procedure and allow it to
attain steady state.
2. From the RPM controller set the speed (say 1000rpm) and cut - off the
fuel flow to the engine by the valve provided near the fuel filter.
3. Immediately trigger the timer and note the time when its stops, means
at the set speed.
4. Also, open the fuel flow when the timer stops.
5. Now, repeat steps 1 to 4 for different speeds (say 900,800.. upto
400rpm).
6. Next, Load the engine at 25% of the full load and repeat the steps 1 to
5.

7. Repeat the step 1 to 6 for different percentages of loading (say 50% &
75%)
8. Draw the graph of SPEED vs TIME OF SPEED DROP for different
loading conditions.
9. From the graph note the time for given speed difference (Say 100, 200
or any rpm) for no load and load condition and do the calculations as
mentioned below.
CALCULATIONS:
1. Frictional Torque, Tf
Where,
= Torque at the given load, Nm.
= Frictional Torque, Nm.
t3 = time for reduction of speed at given load.
t2 = time for reduction of speed at no load.
2. Friction Power, FP

Experiment No. 4
PERFORMANCE TEST ON
SINGLE CYLINDER 2 – STROKE
PETROL ENGINE

PERFORMANCE TEST ON
SINGLE CYLINDER 2 – STROKE PETROL
ENGINE
INTRODUCTION
a. Electrical Dynamometer Loading (AC)
1) The equipment consists of a BAJAJ make 5 port model Petrol

Engine (Kick Start) of 3hp(2.2kW) capacity and is Air cooled The
Engine is coupled to a AC Alternator for Loading purposes. Coupling
is done by an extension shaft in a separate bearing house and is belt

driven. The dynamometer is provided with load controller switches

for varying the load.
2) The engine is provided with modified head with cooling
arrangement for different compression ratio and also has an
attachment for varying the spark timing.
3) Thermocouples are provided at appropriate positions and are read

by a digital temperature indicator with channel selector to select the
position.
4) Engine Speed at various condition s is determined by a Digital RPM

Indicator.
5) Load on the engine is measured by means of Electrical Energy

meter.
6) A separate air box with orifice assembly is provided for

regularizing and measuring the flow rate of air. The pressure
difference at the orifice is measured by means of a Manometer.
7) A volumetric flask with a fuel distributor is provided for

measurement and directing the fuel to the engine respectively.
EXPERIMENTATION:
AIM:
c. To study and understand the performance characteristics of the
engine AND
d. To draw Performance curves and compare with standards.

PROCEDURE:

6. Set the accelerator to the minimum condition.
7. Start the engine by cranking.(KICK START)
9. Load the engine by switching on the Load controller switches
provided. (Each loading is incremental of 0.5kW)
a. Engine Speed
b. Time taken for cc of petrol consumption
c. Water meter readings.
above readings.
12. After the completion release the load (while doing so
release the accelerator) and then switch of the engine by
pressing the ignition cut – off switch and then turnoff the panel.

OBSERVATIONS:
Sl. Speed, Load Manometer Time for Time for 5

No. rpm Applied Reading, cm of 10cc of rev of Energy
water fuel meter,
collected,
‘F’ kW h1 h2 hw =
t sec
(h1+h2)
Sl. Temperature, °C
No. T1 T2
CALCULATIONS:

1000 x t
Where,
SG of Petrol is = 0.71
2. Heat Input, HI

Where,
Calorific Value of Petrol = 43,120 KJ/Kg

BP = n x3600 kW
K x T x m
Where,
n = No. of revolutions of energy meter (Say 5)
K = Energy meter constant
T = time for 5 rev. of energy meter in seconds
ηm = efficiency of belt transmission = 80%

BP

ηbth% = 3600 x 100
SFC x CV
10. Calculation of head of air, Ha

Ha = hw ρwater
ρair
Where,
ρwater = 1000 Kg/m
ρair = 1.2 Kg/m @ R.T.P
hw is the head in water column in ‘m’ of water
11. Volumetric efficiency, ηvol%

ηvol % = Qa
x 100
Qth

where,
Qa = Actual volume of air taken
Qa = Cd a √ (2gHa)
Where,
Cd = Coefficient of discharge of orifice = 0.62
a = area at the orifice, = (∏(0.015) /4)
Ha = head in air column, m of air.
Qth = Theoretical volume of air taken

Qth = (∏/4) x D x L x Gr x 0.5N
60
Where,
D = Bore diameter of the engine = 0.057m
L = Length of the Stroke = 0.057m
N is speed of the engine in rpm.
Gr = gear ratio
1st gear = 14.47:1
2nd gear = 10.28:1
3rd gear = 7.31:1
4th gear = 5.36:1
TABULATION:
Sl. Input Output SFC Brake Volumetric
Power Power, Thermal efficiency
BP Efficiency
1
2
3
4

RESULT:
5) SFC v/s BP
6) ηbth v/s BP
7) ηvol v/s BP
PRECAUTIONS:

9. Supply water free from dust to prevent blockage in rotameters,
engine head and calorimeter.
respectively.
11. Always set the accelerator knob to the minimum condition and start
the engine.
12. Switch off the ignition of AUXILLARY while doing in the engine
arrangement.
13. Do not forget to give electrical earth and neutral connections
correctly.

