PHRASES, CLAUSES, SENTENCES

I. Write C if the sentences in the group are all complete and an F if any of the sentences in
the group is a fragment.

____ 1. Then I attended Morris Junior High. A junior high that was a bad experience.

____ 2. The scene was filled with beauty. Such as the sun sending its brilliant rays to the
earth and the leaves of various shades of red, yellow, and brown moving slowly in the wind.

____ 3. He talked for fifty minutes without taking his eyes off his notes. Like other teachers
in that department, he did not encourage students' questions.

____ 4. Within each group, a wide range of features to choose from. It was difficult to
distinguish between them.

____ 5. A few of the less serious fellows would go into a bar for a steak dinner and a few
glasses of beer. After this meal, they were ready for anything.

____ 6. It can be really embarrassing to be so emotional. Especially when you are on your
first date, you feel that you should be in control.

____ 7. The magazine has a reputation for a sophisticated, prestigious, and elite group of
readers. Although that is a value judgment and in circumstances not a true premise.

____ 8. In the seventh grade every young boy goes out for football. To prove to himself and
his parents that he is a man.

____ 9. She opened the door and let us into her home. Not realizing at the time that we
would never enter that door in her home again.

____10. As Christmas grows near, I find myself looking back into my childhood days at fun-
filled times of snowball fights. To think about this makes me happy.

____11. Making up his mind quickly. Jim ordered two dozen red roses for his wife. Hoping
she would accept his apology.

____12. They were all having a good time. Until one of Joe's oldest and best friends had a
little too much to drink.

____13. Although it only attained a speed of about twelve miles an hour. My old rowboat
with its three-horsepower motor seemed like a high-speed job to me.
____14. With my brother standing by my side, I reached for the pot handle. Tilting the pot
way too much caused the boiling water to spill.

____15. The small, one-story houses are all the same size and style. With no difference
except the color.

II. Identify the underlined phrase. Encircle the letter of your answer. Then, state the
function (Adjective, Adverb, Noun) at the end of each sentence.

1. Steven’s book, which made Oprah’s Book Club this month, is not in any stores.

a. prepositional phrase b. participial phrase c. gerund phrase d. infinitive phrase

2. While preparing for the speech, Joe couldn’t help but worry about his entrance.

a. prepositional phrase b. participial phrase c. gerund phrase d. infinitive phrase

3. Ahmad wants to visit Quebec, but he will need to wait for his next vacation.

a. prepositional phrase b. participial phrase c. gerund phrase d. infinitive phrase

4. Hoping for a miracle, the doctors continued the surgery.

a. prepositional phrase b. participial phrase c. gerund phrase d. infinitive phrase

5. Our boss supports donating time to charity.

a. prepositional phrase b. participial phrase c. gerund phrase d. infinitive phrase

6. Melanie hoped to find a cure for the disease, but she tried to be realistic.

a. prepositional phrase b. participial phrase c. gerund phrase d. infinitive phrase

7. After the banquet, the cooks will take a well-deserved break.

a. prepositional phrase b. participial phrase c. gerund phrase d. infinitive phrase

8. Joey is hoping for a change to play pool with his uncle.

a. prepositional phrase b. participial phrase c. gerund phrase d. infinitive phrase

9. The dog that Sam chose from the litter seems to be healthy.

a. prepositional phrase b. participial phrase c. gerund phrase d. infinitive phrase

10. Sam Smith, who recently spoke to the youth group, excels at motivating young people.

a. prepositional phrase b. participial phrase c. gerund phrase d. infinitive phrase

11. Pushed beyond endurance, the runner dropped the baton.

a. prepositional phrase b. participial phrase c. gerund phrase d. infinitive phrase

12. The shoes he saw in the catalogue are available down the street.

a. prepositional phrase b. participial phrase c. gerund phrase d. infinitive phrase

13. The reporter crouched behind that tree got the best picture of the arrest.

a. prepositional phrase b. participial phrase c. gerund phrase d. infinitive phrase

14. Keith tried supporting both teams, but his heart was with Oregon.

a. prepositional phrase b. participial phrase c. gerund phrase d. infinitive phrase

