Lesson 5.

1 : Frequency Table

Objectives:
In this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Collect data through interview method

2. Construct frequency table for the gathered data.
3. Analyze and interpret the data gathered.

When I was Born…

May January April June

December October February March

July August November September

 Arrange the following months in order.

 Ask each student on the month they were born.
 Construct a table that shows the tally of the student’s birth month.

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 Let’s talk about it

1. What is the table all about?

2. What month got the highest number of celebrants?
3. Which month got the least number of celebrants?
4. How many students were used in this data?

Let’s wrap it up

ORGANIZING DATA

Data gathered for statistical study which have not yet been
organized or summarized in a systematic manner are called raw
data. They should be organized in order to become useful and
meaningful.

Organizing data is the process of arranging information so

that they can be easily understood, analyzed and interpreted.

A set of data can be organized on a frequency table.

In a frequency table, a tally has been marked, and the

column under frequency are numbers which is the sum of the tally
marks.

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 HOW TO CONSTRUCT A FREQUENCY TABLE

 Draw a table of three columns. Label the first column for the
description of the variable. Label the second column tally and
the third column frequency.
 List the items on the first column.
 Tally the data in the second column.
 Write the frequency in the third column and the total number of
frequencies in the last row.
 Check if you have entered all the responses in the set of data.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE:

Collected birth month of Grade 7 students in Sta. Anastacia-San Rafael

National High School.

JANUARY – Ian Axel, Nicole Ann, Cyrille Ann, Aeron, Dayle

FEBRUARY – M-jay, Regiemer, Rachell

MARCH –John Paul, Angel, Joy

APRIL – Fatima, Roxanne, Trixie, Pearl

MAY – Rovic, James, Vicente, Kervie, Bryan

JUNE –Joriz, Mary Gwtneth, Cristine

JULY –Laika, Julia, Joana Marie, Jamayca

AUGUST –Claudine, Coleen, Allyssa, Micaella

SEPTEMBER – Hannah, Jyrille,Jerwin, Kelin, Nicolle

OCTOBER –Alexis, John Paul, Ashley, Francine, Steven

NOVEMBER –Limuel, Joshua, Althea, Kyla, Denise, Reyden

DECEMBER – Ephraim, Dayle, Xyrel, Angeline, Edrian, Marvin

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Table 1. Birth Month of Grade 7 Students of Sta. Anastacia-San
Rafael National High School

Birth Month Tally Frequency

January ∥∥ 5
February ∥/ 3
March ∥/ 3
April ∥∥ 4
May ∥∥ 5
June ∥/ 3
July ∥∥ 4
August ∥∥ 4
September ∥∥ 5
October ∥∥ 5
November ∥∥-/ 6
December ∥∥-/ 6

Total 53

Let’s dig deeper

Alyssa asked her 10 classmates to list 5 priority items they are to

put on their emergency kit in praparation for an earthquake, flood or
typhoon. Here are their responses.

Ashley clothes, water, biscuits, flashlight, blanket

Alexis cellphone,flashlight,clothes,water,biscuit

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Kyla water,clothes,documents,cellphone,biscuits
Hannah biscuits,candies,clothes,medicine,water
Pearl clothes,water,biscuit,flashlight,blanket
Ephraim radio,cellphone,clothes,water,biscuit
Marvin water,biscuits,cellphone,clothes,blanket
Fatima radio,flashlight,cash,water,clothes
Roxanne clothes,biscuits,water,blanket,flashlight
Althea cash,cellphone,biscuits,water,documents

A. Make a frequency table for the given data.

B. Answer the following questions:
1. What item is listed most?
2. What item is listed least?
3. Do you think you need an emergency kit too? Why?
4. If you are to prepare your own emergency kit, what are the items
you are going to list?

Let’s Reflect …

Journal Writing. Why do you need to organize collected data on a

frequency table?

Good Luck…

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Lesson 5.2: Circle Graph

Objectives:
In this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Construct a circle graph.

2. Interpret circle graph.

Which is My Part???

The children have been asked to make a Pie Chart for a data group that
has 20 people in total, 10 who like cake, 4 who like apple pie, 5 who like
trifle and 1 who likes sticky pudding. The children’s Pie Chart is given
below but which part belongs to which group?