Experiment No. 5
MORSE TEST ON
4 - CYLINDER 4 - STROKE PETROL
ENGINE

MORSE TEST ON
4 - CYLINDER 4 - STROKE PETROL ENGINE
INTRODUCTION
A machine, which uses heat energy obtained from combustion
of fuel and converts it into mechanical energy, is known as a Heat
the fuel is transferred to the working fluid which is then expanded
to develop the power. An Internal Combustion Engine is one where
based on the working cycle, thermodynamic cycle, speed, fuel,
cooling, method of ignition, mounting of engine cylinder and
application.
a. Hydraulic Dynamometer Loading
1) The equipment consists of a Brand new ISUZU (Ambassador)

make Carburetor Version Engine (Self started) of capacity
30kW at the charsy and 7.5kW at the crankshaft .

2) The Engine is coupled to a Hydraulic Dynamometer for Loading

purposes. The coupling is done by an universal coupling in a
bearing house.
3) Thermocouples are provided at appropriate positions and are read

by a digital temperature indicator with channel selector.
4) Rota meters of range 15LPM & 10LPM are used for direct
respectively.
5) The Engine Speed and the load applied at various conditions is

determined by a Digital RPM Indicator and Load cell arrangement.
6) A separate air box with orifice assembly is provided for regularizing

and measuring the flow rate of air. The pressure difference is
measured by means of a Manometer.
7) A volumetric flask with a fuel distributor is provided for

measurement and directing the fuel to the engine respectively.

EXPERIMENTATION:
AIM:
e. To study and understand the performance characteristics of the
engine.
f. To draw Performance curves and compare with standards.
PROCEDURE:
14. Check the lubricating oil level.

15. Check the fuel level.
16. Check and Release the load on the dynamometer if loaded.
17. Check the necessary electrical connections and switch on the
panel.
18. Provide the Battery Connections.
19. Allow cooling water to engine and calorimeter and set the flow to
6 & 3 LPM respectively.
21. Start the engine using the starter key.
22. Set the speed of the engine. (Do not exceed 3000rpm)
23. Now slowly load the engine using the loading wheel of the
dynamometer.
24. Set the engine speed to before rating.
25. Note the following readings.
a. Engine Speed.
b. Time taken for cc of petrol consumption
c. Rotameter readings.
d. Manometer readings, in ‘m’ of water &

e. Temperatures.
Repeat the experiment for other loadings.
1. After the completion release the load (while doing so release the
accelerator) and then switch of the engine
and the panel.
2. *Allow the water to flow for few minutes and then turn it off.
*Note:
Allow water only to the calorimeter and not to the engine.
3. Remove earthing connection of the battery and the starter key.
OBSERVATIONS:
Manometer Reading Time for 10 cc of

Sl. Speed, Load
No. rpm Applied h1 h2
hw
= fuel collected, t
(h1~h2) sec
Sl. T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
No.
Sl. Engine water Calorimeter water

No. flowrate, flowrate, LPM2
LPM1

CALCULATIONS:

1000 x t
Where,
SG of Petrol is = 0.71
2. Heat Input, HI
Where,
Calorific Value of Petrol= 43120 kJ/kg
BP = W x N x 0.80 kW
2000
Where,
W = Load carried by the dynamometer
= Load indicator Reading in kg
N = Speed of the engine, rpm

BP

ηbth% = 3600 x 100

SFC x CV

ηmech% = BP
x 100
IP
IP is calculated using the Morse test facility

Ha = hw ρwater
ρair
Where,
ρwater = 1000 Kg/m

ηvol % = Qa
x 100
Qth
where,
Qa = Actual volume of air taken = Cd a √ (2gHa)
Where,

Qth = (∏/4) x D xLxN

60 x 2
Where,
TABULATION:
Sl. Input Output SFC Brake Mechanical Volumetric
Power Power Thermal Efficiency efficiency
Efficiency
1
2
3
4
5
RESULT:
1) SFC v/s BP
2) ηbth v/s BP
3) ηmech v/s BP
4) ηvol v/s BP