15. Katrina, who resented being left at home, drew on the walls with her crayons.

a. prepositional phrase b. participial phrase c. gerund phrase d. infinitive phrase

16. Arnold hoped to find an answer to the funding shortfall.

a. prepositional phrase b. participial phrase c. gerund phrase d. infinitive phrase

17. Pressed for time, the agent ran the red light.

a. prepositional phrase b. participial phrase c. gerund phrase d. infinitive phrase

18. His uncle thinks that working for the government is the key to stability.

a. prepositional phrase b. participial phrase c. gerund phrase d. infinitive phrase

19. Richard’s chance to make his point slipped away.

a. prepositional phrase b. participial phrase c. gerund phrase d. infinitive phrase

20. Is it possible that Joshua will compete against that man?

a. prepositional phrase b. participial phrase c. gerund phrase d. infinitive phrase

III. Determine the type of phrase italicized in each sentence below. Write the letter of your
answer before each number. Choose your answer from the given options:

A. Noun Phrase E. Participle Phrase I. Adverb Phrase

B. Verb Phrase F. Gerund Phrase J. Adjective Phrase
C. Prepositional Phrase G. Absolute Phrase
D. Infinitive Phrase H. Appositive Phrase

1. We all sighed in relief, James having found his passport.

2. The day ended with feasting on Spanish tapas and local wine.
3. To celebrate their arrival at the villa, they all enjoyed a glass of Mallorcan wine on the
terrace overlooking the sea.
4. A man on the roof was shouting.
5. Fascinated by the stalactites and stalagmites in the cave , the tourists took many pictures.
6. Once at the beach, they all settled down on lounge chairs.
7. Patricia would have gone for a walk to explore the surroundings had others been
interested.
8. Babe Ruth, a baseball player with the New York Yankees, held the home-run record for
nearly 40 years.
9. Architect Frank Lloyd Wright designed many buildings, including New York’s
Guggenheim Museum.
10. You should study for the exam.
11. The boy with brown hair is laughing.
12. She always drives with care.
13. She started thinking about the problem.
14. The kids, making a noise, need food.
15. The rock climbers arrived late at night.
IV. Underline the clause in each sentence. Then identify the type of clause (noun clause,
adjectival clause, adverbial clause) and write your answer at the end of each sentence.
Whichever restaurant you pick is fine with me.

1. Be sure to send whoever interviewed you a thank-you note.

2. Do you know what the weather will be?
3. My greatest asset is that I am a hard worker.
4. It’s important to think about why we make certain decisions.
5. Jason took a nap before he left for his friend's house.
6. You can keep your privileges as long as we continue to see progress.
7. Although you may disagree, I still say Sheila is the best person for the job.
8. There would be less tension between them if they could just see eye to eye.
9. Since she was only just around the corner, Paula decided to walk to the store instead
of driving.
10. The people whose names are on the list will go to camp.
11. Fruit that is grown organically is expensive.
12. I know someone whose father served in World War II.
13. The kids who were called first will have the best chance of getting a seat.
14. Those who do not complain are never pitied.

V. Determine the function of the italicized subordinate clause in each sentence. Write the
letter of your answer before each number. Choose your answer from the given options:

A. Noun Clause B. Adjective Clause C. Adverb Clause

1. He wears a shirt which looks nice.

2. Unless you study for the test, you can’t pass it.
3. The house where I live consists of four rooms.
4. Now I realize what he would have thought.
5. What he did made a problem for his family.
6. Don’t go before he comes.
7. He knows that he will pass the test.
8. An apple that smells bad is rotten.
9. You are safe as long as you drive carefully.
10. Whatever you learn will help you in future.