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 Let’s talk about it

1. How will you identify the graph for each data?

2. How would you know the percentage of each segment?
3. What instrument are you going to use to get the measure of each
segment?
4. How do you find the degree equivalent of each sector?

Let’s wrap it up

Circle Graph or Pie Graph is a graph in the shape of a circle that

shows fractions, percents or parts of a whole.

It is divided into wedge-shaped sectors. The sectors show how portions of

a set of data compare with the whole set, or with each other.

How To Construct a Circle Graph:

1. Determine what percent each partis to the whole. Divide each part by
the total number of frequencies.
𝑓
P=𝑛

2. Multiply each percentage by 360°to get the portion of the circle that
each sector represents.

Part of the sector = P x 360°

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 3. Use a compass to draw a circle. Draw a radius of the circle using
straight edge.

4. With a protractor, draw the angle with the least degree. Then,
draw remaining sectors.

5. Label each sector the with the category and percent.

6.Give the circle graph a title.

Let’s dig deeper

Directions: Make a pie graph for the data below:

Mr. Aquino’s Seventh Grade class took a poll about their favorite fastfood
store. There were 4 categories.

Categories Jollibee Mc Donald KFC Greenwich

No.of People 12 6 4 2

Percentage

Degree

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 Let’s Reflect …

Budgeting Your Time…

We all have 24 hours a day! But we don’t spend the same amount of time
for the same kind of activity. Make your own circle graph on how you really
spend your time daily.
1. On what activity is your time mostly spent on?
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Less spent on?
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
2. Which of your activities should be lessened?
______________________________________________
should be increased?
______________________________________________

Good Luck…

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Lesson 5.3 : Bar Graph

Objectives:
In this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Present data using bar graph
2. Construct a bar graph.

It’s Tea Time…

La Virginia Beach Resort collected data on how much hot beverages was
served in a week. The table below shows the results.

Day Hot Coffee Hot Choco Tea

Monday 53 78 126

Tuesday 72 97 87

Wednesday 112 73 86

Thursday 33 78 143

Friday 76 47 162

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 Let’s talk about it

1. Which day of the week has the least sale of hot coffee? of hot choco? of
tea?
2. How will you compare the daily sales of hot beverages?
3. Which brand of hot beverages has the largest sale?

Let’s wrap it up

 Bar Graph

A bar graph uses bars, either vertical or horizontal to display

numerical data. The length of the bar tells us the value of the data. A bar
graph is also used to compare data values.

A bar graph has scales of equal intervals on the vertical axis and/or on
the horizontal axis.

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180

160

140

120

100 Hot Coffee

Hot Choco
80
Tea
60

40

20

0
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

How to construct a bar graph

1. Draw two perpendicular axes on a graphing paper. Label each axis

to identify the variable.
2. Determine a scale that will permit a full range of values to be
graphed. Mark one axis with equal intervals.
3. Mark the other axis with equal intervals. It is not necessary tha
these intervals match those intervals in the other axis.
4. Draw a bar for each data value using the scale to determine each
length. Shade or color each bar graph. Be sure to leave spaces
between bars.
5. Label the bars and write the title of the bar graph.

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 Let’s dig deeper

Directions: Make a bar graph for each set of data below. Label both the
x( horizontal ) and y( vertical ) axis properly. Write the title of the graph.

Numbers of Hours You were On-Line

Wednesday - 2
Thursday - 4
Friday - 3
Saturday - 9
Sunday - 5

Let’s Practice…
Directions: Construct a horizontal bar graph for the set of data
given in the table.

Days Class’ Favorite Day

Monday 3

Tuesday 4

Wednesday 5

Thursday 3
Friday 14

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Lesson 5.4: Line Plot

Objectives:
In this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Organize data using a line plot.

2. Construct a line plot.
3. Differentiate an outlier from a cluster.

Identify and Name Me…

Study the following line plot:

x x
x x x x x
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
5 10 15 20 25

Let’s talk about it

1. Where do the values tend to cluster?

2. What value in the set of data occurs most?
3. What value in the set of data occurs least?
4. Is there any value that is far apart from the rest of the data?

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 Let’s wrap it up

A line plot shows how many times each value in the set of data
occurs. A line plot makes it easy for us to see values that are separated
from the rest. A value that is far apart from the rest is called an outlier.
Values in the set of data that are grouped closely together are called a
cluster.

