AG WP Drying Economics
AG WP Drying Economics
AG WP Drying Economics
The Economics
of Drying.
Table 1 shows the tremendous impact that inlet and outlet moisture can have on the drying load in your
dryer. Even a small increase in product inlet moisture from 24% to 27% on a wet weight basis increases
the load on the dryer by 27%. Naturally, your inlet moisture must be driven by product quality
requirements.
The third heat load category, heating the make‐up air, is typically the second highest heat load.
However, in a poorly‐operated or poorly‐designed dryer, this heat load can be the largest. This is the
area where you as a dryer operator and your dryer supplier can have by far the most impact. Your dryer
needs a steady supply of dry make‐up air. Without this influx of air, the process air in the dryer would
become saturated with moisture and unable to dry your product. The trick is in knowing how much air
to bring into the dryer.
Excessive make‐up air will lead to excessive energy consumption. This is because the make‐up air enters
the dryer at a relatively low temperature, and after picking up water in the dryer, eventually leaves the
dryer at a higher exhaust temperature. Clearly, energy is consumed in heating the make‐up air to the
exhaust temperature. It is important to understand that the exhaust air in your dryer is basically the
make‐up air leaving the dryer along with the evaporated water. If you want to reduce the amount of
make‐up air in most dryers, you will typically reduce your exhaust, either by closing the exhaust damper
or turning down the exhaust fan.
Figure 1.
Dryer Efficiency
200%
Energy Consumption (%)
180%
160%
140%
120%
100%
80%
Proper No Make‐up Air No Make‐up No Make‐up No Make‐up
Operation Preheating Preheating and Preheating and Preheating and
50% Excess 50% Excess 50% Excess
Exaust Exaust and Exaust and
Beds 50 % to Beds 50 % to
Shallow Shallow and
Inlet Moisture
2% too High
The temperature of the exhaust and make‐up air also affects the energy used to heat the make‐up air. If
the make‐up air is preheated before being introduced into the dryer, less energy will be used by the
dryer to heat this air.
Improper dryer operation, such as excessively shallow bed depths (shorter retention time in the dryer)
or internal air bypasses can lead to high exhaust temperatures, thereby increasing the energy used to
heat the make‐up air to the exhaust temperature. Figure 1 illustrates the significant impact that heating
the make‐up air and various operating parameters can have on your dryer’s overall energy consumption.
Unless your dryer is poorly insulated, losses from the dryer should be low. If, however, you have a dryer
design with large areas of un‐insulated or poorly‐insulated surfaces, thermal losses from your dryer
could also be costing you.
Typically, dryers will use between 3,000 kJ/kg and 4,500 kJ/kg of water evaporated. A poorly‐operated
or poorly‐designed dryer might even use much more. Based on a typical value of 3,250 kJ/kg of water
evaporated, a line producing 75,000 tons per year will typically use about 5 x 10¹⁰ kJ/year. If natural gas
is used as the heat source in the dryer, and if the cost of natural gas is 5 x 10⁻⁶ US$/kJ, the yearly cost of
natural gas to produce this tonnage is US $250,000. Naturally, this cost will change depending on the
type and cost of fuel used in the drying operation.
Figure 1 demonstrates an industry dryer using over 50% more energy than it should due to improper
design or operation. This represents a tremendous potential savings for the processor. Imagine saving
US $100,000 per year, simply by adjusting a few dampers and making minor changes in the way you
operate your dryer. Believe it or not, many processors have done just that, after learning how to
properly run their dryers.
Moisture Uniformity
Because most products are sold by weight, a processor can easily maximize the value of the cheapest
product ingredient ‐ water, without fear of producing an unstable and non‐saleable product.
For this reason, if you product is over dried, you are sending water at the value of your product – which
should have gone to packaging—straight out your exhaust stack. Suppose that your product can’t
contain over 10% moisture limit and the product coming out of your dryer has a moisture variation of ±
3% moisture on a wet‐weight basis.
This means you must dry at 7% moisture, on average, in order to ensure that no product is over the
specified 10% moisture limit. The result is a 3% loss in production compared to drying the product only
to 10% moisture. If your dryer could be made to dry more uniformly, you could raise your discharge
moisture and get more out of the production line with no additional cost or additional dry ingredients.
The value of this lost production due to non‐uniform drying can be surprising. Consider the same
processing line as in the previous example, producing 75,000 tons per year. A 3% loss in production from
this line represents 2,250 tons per year of lost production. What is the value of this lost production? At
US $400 per ton, it is US$900,000. At US $600 per ton, it is US $1.35 million. The numbers are
staggering.
The bottom line is that no one can afford to be over drying a product. A well‐designed, well‐adjusted
dryer should be able to dry a product to within ±0.75% or better. When was the last time you checked
the moisture uniformity on your dryer?
Maintenance and Sanitation
Many processors struggle to keep old, high‐maintenance equipment running. The cost of purchasing
replacement parts for the dryer may be well documented, but what about the cost of downtime for
cleaning and maintaining the equipment? A dryer producing 10 tons per hour can be producing well
over US $100,000 worth of product each day.
But if you’re spending three hours a week of unplanned maintenance or cleaning downtime, you are
losing 30 tons per week. This equates to US $650,000 per year of lost production using the above
parameters. Therefore, the cost of this downtime must be considered when looking at the economics of
drying.
Drying is a critical component in any processing line. It not only determines the quality of your finished
product, but it significantly affects the cost to operate. Most processors are well aware of the energy
costs associated with drying. However, many don’t track the cost of over drying due to non‐uniform
drying, or the cost of downtime for maintenance and sanitation. The good news is processors can
significantly reduce drying costs and increase production rates by taking a closer look at the drying step.
If you want to find untapped potential savings in your dryer operation, a field engineer specializing in
dryer optimization can give your dryer a full mechanical and process evaluation, with improvements that
can increase capacity, minimize energy usage or improve product uniformity.
Bühler Aeroglide has a long history of teaching customers how to identify and implement process
improvements. The company’s field engineering group has provided expertise and evaluation services to
processors around the world for over 15 years, driven by three guiding principles: educate, evaluate and
enhance. Education is provided through “Drying Theory Put to Practice,” a series of drying theory and
dryer maintenance seminars that explore the basics, including parameters, balancing, evaluating,
mechanical inspections and troubleshooting with a dryer simulation. By learning how to adjust and
regulate the process for the desired outcome, participants find hidden areas of opportunity. To find a
seminar near you, please visit Drying Theory Put to Practice.
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