PRECAUTIONS:

3. Supply water free from dust to prevent blockage in rotameters,
engine head and calorimeter.
respectively.
5. Always set the accelerator knob to the minimum condition and start
the engine.
correctly.
7. It is recommended to run the engine below 3000rpm otherwise the
rotating parts and bearing of dynamometer may run out.
TO DO MORSE TEST FOLLOW THE PROCEDURE BELOW:

1. Start the engine and set to one particular speed and note down
the readings and calculate the B.P of the engine for the
particular load and speed.
2. Cut - off the 1st cylinder, now the speed reduces , so set the
speed to the before value by releasing the load and subtract
the previous value to get the IP of 1st cylinder.
3. Now, repeat the step 2 for other cylinders.

OBSERVATION:
Sl. Initial Final Load after cylinder cut – off
Speed
No. Load 1st Cyl 2nd Cyl. 3rd Cyl 4th Cyl
1.
2.
3.
CALCULATION:
1. Brake Power , BP
BP = W x N x 0.8 kW
2000
Where,
W = Load carried by the dynamometer
= Load indicator Reading in kg
N = Speed of the engine, rpm
Note: Calculate BP for full load as well as cut-off loads
1. Indicated Power , BP
IP = IP1 + IP2 + IP3 + IP4 kW
Where,
IP1 = BP – BP1
IP2 = BP – BP2
IP3 = BP – BP3
IP4 = BP – BP4

Experiment No. 6
Evaluation of Engine Friction by

conducting Motoring/Retardation Test on

Evaluation of Engine Friction by

Motoring/Retardation Test on
INTRODUCTION





varying the load.

position.
respectively.



EXPERIMENTATION:
AIM:
The experiment is conducted to evaluate engine friction by conducting
motoring/retardation test on single cylinder 4- stroke diesel engine.
PROCEDURE:

adjust the flow rate to 6lpm & 3lpm respectively.
Rope brake drum.
a. Engine Speed
above readings.
engine.

Motoring Test
14. In the motoring test, the engine is first run up to the desired
speed by its own power and allowed to remain at the given
speed and load conditions for some time so that oil, water, and
engine component temperatures reach stable conditions.
15. The power of the engine during this period is absorbed by a
swinging field type electric dynamometer, which is most suitable
for this test.
16. The fuel supply is then cut-off and by suitable electric-switching
devices the dynamometer is converted to run as a motor to drive
for ‘motor’ the engine at the same speed at which it was
previously running.
17. The power supply to the motor is measured which is a measure
of the fhp of the engine. During the motoring test the water
supply is also cut-off so that the actual operating temperatures
are maintained.
18. OBSERVATIONS:
19.
F1 F2 h1 h2 fuel
F= hw =
(h1+h2)
sec
20.
Sl. T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
No.


LPM1
CALCULATIONS:

1000 x t
Where,
2. Heat Input, HI

Where,
60000
Where,
N is speed in rpm
T = F x r x 9.81 N-m

r = 0.15m

BP

ηbth% = 3600 x 100
SFC x CV

ηmech% = BP
x 100
IP
IP = BP + FP

Ha = hw ρwater
ρair
Where,
ρwater = 1000 Kg/m
ηvol % = Qa
x 100

Qth
where,
Where,

60 x 2
Where,

TABULATION:
Efficiency
1
2
3
4
5
RESULT:
1) SFC v/s BP
2) ηbth v/s BP

3) ηmech v/s BP
4) ηvol v/s BP
PRECAUTIONS:

respectively.
TO DO RETARDATION TEST FOLLOW THE PROCEDURE

BELOW:
1. Start the engine as given in the main procedure and allow it
to
attain steady state.
2. From the RPM controller set the speed (say 1000rpm) and cut
- off the fuel flow to the engine by the valve provided near
the fuel filter.
3. Immediately trigger the timer and note the time when its
stops, means at the set speed.
4. Also, open the fuel flow when the timer stops.
5. Now, repeat steps 1 to 4 for different speeds (say 900,800..
upto 400rpm).

6. Next, Load the engine at 25% of the full load and repeat the
steps 1 to 5.
7. Repeat the step 1 to 6 for different percentages of loading
(say 50% & 75%)
8. Draw the graph of SPEED vs TIME OF SPEED DROP for
different loading conditions.
9. From the graph note the time for given speed difference (Say
100, 200 or any rpm) for no load and load condition and do
the calculations as mentioned below.
CALCULATIONS:
1. Frictional Torque, Tf
Where,
= Torque at the given load, Nm.
= Frictional Torque, Nm.
t3 = time for reduction of speed at given load.
t2 = time for reduction of speed at no load.
2. Friction Power, FP

Experiment No. 7
Heat Balance Test on


Heat Balance Test on

INTRODUCTION




varying the load.

position.
respectively.