How to construct a line plot

1. Find the range of the set of data, that is, the highest value minus
the lowest value. Decide what scale and intervals are to be used that
will permit a full range of values to be plotted. The scale must include all
values in the set of data. The intervals separate the scale into equal
parts.

2. Draw a horizontal line with the appropriate scale and interval.

3. Draw an x above the number that represents the value in the set of
data. Be sure that the number of x’s you make matches the number of
values in the set of data.

4. Write a tittle for the line plot.

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 Illustrative Example:

Organize the following data on a line plot.

The Physical Education teacher of Sta. Anastacia-San Rafael

National High School recorded the weight of his Grade 7 students in
kilogramas follows:

Andrew 36 Emil 41 Lovely 37

Anjo 39 Eugene 38 Martin 38
Anne 38 Jack 43 Nash 39
Bert 40 Jeremy 38 Sorren 40
Ced 37 Jev 47 Sol 36
Cindy 40 Jonna 42 Tim 40
Deo 38 Keith 39 Virgil 34
Douglas 42 Lyka 36 Von 38

First, find the range.

Range = heaviest - lightest

= 47 - 34
= 13

If we arbitrarily use an interval of 2, then we will have a scale of 34

to 48 in the number line. But you can use intervals other than 2.

For each value in the set of data, put an “x” above the
corresponding number on the line plot.

X
X
X X
X X X X
X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X

34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48

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 Weight (in kg) of Grade 7 Students of Sta. Anastacia-San Rafael
National High School

From the line plot, we can see the following observations:

 The number that occurs most is 38.That is, six of the students weigh
38 kg.
 Most of the data seem to cluster from 36 to 40.That is, most of the
students weigh 36 kg to 40 kg.
 The number 47 is far apart from the rest of the data. Thus, 47 is an
outlier.

Let’s dig deeper…

MAKING LINE PLOT. Analyze each set of data and answer the questions
that follow.

Myrna surveyed the number of books read by her classmate last

summer. Here is her list;

4 5 3 3 4 3 10 2 2 2 4 4

4 4 5 1 1 2 4 2 1 4 2 8

1. Make a line plot for the set of data. Be sure to write a title for the line plot.

2. How many students did Myrna survey?___________

3. What value in the set of data occurs most?__________

4. What value in the set of data occurs least?_________

5. How many students read one book only?__________

6. Which value in the data is the outlier?_________

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 Let’s Reflect…

How many books did you read last summer?____ How many
books do you intend to read this summer?____ As Isaac Newton
said, “Reading keeps you on the shoulders of giants”. How about
picking a book now and start reading!

Good Luck…

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Lesson 5.5: Measures of Central
Tendency for
Ungrouped Data

Objectives:

In this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Identify mean, median and mode for ungrouped data.

2. Compute for the mean, median and mode for ungrouped data.

Activity: Go, Investigate!!!

In ABC Company, ten salesmen reported the sale of air conditioning units for the
month of April as follows:

8, 11, 6, 14, 9, 8, 11, 16, 11, 10

Let’s talk about it

1. What is the average sales?

2. What number divides the set of sales into equal halves?
3. What is the most frequent number of sales?

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 Let’s wrap it up
A measure of central tendency is the numerical ( or statistical)
value that tends to locate the middle of a set of data. It is simply the
average or typical representation of the sample being observed.

 The Mean
The mean or arithmetic average is the most widely used
measure of central tendency. It is the measure of the central
location for the data. It is the sum of all the values in the set
of data divided by the number of values in the set of data.
The mean is denoted by X
𝑥1 + 𝑥 2 + … + 𝑥
𝑛
X = 𝑛

Example:

Find the mean of the scores of seven students in a

mathematics quiz. The scores are 19, 25, 20, 18, 10, 17, 16.

Solution:
19+25+20+18+10+17+16
X= 7

X = 17.86

Therefore the mean score is 17.86

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 The Median
The median is the middle value in a set of data when these
values are arranged in ascending or descending order.
When there are even number of values in the set of data, the
median is the arithmetic mean of the two middle values. The
median is denoted as Md.