VI. Identify the type of sentence according to structure (simple, compound, complex,
compound-complex). Write your answer at the end of each sentence.
1. I looked for Mary and Samantha at the bus station.
2. Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station early but waited until noon for the
bus.
3. Because Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon, I did not see
them at the station.
4. Although I like to go camping, I haven't had the time to go lately, and I haven't found
anyone to go with.
5. We decided that the movie was too violent, but our children, who like to watch scary
movies, thought that we were wrong.
6. Because my coffee was too cold, I heated it in the microwave.
7. As she was bright and ambitious, she became manager in no time.
8. After the tornado hit the town, there was little left standing.
9. She did not cheat on the test, for it was not the right thing to do.
10. I think I will buy the red car, or I will lease the blue one.
11. I am counting my calories, yet I really want dessert.
12. Everything on the bed and everything in the closet was organized in under an hour.
13. Nobody in the bank and nobody in the store saw the accident.
14. Until he graduates, he will live in the apartment, but then he wants to move.
15. Jennifer sat in her chair, which was a dark red recliner, and she read all evening.
16. I like Mathematics but my bother likes Biology because he wants to be a doctor.
17. Professor Maple’s intelligent students completed and turned in their homework.
18. They spoke to him in Spanish, but he responded in English.
19. He failed two times yet he is not disappointed.
20. After eating lunch at The Cheesecake Factory, Tim went to the gym to exercise.
 21. He went to college and I went to a market where I bought a book.
22. After the two soccer players lost their game, they joined their other teammates for
lunch, and they went to the movies.
23. Megan and Ron ate too much and felt sick.
24. I asked him a question; he replied correctly.
25. Opinionated women are given disadvantages in societies that privilege male
accomplishments.

VII. From the options given in each number, select the one that makes the statement true,
correlated, or synonymous.

1. My sister Liza plans to attend college in the fall.

A. My sister is an appositive phrase. C. Liza is an appositive.

B. My sister Liza is an appositive phrase. D. Sister Liza is an appositive phrase

2. Exercising is an important part of Martin’s daily routine.

A. The sentence contains a gerund. C. The sentence contains an appositive.

B. The sentence contains a participial phrase. D. The sentence contains an infinitive
phrase.

3. The patient cat watched the fish in the aquarium.

A. In the aquarium is a prepositional phrase. C. Patient is verbal.

B. Cat is the object of the preposition. D. The patient is the object of the
preposition.

4. She loves to travel.

A. The sentence contains a participial phrase. C. The sentence contains an appositive.

B. The sentence contains an infinitive phrase. D. The sentence contains an adverbial
phrase.

5. An adverb clause is:

A. a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb

B. a subordinate clause that is used as a noun
C. a subordinate clause that is used as an object of the preposition.
D. a subordinate clause that is used as a conjunction.
6. A complex sentence:

A. has more than one main clause and at least one subordinate clause
B. has one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses
C. is a subordinate clause used as a noun
D. has a single subordinate clause

7. A subordinate clause:

A. is independent
B. contains a main clause
C. lacks a verb
D. has a subject and a predicate, but it cannot stand alone as a sentence.

8. A compound sentence:

A. has one main clause and two predicates C. modifies a noun or a pronoun
B. has two or more main clauses D. is a subordinate clause

9. Choose the sentence that has an independent clause underlined.

A. If you ask my opinion, I prefer a camper to a tent.

B. I don’t like to sleep on the ground because it is cold and hard.
C. A camper would be cool in the summer, and it would be warm in the winter.
D. Although my friend likes to go camping in a tent, I do not enjoy it.

10. Choose the sentence that does not have an independent clause underlined.

A. After sleeping all night with Harry’s feet in my face, I am ready to go home.
B. Harry thought it was funny since he wasn’t the one awake all night.
C. I might try camping again, but it won’t be with Harry in one tent.
D. That was not better because now his feet were in my face.

11. A conjunction that connects a dependent clause to an independent clause is called a:

A. joining conjunction C. coordinating conjunction

B. subordinating conjunction D. verb

11. Examples of subordinating conjunctions are:

A. with, in, on, over, through C. no, never, yes, certainly

B. and, but, or, so, yet D. because, that, when, while, although
12. Examples of coordinating conjunctions are:

A. with, in, on, over, through C. no, never, yes, certainly

B. and, but, or, so, yet D. because, that, when, while, although

13. John read the newspaper, but he didn't see the article about his father. The sentence is
an example of:

A. compound sentence C. run on sentence

B. complex sentence D. simple sentence

14. The store was closed because it was after nine o’clock. The sentence is an example of:

A. compound sentence C. run on sentence

B. complex sentence D. simple sentence

15. Many monuments are found around the White House, and foreign leaders who come to
Washington often visit them. The sentence is an example of:

A. compound sentence C. complex sentence

B. simple sentence D. compound-complex sentence

16. The last item on the menu is my favorite dessert. The sentence is an example of:

A. compound sentence C. complex sentence

B. simple sentence D. compound-complex sentence

17. Run! This is an example of:

A. phrase C. simple sentence

B. run on sentence D. complex sentence

18. Older television sets had tubes; the newest models, which take less space, are digital
televisions. The sentence is an example of:

A. compound sentence C. complex sentence

B. simple sentence D. compound-complex sentence
For 19-20, pick out what prepositional phrase is appropriate in the sentences.

19. We went _____ to Paris for a day on the train and saw the Eiffel Tower and Notre Dame
Cathedral.

A. on a trip B. on purpose C. on a cruise D. on a trip

20. She is supposed to be studying for her exam but whenever I go to her room she is _______
chatting to her friends.

A. on the phone B. on a trip C. on purpose D. on a cruise

 COMMUNICATION
I. Create your own flow chart of the communication process and its elements. Below it,
explain your drawing.
II. Identify the type of communication being described or being used as an example in each
phrases or sentences. Write the letter of your answer from the given choices below. Answers
can be repeated.

A. Intrapersonal Communication B. Interpersonal Communication

C. Small Group Communication D. Public Communication
E. Nonverbal Communication F. Written Communication
G. Visual Communication

_____________1. icons and emoticons

_____________2. personal journals
_____________3. team meetings
_____________4. election campaigns
_____________5. one-on-one conversation
_____________6. symbols and sign language
_____________7. board meetings
_____________8. silent conversations with ourselves
_____________9. folded arms and crossed legs
_____________10. letters and memos
_____________11. television shows
_____________12. public speeches
_____________13. press conferences
_____________14. It involves the visual display of information in which the message is
understood or expressed with the help of visual aids.
_____________15. This form of communication is extremely private and restricted with
ourselves.
_____________16. It involves the physical ways of communication such as tone of the voice,
touch and expressions.
_____________17. It is the medium through which the message of the sender is conveyed with
the help of written words.
_____________18. This type of communication can take place only when there are more than
two people involved.
_____________19. This form of communication takes place between two individuals.
_____________20. This type of communication happens when one individual addresses a large
gathering of people.
III. Determine what type of barrier is being perceived in each word or phrase. Write the letter
of your answer from the given choices below (1 point each number).

A. Physical barrier B. Physiological barrier

C. Psychosocial barrier D. Semantic Barrier
_____________21. language fluency
_____________22. external noise
_____________23. Uncomfortable environment
_____________24. emotional block
_____________25. speech disorder
_____________26. personal anxiety
_____________27. poor acoustics
_____________28. being unsure of the speaker’s ability
_____________29. dialectal difference
_____________30. impatience
_____________31. fever
_____________32. frequent interruptions
_____________33. hearing deficiency
_____________34. cultural difference
_____________35. narrow-mindedness
IV. Refer to the conversations below and then figure out what caused the lapse in
communication. Write your answer on the space provided after each conversation.

Conversation

Setting: JFK International Airport Immigration Center

Situation: The immigration officer is interviewing a tourist about the latter’s whereabouts.

Specifications: The immigration officers is a native speaker, while the tourist is a beginner
learner of the English language.

Immigration officer: Good morning miss! May know your travel itinerary?

Tourist: Uhhh…sorry. What is that again?

Immigration officer: Oh, I mean…where do you plan to go?

Tourist: Oh, I see. Actually I plan to go to the Metropolitan Museum and to the
Museum of Modern Art, and maybe stay for another two days in New York City before
flying to Florida.

Immigration officer: Okay. Welcome to America. Enjoy your vacation!

Conversation

Setting: Computer Repair Shop

Situation: One client wants to have her laptop fixed.

Specifications: Both client and the technician have the same language proficiency.

Client: Good morning! May I ask why my laptop shuts down automatically just right
after turning it on?

Technician: Okay, let me see it…

Client: So what do you think?

Technician: I think your laptop has been infected by Trojans and worms…

Client: Huh? Trojans? Worms?