EXPERIMENTATION:
AIM:
The experiment is conducted to check the heat balance of I.C. Engine
PROCEDURE:

adjust the flowrate to 6lpm & 3lpm respectively.
Rope brake drum.
a. Engine Speed
above readings.
engine.

OBSERVATIONS:

F1 F2 h1 h2 fuel
F= hw =
collected, t
(F1~F2) (h1+h2)
sec
Sl. T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
No.

LPM1
CALCULATIONS:

1000 x t
Where,


2. Heat Input, HI

Where,
60000
Where,
N is speed in rpm
T = F x r x 9.81 N-m
r = 0.15m
BP

ηbth% = 3600 x 100
SFC x CV

ηmech% = BP
x 100
IP

IP = BP + FP

Ha = hw ρwater
ρair
Where,
ρwater = 1000 Kg/m


ηvol % = Qa
x 100
Qth
where,
Where,

60 x 2
Where,
TABULATION:
Efficiency
1
2
3
4
5
Heat Balance Sheet Calculations IN SECONDS basis:

1. Heat Input --- A

A = mf x Calorific Value kW
2. Heat to BP --- B
B = kW
3. Heat to cooling water --- C
C = mwe x Cpw x (Tei – Teo) kW
Where
mwe = cooling water flow rate to the engine from
Rotameter
= LPM1/60 kg/sec
Cpw = Specific Heat of water = 4.18 kJ/kg

4. Heat to exhaust gases --- D
D = mwc x Cpw x (Tci – Tco) x [(Tgci – Ta)/ (Tgco – Tgci)] kW
Where
mwc = water flow rate in kg/sec
= LPM2/60 kg/sec
Cpw = Specific Heat of water
Ta = Engine surrounding temperature.
Tgci = Gas inlet temp to calorimeter
Tgco = Gas outlet temp from calorimeter
Tci = Water Inlet temp to calorimeter
Tco = Water outlet temp from calorimeter

5. Heat Unaccounted
E = A – (B+C+D) kW
HEAT BALANCE SHEET:
Sl. Particulars Heat %

No. Content kW
1 Heat Input -- A 100
2 Heat to BP -- B B/A =
3 Heat to Cooling Water -- C C/A =
4 Heat to Exhaust Gases -- D D/A =
5 Heat Unaccounted -- E E/A =
RESULT:
PRECAUTIONS:

respectively.
correctly.
It is recommended to run the engine at 1500rpm otherwise the rotating
parts and bearing of engine may run out.

Experiment No. 8
Determination of Air/Fuel Ratio and

Volumetric Efficiency on 4-Stroke Diesel
Engine

Determination of Air/Fuel Ratio and

Volumetric Efficiency on 4-Stroke Diesel
Engine
AIM: To determine A/F Ratio and Volumetric Efficiency on the four stroke
twin cylinder diesel engine
DESCRIPTION: The A.C. generator is fixed to the Engine shaft and is

mounted on a M.S. Channel Frame. Panel board is used to fix burette with 3-
way cock, digital RPM indicator and “U” tube manometer
INSTRUMENTATION:
1. Thermocouples are provided at appropriate positions and are read by a

digital temperature indicator with channel selector to select the position.
respectively.


orifice is measured by means of a Manometer.


PROCEDURE:

respectively.
6. Frequently, at least once in three months, grease all visual moving
parts.
7. At least once in week, operate the unit for five minutes to prevent any
clogging of moving parts.
FUEL MEASUREMENT
The fuel supplied from the main fuel tank through a measuring burette with
3 way manifold system. To measure the fuel consumption of the engine fill
the burette by opening the cock measure the time taken to consume X cc of
fuel.
AIR INTAKE MEASUREMENT:
The suction side of the engine is connected to an Air tank. The atmospheric
air is drawn into the engine cylinder through the air tank. The manometer is
provided to measure the pressure drop across an orifice provided in the
intake pipe of the Air tank. This pressure drop is used to calculate the
volume of air drawn into the cylinder. (Orifice diameter is 20 mm)

OBSERVATIONS:
F1 F2 h1 h2 fuel
F= hw =
(h1+h2) sec
Sl. T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
No.