Examples:
1. Find the median of the following scores;
9, 17, 15, 12, 10, 17 and 8

Solution: The ordered array becomes

8, 9, 10, 12 15, 17, 17

The term in the middle

The median score is 12

2. Find the median of the following scores;

15, 12, 13, 11, 9, 17, 20, 21

Solution; The ordered array becomes

9,11,12,13,15,17,20,21
13+15
Md = 2

Md = 14

The median score is 14.

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The mean is denoted by X

  The Mode

The mode of a set of data is that value that occurs most

frequently. The mode does not exist when all observations
occur with the same frequency. A set of data is bimodal or
multi- modal if two or more values occur more than once.
There is no mode if no value occur more than once. The
mode is denoted as Mo.

The mode can easily be seen if the data are displayed in

the line plot.

a. For the scores 2,4,5,7,7,7,7,12,15,15,and 16,the

mode is 7.It is unimodal.
b. For the scores 35,38,41,42,50,51, and 60.there is no
mode.
c. For the scores 12,13,14,15,15,15,16,17,18,
18,18,19 and 20,the modes are 15 and 18. It is
bimodal.

Let’s dig deeper

A. Arrange the values in the set of data in ascending order:

1. 25, 26, 35, 29, 26, 34, 31, 26, 27

2. 80, 87, 90, 85, 89, 88, 91, 89, 88, 90

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 B. Find the mean, median and mode of each set of data in A
C. Identify the measure of central tendency used to arrive to the
conclusion:

1. More teenagers do Facebook than other social networking.

2. The average age of Grade Seven-Venus class of Sta. Anastacia-San
Rafael NHS is 13 years old.
3. Most of the Grade Seven girls of Sta.Anastacia-San Rafael NHS were
born on the month of May.
4. Half of the students got scores of 18 to 20.
5. The average of Yvette’s grade in Mathematics subject is 90

D. Analyze and answer:

1. The mean in the set of data is 40. If each value in the set of data is
increased by 10%, what is the new mean?
2. In an examination, the mean scores of 18 boys is 20 and for 22 girls
the mean score is 23. Find the mean of the combined group.
3. Four girls in each group are comparing their weight, in kilograms.
Which of the following groups has a mean of 46? A median of 46? A
mode of 46?

a. 44, 45, 46, 49 c. 43, 46, 46, 49

b. 45, 46, 47, 48 d. 45, 46, 48, 50

4. The mean for a set of 15 scores is 81. Suppose 5 more students take
the test and 3 scored 85 and 2 got 55 each. What is the new mean?
5. The median in the set of data is 50. If each value in the set of data is
decreased by 25%, what is the new median?

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 Let’s Practice…

Directions: Create a set of data with nine values satisfying each of the
following situations:

1. The mean, median and the mode are the same.

2. The mean is less than the median.
3. The mean is greater than the median.
4. The mean is not equal to one of the values in the set.
5. The mean is one of the values in the set.

Good Luck!!!

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 Measures of Central
Lesson 5.6 : Tendency for
Grouped Data: Mean

Objectives:

In this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Construct a frequency distribution using set of data.
2. Identify the class marks.
3. Compute the mean for grouped data.

ACTIVITY: Complete Me…

The following set of data shows the lengths measured to the nearest
millimeters of 40 leaves taken from plants of a certain species. Calculate the
mean.

Lengths(mm.) X Frequency(f) fX
55 – 59 3
50 – 54 6
45 – 49 8
40 – 44 10
35 – 39 7
30 – 34 4
30 – 34 4

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 Let’s talk about it

1. What is the summation of the given data?

2. How is the midpoint or class mark derived from this frequency table?

Let’s wrap it up
To compute for the mean of grouped data, we need to:

 Find the midpoint of each interval

 Multiply the frequency of each interval by its midpoint.
 Find the sum of all the products.
 Find the sum of all the frequencies.
 Divide the sum of the products by the sum of the frequencies.

Mean = ∑𝒇𝑿
N

where ∑fX = summation of the product of the

frequency and the midpoint of the given interval
n = total of the frequencies

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 Let’s dig deeper

The table shows the distribution of marks of some students who took part
in Science Quiz Bee. Complete the table and find the mean.

Marks Frequency( f ) Midpoint( X ) fX

96 – 100 3
91 - 95 3
86 – 90 2
81 – 85 4
76 – 80 4
71 – 75 6
66 – 70 5
61 – 65 6
56 - 60 7

Let’s Reflect…
Why is the mean the most frequently used measure of central tendency?

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