Technician: Yes. By the way, do you do defragmentation every once in a while? Doing
so greatly helps the performance of your computer.

Client: Huh? What is that again? Defragment…what?

Technician: Defragmentation…anyway, to fix your laptop, I will just reboot and

reformat everything…is that ok with you?

Client: I am not really familiar with what you are saying…so just fix it and send me the
bill, OK?
 TOPIC SENTENCES
I. Choose the best topic sentence for each group of supporting sentences. Encircle the letter
of your answer.

1. I usually go skiing every weekend in the winter even though it is expensive. I love the
feeling of flying down a mountain. The views are beautiful from the top of a mountain
and along the trails. Even the danger of falling and getting hurt can’t keep me away
from the slopes on a winter day.
a. Skiing is expensive.
b. Skiing is my favorite sport.
c. Skiing is dangerous.

2. North Americans send cards for many occasions. They send cards to family and
friends on birthdays and holidays. They also send thank-you cards, get well cards,
graduation cards, and congratulation cards. It is very common to buy cards in stores
and send them through the mail, but turning on the computer and sending cards over
the Internet is also popular.
a. Sending cards is very popular in North America.
b. Birthday cards are the most popular kind of card.
c. It is important to send thank-you cards.

3. I enjoy summer sports like water skiing and baseball. The weather is usually sunny
and hot, so I can go to the beach almost every day. Gardening is my hobby and I spend
many summer days working in my garden. Unfortunately, the days pass too quickly
in summer.
a. I like to garden in summer.
b. Summer is my favorite season.
c. Summer is to short.

4. First of all, we need money to repair old roads and build new roads. We also need
more to pay teachers’ salaries and to pay for services such as trash collection. Finally,
more tax money is needed to give financial help to the poor citizens of the city. It is
clear that the city will have serious problems if taxes are not raised soon.
a. We should raise city taxes.
b. City taxes are too high.
c. City taxes pay for new roads.
 5. One thing you must consider is the quality of the university’s educational program.
You also need to think about the school’s size and location. Finally, you must be sure
to consider the university’s tuition to make sure you can afford to go to school there.
a. It is expensive to attend a university in the United States.
b. There are several factors to consider when you choose a university to attend.
c. You should consider getting a good education.

II. Write a topic sentence for each paragraph. Make sure your topic sentence expresses the
main idea of the paragraph.

1. ______________________________________________________. He has collected stamps and coins

ever since he was a child. He is very proud of his valuable collections. Paul also enjoys
painting and drawing. Recently he has become interested in gardening. Out of all his
hobbies, Paul’s favorite one is reading. He usually reads at least one book every week.
Paul keeps busy with all of his hobbies.

2. ______________________________________________________. I can’t wait to come home from

school and eat the delicious meals she has prepared. She is famous for her desserts
like peach pie and chocolate soufflé. She is always experimenting with new recipes
and trying different ingredients. No one in the world can cook the way my mother
does.

3. ______________________________________________________. It never starts in cold weather. The

horn and the left turn signal don’t work properly. Worst of all, the radio only gets one
station and the CD player is completely broken. I wish I could get a new car.

4. ______________________________________________________. First and most importantly, the work

is very interesting. I learn new things every day and I get to travel a lot. In addition,
my boss is very nice. She is always willing to help me when I have a problem. I have
also made many new friends at my job. Last, but not least, the salary is fantastic.

5. ______________________________________________________. To start things off, my plane was six

hours late. When I finally got to my hotel, I was very disappointed. It was small and
dirty. On the third day, my wallet was stolen, and I lost all my credit cards. It rained
very day except one, and on that day I got a terrible sunburn. All in all, it wasn’t a
vacation to remember.

III. Read the following paragraphs and underline the supporting sentences.
 1. The use of the internet has grown very quickly. In 1983, there were 562 computers
connected to the Internet. By the turn of the century, there were 72.3 million
computers in 247 countries on-line. Experts say that the Internet is now growing at a
rate of approximately 40 percent a year. As time goes on, the Internet is becoming
more and more popular.