LPM1
CALCULATIONS:
Mass of fuel consumed, mf

1000 x t
Where,

Heat Input, HI

Where,
Output or Brake Power, BP
60000
Where,
N is speed in rpm
T = F x r x 9.81 N-m
r = 0.15m
Specific Fuel Consumption, SFC

BP
Brake Thermal Efficiency, ηbth%

ηbth% = 3600 x 100
SFC x CV
Mechanical Efficiency, ηmech%

ηmech% = BP
x 100
IP


IP = BP + FP
Calculation of head of air, Ha

Ha = hw ρwater
ρair
Where,
ρwater = 1000 Kg/m

Volumetric efficiency,
ηvol%
ηvol % = Qa x 100
Qth
where,
Where,

60 x 2
Where,
9) Air Fuel Ratio :
Ma/Mf =
TABULATION:

Efficiency
1
2
3
4

PRECAUTIONS:

respectively.
6. Frequently, at least once in three months, grease all visual moving
parts.
7. At least once in week, operate the unit for five minutes to prevent any
clogging of moving parts.

Experiment No. 9
Dis-assembly/Assembly of I.C. Engine

Dis-assembly/Assembly of I.C. Engine
AIM:
Dismantling and reassembling of a 4 stroke petrol engine.
Apparatus:
Spanner set, Work bench, screw driver, spark plug spanner,
spark plug cleaner, tray, kerosene oil, cotton waste, hammer, oil
can etc.
Theory:
In 1878, a British engineer introduced a cycle which could be completed in
two strokes of piston rather than four strokes as is the case with the four-
stroke cycle engines.
In this engine suction and exhaust strokes are eliminated. Here instead of
valves, ports are used. The exhaust gases are driven out from engine
cylinder by the fresh charge of fuel entering the cylinder nearly at the end of
the working stroke.
A two-stroke petrol engine is generally used in scooters, motor cycles etc.
The cylinder L is connected to a closed crank chamber C.C. During the

upward stroke of the piston M, the gases in L are compressed and at the
same time fresh air and fuel (petrol) mixture enters the crank chamber
through the valve.
Different Parts of I.C. Engine
Cylinder, Cylinder head, Piston, Piston rings, Gudgeon pin, Connecting rod,
Crankshaft, Crank, Engine bearing, Crank case, Flywheel etc.

Parts of a 2 Stroke Petrol Engine
Cylinder Head
Also referred to as the top end, the cylinder head houses the pistons, valves,
rocker arms and camshafts.
Valves
A pair of valves, used for controlling fuel intake and exhaust, is controlled by
a set of fingers on the camshaft called lobes. As the intake valve opens, a
mixture of fuel and air from the carburetor is pulled into the cylinder. The
exhaust valve expels the spent air/fuel mixture after combustion.

Camshaft
Usually chain or gear-driven, the camshaft spins, using its lobes to actuate
the rocker arms. These open the intake and exhaust valves at preset
intervals.
The Piston
The piston travels up and down within the cylinder and compresses the
air/fuel mixture to be ignited by a spark plug. The combustive force propels
the piston downward. The piston is attached to a connecting rod by a wrist
pin.
Piston rings:
These are circular rings which seal the gaps made between the piston and
the cylinder, their object being to prevent gas escaping and to control the
amount of lubricant which is allowed to reach the top of the cylinder.
Gudgeon-pin:
This pin transfers the thrust from the piston to the connecting-rod small-end
while permitting the rod to rock to and fro as the crankshaft rotates.
Connecting-rod:
This acts as both a strut and a tie link-rod. It transmits the linear pressure
impulses acting on the piston to the crankshaft big-end journal, where they
are converted into turning-effort.
Crankshaft
The crankshaft is made up of a left and right flywheel connected to the
piston's connecting rod by a crank pin, which rotates to create the piston's
up-and-down motion. The cam chain sprocket is mounted on the crankshaft,
which controls the chain that drives the camshaft.
The CARBURETTOR
The carburetor is the control for the engine. It feeds the engine with a
mixture of air and petrol in a controlled volume that determines the speed,
acceleration and deceleration of the engine. The carburetor is controlled by a
slide connected to the throttle cable from the handlebar twist grip which
adjusts the volume of air drawn into the engine.
Procedure:
1) Dismantle the following system

a) Fuel supply system
b) Electrical system
2) Remove the spark plug from the cylinder head.
3) Remove the cylinder head nut and bolts.
4) Separate the cylinder head from the engine block.
5) Remove the carburetor from the engine.
6) Open the crank case.
7) Remove piston rings from the piston.
8) Clean the combustion chamber.
9) Reassemble the components vice versa.
Precautions:
* Don’t use loose handle of hammer.
* Care must be taken while removing the components.
Result:
A 2 – stroke petrol engine has been dismantled and reassembled.

