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    Counting Statistics: Radiation Detect & Measure, Summer 2005 (RSM)

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    shahab
    The document discusses various concepts in counting statistics, including: 1) Sources of error such as systematic errors, random errors, and blunders. 2) Measures of central tendency like the mean and median, and measures of variability like variance and standard deviation. 3) Statistical models for random trials including the binomial, Poisson, and Gaussian distributions which can be used to model radioactive decay and detection processes.

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    Counting Statistics: Radiation Detect & Measure, Summer 2005 (RSM)

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    shahab
    33 views15 pages
    The document discusses various concepts in counting statistics, including: 1) Sources of error such as systematic errors, random errors, and blunders. 2) Measures of central tendency like the mean and median, and measures of variability like variance and standard deviation. 3) Statistical models for random trials including the binomial, Poisson, and Gaussian distributions which can be used to model radioactive decay and detection processes.

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    The document discusses various concepts in counting statistics, including: 1) Sources of error such as systematic errors, random errors, and blunders. 2) Measures of central tendency like the mean and median, and measures of variability like variance and standard deviation. 3) Statistical models for random trials including the binomial, Poisson, and Gaussian distributions which can be used to model radioactive decay and detection processes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    33 views15 pages

    Counting Statistics: Radiation Detect & Measure, Summer 2005 (RSM)

    Uploaded by

    shahab
    The document discusses various concepts in counting statistics, including: 1) Sources of error such as systematic errors, random errors, and blunders. 2) Measures of central tendency like the mean and median, and measures of variability like variance and standard deviation. 3) Statistical models for random trials including the binomial, Poisson, and Gaussian distributions which can be used to model radioactive decay and detection processes.

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    of 15

    Counting Statistics

    Radiation Detect & Measure, summer 2005 ( RSM)


    Sources of Error
    • Systematic errors
    – Consistently get the same error
    • Random errors
    – Radiation emission and detection are
    random processes
    • Blunder
    – operator error

    Radiation Detect & Measure, summer 2005 ( RSM)


    Measures of Central Tendency
    • Mean
    – Average value
    • Median
    – Middlemost measurement (or value)
    – Less affected by outliers

    Example: 8, 14, 5, 9, 12
    Mean = 9.6
    Median = 9

    Radiation Detect & Measure, summer 2005 ( RSM)


    Measures of Variability
    • Variance
    – Measure of variability:

    • Standard deviation
    – Square root of variance

    Radiation Detect & Measure, summer 2005 ( RSM)


    Statistical Models for random trials

    • Binomial Distribution
    • Poisson Distribution
    – Simplification of binomial distribution with
    certain constraints

    • Gaussian or Normal Distribution


    – Further simplification if average number of
    successes is large (e.g., >20)

    Radiation Detect & Measure, summer 2005 ( RSM)


    Binomial process
    • Trial can have only two outcomes

    From: The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging (Bushberg, et al) Radiation Detect & Measure, summer 2005 ( RSM)
    Binomial probability density function
    (PDF)

    • N is total number of trials


    • p is probability of success
    • x is number of successes

    From: The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging (Bushberg, et al) Radiation Detect & Measure, summer 2005 ( RSM)
    Binomial probability density function
    mean and variance

    • N is total number of trials


    • p is probability of success
    • x is mean, σ is standard deviation

    If p is very small and a constant then:

    Same as Poisson random process.


    Radiation Detect & Measure, summer 2005 ( RSM)
    Poisson PDF
    • Radioactive decay and detection are Poisson
    random processes
    – Observation time is short compared to the half-life of the
    source
    • probability of radioactive decays (i.e., p)remains constant
    • probability of a given nucleus undergoing decay is small
    • Variance
    – Variance = mean = pN = x
    • Standard deviation
    – Standard deviation = √ variance = √ pN = √ x
    • Can estimate standard deviation from a single
    measurement
    Radiation Detect & Measure, summer 2005 ( RSM)
    Confidence Intervals

    Interval about measurement Probability that mean is within interval (%)


    ±0.674σ 50.0
    ±1.0σ 68.3
    ±1.64σ 90.0
    ±1.96σ 95.0
    ±2.58σ 99.0
    ±3.0σ 99.7
    From: Radiation Detection and Measurement (Knoll, GF) Radiation Detect & Measure, summer 2005 ( RSM)
    Raphex Question

    D70. How many counts must be collected in an instrument with zero background
    to obtain an error limit of 1% with a confidence interval of 95%?

    A. 1000
    B. 3162
    C. 10,000
    D. 40,000
    E. 100,000

    Radiation Detect & Measure, summer 2005 ( RSM)


    Raphex Answer

    D70. How many counts must be collected in an instrument with zero background
    to obtain an error limit of 1% with a confidence interval of 95%?

    D. A 95% confidence interval means the counts must fall within t wo standard
    deviations (SD) of the mean (N). Error limit = 1% = 2 SD/N, but SD = N1/2.
    Thus 0.01 = 2(N1/2)/N = 2/ N1/2. Where [0.01]2 = 4/N and N = 40,000.

    Radiation Detect & Measure, summer 2005 ( RSM)


    Propagation of Error
    Description Operation Standard
    Deviation

    Multiplication of a number with random cx cσ


    error by a number without random error

    Division of a number with random error x/c σ/c


    by a number without random error

    Addition of two numbers containing x 1 + x2 √ σ21 + σ22


    random errors

    Subtraction of two numbers containing x 1 - x2 √ σ21 + σ22


    random errors

    Radiation Detect & Measure, summer 2005 ( RSM)


    Raphex question

    G74. A radioactive sample is counted for 1 minute and produces 900 counts.
    The background is counted for 10 minutes and produces 100 counts. The net
    count rate and net standard deviation are about ____ and ____ counts.

    A. 800, 28
    B. 800, 30
    C. 890, 28
    D. 890, 30
    E. 899, 30

    Radiation Detect & Measure, summer 2005 ( RSM)


    Raphex answer
    G74. A radioactive sample is counted for 1 minute and produces 900 c ounts.
    The background is cou nted for 10 minutes and p roduces 100 c ounts. The net
    count rate and net standard deviation are about ____ and ____ counts/min.

    D. The net count rate is:

    [ ( Ns/ts) - (Nb/tb)] = [(900/1) - (100/10)] = 890.

    The net standard deviation, is:

    [ ( Ns/t2s) - (Nb/t2b)] 1/2 = [(900) + (1)] = 30.

    Radiation Detect & Measure, summer 2005 ( RSM)

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