2. There are many reasons I hate my apartment. The plumbing doesn’t work properly
and the landlord refuses to fix it. I also have noisy neighbors who keep me up all night.
Furthermore, there are so many bugs in my apartment that I could start an insect
collection. I really want to move.

3. Vegetables and fruits are an important part of a healthy diet. First, fruits and
vegetables are packed with the vitamins and minerals you need to keep your body
functioning smoothly. In addition, they give you the carbohydrates you need for
energy. Fruits and vegetables have lots of fiber to help your digestive system work
properly. Finally, many scientists believe that the nutrients in fruits and vegetables
can help fight diseases. If you eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, you’ll be on the
road to better health.

IV. There is one irrelevant sentence in each paragraph that follows. Find that sentence and
cross it out.

1. There are several ways people can conserve natural resources. One way is to turn
lights off and appliances when they are not in use. Another way is to drive cars less.
My favorite kind of car is convertible. People can also insulate their houses better.
Finally, by reusing things like bottles and plastic bags, people can reduce the amount
of waste. By practicing these simple guidelines, we can save our natural resources.

2. Cats make wonderful house pets. They are very loving and friendly. Cats are also
clean. They don’t eat much, so they are not expensive. Unfortunately, some people are
allergic to their hair. Cats look beautiful and they’re fun to have in your home.

3. The capital city of a country is usually a very important city. The government offices
are located in the capital city and political leaders usually live there nearby. There are
many different types of governments in the world. The capital may also be the center
of culture. There are often museums, libraries, and universities in the capital. Finally,
the capital city can serve as a center of trade, industry and commerce, so it is often
the financial center of the country.

4. The Japanese automobile industry uses robots in many stages of its production
process. In fact, one large Japanese auto factory uses robots in all of its production
 stages. Some Japanese universities are developing medical robots to detect certain
kinds of cancer. Another automobile factory in Japan uses them to paint cars as they
come off the assembly line. Furthermore, most Japanese factories use robots to weld
the parts of the finished car together.

5. The packaging of many products is very wasteful. Often the packaging is twice as big
as the product. Packaging is used to protect things that are breakable. Many food
items, for example, have several layers of extra packaging. Most of these extra layers
could be eliminated.

V. Write a concluding sentence for each paragraph.

1. There are many reasons why I like wearing a uniform to school. First of all, it saves
time. I don’t have to spend time picking out my clothes every morning. Wearing a
uniform also saves money. It’s cheaper to purchase a new uniform than to go out and
buy lots of school clothes. In addition, I don’t have the pressure of keeping up with
the latest styles. Most importantly, wearing a school uniform gives me a sense that I
belong. I really think that it adds to the feeling of school spirit and community.
_______________________ _________________________________________.

2. There are many reasons why I am against wearing a school uniform. For one thing, I
don’t like they style of the uniform. The navy blazer and plaid skirt are too
conservative for me. Secondly, the uniform isn’t comfortable. I prefer to wear baggy
pants and a sweater instead of a skirt and a jacket. Finally, I want the freedom to
express my individuality through my style of dressing.
____________________________________ _________________________________________.

3. Credit cards have a lot of advantages. First of all, credit cards are convenient because
you don’t have to carry a lot of cash around. You can buy the products and services
you need even if you do not have cash in your pocket. In addition, credit cards are
very helpful in emergencies. Finally, you can become a better money manager as you
learn to use credit cards responsibly. ______________________________________________
_________________________________________.

VI. Each of the following topic sentence is accompanied by supporting details in scrambled
order. Some of the details, however, are irrelevant to the topic sentence. Cross out the
unrelated detail and arrange the related ones to form a unified and coherent paragraph on
the space provided.