Experiment No. 10
PERFORMANCE TEST ON
RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR

PERFORMANCE TEST ON
INTRODUCTION
A COMPRESSOR is a device, which sucks in air at atmospheric
pressure & increases its pressure by compressing it. If the air is compressed
in a single cylinder it is called as a Single Stage Compressor. If the air is
compressed in two or more cylinders it is called as a Multi Stage
Compressor.
In a Two Stage Compressor the air is sucked from atmosphere &

compressed in the first cylinder called the low-pressure cylinder. The
compressed air then passes through an inter cooler where its temperature is
reduced. The air is then passed into the second cylinder where it is further
compressed. The air further goes to the air reservoir where it is stored.
1. Consists of Two Stage Reciprocating air compressor of 3hp capacity.

The compressor is fitted with similar capacity Motor as a driver and
160lt capacity reservoir tank.
2. Air tank with orifice plate assembly is provided to measure the

volume of air taken and is done using the Manometer provided.
3. Compressed air is stored in an air reservoir, which is provided with

a pressure gauge and automatic cut-off.

4. Necessary Pressure and Temperature tappings are made on the

compressor for making different measurements
5. Temperature is read using the Digital temperature indicator and

speed by Digital RPM indicator.
EXPERIMENTATION:
AIM:
The experiment is conducted at various pressures to

g. Determine the Volumetric efficiency.
h. Determine the Isothermal efficiency.
PROCEDURE:
1. Check the necessary electrical connections and also for

the direction of the motor.
1. Check the lubricating oil level in the compressor.
2. Start the compressor by switching on the motor.
3. The slow increase of the pressure inside the air reservoir in

observed.
4. Maintain the required pressure by slowly operating the discharge

valve (open/close). (Note there may be slight variations in the
pressure readings since it is a dynamic process and the reservoir
will be filled continuously till the cut-off.)
5. Now note down the following readings in the respective units,
▪ Speed of the compressor.
▪ Manometer readings.

▪ Delivery pressure.
▪ Temperatures.
▪ Energy meter reading.
6. Repeat the experiment for different delivery pressures.
7. Once the set of readings are taken switch of the compressor.
8. The air stored in the tank is discharged. Be careful while doing so,
because the compressed air passing through the small area also acts as a
air jet which may damage you or your surroundings.
9. Repeat the above two steps after every experiment.
OBSERVATIONS:
Time for ‘n’ Manometer

Compressor Delivery revolutions meter reading in
Sl. ‘m’
Speed, N Pressure, of energy
No.
rpm ‘P’ kg/cm² meter, ‘T’
h1 h2 HW
sec
1
2
3
4
5
CALCULATIONS:
1. Air head causing flow, ha
ha = hw ρwater m of air
ρair
Where,

hw is Water column reading in m of water.
ρwater is density of the water = 1000 kg/m³

ρair is the density of the air = 1.293 kg/m³
2. Actual vol. of air compressed at RTP, Qa
Qa = Cd a √ (2gha) m³/s
Where,
ha is air head causing the flow in m of air.
Cd = co efficient of discharge of orifice = 0.62
a = Area of orifice = (∏d²) / 4
Where , d = diameter of orifice = 0.02m
3. Theoritical volume of air compressed Qth,

Qth = (∏/4) x D² x L x N m³/s
60
Where,
D is the diameter of the LP cylinder = 0.07m.
L is Stroke Length = 0.085m
N is speed of the compressor in rpm
4. Input Power, IP
Input Power = 3600 x n x ηm, kW

KxT
Where,

n = No. of revolutions of energy meter (Say 5)

K = Energy meter constant revs/kW-hr
T = time for 5 rev. of energy meter in seconds
ηm = efficiency of belt transmission = 75%
5. Isothermal Work done, WD
WD = ρa x Qa ln r kW
Where,
ρa = is the density of the air = 1.293 kg/m³
Qa = Actual volume of air compressed.
r = Compression ratio
r = Delivery gauge pressure + Atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric pressure
Where Atmospheric pressure = 101.325 kPa

NOTE: To convert delivery pressure from kg/cm² to kPa
multiply by 98.1
6. Volumetric efficiency, ηvol
ηvol = Qa/Qth x 100
7. Isothermal efficiency, ηiso
ηiso = Isothermal work done x 100