1. Topic sentence: The sinking of the Titanic was one of the biggest shipwrecks of all
time.
a. However, on its maiden voyage, the Titanic hit an iceberg and sank.
b. Another big ship that sank was the Eastland.
c. The Titanic was the largest ship in the world.
d. Experts called it the unsinkable.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

2. Topic sentence: Grant Wood greatly influenced American art by painting the people
and places of his Midwestern home.
a. Every detail in the painting is perfect, even the brooch and pin on the women’s
dress.
b. Wood certainly was a great painter who believed that art is found in things the
artist knows best.
c. Three times Grant Wood went to Europe to paint and each time he came home to
his native Iowa to paint what he knew about.
d. In it a couple stands in front of a tall Iowa farmhouse.
e. Wood’s most famous painting is called American Gothic.
f. Another American painter working at the same time was James Whistler.
g. Wood encouraged other painters to paint scenes of home and the people they
knew.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

3. Topic sentence: Sherlock Holmes, the fictional British detective, is one of the best
known figures in English literature.
 a. When Sherlock died in The Final Problem, the outcry was so great that Holmes
creator had to bring the famous detective back to life.
b. There is even a Sherlock Holmes fan club with members all over the world.
c. Many people used to think he was real.
d. Even though he never answers his mail, Sherlock Holmes is still a much-loved
character.
e. The members, who call themselves the Baker Street Irregulars, do research on
Holmes life.
f. The London Post Office handled much mail addressed to him at “221 B Baker
Street.”

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

4. Topic sentence: The fastest dinosaur on record left tracks in Texas.

a. Until then the scientist believed that the top speed of a dinosaur was only about
seven miles per hour.
b. This dinosaur could have beaten the Olympic record for the 100-meter dash.
c. James Farlow, a scientist, studied the uncovered tracks and said the dinosaur had
been running at a rate of nearly twenty-five miles per hour.
d. A flashflood in Texas washed away soil that had covered the tracks of a dinosaur.
e. Scientist study fossil remains to learn the facts about many prehistoric animals.

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

5. Topic sentence: I have a regular exercise schedule that helps me stay in shape.
a. After running, I always cool down by doing stretching exercises.
b. The days in between give my muscles a chance to recover from the strain.
c. I start by warming up with calm, easy stretching exercises.
d. I save weekends for relaxing.
e. On Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, I jog.
f. This exercise program takes much time and effort but the good feeling it gives me
makes it worth the trouble.
g. Then I usually run for about twenty-five minutes and I cover about three
kilometers during that time.
 h. On Tuesdays and Thursdays, I lift weights.

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VII. Write a topic sentence for each of the topic below.

1. A beautiful movie to see

2. The best place on Earth
3. The last time I cry
4. When I’m alone

VIII. Arranging Sentences Logically

a. On the blank before each letter, write the order in which each sentence should
appear to form a unified, coherent, logical and orderly paragraph. Write 1 for the
first, 2 for the second, 3 for the third, etc. Three sentences of Number 1 have
been arranged for you.

1. a. One day last week, I went next door to take some pictures of Coke and
her newborn puppies.
b. Only later did I learn that all animals are very protective of their
young.
c. Photographing pets can sometimes be a dangerous and expensive
hobby.
d. As I walked close to her and her pups, she charged at me, barking in a
wild, high- pitched voice.
e. Next time, I will play it safe and wait until pups are older.
f. Before I knew it, I was racing to the door, dropping my camera on the
way.

2. a. Almost always, the three begins to bear.

b. Every branch in us that does not bear fruit should be cut off.
c. Every branch that bears fruits should be pruned that it may bring
forth more fruit.
d. Why this should be, we do not know but it is equally true that people
whose lives seem to be purposeless may direct energies toward more
purposeful living once they have been wounded or hurt.
 e. When an apple tree begins to turn to wood and leaves instead of
fruits, the farmer severely crops it.

3. a. They give you instant access to all information even those you never
needed.
b. Finally exhausted by all this speed, you can supersonically zoom to a
quick vacation on a slow paced Carribean island.
c. One word seems to characterize modern life – speed.
d. High speed computers symbolize this fast paced life.
e. Then there is the fast meal – instant burgers or instant gourmet food
and instant relief from instantaneous indigestion.
f. Everything and everyone today are dedicated to a single purpose,
doing something faster than ever.

4. a. By rocking the boat, he disturbs the complacency of the Christian

conscience.
b. And one disturbed, the Christian becomes alert and alive.
c. The Filipino Christian today must rethink his faith.
d. And because the nature of his challenge involves an encounter with
critical minds which have discovered and defied the sterility of a
medieval folk faith, the Filipino must feel bound to rock the boat
boldly and face the risk of uncomfortable change.
e. He must be able to explore and experience the Christian message
within the context of contemporary challenge.

5. a. They do not like to stand in line for hours of waiting to see a bank
teller or to be seated in a restaurant.
b. Only large cities can afford to support museums, symphony
orchestras, basketball teams, and other groups of cultural or social
merit.
c. They do not like to hear sirens blaring at a decibel level capable of
breaking eardrums.
d. Have these people forgotten the benefits of living in a large city?
e. Only the large cities can supply the diversity of jobs and educational
institutions that add to the quality of life.
f. Some people criticize large cities for their noise and traffic and
crowded sidewalks.

6. a. It lies in learning to be aware of our moments of happiness as sharply

as our moments of pain.
b. But courage goes on to see that the triumph is not pains avoided, but
in joys lived completely in the moment of their happening.
 c. We need not to be afraid to weep when we have cause to weep, so
long as we can really rejoice at every cause for rejoicing.
d. Courage lies in never taking so much as good meal or a day of health
and fair weather for granted.
e. Courage begins when we admit that there is no life without some pain,
some frustration; that there is no tragic accident to which we are
immune; and that beyond the normal exercises of prudence we can do
nothing about it.

7. a. It is indeed, the se of sail and not the gale that determines our
direction.
b. Man may not be able to create or control the great forces that are at
work around him, but we can learn to reckon with them, to resist or
yield, as exigencies demand.
c. Or, as in the game of Chinese checkers, we may need to move
sideways and even backward to move forward.
d. In order to reach our destination against severe opposition, we, like
the skipper-sailing against the wind, may need to tack and take a
zigzag course to make a headway.
e. Just as the sailor cannot raise the wind or direct its course, but can put
himself in the way of the great trade winds, resisting or yielding as
circumstances warrant, so our response to situations will determine
what we become.

8. a. William Shakespeare brought great gifts to London, but the city was
waiting with gifts of its own to offer him.
b. Shakespeare came to London at a fortunate time.
c. But his arrival in London coincided with a great wave of excitement
and achievement in the theater and he rode with it to its crest.
d. If he had been born twenty years earlier, he would have arrived in
London when underpaid hacks were turning out childish dramas
about brown-paper dragons.
e. The root of his genius was Shakespeare’s own but it was London that
supported him with the favoring weather.
f. If he had been born twenty years later, he would have arrived when
drama had begun to lose its hold on ordinary people and was
succumbing to a kind of self-conscious cleverness.

9. a. The air on Mars is very thin and contains mostly carbon dioxide with
only a trace of oxygen.
 b. These temperatures are too low for water to exist in liquid form, so
ice cakes a large portion of the planet.
c. Humans and many other Earth life forms would not survive the
intolerable conditions on Mars.
d. A typical summer temperature on Mars is 20℉, although temperature
do vary in a single day from near freezing to -80℉.
e. In addition, raging sand and dust storms continuously race across its
barren desert areas.
f. The surface of Mars consists basically of sandy deserts, strewn
boulders and rocks, huge and volcanic craters and icy cliffs and
terraces.

10. a. Furthermore, nature itself seems to present a problem for speedy star
trek.
b. Some scientists have proposed extended hibernation, on the freezing
of travelers on star ships; however, such techniques have yet to be
perfected.
c. To shorten the length of time traveling to the nearest star may require
somehow exceeding that absolute speed limit and so far, no one
knows how to accomplish that.
d. Traveling to the moon is easy enough, but traveling to the nearest star
presets some significant problems.
e. Of course, star trips could be speeded up by building more powerful,
nuclear reactor-driven spaceships; however these reactors would
have to be made safe first.
f. Since our present spaceships have limited speeds and a trip to the
nearest star might take 80,000 years, star travelers would definitely
have a problem with ageing.
g. At the moment, there is an absolute speed limit, the velocity of light.

IX. The sentences in the following paragraphs are presented in jumbled order. Read each
carefully and answer each question logically. It is best if you arrange them first in logical
sequence before answering.

1. A. Yet, how many in our labor force are really enjoying their work?
B. Though the task is a cause of drudgery, they cannot afford to lose it and
starve a family.
C. Work should be a source of satisfaction and contentment