IP

TABULATIONS:
Sl Head Act. Vol. Theo. Vol. Isother Iso Volumetric

. of air of air of air mal
N ha, m compres compresse work Thermal Efficiency,
o sed d done
Qa m³/s Qth, m³/s kW Efficiency ηvol, %
ηiso, %
1
2
3
4
5
6
GRAPHS TO BE PLOTTED:
1. Delivery Pressure vs. ηvol
2. Delivery Pressure vs. ηiso
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Do not run the blower if supply voltage is less than 380V

2. Check the direction of the motor, if the motor runs in opposite
direction change the phase line of the motor to run in appropriate
direction.
correctly.
RESULT:

Experiment No. 11
PERFORMANCE TEST ON

STUDY OF BABCOCK-WILCOX BOILER
Aim: To study Babcock-Wilcox boiler.
Theory: Evaporating the water at appropriate temperatures and pressures

in boilers does the generation of steam. A boiler is defined as a set of units,
combined together consisting of an apparatus for producing and recovering
heat by igniting certain fuel, together with arrangement for transferring heat
so as to make it available to water, which could be heated and vaporized to
steam form. One of the important types of boilers is Babcock-Wilcox boiler.
Observation: In thermal powerhouses, Babcock Wilcox boilers do
generation of steam in large quantities.
The boiler consists essentially of three parts.
1. A number of inclined water tubes: They extend all over the furnace.
Water circulates through them and is heated.
2. A horizontal stream and water drum: Here steam separate from the
water which is kept circulating through the tubes and drum.
3. Combustion chambers: The whole of space where water tubes are laid
is divided into three separate chambers, connected to each other so that hot
gases pass from one to the other and give out heat in each chamber
gradually. Thus the first chamber is the hottest and the last one is at the
lowest temperature. All of these constituents have been shown as in fig.
The Water tubes 76.2 to 109 mm in diameter are connected with
each other and with the drum by vertical passages at each end called
headers. Tubes are inclined in such a way that they slope down towards the
back. The rear header is called the down-take header and the front header
is called the uptake header has been represented in the fig as DC and VH
respectively.

Whole of the assembly of tubes is hung along with the drum in a room made
of masonry work, lined with fire bricks. This room is divided into three
compartments A, B, and C as shown in fig, so that first of all, the hot
gases rise in A and go down in B, again rises up in C, and then the led to the
chimney through the smoke chamber C.
A mud collector M is attached to the rear and lowest point of the boiler into
which the sediment i.e. suspended impurities of water are collected due to
gravity, during its passage through the down take header.
Below the front uptake header is situated the grate of the furnace,
either automatically or manually fired depending upon the size of the boiler.
The direction of hot gases is maintained upwards by the baffles L.
In the steam and water drum the steam is separated from the water
and the remaining water travels to the back end of the drum and descends
through the down take header where it is subjected to the action of fire of
which the temperature goes on increasing towards the uptake header. Then
it enters the drum where the separation occurs and similar process
continuous further.
For the purpose of super heating the stream addition sets of tubes
of U-shape fixed horizontally, are fitted in the chamber between the water
tubes and the drum. The steam passes from the steam face of the drum
downwards into the super heater entering at its upper part, and spreads
towards the bottom .Finally the steam enters the water box W, at the
bottom in a super heated condition from where it is taken out through the
outlet pipes.
The boiler is fitted with the usual mountings like main stop valve
M, safety valve S, and feed valve F, and pressure gauge P.
Main stop valve is used to regulate flow of steam from the boiler, to
steam pipe or from one steam one steam pipe to other.

The function of safety valve is used to safe guard the boiler from the
hazard of pressures higher than the design value. They automatically
discharge steam from the boiler if inside pressure exceeds design-specified
limit.
Feed check valve is used to control the supply of water to the boiler
and to prevent the escaping of water from boiler due to high pressure inside.
Pressure gauge is an instrument, which record the inside pressure of

the boiler.
When steam is raised from a cold boiler, an arrangement is provided
for flooding the super heater. By this arrangement the super heater is filled
with the water up to the level. Any steam is formed while the super heater is
flooded is delivered to the drum ultimately when it is raised to the working
pressure. Now the waterr is drained off from the super heater through the
cock provided for this purpose, and then steam is let in for super heating
purposes.
Result: The Babcock – Wilcox boiler is studied.

STUDY OF LANCASHIRE BOILER
AIM: To study Lancashire boiler.
Theory: Evaporating the water at appropriate temperatures and pressures

in boilers does the generation of system. A boiler is defined as a set of units,
combined together consisting of an apparatus for producing and recovering
heat by igniting certain fuel, together with arrangement for transferring heat
so as to make it available to water, which could be heated and vaporized to
steam form. One of the important types of boilers is Lancashire boiler.
Observation: Lancashire boiler has two large diameter tubes called flues,
through which the hot gases pass. The water filled in the main shell is
heated from within around the flues and also from bottom and sides of the
shell, with the help of other masonry ducts constructed in the boiler as
described below.
The main boiler shell is of about 1.85 to 2.75 m in diameter and
about 8 m long. Two large tubes of 75 to 105 cm diameter pass from end to
end through this shell. These are called flues. Each flue is proved with a fire
door and a grate on the front end. The shell is placed in a placed in a
masonry structure which forms the external flues through which, also, hot
gases pass and thus the boiler shell also forms a part of the heating surface.
The whole arrangement of the brickwork and placing of boiler shell and flues
is as shown in fig.
SS is the boiler shell enclosing the main flue tubes. SF are the
side flues running along the length of the shell and BF is the bottom flue.
Side and bottom flues are the ducts, which are provided in masonry itself.
The draught in this boiler is produced by chimney. The hot gases
starting from the grate travel all along the flues tubes; and thus transmits
heat through the surface of the flues. On reaching at the back end of the

boiler they go down through a passage, they heat water through the lower
portion of the main water shell. On reaching again at front end they
bifurcate to the side flues and travel in the forward direction till finally they
reach in the smoke chamber from where they pass onto chimney.
During passage through the side flues also they provide heat to the
water through a part of the main shell. Thus it will be seen that sufficient
amount of area is provided as heating surface by the flue tubes and by a
large portion of the shell
Operating the dampers L placed at the exit of the flues may
regulate the flow of the gases. Suitable firebricks line the flues. The boiler is
equipped with suitable firebricks line the flues. The boiler is equipped with
suitable mountings and accessories.
There is a special advantage possessed by such types of
boilers. The products of combustion are carried through the bottom flues
only after they have passed through the main flue tubes, hence the hottest
portion does not lie in the bottom of the boiler, where the sediment
contained in water as impurities is likely to fall. Therefore there are less
chances of unduly heating the plates at the bottom due to these sediments.
Result: The Lancashire boiler is studied.

Thermal Engineering Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Thermal Engineering Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Thermal Engineering Lab Manual

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

THERMAL ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL Acad.

MRCET DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 1 of 85

the experimental methods on thermal energies on various engines and demonstrate

can perform well in the lab.

approval of the instructor.

report should be self-contained, i.e. an engineering technologist should be able to

report should be an accurate description of the experiment. If your results differ

any discrepancies but do not "adjust" your data.

MRCET DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 2 of 85

A. A title page, which includes the following information, in order:

1. Course Number and Section Number

3. Names of the Group Members (who contributed to do the lab/report)

B. Objective or purpose of the experiment work.

C. Theoretical aspect of the experiment.

was performed and all the equipment used.

F. Discussion of results in light of the theoretical “predictions”. Include an error

analysis. Quantify the errors whenever possible.

conclusions must summarize your report and must be based on your

MRCET DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 3 of 85

lab manual with them.

you can do calculations and draw graphs.

you in getting a good overall course grade. Remember,

Attendance will be taken at the beginning of every lab session.

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB POLICY:

years. Thus, it is necessary for you to adhere to the established policy of NO

BEVERAGES, FOOD, NEWS PAPERS, MAGAZINES, TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND ANIMALS

within the Strength of Materials lab.

goggle will be needed for several labs.

MRCET DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 4 of 85

1. Every student should obtain a copy of the laboratory manual.

4. EVERY STUDENT IS REQUIRED TO HANDLE THE EQUIPMENT WITH CARE.

5. Students must ensure that their work areas are clean.

7. Laboratory report must be submitted in standard sheet, available at stores in the

9. The lab report must contain:

I. Title of the experiment,

MRCET DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 5 of 85

MRCET DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 6 of 85

MRCET DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 7 of 85

VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM

The experiment is conducted to

1. Keep the decompression lever in vertical position.

Arc Length, S Angle ‘’

MRCET DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 8 of 85

D= Circumference of the flywheel

Valve Timing diagram is drawn

MRCET DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 9 of 85

MRCET DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 10 of 85

PORT TIMING DIAGRAM

The experiment is conducted to

8. Bring the Piston to Top and start as if from the spark.

Sl. No. Valve Position Angle ‘’ in degrees

1 Transfer Port open

Port Timing diagram is drawn.

MRCET DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 11 of 85

I.C. Engine Performance Test

MRCET DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 12 of 85

I.C. Engine Performance Test

Diesel Engine is an internal combustion engine, which uses

DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS: