Best Information Book

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.
net/publication/329591495
Architecture of Drug Addiction Rehabilitation
Thesis · December 2018

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.22090.21442
CITATIONS READS
0 9,061
1 author:
Saad Alameri
Abu Dhabi University
3 PUBLICATIONS 0 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
Humanizing the Public Space Components in the Neighborhoods of Abu Dhabi View project
Architecture of Drug Addiction Rehabilitation View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Saad Alameri on 12 December 2018.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

DETOX
Architecture of Drug Addiction Rehabilitation
Saad AlAmeri
1045596
Department of Architecture, College of Engineering,

Abu Dhabi University
December 2018
A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S
I am very grateful to Professor Apostolos Kyriazis, in the Department of

Architecture, for his expert advice, guidance, and encouragement
throughout this difficult project.
CONTENTS
I N T R O D U C T I O N ............................................................................. 1
P R E C E D E N T S T U D I E S ............................................................... 5
1. Rehabilitation Centre Groot Klimmendaal .5
2. Storstrøm Prison ......................................................... 14
3. Sister Margaret Treatment Center ................. 30
4. Vejle Psychiatric Hospital ................................... 41
5. P r e c e d e n t S t u d i e s S u m m a r y ................................ 49
S I T E A N A L Y S I S ............................................................................ 52
D A T A C O L L E C T I O N A N D A N A L Y S I S .................. 63
I. Background ............................................................................. 63
II. Drug Addiction Rehabilitation Centers ............. 73
III. Design Features for Stress Reduction ............... 75
IV. Space Standards & Ergonomics ............................... 84
V. Design Codes & Regulations .................................... 118
U S E R S F E E D B A C K ................................................................. 129
P R O G R A M M I N G ........................................................................... 138
ARCHITECTURE OF DRUG ADDICTION
REHABILITATION
E S T I M A T E D B U D G E T .............................................................. 146
P R E L I M I N A R Y D E S I G N ....................................................... 147
S U M M A R Y .......................................................................................... 155
B I B L I O G R A P H Y ........................................................................... 158
A P P E N D I X ........................................................................................ 169
I N T R O D U C T I O N
Drug Abuse and addiction is spreading like cancer among the UAE youth.
The number of deaths from drug abuse is on the rise (Dajani, 2016). The
UAE has been following the global trend of decriminalizing drug abusers
and classifying drug abuse as a mental disease. Even though till this day
consuming illegal drugs is a criminal offence and conviction results in a
mandatory sentence of 4 years‘ imprisonment, revisions in 1995 and 2005
introduced the clause that provides for treatment and rehabilitation (Al-
Ghaferi, et al., 2017).
The National Rehabilitation Center was established in Abu Dhabi in 2002.

The majority of cases the center receives involve addicts in the 20-30 age
group (Rasheed, 2016). People from the UAE and GCC countries were the
most implicated in drug crimes. In 2014, a total of 770 people involved in
drug cases, among them 341 people from GCC countries, 106 Arabs and
323 foreigners (Barakat, 2014). The Federal National Council had
expressed concern about a lack of rehabilitation center beds and
specialists, and weak educational programs in schools. 379 students were
found using drugs in 2013, among them 160 Emiratis. Dubai member Afra
Al Basti asked Sheikh Saif to take the initiative to provide more
rehabilitation centers, as the trend was growing, even among women
REHABILITATION
(Dajani, 2016).
Stigma surrounding rehabilitation centers is a worldwide dilemma. The

British singer Amy Winehouse sang ―They tried to make me go to rehab, I
said, no, no, no.‖ she later died from alcohol poisoning at the age of 27.
The issue of stigma is even worse in the conservative society of the UAE.
25% of patients in the NRC were brought in by the Ministry of Interior
(Rasheed, 2016), and a trend of seeking abroad rehabilitation centers is
common among Emiratis. Each year, between 45 and 75 Emiratis travel to
seek a specialized resort in Thailand to receive drug and alcohol
rehabilitation. To UAE nationals, the promotion of anonymity granted by
overseas rehabilitation resorts is the best alternative in a region where drug
addiction is still taboo (Clarke, 2015).
Rehabilitation centers are considered mental health facilities, with typical

treatment programs lasting between 4 to 8 weeks. Inpatients in mental
health facilities are more susceptible to self-harm, and aggression (Bowers,
et al., 2011). The traditional way in which some rehabilitation centers are
designed contribute to increasing stress and pose a danger to the well-
being of both patients and staff (Unwin, 2003) (Edge, 2003) (Seaward,
2011). Studies show that satisfaction with mental health facilities declines
progressively during the treatment period (Potthoff, 1995), and satisfaction
results in the patient's interest to continue to be treated (Sapmaz, et al.,
2012).
The project objectives are to design a rehabilitation and reintegration

center for drug and alcohol addicts which will be able to destigmatize,
treat, and reintegrate drug abuse patients into the society. In addition, it
aims to aid in the prevention of future addiction cases, and spread
awareness in the community, especially among the youth. Through the use
of architectural design, the project aims to create an environment which
increases the satisfaction of patients with the treatment and reduces their
2
INTRODUCTION
stress. The design will address concerns regarding the satisfaction, safety,
and functionality of the rehabilitation facility.
The design of the drug rehabilitation center poses multiple risks. Even
though the authority‘s stance regarding the subject is clear, it‘s unknown
how the targeted users and community‘s attitudes towards the center will
be, since the subject is still surrounded with social stigma and prejudice.
For example, are the community and families‘ of the inpatients willing to
use the facilities provided by the center? And are the patients willing to
participate in public and group activities inside the center? Other questions
include designing the program of the center, how much area does the
center need? How many patients should it accommodate? And how
functions relate to each other? And more questions of this sort. To answer
the various questions and challenges regarding the design of the addiction
rehabilitation center, a mixture of various research methods were used.
First are the precedent studies. Precedent studies are very crucial in
multiple ways. They give different points of view to solve the same risks
and challenges posed by the project. They help the design program to take
shape. They clear how the organization of the spaces and functions should
be. They give an example of which materials, color, and design elements
to be used, and they can show how faulty design can impact the users of
the center.
The second tool is site analysis. Site analysis is an important research tool
in architectural design. Every site is different in its challenges, risks,
opportunities, and advantages. The architect should be able know how to
get the best of the site through the site analysis by the study of its
topography, accessibility, demographics, weather, sun exposure,
surrounding architecture, legal zoning and building codes, natural
elements, etc. the site is one of the most important elements in creating a
conceptual design of the building.
3
REHABILITATION
The third tool is literature review which gives a strong foundation for
evidence based design mainly through research papers and articles.
Literature review also includes; design theories, authorities and public
opinions, statistics, practiced design elements, and most importantly
standards and international codes regarding the building function. The
literature review includes multiple forms of literature such as; books, e-
books, magazines, papers, article, websites, interviews, etc.
The fourth and last research tool is the survey. Since the social stigma and
prejudice creates an obstacle in finding and surveying the users of the
center (drug addicts), the survey instead focuses on the community‘s
attitudes towards rehabilitations center. For instance, the survey explores
how different demographics of the community are willing to use public
facilities in the rehabilitation center and interact with its users.
4
PRECEDENT STUDIES
Precedent cases don‘t necessarily reflect the immediate function of the

research project; instead they focus more on the impact of the project and
other elements which may relate to the research project. For example, a
building which helps reintegrate its users whether or not they were drug
addicts would be helpful as a precedent study since it focuses on the main
objectives of the research project. Other cases could focus on rehabilitation,
destigmatization, and accommodation of the users.
As mentioned earlier the selection of the precedent cases doesn‘t strictly

follow the same user‘s typology. For instance, the projects selected can
resemble the users of the research project in demography or social status
and stereotype. For example, a case which handles stigmatized group of
users could shed a light on the way architectural design can help such
individuals.
The precedent studies are as following:

1- Rehabilitation Centre Groot Klimmendaal - The Netherlands
2- Storstrøm Prison – Denmark
3- Sister Margaret Smith Addictions Treatment Center - Canada
4- Vejle Psychiatric Hospital - Denmark
REHABILITATION
2.1 Rehabilitation Center Groot Klimmendaal
Figure 1 Rehabilitation Center Groot Klimmendaal, retrieved from

Archdaily.com
Location: Arnhem, the Netherlands.

Date: 2011
Architect: Koen van Velsen
Total area: 14000.0 m2
Project background: the project was awarded Building of the Year 2010
by the Dutch Association of Architects, winner of the first Hedy d‘Ancona
Award 2010 for excellent healthcare architecture, winner of the Arnhem
Heuvelink Award 2010 and winner of the Dutch Design Award 2010
public award and category commercial interior (Etherington, 2011).
Project significance and impact: The project offers an unconventional
approach of designing healthcare institutions. The building offers a
pleasant and comforting experience to its users.
Keywords: Rehabilitation, healthcare, wellbeing, nature, sustainability
6
PRECEDENT STUDIES
The design of a reintegration and rehabilitation center for drug and alcohol
addicts poses a problem of social stigma and repulsion of such centers.
The design aims to change the stereotypical image of rehab centers and
create a welcoming and comforting environment for its users. The
Rehabilitation Center Groot Klimmendaal for physical limitations tackles
this problem through its design. First, the architecture of the building
disowns the typical healthcare center design. The building is cladded with
brown anodized aluminum panels which, despite of its size, makes the
building dissolve within its surroundings. Second, the design of the center
highlights the healing capacities of nature. Sited inside the forest of
Arnhem in the Netherlands, the curtain walls and generous glass use in its
façade invite the forest inside the building, giving its user a constant view
of nature. Third, the building hosts multiple leisure and recreation facilities
such as, a fitness center, a gym, and a theatre in its entrance level. The
community is allowed to use the facilities and thus helping the patients
with their reintegration process. Finally, the interiors of the building
emphasize on reducing the patients anxiety and distress through the use of
diverse but subtle colors.
Figure 2 Rehabilitation Centre Groot Klimmendaal main entrance,

retrieved from Google maps.
7
REHABILITATION
2.1.1 Context / Site and surroundings
Figure 3 Satellite location of Groot Klimmendaal along with

pictures of neighboring buildings, Source: Landsat / Copernicus,
and processed by the author.
Residing within the forests of the Netherlands, Rehabilitation

Center Groot Klimmendaal hides between the trees like a quiet
deer. It blends with its surrounding landscape and architecture and
is accessible by a street with bicycle and pedestrian paths. The
street feeds multiple institutions mostly dedicated for the children
and people with disabilities. The center follows the massing and
heights of surrounding buildings and appears to have the darkest
shade of brown in the area. It may be explained by the attempt to
camouflage the building.
8
PRECEDENT STUDIES
2.1.2 Scale and spatial/form relationships
Figure 4 the columns’ organization in the level 0 plan of Groot

Klimmendaal Rehabilitation center, retrieved from dezeen.com and
processed by the author.
The plan of the center is rectangular, which starts with a small

footprint of 110x30m and grows to reach 160x30m at upper levels.
The high length to width ratio increases the surface area and thus
exposes the interiors of the building to the forest, and provides
natural light to most of the rooms inside. In addition, the building
hosts double and triple heights plus atriums at different levels,
further increasing the amount of natural light entering the building
and visually connecting different levels with each other.
The structure of the center is irregular and diverse. Most of the

columns are reinforced concrete with a different arrangement
between exterior and interior columns. However, the columns in
the southern façade are instead inclined steel columns adding
aesthetics to the double height area.
Figure 5 Interior corridor and swimming pool, retrieved from dezeen.com
9
REHABILITATION
2.1.3 Functional analysis and circulation
Figure 6 Floor Plans of Rehabilitation Center Groot Klimmendaal,

retrieved from dezeen.com and processed by the author.
10
PRECEDENT STUDIES
Figure 7 Vertical layering of the program of Rehabilitation center

Groot Klimmendaal, retrieved from dezeen.com and processed by
the author.
2.1.4 Environmental considerations
Figure 8 Light diagram of level 3 plan, retrieved from dezeen.com

and processed by the author.
The use of energy is reduced by the compact design of the

building, and the design of the mechanical and electrical
installations. Most notably, the thermal storage (heat and cold
storage) contributes to the reduction of energy consumption. The
choice of selecting sustainable building materials, and materials
requiring little maintenance for floor finishes, ceilings and facade
cladding, result in a building which can be easily maintained and
with a long lifespan (Etherington, 2011).
11
REHABILITATION
Figure 9 Groot Klimendaal rehabilitation center, circulation of the

building comes with a rich experience of double heights, light wells,
and diverse colors.
12
PRECEDENT STUDIES
Perhaps one of the most notable characteristics of the Groot

Klimmendaal is its use of striking yet subtle colors. With The
notion of color theory, the center implements diverse array of
colors and shades in its interiors, creating a visually arousing yet
comforting environment.
Figure 10 Color Palettes of Groot Klimmendaal rehabilitation

center, produced by the author.
Figure 11 Groot Klimmendaal rehabilitation center, sports facility

entrance, retrieved from koenvanvelsen.com
13
REHABILITATION
2.2 Storstrøm Prison
Figure 12 Storstrøm Prison, activity building, retrieved from

Archdaily.com
Location: Gundslev, Denmark.

Date: 2017
Architect: CF Möller
Client: The Danish Prison and Probation Service
Project background: Storstrøm Prison is Denmark‘s second-largest
maximum-security prison, is meant to evoke feelings of a small provincial
village. Housing 250 inmates, the prison is meant to be rehabilitative while
allowing prisoners to avoid the loss of social skills that comes with
institutionalization (Hilburg, 2017).
Project significance and impact: Storstrøm Prison will be the setting for
the worlds most humane and re-socializing closed prison, with architecture
which supports the inmates‘ mental and physical well-being and also
ensures a secure and pleasant workplace for employees (ArchDaily, 2017).
Keywords: Prison, humane, wellbeing, safety, sustainability
14
PRECEDENT STUDIES
Drug addiction is classified as a mental disease. 32.4% of psychiatric

inpatients engage in aggressive behavior or violence (Bowers, et al., 2011).
Based on this notion the design of the reintegration and rehabilitation
center for drug and alcohol addiction should address the issue of safety and
security. Although different in function, the case of Storstrøm Prison
demonstrates a balance between security and humane design. With an
accommodation and reintegration program, the prison presents a design
similar to that of the rehabilitation center. The prison objective is to be less
institutionalized and more like a village, thus placing the inmates in a
familiar and friendly environment.
Storstrøm Prison is organized around central community buildings and laid

out more like a campus than a traditional prison. The four prisoner wings
and maximum-security hall are sited in such a way as to mimic the urban
fabric of the surrounding villages and form streets and squares, softening
the transition between open societies to a prison. The designers chose to
keep with the Scandinavian tradition of encouraging reform among
inmates rather than enacting harsh punishment (Hilburg, 2017).
C.F. Møller chose to work different materials into each of the buildings on
the site based on their programming. The five wings have been given a
patterned brick façade, the activity building is a mix of concrete panels and
glass, and the workshop building is clad in steel panels and concrete. The
concrete is also embossed with a circular pattern throughout the campus in
an attempt to keep the walls from feeling too institutional (Hilburg, 2017).
15
REHABILITATION
Figure 13 Storstrøm Prison Layout, retrieved from Archdaily.com
Figure 14 Satellite location of Storstrøm Prison along with pictures of

neighboring areas, Source: Landsat / Copernicus, and processed by the
author.
16
PRECEDENT STUDIES
Located on the Danish island of Falster, Storstrøm Prison is surrounded by

multiple low density fragmented villages. The choice of the location is
probably for the sake of security, since it has one access to the
Sydmotorvejen Street. Moreover, its closest village is one kilometer away.
The neighboring villages are extremely low in density with traditional
Scandinavian architectural features such as pitched roofs. The concept of
the prison reflects this fact by housing multiple wings and halls, each one
acting like a small village of its own. The color of the exteriors of the
prison rhymes with the color palettes of the surrounding villages by the use
of earthly colors such as beige and grey.
2.2.2 Scale and spatial/form relationships
Figure 15 Storstrøm Prison layout, retrieved from ramboll.com
The design of the Storstrøm Prison in Gundslev, Denmark echoes the

structure and scale of a small provincial community to stimulate the urge
and ability to rejoin society after serving a prison sentence (Malone, 2017).
The different buildings of the prison take on different shapes, notably the
circular plan of the activity building and the polygon shape of the
workshop building. However, the designs of the wings which
accommodate the prisoners are the planned in a radial arrangement. The
standard branch of each wing is about 39x18 m. this design emphasizes on
the importance of daylight to the wellbeing of the prisoners. Each cell
17
REHABILITATION
feature a big horizontally tilted window which allows full exposure to

daylight while catching a view of the surrounding landscape.
Figure 16 Storstrøm prison, standard wing, retrieved from divisare.com
Cells are gathered in units of four to seven cells arranged around a social
hub. The cell units have access to a living room area and a shared kitchen,
where the inmates prepare their own meals. Living rooms are decorated in
colors that are ―less institutional‖ and structurally integrated artwork can
be found throughout (Malone, 2017).
Figure 17 Storstrøm prison, standard wing, living room, retrieved

from divisare.com
18
PRECEDENT STUDIES
To minimize the institutionalized appearance of the prison, the exterior

design features recessed facades and pitched roofs. The facades of the
wings, the visitors department and the gate building incorporate light-
colored bricks, while the activity building features concrete panels and
glass, and the workshop building has steel panels accompanied with
concrete (Malone, 2017).
Figure 18 Storstrøm prison, inmates walking by the workshop building,

retrieved from divisare.com
Figure 19 Storstrøm prison site plan, retrieved from floornature.com
19
REHABILITATION
Figure 20 Storstrøm prison, activity building elevation, retrieved from

floornature.com
Figure 21 Storstrøm prison, workshop building elevation, retrieved from

floornature.com
Figure 22 Storstrøm prison, standard wing elevation, retrieved from

floornature.com
Even though the prison is designed to be less institutionalized and

humane, it doesn‘t compromise security. It divides prisoners into
wings and each wing into units of 3-7 cells with a shared living
room and kitchen for each unit. Limiting the numbers of inmates
in each unit, gives greater opportunity for social bonding between
inmates, decreases cases of aggression and mass rebellion, and
eases the staff management of the inmates. Moreover, staff
stations are positioned to facilitate visual surveillance of the
inmates in multiple units. The design of the cell features curved
angles creating the possibility to view the whole cell from its
entrance, and minimizing the risk of self-harming. Common areas
such as the activity building and the workshop building control the
circulation of the inmates by dividing the corridors with doors;
which control the numbers of inmates in each area.
20
PRECEDENT STUDIES
Figure 23 Storstrøm prison, standard wing’s plan and section,

retrieved from architectural-review.com, and processed by the
author.
21
REHABILITATION
Figure 24 Storstrøm prison, activity building’s plan and section,

author.
22
PRECEDENT STUDIES
Figure 25 Storstrøm prison, workshop building’s plan and section,

author.
23
REHABILITATION
Figure 26 Storstrøm prison, special security wing plan, retrieved

from floornature.com, and processed by the author.
Figure 27 Storstrøm prison, cell plan, retrieved from archdaily.com
24
PRECEDENT STUDIES
Figure 82 Storstrøm prison, cell, retrieved from floornature.com
2.2.4 Environmental Considerations
The Storstrøm prison incorporates sustainable design. For

instance, 30-40% of the energy consumption of the prison comes
from a solar cell system located at the ground level. The prison
also features LED lighting in the indoors facilities which reduces
the energy consumption and demand. In addition, rainwater is
drained and diverted to a local watercourse south of the prison. In
cases of heavy rain, rainwater levels are adjusted by leading the
water into an artificial lake to protect the watercourse from
overflow (Ramboll, 2017). Moreover the design incorporates
durable and easily maintained materials in the facades and
interiors.
25
REHABILITATION
Figure 29 Storstrøm prison, standard wing’s light diagram plan,

author.
The prison creates visually stimulating external and internal

environments. The facades feature mixtures of materials and
colors such as, concrete and steel panels, and light colored bricks.
In several places, concrete panels feature a circular pattern, to
break the monotonous surface. Inside the buildings, the four colors
- yellow, orange, green and blue - contribute to the positive
atmosphere and variation in the buildings, which are also used in
the cell departments. The colors used on walls and floors help to
eliminate the institutionalized atmosphere. This is apparent in the
communal areas. The cells are in neutral colors, so that the
inmates can decorate their cells as they wish (DIVISARE, 2017).
However, the use of color in the cell departments is used as a
marker of each unit, since each department features a single color.
26
PRECEDENT STUDIES
Figure 30 Color Palette of Storstrøm prison, produced by the

author.
Figure 31 Storstrøm prison, connection of 2 cell departments,

retrieved from archdaily.com
Figure 32 Storstrøm prison, a large mural by John Koerner at the

gym hall, retrieved from archdaily.com
27
REHABILITATION
Figure 33 Storstrøm prison, church, retrieved from archdaily.com
Figure 34 Storstrøm prison, courtyard, retrieved from archdaily.com
28
PRECEDENT STUDIES
Figure 35 Storstrøm prison, bronze sculpture by Claus Carstensen,

retrieved from ramboll.com
Figure 36 Storstrøm prison, outdoor sports yard, retrieved from

archpaper.com
29
REHABILITATION
2.3 Sister Margaret Smith Addictions Treatment Center
Figure 37 Sister Margaret Smith Addictions Treatment Center,

retrieved from Google Maps
Location: Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada

Date: 2009
Architect: Kuch Stephenson Gibson Malo Architects and Engineer +
Montgomery Sisam Architects
Client: St. Joseph‘s Care Group
Total area: 4830 m2
Project background: The Sister Margaret Smith Addictions Treatment
Centre provides residential and non-residential services for the treatment
of addictions including drug and alcohol, gambling and eating disorders,
among others (ArchDaily, 2011 A).
Project significance and impact: The Centre has been designed to
support the Core Values of the St. Joseph‘s Care Group which are;
compassionate and holistic care, dignity and respect, faith based care,
inclusiveness, truthfulness and trust. Inspired by these values, the design
creates a clear sequence of spaces which offer a variety of relationships to
the exterior landscape. The healing quality of natural light has been a
prime consideration throughout the design (ArchDaily, 2011 A).
Keywords: Addiction, Faith, Health, Rehabilitation, Sustainability
30
PRECEDENT STUDIES
Figure 38 Spiritual room, Sister Margaret Smith Addictions

Treatment Center, retrieved from ArchDaily.com
The center is organized around an organizing spine called the Hall of

Recovery. It acts as an introduction to the building which welcomes the
clients into a calm and welcoming setting. The building is organized
around two courtyards, one for residential patients and one for non-
residential patients. The courtyards help in adding a safe space where
clients can enjoy natural elements as part of their healing process. The
spiritual space has been designed in a circular form to be respectful of the
aboriginal community, who make up a large portion of the client
population (ArchDaily, 2011 A).
31
REHABILITATION
The center is located on a larger campus of care in a low-rise residential

area. Its design blends in terms of colors, materials, and massing with the
neighboring architecture which mostly consists of single family houses of
a 2 floors height. The center is easily accessible by the community and is
located next to public spaces and green areas such as The International
Friendship Gardens.
Figure 39 Satellite image of Sister Margaret Smith Addictions

Treatment Center location, Source: Landsat / Copernicus
32
PRECEDENT STUDIES
Figure 40 Neighboring houses north of Sister Margaret Smith

Addictions Treatment Center, retrieved from Google Maps
Figure 41 The International Friendship Gardens near Sister

Margaret Smith Addictions Treatment Center, retrieved from
Google Maps
33
REHABILITATION
Figure 42 Sister Margaret Smith Addictions Treatment Center

plan, retrieved from politesi.polimi.it
The residential program is divided into 15 beds for females, 15 beds for
males and 10 beds for youth, including children as young as 13 years. The
residential programs and non-residential programs have separate entrances
to protect the privacy of each. Non-residential programs include private
and group therapy rooms, gymnasium, spiritual room, crafts room and
administration (Davies & Stephenson, 2013).
34
PRECEDENT STUDIES
Figure 43 Sister Margaret Smith Addictions Treatment Center

section, retrieved from politesi.polimi.it
The youth residential component provides accommodation for both young

men and women in the same space. It is laid out so that the bedrooms open
directly into the living area. This has been done to provide care and
protection to adolescents, who are prone by their very condition to
inappropriate and compulsive behavior. It further gives the feeling of a
large communal house for the 40 days that they are undergoing treatment
(Davies & Stephenson, 2013).
Sister Margaret Smith Addictions Treatment Centre embraced the

principles of sustainable design from the onset, particularly as it related to
the mission of providing holistic care. It was understood early on that a
healthy building environment can be an essential part of the healing
process and that environmental stewardship equates to compassionate care
for all. A fully integrated team approach using the defined standards of
LEED® was used (ArchDaily, 2011 A).
The project embodies five key sustainable design strategies which are;
ample glazing to provide daylight and access to views, building footprint
that respects the site ecology, water reduction through intelligent
landscaping and selection of low-flow fixtures, energy reduction through
the use of a high-performance envelope and advanced building technology,
35
REHABILITATION
and communication of sustainable vision through integrated sustainable

design meetings (Davies & Stephenson, 2013).
Figure 44 large round roof window, Sister Margaret Smith

Addictions Treatment Center, retrieved from ArchDaily.com
The project‘s holistic sustainable intentions are most evident at the main
hall of the building known as the Hall of Recovery which organizes the
36
PRECEDENT STUDIES
three main components of the program in a dignified, calm, welcoming

and comforting setting. Three large round roof windows, providing
streams of natural light, represent the Windows of Hope: one for each of
the mind (therapy rooms), body (gymnasium) and soul (spiritual space).
Low-maintenance native seed mixes and sodding were chosen to reduce

the need for irrigation and seasonal replanting. Through a series of bio
swales and storm retention ponds, the site, whose pre-development
imperviousness was less than 50%, was designed to not increase the rate
and quantity of storm water and to remove 80% of annual post-
development total suspended solids and 40% of annual post-development
total phosphorous from storm water (Davies & Stephenson, 2013).
Figure 45 Hall of Recovery, Sister Margaret Smith Addictions

Sister Margaret Smith employs double- and triple-glazed low-e windows

within a superior building envelope to optimize energy performance. Wall
assemblies and roof assemblies with high R-values were specified and
occupancy and daylight sensors were incorporated. A high albedo roof,
which complies with energy star requirements, reduces the heat island
effect (Davies & Stephenson, 2013).
37
REHABILITATION
Figure 46 Courtyard, Sister Margaret Smith Addictions Treatment

Center, retrieved from ArchDaily.com
Creating a place of true healing meant that light and air were highly
considered during the design process. The building was designed around
two courtyards to allow light to penetrate to over 75% of regularly
occupied spaces. In conjunction with a shallow floor plate and interior
glazed partitions, this allows over 90% of regularly occupied spaces to
have views to the outdoors (Davies & Stephenson, 2013).
Sister Margaret Smith Addictions Treatment Centre‘s philosophy of

holistic care is to create a balance between mind, body and soul. It
approaches the mind through learning programs and addiction treatment,
the body through providing physical activities in its facilities, and the soul
through providing spirituality. It also emphasizes the role of light and
nature as therapeutic elements through its courtyards. The center embraces
sustainable design as an integral part of healing through providing a
healthy building environment.
38
PRECEDENT STUDIES
Figure 47 Activity courtyard, Sister Margaret Smith Addictions

39
REHABILITATION
Figure 48 Corridor, Sister Margaret Smith Addictions Treatment

Center, retrieved from ArchDaily.com
Figure 49 Color palette of Sister Margaret Smith Addictions

Treatment Center, produced by the author.
40
PRECEDENT STUDIES
2.4 Vejle Psychiatric Hospital
Figure 50 Vejle Psychiatric Hospital, retrieved from Archdaily.com
Location: Nordbanen 5, 7100 Vejle, Denmark

Date: 2017
Architect: Arkitema Architects
Client: Region of South Denmark
Project background: The new psychiatric hospital opened in the Danish
city of Vejle. Since the opening, the hospital has registered a 50 percent
decrease in physical restraint and it is widely acknowledged for its healing
architecture (ArchDaily, 2018).
Project significance and impact: In mid-June the hospital won the
Mental Health Design category at the European Healthcare Design Awards
2018 in competition with mental health buildings from all over the world
(ArchDaily, 2018).
Keywords: Psychiatry, Mental, Health, Activity, Sustainability
41
REHABILITATION
Figure 51 Courtyard in Vejle Psychiatric Hospital, retrieved from

Archdaily.com
The psychiatric hospital design focuses on the experience the patients live.
The design elements of the hospital aim to reduce stress and anxiety for
both patients and employees, which is apparent through the decrease of the
physical restraint of patients. In a drug addiction rehabilitation center,
where violent and aggressive behavior is an anticipated occurrence, a
design which elevates stress and prompts feelings of relaxation and
comfort is crucial. The psychiatric hospital also highlights the importance
of physical activity and access to nature as a part of the healing process.
This is done by ensuring natural light throughout the building, easy access
to nature and outdoor spaces, transparent wards with easy overviews, and a
well thought layout (ArchDaily, 2018).
The Hospital is placed at the bottom of a forest covered hillside. The

layout of the hospital takes full advantage of the site by creating smaller
square masonry building units that twist from another, which makes room
for prolonging the surrounding nature into the spaces between the
42
PRECEDENT STUDIES
buildings. The building breaks down the scale to merge with the landscape
and thereby match the surroundings and create opportunities for the
patients to enjoy nature (ArchDaily, 2018). Surrounding the hospital are
low height residential buildings, which makes the hospital easily
accessible to the general public.
Figure 52 Satellite image of Vejle psychiatric hospital site, Source:

Landsat / Copernicus
43
REHABILITATION
Figure 53 Landscape of Vejle Psychiatric Hospital, retrieved from

Archdaily.com
2.4.2 Program, spaces, and functions
Figure 54 The Foyer, Vejle Psychiatric Hospital, retrieved from

Archdaily.com
44
PRECEDENT STUDIES
Figure 55 Vejle Psychiatric Hospital floor plans, retrieved from

Archdaily.com
45
REHABILITATION
The layout of Vejle psychiatric hospital creates a smooth transition

between private and communal bubbles, from private patient‘s rooms to
public areas with the foyer, multi-purpose hall and training facilities. In-
between various types of rooms give patients the freedom to withdraw in
peace and quiet and observe everything else that is going on around them
until they feel ready to join in (Troldtekt, 2017).
Figure 56 Private patient's room, Vejle Psychiatric Hospital,

retrieved from Archdaily.com
Focusing on the importance of light‘s healing capacity; the hospital is

designed with special focus on both natural and artificial light. The
hospital features glass panels and interior courtyards which bring ample
daylight into the building. Withdrawn ceilings and interior glass help light
reach further into the building. Moreover, color therapy is integrated
throughout the building for calming recovery, sleep support, elimination of
depression, and preservation of a natural circadian rhythm for staff and
patients (ArchDaily, 2018).
46
PRECEDENT STUDIES
Figure 57 Sports hall, Vejle Psychiatric Hospital, retrieved from

Archdaily.com
Figure 58 Color palette of Vejle psychiatric hospital, produced by

the author
The Vejle psychiatric hospital is another case of disowning the image

of stigmatizing institutionalized healthcare architecture. The design
creates inviting homelike environments for patients and staff, from its
use of materials to the generous use of colors. The hospital stresses the
importance of physical activities through its sports and gym halls, and
the importance of nature through its layout and multiple courtyards,
which also invites ample daylight inside the building. The layout of
the hospital eases the navigation of patients and staff alike, making it
easier for patients to get used to circulating around the hospital on
their own. The design provides privacy and autonomy to patients by
47
REHABILITATION
providing multiple areas with gradual exposure to the other

community, giving each patient the freedom to engage with others
accordingly. Moreover, the hospital is placed in the heart of the city,
this helps destigmatize the hospital and its users and also welcome the
community by being easily accessible, thus easing the reintegration
process of the patients with the rest of the community.
Figure 59 Dining hall, Vejle Psychiatric Hospital, retrieved from

Archdaily.com
Figure 60 Corridor, Vejle Psychiatric Hospital, retrieved from

Archdaily.com
48
PRECEDENT STUDIES
2.5. Summary & Conclusion
Table 1 Comparative table of the cases studied

Precedent Case Rehabilitation Storstrøm Sister Margaret Vejle
Centre Groot Prison Smith Addictions Psychiatric
Klimmendaal Treatment Centre Hospital
Year 2011 2017 2009 2017
Architect Koen van CF Möller Kuch Stephenson Arkitema
Velsen Gibson Malo Architects
Architects
Country The Denmark Canada Denmark
Netherlands
Function Mental health Prison and Addiction Mental
rehabilitation Probation rehabilitation health
treatment
Area 14000 m2 32000 m2 4830 m2 17000 m2
Location City outskirts Far from Close to city center Close to city
the city center
Levels 6 2 2 2
Horizontal Circular Radial Circular Circular
circulation
Accommodation 60 inpatients 250 40 inpatients 90
capacity inmates inpatients
Approx. m2 per 233 m2 128 m2 120 m2 188 m2
resident
Approx. 20% 25% 15% 15%
Accommodation%
Approx. activity 6% 5% 9% 2%
facilities%
Exterior color
palette
Interior color
palette
49
REHABILITATION
Precedent Case Rehabilitation Storstrøm Sister Margaret Vejle

Centre Groot Prison Smith Addictions Psychiatric
Klimmendaal Treatment Centre Hospital
Residential None Normal / Men / Women / None
segregation Maximum Adolescents
security
Patients per Unit __ 7 15 / 10 15
Single bedrooms ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Living rooms ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Courtyard ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Gym/Fitness ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Library/ Education ✗ ✓ ✓ ✗
Workshops ✗ ✓ ✗ ✗
Restaurant/Cafe ✓ ✗ ✗ ✓
Swimming pool ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗
Theatre ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗
Clinic ✓ ✓ ✗ ✓
Prayer rooms ✗ ✓ ✓ ✗
The study of the previous precedent cases gave superb examples of healing
architecture. Though some of them didn‘t directly reflect the function of
the research project, they gave crucial lessons in terms of the role of design
in relation to mental health. Those are some implementations from the
precedent studies on the design of the reintegration and rehabilitation
center for drug and alcohol addicts:
a. Minimizing the institutionalized appearance of the building to

destigmatize its users.
b. Featuring recreational facilities accessible to the community to
reintegrate the patients.
c. Featuring workshops and classroom to help patients in their
reintegration process.
d. Integrating natural daylight through design.
e. Implementing spirituality as part of the healing process.
50
PRECEDENT STUDIES
f. Using colors, natural elements, and art to reduce the patients‘

distress.
g. Accommodating the patients in private rooms to reduce their
distress and respect their privacy.
h. Dividing patients rooms into smaller units to reduce incidents of
violence.
i. Positioning staff stations in a way to maximize surveillance.
j. Minimizing sharp corners to reduce risk of self-harm.
k. Using durable and easily maintained materials.
51
S I T E A N A L Y S I S
The site of the project should follow the following criteria; it should be
accessible to the community by various means, it should follow the zoning
regulations set by Abu Dhabi‘s municipality, it should be located near
areas with mixed uses, and it should be located in an area where users can
enjoy environmental and natural elements.
3.1 Site Selection Criteria
Based on the previous criteria, the selected site is near Al-Raha Beach and
adjacent to Yas Island. According to Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council‘s
Land Use Frame work (2007) this area will be dedicated for health care
institutions in 2030. The site is next to the intersection between Sheikh
Khalifa bin Zayed Highway (Abu Dhabi – AlFalah Road) and Sheikh
Zayed bin Sultan Street (Abu Dhabi – Al Shahama Road) making it fairly
accessible to the community. In addition, it‘s located next to low-medium
residential and mixed-used retail areas making the rehabilitation and
reintegration center a part of a larger community. Perhaps the greatest
advantage of this site is its location on the water channel between Yas
Island and the main land, giving the user the opportunity to enjoy the
SITE ANALYSIS
waterfront which will further lessen the institutionalized atmosphere of the

center.
Figure 61 Site Location. Retrieved from Plan Abu Dhabi 2030 by

ADUPC and processed by the author.
The whole area is currently undeveloped with the adjacent shores of Yas
Island occupied by labor camps and warehouses. The location is further
narrowed to an area in front of a port in the water channel. The specific
orientation of the plot is in an effort to maximize the view on the western
half of Yas Island which hosts theme parks and multiple recreational
destinations.
53
REHABILITATION
Figure 62 Site Location, Source: Landsat / Copernicus, and

processed by author.
3.2 Topography & Natural Elements
The site features a hill at a maximum elevation of 13 m at north to a

minimum of 2 m at south. However, the southern half of the plot is
relatively flat at an elevation of about 3 m above sea level, giving more
favorable circumstances to locate the structure on the southern part of the
plot.
54
SITE ANALYSIS
Figure 63 the plot featuring the hill, produced by the author.
Figure 64 North-South cross section of the plot, Source: Landsat /

Copernicus, produced by author using Google Earth.
55
REHABILITATION
Figure 65 Satellite image of the plot with an overlay layer of

contour lines produced by author. Source: Landsat / Copernicus
The site and the route leading to it are surrounded by unattended yet thick
patches of trees and greenery organized in a pattern. Those trees are
remnants of previous farms.
Figure 66 Route leading to the site, produced by the author.
3.3 Environmental Analysis
The plot has an east-west longitudinal axis. Since the average wind
direction in the UAE is from Northwest with an average speed of 38 Km/h
56
SITE ANALYSIS
the main axis of the plot receives direct wind most of the year
(WindFinder, 2018).
Figure 67 Wind direction distribution in the UAE, retrieved from

WindFinder.com
Figure 68 Sun Path, produced by author
3.4 Zoning & Plot Regulations
The site doesn‘t have any natural elements that could provide shades.
However, according to maximum height regulations by ADUPC (2007)
the health care area with its neighboring residential area at the west has
maximum height of 20 m which gives the plot the possibility of receiving
some shade from its neighbors.
57
REHABILITATION
Figure 69 Maximum building heights, retrieved from Plan Abu

Dhabi 2030 by ADUPC.
Figure 70 Open public space, retrieved from Plan Abu Dhabi

2030 by ADUPC and processed by author.
In regard to open public spaces, the site as a part of the airport district will
be accessible to a future desert public park to the north and to community
and recreational open spaces in Yas Island to the west.
58
SITE ANALYSIS
3.5 Accessibility
Figure 71 Transportation framework: transit, retrieved from Plan

Abu Dhabi 2030 by ADUPC and processed by author.
Figure 72 Transportation framework: roads, retrieved from Plan

Abu Dhabi 2030 by ADUPC and processed by author.
59
REHABILITATION
Figure 73 Site plan showing the current access routes to the plot,
processed by the author.
Currently the main access to the site is through Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan
Street through Al-Bahia. However, there will be a Metro light Rail
crossing near the site in the future (ADUPC, 2007). The future plans of
the ADUPC will give the possibility to access the site with various
transportation options such as public buses, metro, and cycling.
3.6 Architectural Language
Since the whole area is currently empty its quiet difficult to predict how
the architectural language of the future neighboring structures will be.
However, is quiet plausible that the residential area that will be located on
the shores of Yas Island west of the site will be resembling similar
60
SITE ANALYSIS
residential projects, for example the residential buildings in Al-Bandar

area.
Figure 74 Al-Bandar Marina, Al Raha, Abu Dhabi, retrieved

from uaezoom.com
Al-Bandar is a luxurious residential and commercial area in Al Raha, Abu

Dhabi. The architectural language of the area is a contemporary design of
concrete structures with glass facades. The color template of the
architecture is shades of blue and brown. Blue being the glass facades and
brown being the stone cladded facades.
3.7 Conclusion
The site presents many design challenges. First of all a hill takes around
half of the plot. Second, the lack of development around it makes
predicting its surrounding environment speculative. Third, the lack of the
development of the transportation infrastructure, mainly the roads, makes
it hard to assume that it will stay the same till the near future, and at last,
its longitudinal axis directly faces the north-western wind of the UAE.
However, the site offers many advantages. For example, its location near
the intersection of the Sheikh Khalifa Highway and Sheikh Zayed Street
makes it easily accessible, it has waterfront views from the west and south,
it surrounded by naturally grown greenery, and its location on the channel
61
REHABILITATION
between the Yas Island and the mainland land creates multiple
opportunities.
Figure 75 View of the water channel near the site, produced by the
author.
Figure 76 Remnants of previous farms around the site, produced by

the author.
62
D A T A C O L L E C T I O N
The complex design of the drug addiction rehabilitation center goes

through many layers starting from the individual to the physical structure.
A solid understanding of the phenomenon of addiction and its
psychological, biological, and social dimensions is essential in relating to
drug addiction victims and creating a suitable environment to heal them.
To succeed in the design of the rehabilitation center, the architect should
understand the mentality of drug addicts and try to walk in their shoes and
get in touch with their circumstances, feelings, and agony. Moreover, the
design of a drug addiction rehabilitation facility requires a deep
understanding of the medical process of the treatment, and at last; the
thorough study of rehabilitation centers as a building type and its
architectural dissection of its functions, codes, standards, and regulations.
4.1 Background
Drug abuse is when individuals use legal or illegal substances in ways they
shouldn‘t. They might take more than the regular dose of pills or use
someone else‘s prescription. They may abuse drugs to feel good, ease
REHABILITATION
stress, or avoid reality. But usually, they‘re able to change their unhealthy
habits or stop using altogether (WebMD, 2018).
Addiction is a chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use that

is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful consequences. The
initial decision to take drugs is voluntary for most people, but repeated
drug use can lead to brain changes that challenge an addicted person‘s self-
control and interfere with their ability to resist intense urges to take drugs
(NIDA, 2018 A).
4.1.1 Biology of addiction
As individuals continue with addictive habits or substances, the brain

adapts. It tries to re-establish a balance between the dopamine surges and
normal levels of the substance in the brain. To do this, neurons begin to
produce less dopamine or simply reduce the number of dopamine receptors.
The result is that the individual needs to continue to use drugs, or practice
a particular behavior, to bring dopamine levels back to "normal."
Individuals may also need to take greater amounts of drugs to achieve a
high; this is called tolerance (Sheikh, 2017).
Without dopamine creating feelings of pleasure in the brain, individuals

also become more sensitive to negative emotions such as stress, anxiety or
depression. Sometimes, people with addiction may even feel physically ill,
which often compels them to use drugs again to relieve these symptoms of
withdrawal.
Eventually, the desire for the drug becomes more important than the actual
pleasure it provides. And because dopamine plays a key role in learning
and memory, it hardwires the need for the addictive substance or
experience into the brain, along with any environmental cues associated
with it — people, places, things and situations associated with past use.
These memories become so entwined that even walking into a bar years
64
DATA COLLECTION
later, or talking to the same friends an individual had previously binged

with, may then trigger an alcoholic's cravings (Sheikh, 2017).
Brain-imaging studies of people with addiction reveal other striking

changes as well. For example, people with alcohol, cocaine or opioid-use
disorders show a loss in neurons and impaired activity in their prefrontal
cortex, this erodes their ability to make sound decisions and regulate their
impulses.
Many people don't comprehend why or how other individuals wind up

dependent on drugs. They may mistakenly think that drug users lack moral
standards or self-control and that they could stop their drug consumption
just by deciding to. Actually, drug addiction is a mind boggling malady,
and quitting normally takes more than good intentions and a strong will.
Drugs change the brain structure in manners that make quitting hard, even
for the individuals who want to. Luckily, scientists know more than ever
about how drugs influence the brain and have discovered treatments that
can enable individuals to recover from drug addiction and have productive
lives (NIDA, 2018 A).
4.1.2 Causes of Addiction
Some people are more susceptible to extreme neurobiological changes

than others, and therefore more susceptible to addiction. Not everyone who
tries a cigarette or gets morphine after a surgery becomes addicted to drugs.
Similarly, not everyone who gambles becomes addicted to gambling.
Many factors influence the development of addictions, from genetics, to
poor social support networks, to the experience of trauma or other co-
occurring mental illnesses.
Addiction is a bio-psychosocial disorder. It's a combination of genetics,

neurobiology and how that interacts with psychological and social factors.
The speed each drug can get into the brain, and its power in activating
65
REHABILITATION
neural circuits, determines how addictive it will be. Some modes of use
like injecting or snorting a drug make the drug's effects almost immediate.
Contemporary research in the neurobiology of addiction points to genetics

as a major contributing factor to addiction vulnerability. It has been
estimated that 40–60% of the vulnerability to developing an addiction is
due to genetics (Goldman & Ducci, 2005). Additionally, genetics play a
role on individual traits, which may put one at increased risk for
experimentation with drugs, continued use of drugs, addictions, and
potential for relapse. Some of these individual personality traits, such as
impulsivity, reward-seeking, and response to stress, may lead to increased
vulnerability to addiction (Kreek, et al., 2005).
A major environmental factor that increases vulnerability to developing

addiction is availability of drugs. Additionally, other environmental factors
come into play, such as socioeconomic status and poor familial
relationships, and have been shown to be contributing factors in the
initiation and continued use of drug abuse (Volkow & Li, 2005).
Neurobiology again plays a role in addiction vulnerability when in

combination with environmental factors. The main risk of chronic stressors
contributing to vulnerability is that they can put the brain in a
compromised state. External stressors such as financial concerns and
family problems can, after repeated exposure, affect the physiology of the
brain (Sinha, 2017).
Previous research has examined the increased risk of substance use

initiation during adolescence. Many factors have been identified as being
associated with increased risk of substance use during this period of
development including individual differences, biological, and
environmental factors (Fergusson, et al., 2008). Rat studies provide
66
DATA COLLECTION
behavioral evidence that adolescence is a period of increased vulnerability

to drug-seeking behavior and onset addiction (Wong et al., 2013).
4.1.3 Drug Addiction Treatment
Drug rehabilitation is the process of medical or psychotherapeutic

treatment for dependency on psychoactive substances such as alcohol,
prescription drugs, and street drugs. The general intent is to enable the
patient to confront substance dependence, if present, and cease substance
abuse to avoid the psychological, legal, financial, social, and physical
consequences that can be caused, especially by extreme abuse. Treatment
includes medication for depression or other disorders, counseling by
experts, and sharing of experience with other addicts (Schaler, 1997).
Detoxification (Detox) is a process, to rid the body of a toxic substance.

Non-medical Detox refers to the fact that the body will rid itself of drugs
(including alcohol). Medical Detox refers to a wide variety of
detoxification techniques used by the medical professional. These
techniques range from simple observation by professionals while an
individual rids itself naturally to medical intervention. This may include
tranquilizers or other drugs that reduce the symptoms caused by the
withdrawal from the addictive drug. (Department of Veterans Affairs,
2008)
Effective treatment addresses the multiple needs of the patient rather than
treating addiction alone. In addition, medically assisted drug detoxification
or alcohol detoxification alone is ineffective as a treatment for addiction
(NIDA, 2018 B). The National Institute on Drug Abuse (2018 B)
recommends detoxification followed by both medication and behavioral
therapy, followed by relapse prevention. Effective treatment must address
medical and mental health services as well as follow-up options, such as
community or family-based recovery support systems. Whatever the
67
REHABILITATION
methodology; patient motivation is an important factor in treatment

success.
Outpatient behavioral treatment includes a wide variety of programs for

patients who visit a behavioral health counselor on a regular schedule.
Most of the programs involve individual or group drug counseling, or both.
These programs typically offer forms of behavioral therapy such as;
cognitive-behavioral therapy, multidimensional family therapy,
motivational interviewing, and motivational incentives. Treatment is
sometimes intensive at first, where patients attend multiple outpatient
sessions each week. After completing intensive treatment, patients
transition to regular outpatient treatment, which meets less often and for
fewer hours per week to help sustain their recovery (NIDA, 2018 B).
Those who receive inpatient treatment typically struggle with cravings and
should be monitored around the clock to prevent relapse. This is especially
important for individuals who are dependent on a particular substance and
can‘t go more than a few hours without it. While enrolled in this program,
the nursing staff monitors clients 24/7. Inpatient residential rehab involves
an extended time period for treatment, regardless of the substance.
Programs typically last 30–45 days, or longer, depending on each client‘s
needs. Clients are required to stay at the facility for the entirety of the
program, including overnight. Although there is no single treatment that‘s
right for everyone, inpatient rehab is one of the most effective forms of
care for drug and alcohol addiction (The Recovery Village, 2018).
Detoxification has been thought of as appropriate "treatment". When the

patient relapses, as most do sooner or later, the treatment is regarded as a
failure. However, contrary to commonly held beliefs, addiction does not
end when the drug is removed from the body (detoxification) or when the
acute post drug taking illness dissipates (withdrawal). Rather, the
underlying addictive disorder persists, and this persistence produces a
68
DATA COLLECTION
tendency to relapse to active drug-taking. Thus, although detoxification

can be successful in cleansing the person of drugs and withdrawal
symptoms, detoxification does not address the underlying disorder, and
thus is not adequate treatment (O‘Brien & McLellan, 1996).
Addictive disorders should be considered in the category with other

disorders that require long-term or life-long treatment. Treatment of
addiction is about as successful as treatment of disorders such as
hypertension, diabetes, and asthma, and it is clearly cost-effective. As with
treatments for these other chronic medical conditions, there is no cure for
addiction. At the same time, there are a range of pharmacological and
behavioral treatments that are effective in reducing drug use, improving
patient function, reducing crime and legal system costs, and preventing the
development of other expensive medical disorders (O‘Brien & McLellan,
1996).
4.1.4 Connection as Treatment
Many studies suggest strong link between social connection of the

individual and their susceptibility to drug addiction. They propose that it is
possible that some people are more prone to addiction because they obtain
less pleasure through natural routes such as from family, work, friendships
and romantic relationships which could explain why they are more thrill-
seeking, or ―stimulus hungry‖ (Davis & Loxton, 2013).
For example, a study to determine the effect of housing conditions on

morphine self-administration, rats isolated in standard laboratory cages
and rats living socially in a large open box were given the choice of
morphine in solution and water. Results showed that the isolated rats drank
significantly more morphine solution than the social rats (Alexander, et al.,
1978).
69
REHABILITATION
Another example which supports the social connection factor is the case of
Vietnam War veterans. 35% of service members in Vietnam had tried
heroin and as many as 20% were addicted. However, in a finding that
completely overthrew the accepted beliefs about addiction, researchers
found that when soldiers who had been heroin users returned home, only 5%
of them became re-addicted within a year, and just 12% relapsed within
three years. In other words, approximately nine out of ten soldiers who
used heroin in Vietnam eliminated their addiction nearly overnight
(Robins, 1993).
A research studying social factors of initial use of illicit drugs suggests that
disruption of normal child-parent relationships, lack of involvement in
organized groups, and few effective peer relationships may have been
predisposing factors in some individuals initiating use of illicit drugs.
Research also suggests that socialization to nontraditional norms, parental
modeling of licit and illicit drug use, involvement with drug-using peers,
and positive experiences with drugs may have been important factors in
initial use for other individuals (Gorsuch & Butler, 1976).
4.1.5 Stigma
.A stigma is an attribute, behavior, or reputation which is socially

discrediting in a particular way: it causes an individual to be mentally
classified by others in an undesirable, rejected stereotype rather than in an
accepted, normal one. Stigma is a complex phenomenon that affects not
only the stigmatized person but also those who associate with him or her.
Stigma is a special kind of gap between virtual social identity and actual
social identity (Goffman, 1963).
Campbell and Deacon (2006) describe three forms of Stigma. Overt or

external deformities such as; leprosy, clubfoot, cleft lip or palate and
muscular dystrophy. Known deviations in personal traits like being
70
DATA COLLECTION
perceived rightly or wrongly, as weak willed, domineering or having

unnatural passions, treacherous or rigid beliefs, and being dishonest, for
example, mental disorders, imprisonment, addiction, homosexuality,
unemployment, suicidal attempts and radical political behavior. Tribal
stigma like affiliation with a specific nationality, religion, or race that
constitute a deviation from the normative, for instance, being African
American, or being of Arab descent in the United States after the 9/11
attacks.
The stigmatized suffer from status loss and discrimination. Members of the
labeled groups are subsequently disadvantaged in the most aspects of life
chances including income, education, mental well-being, housing status,
health, and medical treatment. Thus, stigmatization by the majorities, the
powerful, or the "superior" leads to the bothering of the minorities, the
powerless, and the "inferior" (Frosh, 2002).
Stigma is increasingly recognized to have a major impact on public health

interventions. Occasionally, this impact is positive, but usually stigma and
(fear of) discrimination lead to delay in presentation to the health services,
prolonged risk of transmission, poor treatment adherence and increased
risk of disability and drug resistance (Heijnders & Meij, 2006). Although
there are effective mental health interventions available across the globe,
many persons with mental illnesses do not seek out the help that they need.
Only 59.6% of individuals with a mental illness, including conditions such
as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, reported
receiving treatment in 2011 (Corrigan, et al., 2014).
Stigma is even harsher on people with drug addiction compared to those

with mental illness. A study on a random sample of the US population
found that people labeled with drug addiction are viewed as more
blameworthy and dangerous compared to individuals labeled with mental
71
REHABILITATION
illness who, in turn, are viewed more harshly than those with physical
disabilities (Corrigan, et al., 2009).
Addiction has largely been seen as a moral failing or character flaw, as

opposed to an issue of public health (Barry, et al., 2014). Substance use
has been found to be more stigmatized than smoking, obesity, and mental
illness (Phillips & Shaw, 2013). Substance use related addictions are found
to be more stigmatized than behavioral addictions such as gambling, sex,
etc. (Konkolÿ Thege, et al., 2015). However, Stigma is reduced when
Substance Use Disorders are portrayed as treatable conditions (McGinty,
et al., 2015). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy has been used
effectively to help people to reduce shame associated with cultural stigma
around substance use treatment (Lee, et al., 2015).
Many strategies have been used to combat stigma at three levels.

Intrapersonal level; Interventions aim at changing characteristics of the
individual such as knowledge, attitudes, behavior, self-concept, improving
self-esteem, coping skills, empowerment, and economic support.
Individual counseling and cognitive behavioral therapy is often mentioned
as an important strategy to decrease stigma (Corrigan & Calabrese, 2005)
(Heijnders & Meij, 2006).
Interpersonal level, strategies include awareness and educational

campaigns, and Community Based Rehabilitation which is a strategy
within community development for the rehabilitation, equalization of
opportunities and social integration of the people concerned (WHO, 2002).
The organizational and institutional level; Interventions at this level aim at

organizational change to modify health and stigma related aspects of an
organization. This can be achieved through training programs, which
increase knowledge of the disease and other health issues and of the
impact of stigma on the lives of individuals. Another strategy is the
72
DATA COLLECTION
development of new policies within the organization, like offering

voluntary counseling and testing services to HIV-positive employees
(Heijnders & Meij, 2006).
4.2 Drug Addiction Rehabilitation Centers
Drug and alcohol addiction rehabilitation centers are a subtype of mental

health facilities dedicated to heal substance dependency. They are
residential treatment facilities which offer 24-hour structured and intensive
care, including safe housing and medical attention. They work to provide
medical support of drug detoxification and prevention of relapse.
Residential treatment facilities may use a variety of therapeutic approaches,
and they are generally aimed at helping the patient live a drug-free, crime-
free lifestyle after treatment (NIDA, 2018 B). However, rehabilitation was
more about the reassuring and supportive attitude of staff and the creation
of connections with ordinary life to prevent isolation, than the provision of
facilities (Shephed, 1991).
In the 1950s, the discovery of anti-psychotic drugs orientated mental

health care towards the hospital setting. Yet, as the limitations of drug
treatments became apparent, together with the need for long term care for
chronic cases or relapse episodes, new questions were raised about
institutionalization within the hospital environment. This trend of the
‗normalization theory‘ replaced hospitals by experimental residential
facilities located in the community. Helping to reduce the stigma
associated with mental illness, this concept dedicated that the mentally ill
should have the same rights as able members of the community and be
enabled to participate in the ordinary life of the community. This meant
that architecturally, environments bearing the least possible resemblance to
hospital settings, and located in the community, were considered the
optimum setting for the care of the mentally ill (Chrysikou, 2014).
73
REHABILITATION
Following the trend of normalization of mental health facilities, a study in

1996 documented that the degree to which a building is perceived as
homelike or institutional affects the behavior of both staff and resident.
Residents of buildings perceived a more institutional were found to have
significantly more stereotypical repetitive and significantly fewer
independently generated behaviors. The reverse was found in the settings
perceived by parents, staff, and residents to be more homelike. Which
suggest that the environment to affect people's action both directly by
creating expectations and actions and indirectly by affecting expectations
of and actions toward others (Thompson, et al., 1996).
Even though mental health facilities should resemble homelike

environment, they should address the issue of the diversity of its users‘
conditions and symptoms. Normal accommodation has different
connotations from the environment found in a typical family home.
Moreover, service users could be divided into two groups: agitated and
aggressive, and the depressed and withdrawn (Davis, et al., 1979).
Many new approaches were tested to fight stigma related to drug abusers
through the architectural design. For example, in Copenhagen, drug
consumption center H17 designed by PLH Arkitekter did not create
signage and installed a concealed side entrance. However, this approach
has confused some to the point that tourists sometimes mistake it for an art
gallery (Sayer, 2017).
4.3 Functions & Design features for stress reduction
The drug rehabilitation center should also address the issue of violence and
safety within its environment. Drug addicts as mental illness inpatients can
behave in aggressive and antisocial behaviors. Studies revealed that 32.4%
of psychiatric inpatients engaged in aggressive behavior or violence, and
50% of all aggressive incidents in psychiatric units involve physical
74
DATA COLLECTION
violence (Bowers, et al., 2011). This means that creating a comforting and
stress relieving environment is essential in this case to reduce incidents of
violence, and even self-harm and suicide.
The concept of therapeutic architecture does not suggest that the

architecture by itself has the capacity to heal patients, but rather,
architectural manipulation of structures and space can allow for other
environmental factors such as sound, color, views, smell and light all of
which contribute to a therapeutic environment to be prominent for healing
purpose. For instance, drug patients who are suffering from mental stress
and fatigue can feel better if they occupy spaces that have favorable colors,
wide windows that allow them to view outside, and spaces that restrict
noise that would be considered loud (Morgenthaler, 2015).
The physical and symbolic environment has a significant impact on the

patients. There is a high correlation between life satisfaction and overall
health. Satisfaction creates happiness conditions in people and resulting in
the patient's interest to continue to be treated (Sapmaz, et al.,). On the
contrary, some studies confirm that the traditional way in which some
rehabilitation centers are designed contribute to increasing stress and pose
a danger to the well-being of both patients and staff such as exceeding
noise due to high population of patients and staff, small rooms especially
for inpatient facilities, poor lighting, and small spaces (Seaward, 2011)
(Edge, 2003) (Unwin, 2003).
Researchers studying how factors such as time passed admission can

influence suicide rates reported that almost half of suicides take place
within the first 3 days of admission. Their research suggests improvements
to the ward environment to increase staff supervision and decrease patient
distress especially during admission and the first days of hospitalization.
(Hunt, et al., 2013)
75
REHABILITATION
It was also found that the design of a newer hospital with environmental
features in the stress-reducing design bundle decreased the use of chemical
(compulsory injections) and physical restraints substantially (21%)
compared to the old hospital it replaced (Ulrich, et al., 2012).
4.3.1 Home-like characteristics
Providing home-like characteristics is widely recommended as best

practice design for psychiatric hospitals and long term care facilities. A
study in a Norwegian psychiatric ward found that decorating a seclusion
area in a home-like increased the satisfaction and reported well-being of
patients, especially women (Vaaler et al., 2005).
Another study of a renovated club, hospital wing, and facility built for
drug and alcohol treatment. Found that satisfaction declined with all three
facilities progressively during the 4-week treatment period due to absence
of familiar features such as posters, paints photographs, and collectibles.
The patients indicated they missed their beds, chairs, and pets from home.
Spaciousness, views to the outside, and privacy were the most positively
received elements of the new space. Least-liked were lack of carpeting,
color scheme, lack of comfort, and particularly the quality of the bed. Lack
of recreational equipment was also mentioned as problematic (Potthoff,
1995).
Unfortunately, most facilities are denied of minimum amenities. Because

of that addicts residing for long periods of time in these facilities are often
in sleep or suffer from boredom, depression and fatigue (Mirzaei, et al.,
2010).
4.3.2 Private Patient Rooms
Providing single bedrooms may be the most important design intervention

for reducing stress and thereby aggression in inpatient psychiatric wards.
76
DATA COLLECTION
The number of persons sharing a bedroom, bathroom, or cell strongly

correlates with higher crowding stress and lower privacy, perceived
control, more disagreements with roommates, more illness complaints, and
social withdrawal (Ulrich, et al., 2012). When it comes to infectious
diseases, a study showed that single bed rooms and good air quality
substantially reduce infection incidence and reduce mortality (McManus,
et al., 1992).
Situations whereby, two patients are sharing the same room may be
uncomfortable for some individuals depending on their personalities. It is
also worth noting that drug addicts are susceptible to high stress levels and
low moods (Seaward, 2011). Moreover, researchers comparing patient
rooms ranging from singles to 12-bed dormitories, concluded that the
higher the number of occupants per bedroom, the higher the percentage of
isolated passive behaviors (Ittelson, et al., 1970).
A two-bed room forces a social intimacy that may be intimidating and

detrimental to interaction. researchers and concluded that, activity type
rather than mathematical density should dictate room size, private rooms
will be used most frequently, the use of the room and interactive behaviors
decreases as the number of beds per room increases, and that two-person
rooms require more than double the space required for a one-person room
(Wolfe, 1975).
Patients‘ rooms should be well equipped to receive visitors.

Approximately half of all visits (49%) took place in the patient room.
family members spent considerable time at their relative‘s bedside, most of
them up to several hours a day. Family members, who saw themselves as
―close‖ to the patient, had the most positive effects on patients‘ mental
status (Astedt-Kurki, et al., 1997).
4.3.3 Sports and recreational facilities
77
REHABILITATION
Addiction treatment is a multidisciplinary process, therefore successful

treatment about addiction requires paying attention to the architecture and
design environment of addiction treatment centers on side the medical and
psychological interventions.
Studies showed that providing high quality sports and leisure facilities
such as; gym hall, swimming pools, living spaces, green spaces, etc. have
high positive correlation with variables such as addicts‘ satisfaction,
happiness, self-esteem and anxiety plus shorter treatment period (Hajlooa,
et al., 2016) (Huisman, et al., 2012). Suitable environment is also a sign of
respect to the addicts and to encourage them to quit drug addiction (Parvizi,
et al., 2004).
4.3.4 Smaller Ward Patient Group Size
Researchers suggest limiting the number of large shared spaces to reduce

the chance of violence (Shepley & Pasha, 2013). A research on non-
psychiatric residential settings such as student dormitories and apartment
buildings has found that smaller population sizes on floors, corridors, or
units (approximately 12-18 persons at full occupancy) are associated with
lower perceived crowding and more interpersonal contacts and helping
behavior, than floors or units of comparable spatial density but large
populations. (Baum & Davis, 1980)
When spatial density is controlled for, students living on longer corridors

with larger floor populations tend to report having fewer friends and
acquaintances than those living on short corridors with smaller populations.
Also, smaller ward population sizes in psychiatric hospitals foster control
and help prevent crowding stress by enabling patients to more easily
regulate their personal spacing and relationships with others in shared
spaces such as dayrooms and eating areas (Ulrich, et al., 2012)
4.3.5 Furniture arrangement
78
DATA COLLECTION
Providing movable seating in dayrooms, lounges, and other shared spaces

in psychiatric wards enhances the patient‘s capability to regulate personal
space and interactions with others, achieve control, and reduce stress
(Sommer, 1969). Seating patterns exerted a powerful control over the
amount of social interaction among patients in a dayroom setting.
Arrangements with chairs positioned shoulder-to-shoulder along the
dayroom walls strongly suppressed social interaction. By contrast,
arranging chairs around small tables in the middle of the room increased
interaction, especially among socially inclined patients (Holahan, 1972 ).
Through behavior observation, researchers investigated how the physical

environment impacted social organization and behavior, whether there
were variations in staff and patient use of space, and whether room
designation or furniture arrangement impacted behavior. They found that,
patients heavily used the dayroom and TV room in addition to the hallway
adjacent to the nurses‘ station or window, patients frequently used areas
with furniture, and that staff often sequestered themselves in the nurses‘
station or the adjacent hallway (Fairbanks, et al., 1977).
4.3.6 Daylight Exposure
Designing buildings to provide higher exposure to natural light, compared

to low exposure, reduces depression and fosters shorter inpatient stays for
depressed patients. Assigning psychiatric patients with serious depression
to rooms having higher daylight shortens stays compared to placing similar
patients in rooms that receive less daylight or are always in shade (Ulrich,
et al., 2012).
A study in 2017 found that patients exposed to an increased intensity of

sunlight experienced less perceived stress, marginally less pain, took 22%
less analgesic medication per hour, and had 21% less pain medication
costs (Dhingra, 2017) . Another study found that patients had shorter
79
REHABILITATION
hospital stays when staying in sunny rooms compared with dimly lit rooms
(Beauchemin & Hays, 1996).
Patients treated in sunny rooms had an average stay of 16.6 days compared
with 19.5 days for those in dim rooms. Moreover, there was significant
difference between women and men. Mortality in both sexes was
consistently higher in dim rooms (Beauchemin & Hays, 1998).
4.3.7 Nature views & accessibility
Viewing nature fosters rapid reduction of stress. Physiological restoration

from stress is evident, for instance, in reduced blood pressure and changes
in cardiac activity. These and other beneficial physiological changes are
accompanied by increased positive emotions and reduced levels of
negatively-toned feelings such as anxiety and anger (Ulrich, 1991) (Ulrich,
et al., 1991). Moreover, patients assigned to rooms with a window view of
nature (trees), compared to matched patients with windows overlooking a
brick wall, had better emotional well-being, endured fewer stress-related
minor complications such as persistent headache, suffered less pain, and
had shorter stays (Ulrich, 1984).
Studies in general hospitals indicates that patients and visitors who use
gardens report reduced stress, improved emotional well-being, and higher
satisfaction with care quality. Gardens in hospitals not only provide stress-
reducing nature views, but if well designed reduce stress through other
established mechanisms. For example, a garden that is accessible to
patients improves emotional well-being by increasing exposure to daylight,
and promotes control and stress reduction by providing a calming and
enticing getaway from familiar interior ward spaces. A garden designed
with seating choices additionally provides patients with attractive places
either to seek privacy or socialize (Ulrich, et al., 1999).
4.3.8 Noise Reduction
80
DATA COLLECTION
Reducing noise levels lowers stress in non-psychiatric inpatients as

evidenced, for example, by reduced blood pressure. Other research on
nurses in non-psychiatric facilities has found that noise reducing design
measures lower staff stress, annoyance, perceived work demands and
pressure, and may help reduce burnout (Ulrich, et al., 2012). For
healthcare facility design, consideration should be given to providing
sound-absorbent ceilings and other measures that shorten RT and reduce
noise propagation, thereby increasing speech discrimination among older
patients and possibly older staff (Huisman, et al., 2012).
4.3.9 Art
Art has been proven to have an impact on the reduction of stress in

psychiatric patients. One group of researchers studied the relationship
between art displays and patient anxiety in an acute-care psychiatric unit,
found a significant positive correlation between presence of realistic art
displays and anxiety reduction (Nanda, et al., 2010).
Other studies in general hospitals have consistently found that the great
majority prefer and respond with positive emotions to representational
nature art, but dislike abstract artwork and images displaying emotionally
negative or challenging subject matter. Patients have positive feelings and
reactions with respect to nature art and prints, but have negative reactions
to ward artwork that was abstract or could be interpreted in multiple ways.
There were many incidents where psychiatric patients had physically
attacked several ward artworks, all of which displayed abstract subject
matter and styles (Ulrich, 1991). A study of elderly psychiatric patients
found that placing a large realistic nature print in a ward lounge
substantially reduced the number of injections given for aggressive
behaviors (kicking, hitting, biting) and agitation (Nanda, et al., 2010).
4.3.10 Color as a Therapy
81
REHABILITATION
From ancient times, color has always been believed to be influential on the
human psyche. Many researchers have studied the impact of colors and
their combinations on the people. Some claim that colors closely related on
color wheel, shall be used together to create a feeling of harmony. Yellows,
Oranges and Red-oranges, Blues and violets are some of the suitable
combinations (Dhingra, 2017).
Complementary Colors are the ones on the opposite sides of the color
wheel. These colors offer the greatest contrasts, so their effects are bold
and dramatic- Violet and yellow, Blue and Orange, Red and Green.
Specific qualities have been linked to specific colors. For example, Violet,
blue, and green stress reduction, pink‘s soothing effect, yellow‘s
nervousness, orange increasing appetite and well-being, and red
stimulating power (Dhingra, 2017).
Studies on various colors divulge that bright colors increase blood pressure,
autonomic functions and pulse rate directing outward attention. In contrast,
dark and softer colors create calm effect directing inward attention
(Chrysikou, 2014). However, there were no significant findings to
determine that anxiety levels, lengths of stay, or medication requests were
dependent upon the color of the patient‘s room (Edge, 2003).
4.3.11 Smoking rooms
Smoking bans may lead to challenges in psychiatric wards, more

specifically because of higher prevalence of disruptive behavior as well as
higher rates of smoking among psychiatric inpatients. (Lasser et al., 2000)
Evidence is also available that assumes a direct link between assaultive
behavior and smoking bans. Setting limits, such as denying off-site
privileges or restrictions on cigarettes, were found to provoke aggression
(Chou, et al., 2002).
82
DATA COLLECTION
Researchers recommend the smoking room to be, embedded in a

psychiatric unit, ventilated to the outside air, and only available to
psychiatric inpatients for a maximum of one cigarette per hour (Crockford,
Kerfoot, & Currie, 2009).
4.3.12 Dayrooms
Dayrooms and common areas encourage social interaction and promote

sense of community. Staff observation of the dayrooms should be
facilitated and spaces used by patients should be close to the nursing
station. A mix of seating arrangements that support social interaction
should be located between different groups of patients. Smaller activity
spaces including the dayroom create stronger sense of community
(Shepley & Pasha, 2013).
4.3.13 Way-finding
Studies in general hospitals of patients and visitors have found that

difficult way finding elicits stress (Carpman & Grant, 1993). Therefore,
design approaches that promote easy way finding in psychiatric hospitals
may lessen stress (Ulrich, et al., 2008).
4.3.14 Safety & Staff Surveillance
Staff visual access to patients is recommended at all times, especially

individuals at risk of suicide, self-harm, or aggressive behavior. Physical
objects and design features that can be exploited by aggressive or suicidal
patients should be eliminated or safeguarded (Bowers, et al., 2012)
Locating stations in front of day rooms and providing large observation

windows encourage staff to leave stations more frequently and spend
increased time with patients in day rooms (Gross, et al., 1998). Skillful
design and siting of staff stations, in addition to enhancing observation of
83
REHABILITATION
day rooms, also can enable good visibility of other ward locations found to
be frequent sites of assaults, including corridors and dining rooms (Chou,
et al., 2002).
Safety measures in landscaping recommend; trees are to be located away

from the buildings to prevent access to building roofs, landscape or
decorative rocks that can be thrown and injure staff or other patients
should not be used, and outdoor furniture should be deliberately integrated
with hard landscape; such that they cannot be tampered as well as cannot
be moved to create barricades or stacked upon to allow climbing over into
windows or onto buildings (Dhingra, 2017).
4.4 Space standards & Ergonomics
Rehabilitation centers are types of specialized hospitals. The number of

specialist hospitals is growing fast because of the increasing focus on
individual types of treatment or medical fields: casualty, rehabilitation,
allergies, orthopedics, gynecology, etc. Also included in this category are
special clinics dealing with, for example, cancers, skin problems, lung
conditions, psychiatric disorders, and the like. In turn, these feed
residential rehabilitation centers, nursing homes, special schools and old
people's homes (Neufert, et al., 2012).
84
DATA COLLECTION
4.4.1 Human Ergonomics
Figure 77 Body measurements, Architect's Data
85
REHABILITATION
Figure 78 Disabled Measurements, https://static.un.org
86
DATA COLLECTION
4.4.2 Planning
Orientation: The most

suitable orientation for
treatment and operating
rooms is between north-
west and north-east. For
nursing ward facades,
south to south-east is
favorable: pleasant
morning sun, minimal
heat build-up, and little
requirement for sun
shading, mild in the
evenings. East and west Figure 79 Staff zone
facing rooms have organizational map, retrieved
from architect's data
comparatively deeper
sun penetration, though less winter sun. The orientation of wards in
hospitals with a short average stay is not so important. Some specialist
disciplines might require rooms on the north side so that patients are not
subjected to direct sunlight (Neufert, et al., 2012).
Form: The form of a building is strongly influenced by the choice of

access and circulation routes. It is therefore necessary to decide early on
whether to choose a spine form with branching sections (individual
departments), or whether circulation will be radially outwards from a
central core (Neufert, et al., 2012).
The vertical arrangement within a hospital should be designed so that the

functional areas - care, treatment, supply and disposal, access for
bedridden patients, service yard, underground garage, stores,
87
REHABILITATION
administration, and medical services - can be connected and accessed most

efficiently (Neufert, et al., 2012).
An effective arrangement would be as follows:

Top floor: helipad, air-conditioning plant room, nursing school,
laboratories.
2nd/3rd floor: wards
1st floor: surgical area, central sterilization, intensive care, maternity,
children's hospital
Ground floor: entrance, radiology, medical services, ambulance, entrance
for bedridden patients, emergency ward, information, administration,
cafeteria
Basement: stores, physiotherapy, kitchen, heating and ventilation plant
room, radio-therapy, and linear accelerator
Sub-basement: underground garage, electricity supply (Neufert, et al.,
2012).
Figure 80 Functional vertical organization, Architect's Data
88
DATA COLLECTION
4.4.3 Structural grid
The constructional grid must provide a precise guide as well as allowing

for differentiation of areas for the main functions, support functions and
vehicular traffic. A comparison of the individual operational areas and the
rooms they require should result in a structural grid which is suitable for
all functions. The various operations centers can be planned most
appropriately with a column grid spacing of 7.20m or 7.80m. Smaller
construction grids are problematic because large rooms (e.g. operating
theatres) which must be free from internal columns are more difficult to
accommodate (Neufert, et al., 2012).
4.4.4 Circulation
Corridors: Corridors must be designed for the maximum expected

circulation flow. Generally, access corridors must be at least 1.50m wide.
Corridors in which patients will be transported on trolleys should have a
minimum effective width of 2.25m. The suspended ceiling in corridors
may be installed up to 2.40 m. Windows for lighting and ventilation should
not be further than 25m apart. The effective width of the corridors must
not be constricted by projections, columns or other building elements.
Smoke doors must be installed in ward corridors in accordance with local
regulations (Neufert, et al., 2012).
Doors: When designing doors the hygiene requirements should be

considered. The surface coating must withstand the long-term action of
cleaning agents and disinfectants, and they must be designed to prevent the
transmission of sound, odors and draughts. Doors must meet the same
standard of noise insulation as the walls surrounding them. A double-
skinned door leaf construction must meet a recommended minimum sound
reduction requirement of 25dB. The clear height of doors depends on their
type and function: normal doors 2.10-2.20m vehicle entrances, oversized
89
REHABILITATION
doors 2.50m transport entrances

2.70-2.80m minimum height on
approach roads 3.50m (Neufert, et
al., 2012).
Stairs: For safety reasons stairs

must be designed in such a way that
if necessary they can accommodate
all of the vertical circulation. The
relevant national safety and
building regulations will, of course,
apply. Stairs must have handrails on
both sides without projecting tips.
Winding staircases cannot be
included as part of the regulatory
staircase provision. The effective
width of the stairs and landings in
essential staircases must be a
minimum of 1.50 m and should not
exceed 2.50 m. Doors must not
constrict the useful width of the
landings and, in accordance with
hospital regulations, doors to the
staircases must open in the direction
of escape. Step heights of 170 mm
are permissible and the minimum
required tread depth is 280 mm. It is
better to have a rise/tread ratio of
150:300 mm (Neufert, et al., 2012).
Lifts transport people, Figure 81 Standards,

Lifts: Architect's Data
90
DATA COLLECTION
medicines, laundry, meals and hospital beds between floors, and for
hygiene and aesthetic reasons separate lifts must be provided for some of
these (Neufert, et al., 2012).
In buildings in which care, examination or treatment areas are

accommodated on upper floors, at least two lifts suitable for transporting
beds must be provided. The elevator cars of these lifts must be of a size
that allows adequate room for a bed and two accompanying people; the
internal surfaces must be smooth, washable and easy to disinfect; the floor
must be non-slip. Lift shafts must be fire-resistant (Neufert, et al., 2012).
One multipurpose lift should be provided per 100 beds, with a minimum of
two for smaller hospitals. In addition there should be a minimum of two
smaller lifts for portable equipment, staff and visitors:
clear dimensions of lift car: 0.90 x 1.20 m
clear dimensions of shaft: 1.25 x 1.50 m
4.4.5 Clinic & Care areas
Outpatient clinic: The location of outpatient treatment rooms is of

particular importance. Separation of the routes taken by outpatient
emergencies and inpatients should be given consideration early in the
planning process. The number of patients concerned will depend or the
overall size and technical facilities of the hospital. Where there are a
consistently high number of outpatients a separate area can be created
away from the other hospital operations (Neufert, et al., 2012).
Care of the mentally ill: The variable nature of mental illness results in a
requirement for open and closed wards (for those in need of slight care and
those who are seriously ill and possibly violent). The two types need to be
accommodated when planning and setting up care units. Large areas are
required for day-rooms, dining rooms and rooms for occupational and
group therapy, because patients are not confined to bed. Small care units
91
REHABILITATION
(up to 25 patients) should have short circulation routes and provide good
observation points for nursing staff. A homely design should always be
used to give patients a feeling of well-being.
Figure 82 Psychiatric ward, Architect's Data
Function and structure: The individual care areas in a hospital are

attached to the specific medical faculties (e.g. surgery, medical, accident
and emergency etc.,) and therefore need to be planned as separate units.
Essentially, they cater for pre- and post-operative patients who must stay
in the hospital for observation and recovery. The patients' basic bodily
functions are routinely tested on the wards but more extensive examination
is carried out in separate treatment rooms. Each station must have at least
one assistant doctor's room and two doctor's rooms in which minor
examination and treatment can be carried out (Neufert, et al., 2012).
The hierarchical hospital structure, in both medical and nursing domains,

must be reflected in the planning (e.g. separate rooms for station
supervisors, assistant doctors, and senior doctors).
Layout of rooms: Medical rooms and washrooms should be accessed

from the main station corridor which must be easily supervised from the
92
DATA COLLECTION
glazed nurses' workstation to prevent unauthorized entry. The logistics of

delivering patient care is an important factor in the cost-effectiveness of
the department so it is desirable to plan the necessary supply and disposal
rooms for medicines, linen, refuse, food etc. centrally in groups around the
nurses' workstation (Neufert, et al., 2012).
Nursing teams: Each station (18-24 patients) is served by an independent

nursing team which has full responsibility for patient care. As the nurses'
workstation has to be constantly occupied, it is sensible to plan a direct
connection to the nurses' kitchenette and rest room (Neufert, et al., 2012).
One-to-one nursing care is very much the exception nowadays and the
rising costs of such provision mean that it is unlikely to be feasible in the
future (Neufert, et al., 2012).
Figure 83 Nurses work area, Architect's Data
Patient rooms: The patients' beds must be accessible from three sides and
this sets the limits for the overall room sizes. The smallest size for a one-
bed room is 10 m2; for a two- and three-bed room, a minimum of 8m2 per
93
REHABILITATION
bed should be allowed. The room must be wide enough for a second bed to
be wheeled out of the room without disturbing the first bed (minimum
width 3.20 m). Next to each bed must be a night table and, where
appropriate, towards the window there should be a table (900 x 900 mm)
with chairs (one chair per patient).
The fitted cupboards (usually against the corridor wall) must be capable of
being opened without moving the beds or night tables. In new buildings,
the wet cells should be located towards the inside, off the station corridor,
because future renovations will most likely make use of the external walls
as the means of extending the existing areas (Neufert, et al., 2012).
Figure 84 Patient ward, Architect's data
94
DATA COLLECTION
Figure 85 Patient rooms layout, Architect's Data
95
REHABILITATION
Equipping the patient room: Around the walls there should be a strip
made of plastic or wood (at least 400-700 mm above floor level); to
protect the wall from damage caused by the movement of beds, night
tables and trolleys. Similar strips should be included in the station
corridors.
Figure 86 patient room equipment, Architect's Data
The patients' cupboards must be large enough to store all of the belongings
they have with them. It is best to have a suitcase locker over the cupboard
96
DATA COLLECTION
and a lockable valuables section within the cupboard itself. A coin-

operated locking system is recommended because keys often get lost. A
lockable staff cupboard for medicines should also be planned for. Hinges
which allow doors to open through 135 degrees should be fitted to all
cupboards (Neufert, et al., 2012).
The room doors must be 1260 x 2130 mm in size and a design which gives
a noise reduction of at least 32dB should be considered. The closing
mechanisms must be overhead and the door furniture should be designed
to suit the needs of patients and staff carrying trays (Neufert, et al., 2012).
Whether each patient room is equipped with a shower often depends on the
financing of the project. However, a wash-basin and WC are today
standard in new buildings. Attention must be paid to the heights of the
wash-basin and the WC: the wash-basin needs to be roughly 860 mm from
the floor to allow wheelchairs underneath and the WC for wheelchair users
should have a seat height of about 490 mm. Each station must also have
additional WCs for staff, visitors and wheelchair users (Neufert, et al.,
2012).
Consulting room: For future flexibility the size of a standard consulting

room should be around 12 m². However, the absolute minimum
recommended area is 8 m². The patient/client will be positioned between
the practitioner and the door during consultation. Consideration may be
given to altering the layout to position the practitioner between the patient/
client and the door for staff safety (Department of Health, 2013 A).
97
REHABILITATION
Figure 87 Consulting room, HBN 00-03
Kitchenette: A mini kitchen is an open area for preparing snacks and

beverages that may be added to another space within staff, patient or
visitor areas. Limited amounts of dry goods and refrigerated items will be
stored here (Department of Health, 2013).
Figure 88 Figure 85 Kitchenette space requirements, HBN 00-03
Non-clean workroom: Each care area station must have a workroom,

approximately 10m2 in size, for handling soiled materials. The room will
98
DATA COLLECTION
contain a sink and sluice, preferably in stainless steel, and fully tiled walls
are recommended (Neufert, et al., 2012).
Nurses' work area: The nurses' workstation should be situated in a central

position and requires a size of about 25-30 m2. The corridor wall must be
glazed, but fireproofing is also a consideration so it is advisable to consult
the fire officer and fireproofing specialists (Neufert, et al., 2012).
Station doctor: The station doctor must be provided with a 16-20 m2

room in which to examine patients. In addition to a desk, there should be
ample shelving and an examination couch, on which the doctor can rest
when on-call (Neufert, et al., 2012).
4.4.6 Staff & Administration
Figure 89 Staffing per inpatients, Architect's Data
Rooms for administration should be connected by corridor to the

entrance hall and be close to the main circulation routes. A suitable route
to the supplies area must also be planned.
99
REHABILITATION
The following requirements are based on a one hundred-bed occupancy

level. In the administrative area, 7-12 m2 per member of staff should be
planned. Rooms for dealings with patients and relatives need to be
connected to reception (entrance hall), admissions and accounts (25m2),
the cash-desk (12 m2) and accounts (12 m2) (Neufert, et al., 2012).
Figure 90 Administration Area, HBN 00-03
Admin area: This area is suitable for full-time office-based staff. For
sizing continuous use open plan administration areas (with six or more
workstations) an allowance of 5 m² per workstation may be used.
For briefing purposes, open-plan offices with eight or more workstations

may be sized at 6.6 m² per workstation. This allows for the following;
space for the workstation, one interview room (4 places) for every 16
workstations, one quiet workspace for every 16 workstation, one breakout
space for every 16 workstations, one photocopy/printing room, with
multifunctional printer/copier and storage for paper/printing supplies, for
every 32 workstations (Department of Health, 2013).
100
DATA COLLECTION
Figure 91 Open plan office sizes table, HBN 00-03
Office: Single-person offices should only be provided where full-time

access to workstations and constant privacy are required. Offices may be
used for discussions and informal interviews as well as clinical
administration tasks (Department of Health, 2013).
101
REHABILITATION
Figure 92 Single-person office, HBN 00-03
Staff communication base: A staff communication base is a workstation,

typically with a split-level counter, intended as a clinical management base
within a clinical area. It should provide good observation of the clinical
area served. Staff emergency call facilities should be provided at the desk.
Access to a safe room/space must be provided behind the base to ensure
staff safety. Space around the base should ensure free movement of traffic
when someone is standing in front of the base.
The recommended minimum working width for a member of staff at the

base is 800 mm per person.
102
DATA COLLECTION
A width of 1200 mm per person is generally only required for prolonged

use but has been included in the examples for flexibility (Department of
Health, 2013).
Figure 93 space requirements for staff communication base, from

HBN 00-03
Pantry/refreshment room: This room is for preparing snacks and

beverages. Limited amounts of dry goods and refrigerated items will be
stored here. It may be located in staff, patient or visitor areas. Hand rinsing
facilities must be provided wherever food is being prepared (Department
of Health, 2013).
103
REHABILITATION
Figure 94 Pantry, from HBN 00-03
4.4.7 General Areas
Reception desk: A reception desk is similar to a staff communication base

except that; it has particular emphasis should be placed on the design of
the desk to encourage patients and visitors to approach the base, including
children, additional consideration may be placed on providing privacy
screens at the reception desk to assist with patient confidentiality. A
reception desk should be located so that it commands a clear, unobstructed
view of the entrance and waiting area and access routes to clinical areas.
The 1200 mm working width will be required as more prolonged use will
be expected, as well as registering patients and making appointments.
Clinical administration work will also take place here. Public access to
clinical areas will be controlled from the reception desk (Department of
Health, 2013).
Waiting Area: Waiting areas should be close to the clinical or work area
served and WC facilities. Main waiting areas should be adjacent to the
main reception desk. Steps should be taken to ensure chairs cannot be used
104
DATA COLLECTION
as potential weapons either by fixing chairs to the floor or to each other. 10%
of waiting places to be suitable for people in wheelchairs; a children‘s play
area based on 10% of the number of main waiting places and sized at 2 m²
per child (with a minimum space for three children) (Department of Health,
2013).
Additional rooms needed include: an office for the administrative director

(20m2), a secretarial room (10m2), an administrators' office (15 m2,
possibly in the supply area), a nurses' office (20m2), a personnel office (25
m2) and central archives (40 m2, possibly in the basement with a link to
the administration department via stairs).
According to requirements, the plan should also provide: duty rooms for
matron and welfare workers, a doctors' staff room and consulting rooms, a
messenger room, a medical records archive, specialist and patients'
libraries, and a hairdresser's room (with two seats) (Neufert, et al., 2012).
Main entrance: General traffic goes only to the main entrance; for
hygiene reasons (e.g. risk of infection), special entrances are to be shown
separately. The entrance hall, on the basis of the open-door principle,
should be designed as a waiting room for visitors. Today's layouts are
more like that of a modern hotel foyer, having moved away from the
typical hospital character.
The size of the hall depends on bed capacity and the expected number of
visitors. Circulation routes for visitors, patients and staff are separated
from the hall onwards. The reception and telephone switchboard (12m2)
are formed using counters, allowing staff to supervise more effectively.
However, it must be possible to prevent public access from reception to
inner areas and main staff circulation routes.
The entrance hall should also contain pay phones and a kiosk selling
tobacco, sweets, flowers and writing materials. Short routes to outpatients,
105
REHABILITATION
and the wards should be planned and these must be free of general traffic.
An examination room for first aid (15 m2), a washroom (15m2), an ante-
room (10m2), standing room for at least two stretchers, and a laundry store
should be included in an area where they are accessible directly beyond the
entrance (Neufert, et al., 2012).
Archive and store rooms: A short route between archives and work areas
is advantageous but generally difficult to provide. One possibility is to
locate them in the basement and have a link by stairs. Distinctions should
be made between store and archive rooms for files, documentation and
film from administration (Neufert, et al., 2012).
Communal rooms: Dining rooms and cafeteria are best situated on the
ground floor, or on the top floor to give a good view, must have a direct
connection to the servery. The connection to the central kitchen is by
goods lift, which is not accessible to visitors. Consider whether it is
sensible to separate visitors, staff and patients. Nowadays, the dining areas
are often run by external caterers and the self-service system has become
generally accepted (Neufert, et al., 2012).
Prayer rooms: These should, preferably, occupy a central location, at the

intersection of internal and external circulation routes, but outside the care,
treatment and supply areas. This allows access for employees, visitors and
inpatients. When planning rooms to cater for spiritual needs in hospitals, it
is essential to consider space requirements for wheelchair users and those
who are bedridden (Neufert, et al., 2012).
Pharmacy: In medium-size and large hospitals the pharmacy stocks

prescriptions and carries out examinations under the management of an
accredited pharmacist. In the design the following rooms are necessary:
dispensary, materials room, drug store, laboratory and, possibly, an issue
desk. If necessary, also include herb and dressing materials rooms,
106
DATA COLLECTION
demijohn and acid cellar, and a room in which night duty personnel can
sleep. The dispensary and laboratory should contain a prescription table, a
work table, a packing table and a sink. The storage of inflammable liquids
and acids, as well as various anesthetics, means appropriate safety
measures are stipulated for the walls, ceilings and doors. The pharmacy
must be close to lifts and the pneumatic tube dispatch system (Neufert, et
al., 2012).
Figure 95 Pharmacy for medium sized hospital, Architect's Data
Clean supply room: This room is effectively a store for sterile supplies
and consumables. Empty supplies trolleys and dressings/instruments
trolleys will be held here and restocked for distribution to wards and
clinical areas. It is not for storing medicines. Where clean supply rooms
are used and medicines storage/ preparation is required outside clinical
rooms, each clean supply room should be supported by a series of
medicine store/preparation rooms (Department of Health, 2013 A).
107
REHABILITATION
Figure 96 Clean supply room, HBN 00-03
Central bed unit: From the point of view of hygiene and economy, every
hospital should contain a bed unit, in which the appropriate staff strip
down, clean, disinfect and make up the beds. A complete bed change is
required for new admissions, patients after 14 days as an inpatient, after
operations and deliveries, as well as after serious soiling. The size of the
bed unit depends on the number of nursing beds in the hospital: for about
500 inpatients a bed unit for 70 beds should be provided. The functional
demarcation requires a clean and non-clean side, separated by the bed
cleaning room, mattress disinfecting room and staff lobby. For carrying
out repairs, a special workshop, approximately 35 m2, should be situated
in the close vicinity, as should the laundry and store for clean bedding,
mattresses etc. If machines are to be used to clean the bed frames and
mattresses, the specific requirements of the equipment must be taken into
account at an early stage (e.g. demands for floor recesses, clear heights)
(Neufert, et al., 2012).
108
DATA COLLECTION
Figure 97 Central Bed unit, Architect's Data
Laundry provision: Figures for the amount of dirty dry washing

generated per bed per day vary between 0.8 and 3.0kg. The following
sequence of work is preferred in the laundry: receipt, sorting, weighing,
washing, spinning, beating out, mangling or drying (tumble dryer),
pressing (if possible high pressure steam connection), ironing, sewing,
storage, issue. The laundry hall consists of a sorting and weighing area
(15m2), laundry collection room under laundry chutes from the wards, wet
working area (50m2), dry working area (60m2), detergent store (10m2),
sewing room (10m2) and laundry store (15m2) (Neufert, et al., 2012).
Meal provision: Providing the patients with proper nutrition places high
demands on food preparation since the required amounts of protein, fat,
carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, fiber and flavorings often vary. The
dominant food provision systems are those which rationalize the individual
phases of conventional food preparation (preparatory work, making up,
transporting, distribution). Preparation of normal food and special diets
takes place separately. After preparation and cooking the meals are put
109
REHABILITATION
together on the portioning line. The portioned trays are transported with
the supply trolleys to the various stations for distribution. The same
trolleys are used to transport the used crockery back to the central washing
up and trolley cleaning unit. Staff catering consists of about 40% of the
total catering demand. The staff dining room should be close to the central
kitchen. A division into separate rooms for domestic staff, nurses, clerical
staff and doctors could be considered in a large hospital but, again, for
economic reasons, these rooms must be near to the main kitchen. For small
and medium-size hospitals this type of division is not recommended
4.4.8 Sports & Recreation
Fitness room: For 40-45 users a room size of at least 200 m2 is needed.
Clear room height for all rooms should be 3.0 m. For an optimum double-
row arrangement of machines, the room should be at least 6m wide. To
allow clear supervision of all training, the room length needs to be 15m or
less. The minimum room size of 40 m2 is suitable for 12 users.
The lifting area should be no smaller than 4 x 4m and on a strong wooden

base, with markings in chalk. The floor must not be sprung because
weight-lifters require a solid footing. The largest diameter of weight plate
is generally 450mm. The weight of plates for one-handed exercises range
up to 15 kg; for two-handed exercises, the plates are up to 20 kg in weight
110
DATA COLLECTION
Figure 98 Fitness room plan, Architect's Data
Swimming pool:
Figure 99 Changing room layout, Architect's Data
111
REHABILITATION
Figure 100 Swimming pool, Architect's Data
112
DATA COLLECTION
4.4.9 Seminar Room
A 32 m² group room furnished for use as a seminar room can

accommodate 24 people including one wheelchair user, plus the
practitioner at the front of the room. An overhead projector and, in larger
seminar rooms, public address system may be provided. For sizing seminar
rooms, the following allowances may be used; 4–5 m² for desk and
equipment for practitioner at front of room; 1.2 m² per stacking chair; 4 m²
per wheelchair space (Department of Health, 2013).
Figure 101 Seminar room, HBN 00-03
For optimum vision of the screen, rows of seats should be staggered; a

maximum of five seats in the front row is recommended for an 1800 mm
wide screen. The distance from the front row to the screen should be twice
the width of the screen or a minimum of 3000 mm. in large rooms, the
bottom of the screen may need to be raised (Department of Health, 2013).
113
REHABILITATION
Figure 102 Space requirements for seminar activities, HBN 00-03
4.4.10 Restaurant
Before any restaurant or inn is built, the organizational sequence should be

carefully planned. It is essential to establish what meals will be offered,
and at what quality and quantity. It is necessary to decide whether it will
be a-la-carte with fixed or changing daily menus, plate or table service,
self-service or a mixed system. Before deciding on the layout, it is
114
DATA COLLECTION
important to know the anticipated numbers and type of clientele and the
customer mix.
Figure 103 Restaurant space requirements, Architect's Data
The main room of a restaurant is the customers' dining room, and the
facilities should correspond with the type of operation. A number of
additional tables and chairs should be available for flexible table groupings.
A food bar may be installed for customers who are in a hurry. Large dining
rooms can be divided into zones. The kitchen, storerooms, delivery points,
toilets and other service areas should be grouped around the dining room,
although toilets can be on another floor (Neufert, et al., 2012).
115
REHABILITATION
Figure 104 Restaurant layout, Architect's Data
Figure 105 Restaurant's table arrangement, Architect's Data
116
DATA COLLECTION
Figure 106 Kitchen space requirements, Architect's Data
About 10-15% of the kitchen area should be reserved for offices and staff
rooms. Kitchen staff must be provided with changing rooms, a washroom
and toilets. If more than ten staff are employed, rest and break rooms are
required. Changing and social rooms should be close to the kitchen to
avoid the staff having to cross unheated rooms or corridors. More than
6m2 should be provided for the changing room (Neufert, et al., 2012).
117
REHABILITATION
4.5 Local and international design codes and regulations
4.5.1 UAE Fire and Safety Code
Means of Egress: A continuous and unobstructed way of travel from any

point in a building or structure to a public way consisting of three separate
and distinct parts: The exit access, the exit and the exit discharge.
Means of Egress consists of vertical and horizontal travel which can be

intervening room spaces, doorways, hallways, corridors, passageways,
balconies, ramps, stairs, elevators, enclosures, lobbies, horizontal exits,
courts and yards (Ministry of Interior, 2011).
Doors: Every door and door assembly shall be designed and constructed
so that the way of egress travel is obvious and direct. Other features such
as décor and windows that have the potential to be mistaken for doors shall
be made inaccessible to the occupants by barriers or railings.
Door openings in means of egress shall be not less than 915 mm in clear
width. Where a pair of doors is provided, not less than one of the doors
shall provide not less than 915 mm clear width opening. No door into a
means of egress, when fully opened, shall project more than 180mm into
the required width of an aisle, corridor, passageway, or landing (Ministry
of Interior, 2011).
118
DATA COLLECTION
Figure 107 Minimum clear width with permitted obstructions,

UAE Fire and Safety Codes of Practice
Figure 108 Minimum required width, UAE Fire and Safety

Codes of Practice
119
REHABILITATION
Ramps: All ramps serving as required means of egress shall be of

permanent fixed non-combustible construction. The ramp floor and
landings shall be solid and without perforations. Ramps shall have
landings located at the top, at the bottom, and at doors opening onto the
ramp. Every landing shall have a width not less than the width of the ramp.
Where the ramp is not part of an accessible route, the ramp landings shall
not be required to exceed 1220 mm in the direction of travel, provided that
the ramp has a straight run. Any changes in travel direction shall be made
only at landings. Ramps and intermediate landings shall continue with no
decrease in width along the direction of egress travel (Ministry of Interior,
2011).
Figure 109 Ramp specifications, UAE Fire and Safety Codes of

Practice
Stairs: Stairs, whether interior or exterior to a building, serve multiple

functions, allowing normal occupant movement among floors of building,
providing egress during emergencies and fires and facilitating rescue and
fire control operations by Fire fighters.
The minimum width clear of all obstructions, except projections not more
than 114 mm at or below handrail height on each side. The stair width
requirement is based on accumulating the occupant load on each story the
stair serves. The total cumulative occupant load assigned to a particular
stair shall be that stair‘s share of the total occupant load. For downward
120
DATA COLLECTION
egress travel, stair width shall be based on the total number of occupants
from stories above the level where the width is measured. For upward
egress travel, stair width shall be based on the total number of occupants
from stories below the level where the width is measured.
Stairs shall have landings at door openings. Stairs and intermediate

landings shall continue with no decrease in width along the direction of
egress travel. Every landing shall have a dimension, measured in the
direction of travel that is not less than the width of the stair. Landings shall
not be required to exceed 1220 mm in the direction of travel, provided that
the stair has a straight run. Stair treads and landings shall be solid, without
perforations (Ministry of Interior, 2011).
Figure 110 Stair specifications, UAE Fire and Safety Codes of

Practice
Figure 111 Headroom, UAE Fire and Safety Codes of Practice
121
REHABILITATION
Exit Discharge or Discharge from exit is defined as providing building

occupants with a safe path of travel from an exit to a public way. This path
of travel might be inside or outside a building and can be achieved through
an exit passageway.
The width of an exit passageway shall be adequate to accommodate the

aggregate required capacity of all exits that discharge through it. Exits
shall terminate directly, at a public way or at an exterior exit discharge.
Yards, courts, open spaces, or other portions of the exit discharge shall be
of the required width, size and open to the sky above to provide all
occupants with a safe access to a public way. An exit passageway can be
extended from the exit staircase shaft to qualify as direct discharge
(Ministry of Interior, 2011).
Figure 112 Extension of Exit Staircase to meet with travel

distance requirements, UAE Fire and Safety Codes of Practice
The number of means of egress shall be sufficient to accommodate the

occupant load and complying with the travel distance requirements. Where
more than one exit is required from a building or portion thereof, such
exits shall be remotely located from each other and shall be arranged and
constructed to minimize the possibility that more than one has the potential
to be blocked by any one fire or other emergency condition.
122
DATA COLLECTION
Figure 113 Exit specifications, UAE Fire and Safety Codes of

Practice
The minimum separation distance between two exits or exit access doors
in a sprinklered building shall be not less than one-third the length of the
maximum overall diagonal dimension of the building or area to be served.
This distance shall be half the diagonal for non-sprinklered buildings.
Where more than two exits or exit access doors are required, at least two
of the required exits or exit access doors shall be arranged to comply with
the minimum separation distance requirement. The balance of the exits or
exit access doors shall be located so that, if one becomes blocked, the
others shall be available (Ministry of Interior, 2011).
Figure 114 Measurement of diagonal distance of room or space,

UAE Fire and Safety Codes of Practice
123
REHABILITATION
Figure 115 Requirements for Arrangement of Means of Egress
4.5.2 International Building Code
International Building Code (IBC) separates fire alarm requirements by

what is referred to as a ―Use Group.‖ Manual fire alarm systems and an
automatic fire detection system are required in Group I occupancies.
Manual stations in patient sleeping areas of Groups I-1 and I-2 can be
eliminated if located at all nurse‘s stations or other constantly attended
staff locations. A supervised, automatic smoke detection system is
mandated for waiting areas open to corridors (ICC, 2012).
124
DATA COLLECTION
Figure 116 Supervised occupancy codes and regulations section I,

IBC
Figure 117 Supervised occupancy codes and regulations section II,

IBC
125
REHABILITATION
4.5.3 Estidama
Estidama, which means ‗sustainability‘ in Arabic, is the initiative which

will transform Abu Dhabi into a model of sustainable urbanization. The
Pearl Rating System for Estidama aims to address the sustainability of a
given development throughout its lifecycle from design through
construction to operation. The Pearl Rating System provides design
guidance and detailed requirements for rating a project‘s potential
performance in relation to the four pillars of Estidama. The Pearl Rating
System is organized into seven categories that are fundamental to more
sustainable development. These form the heart of the Pearl Rating System;
Integrated Development Process, Natural Systems, Livable Communities,
Precious Water, Resourceful Energy, Stewarding Materials, and
Innovating Practice (ADUPC, 2010).
Figure 118 Energy efficient building requirements, Estidama
126
DATA COLLECTION
Figure 119 Onsite renewable energy requirements, Estidama
127
REHABILITATION
Figure 120 Outdoor thermal comfort requirements, Estidama
128
U S E R S F E E D B A C K
An important part of an architectural design is getting feedback from its

users, to learn how the different users have different objectives and desires
in every case. However, in the case of this project it‘s difficult to directly
interview or surveys the users (drug addicts), since the social stigma and
prejudice creates an obstacle in finding and surveying the users of the drug
addiction rehabilitation center. Instead, the survey conducted focuses on
the community‘s attitudes towards rehabilitation centers. For instance, the
survey explores how different demographics of the community are willing
to use public facilities in the rehabilitation center and interact with its
users.
5.1 Background and Objectives
Social stigma surrounding rehabilitation center and psychiatric institutions

in general could pose an obstacle in the success of the rehabilitation center,
since one of its objectives is to help the inpatients reintegrate with the
society. For this reason, a survey was conducted to get the feedback of the
UAE community in order to understand how the community is willing to
interact with the drug addiction rehabilitation center.
REHABILITATION
5.2 Methodology
The survey under the title of UAE Community Attitudes towards Drug
Addiction Rehabilitation Centers was conducted on 100 citizens and
residents of the UAE. The Survey was created via Surveymonkey.com and
taken through a link to reach out to the community. The survey questions
and answers were written in both English and Arabic simultaneously in
order to facilitate answering the survey for members of the society who
aren‘t bilingual or fluent in English or Arabic. The survey link was
distributed through different social media platforms, and answering it
wasn‘t mandatory nor in exchange of any money or service.
The Survey consisted of 10 multiple choice questions, the first three of

which are demographic questions focusing on nationality, age, and gender.
The other questions focused on the participants‘ attitudes and thoughts
about addiction rehabilitation centers. For example one of the questions
was ―What‘s your attitude towards living near a drug addiction
rehabilitation center?‖ another question was ―Will you use the amenities
provided by the rehabilitation center (Gym, Swimming pool, restaurant,
etc.) if it was available to the public?‖ and ―Will you visit a relative or a
friend receiving treatment at an addiction rehabilitation center?‖ The
questions were carefully written in order to prevent any bias in the form of
the questions. For example instead of asking ―Do you mind living near a
rehabilitation center?‖ the question was reframed as ―What‘s your
attitude...‖ which is more neutral than ―Do you mind?‖
130
USERS FEEDBACK
Figure 121 Survey respondents’ demographics: Nationality,

SurveyMonkey.com
Figure 122 Survey respondents’ demographics: Age group,

SurveyMonkey.com
131
REHABILITATION
Figure 123 Survey respondents’ demographics: Gender,

SurveyMonkey.com
5.3 Results
According to the results, social stigma surrounding addiction rehabilitation

centers aren‘t as bad it was presumed. In average, 14% of Respondents
indicated that they have some level of stigma about addiction rehabilitation
centers. For example, only 9% of the respondents said that they object to
living near an addiction rehabilitation center, 23% said they won‘t use
amenities provided by the rehabilitation center, 15% said that they won‘t
visit a friend receiving treatment at the center, and 9% said they won‘t
attend family therapy sessions for a relative. However, when asked why
you think some drug addicts prefer receiving treatment abroad 57% said
because fear for reputation, 14% because of legal consequences, and 11%
said because of poor medical care in the country.
When searching for differences among different demographics it was

noted that females were more likely to list fear for reputation as a leading
cause to seeking treatment abroad at 76% and more likely to say they
132
USERS FEEDBACK
won‘t use amenities provided by the rehabilitation center at 29%. However,

they were more likely to visit a friend receiving treatment at 78%
compared to 68% of the average result, and more likely to attend family
therapy session at 80% compared to 69% of the average result. From these
observations we can interpret that females are more aware of the social
stigma yet they are more likely to help a relative or a friend in spite of that.
Other than females there were no notable differences seen between the
major demographic groups, however, since some categories such as others
in nationality and +50 in age groups had few respondents, comparing their
results to the average answers won‘t be accurate.
133
REHABILITATION
134
USERS FEEDBACK
Figure 124 Results for questions 4-10, Surveymonkey.com
5.4 Conclusion
The results of the survey show that the community of the UAE is overall
accepting of the drug addiction rehabilitation centers. Unlike what was
predicted, the stigma surrounding the rehabilitation center is relatively
mild, and the community is welling to use the facility and visit inpatients
who are receiving treatment there.
135
REHABILITATION
One of the limitations of the survey is that it doesn‘t represent all age
groups and ethnicities since 91% are between 19-39 years old, and 95% of
them are of Arab nationalities.
Moreover, the study fails to test self-stigma of the drug addicts themselves,
since most of the respondents believe that fear for reputation is a major
cause for seeking treatment abroad. This could hint that even if society
isn‘t stigmatizing them, the addicts themselves could be under the effect of
self-stigma which could prevent them from seeking treatment inside the
country or at all.
Since other rehabilitation centers have been receiving welling inpatients

it‘s safe to assume that the rehabilitation center will be receiving both in
and outpatients and wouldn‘t be totally deserted. This survey also
reassured that a huge chunk of the community is open to help drug addicts
receiving treatment and reintegrate them within the society.
136
P R O G R A M M I N G
The project objectives are to design a rehabilitation and reintegration

center for drug and alcohol addicts which will be able to destigmatize,
treat, and reintegrate drug abuse patients into the society. In addition, it
aims to aid in the prevention of future addiction cases, and spread
awareness in the community, especially among the youth. Through the use
of architectural design, the project aims to create an environment which
increases the satisfaction of patients with the treatment and reduces their
stress. The design will address concerns regarding the satisfaction, safety,
and functionality of the rehabilitation facility.
To fulfill the project objectives the center should have these main
functions; Treatment area, Educational area, and publicly accessible sports
and recreational area. These main functions require multiple supportive
areas such as; inpatient accommodation, administrative area, nurses‘ area,
utilities, storage, technical areas, etc. The functions and areas listed in the
program are based on precedent studies and space standards sources such
as Architect’s Data (Neufert, et al., 2012).
REHABILITATION
6.1 Design Brief
Drug Addiction Rehabilitation Center

Space Type NSM Number Total Comment
of Units NSM
Entrance
Reception Open 9 m2 1 9 m2 Visible from the
entrance
Waiting Area Open 38 m2 1 38 m2 Separation
between men
and women
Children Open 10 m2 1 10 m2 Adjacent to the
playing area waiting area
Cafe Semi-open 100 m2 1 100 m2
Gift Shop Semi-open 100 m2 1 100 m2
Pharmacy Semi-open 220 m2 220 m2 Has exterior
entrance
Rest room Closed 15 m2 2 30 m2
Prayer room Closed 30 m2 2 60 m2
Total + Circulation 567 + 20% = 680 m2
Clinic
Consultation Closed 12 m2 3 36 m2
room
Treatment Closed 12 m2 5 60 m2
room
Therapy room Closed 12 m2 5 60 m2
Group therapy Closed 27 m2 2 54 m2
room
Station Doctor Closed 18 m2 4 72 m2
room
138
PROGRAMMING
Examination Closed 9 m2 2 18 m2
room
Patient’s Closed 22 m2 1 22 m2 Next to senior
lounge doctor’s office,
domestic
environment
Staff Semi-open 5 m2 1 5 m2
communication
base
Nurses Semi-open 25 m2 1 25 m2 Direct corridor
workstation surveillance
Station Closed 20 m2 1 20 m2
Pharmacy
Clean Closed 10 m2 1 10 m2
workroom
Non-clean Closed 10 m2 1 10 m2
workroom
Plant room Closed 8 m2 1 8 m2
Storage Closed 12 m2 1 12 m2
Inpatient accommodation
Inpatient room Closed 22 m2 90 1980 Domestic
m2 environment
Dayroom Semi-open 40 m2 9 360 m2 Domestic
environment
Kitchenette Semi-open 15 m2 9 135 m2
Staff room Closed 15 m2 18 270 m2
Doctor room Closed 15 m2 9 135 m2
Nurses Semi-open 20 m2 9 180 m2 Direct corridor
workstation surveillance
139
REHABILITATION
Cleaning room Closed 5 m2 9 45 m2

Administration & Staff area
Director’s Closed 20 m2 1 20 m2
office
Secretarial Closed 10 m2 1 10 m2
office
Administrator’s Closed 15 m2 1 15 m2
office
Nurses’ office Closed 20 m2 1 20 m2
Personnel’s Closed 35 m2 1 35 m2
office
Meeting room Closed 20 m2 2 40 m2
Security Closed 11 m2 1 11 m2
control center
Archive room Closed 40 m2 1 40 m2 Linked to work
area
Printing room Closed 6 m2 1 6 m2
Staff Lounge Closed 25 m2 2 50 m2
Kitchenette Semi-open 15 m2 1 15 m2
Locker room Closed 16 m2 2 32 m2
Equipment Closed 12 m2 1 12 m2
room
Public Area
Gym Closed 250 m2 1 250 m2
140
PROGRAMMING
Restaurant Semi-open 150 m2 2 300 m2

Library Semi-open 100 m2 1 100 m2
Salon Closed 35 m2 1 35 m2
Sports Hall Closed 200 m2 1 200 m2
Swimming pool Closed 200 m2 1 200 m2
Supermarket Semi-open 150 m2 1 150 m2
Educational Area
Multi-purpose Closed 60 m2 1 60 m2
Hall
Workshop Closed 40 m2 3 120 m2
Classroom Closed 50 m2 4 200 m2
Technical Area and Utilities
BMS room Closed 9 m2 1 9 m2 Ground floor
Central bed Closed 350 m2 1 350 m2
unit
Kitchen Closed 330 m2 1 330 m2
Laundry Closed 160 m2 1 160 m2
Electrical Room 15 m2 1 15 m2 Ground floor
Garbage room Closed 2 m2 5 10 m2 All floors
+ chute
Service Lift Closed 12 m2 3 36 m2 All floors
Mechanical Closed 60 m2 1 60 m2 Basement
room
141
REHABILITATION
Water pump Closed 25 m2 1 25 m2 Basement

AC equipment Closed 25 m2 1 25 m2 Basement
Generator Closed 25 m2 1 25 m2 Ground floor,
room has exterior
door
Transformer Closed 75 m2 1 75 m2 Ground floor,
room has exterior
door
Telephone Closed 4 m2 1 4 m2 Ground floor
room
Water Tank Closed 50 m2 1 50 m2 Basement
Basement Parking
Parking Closed 15 m2 140 2100
m2
Total Area
Total NSM 13220 m2
12% Structure 1590 m2
Total GSM 14810 m2
142
PROGRAMMING
Figure 125 Design Brief Chart
143
REHABILITATION
6.2 Bubble Diagram
Figure 126 Drug Addiction Rehabilitation Center bubble diagram,

produced by the author
144
PROGRAMMING
6.3 Proximity Matrix
Figure 127 Drug Addiction Rehabilitation Center proximity

matrix, produced by the author
145
E S T I M A T E D B U D G E T
According to Arabian Business (2017), the UAE Average cost for a single
square meter is $1,726 which is equivalent to 6339 Emirati Dirhams for an
average quality. The drug addiction rehabilitation center approximate
gross area is 15000 m² (rounded to the nearest thousand). This means that
the total construction cost is approximately 94,500,000 AED. However,
this doesn‘t include earth-work and landscaping.
P R E L I M I N A R Y D E S I G N
The design starts by dissecting the site and understanding the opportunities
and challenges it offers. The site offers wonderful views, and by having a
rough idea of the various entrances of the site, it creates an image of what
the building foot print will look like. In addition, the site‘s shape and
dimensions dictate the main circulation axis of the building. Moreover,
with the help of the data collected the layering of functions and structure
of the building become easier to determine.
The main objective of the project is providing an attractive environment

for both the community and patients while offering privacy of the patients.
The concept revolves around creating smaller wards (3 wards per floor)
and semi enclosed courtyards, both of which are essential in creating a
comfortable atmosphere of the building. It also addresses an important
element to keep in mind, which is providing ample light and views
featuring natural elements to the inpatient. Crucial details which can
reduce significant amounts of mental distress and amplify psychological
well-being.
REHABILITATION
8.1 Site Response
Figure 128 Waterfront views and entrances of the site, produced by

the author
Since the project aims to create an appealing and calming environment for
its users, the design should take into consideration the views surrounding
the site, mainly the water front views that it has from two directions; South,
and West. Moreover, an important part of the preliminary design is to
decide the access points of the site. In this project, 4 distinct entrances are
considered; a clinic entrance, a public entrance, a staff entrance, and a
supply. The entrances are located based on the projected layout of the
functions. For example, public facilities are projected to be located at the
148
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
southern part of the site, mainly because it has the longest waterfront
which will help attract the general population. On the other hand, the staff
and supply entrances are located in the northern part of the site since it
doesn‘t enjoy a waterfront. The clinic entrance is located on the eastern
part of the site, since it‘s the quickest entrance to reach and to emphasize it
since it‘s the main entrance where out and inpatients with their visitors
access.
Figure 129 Main building and circulation axis, produced by the

author
The orientation of the building will follow the main East-West orientation
of the site. This orientation gives an advantage of having a large
percentage of the façade facing north and south, which limits the amount
of direct sunlight getting inside the building. The circulation within the
building shall be as simple and easy to navigate as possible; to lower the
patients‘ distress, and eases access to both the patients and staff.
Protruding from the main axis are sub axes creating semi-enclosed
courtyards.
149
REHABILITATION
8.2 Design Rationale
Figure 130 8 x 8 m structural grid of the project, produced by the

author
According to Neufert, et al. (2012), a suitable structural grid for a health

care building is of between 7.2 - 7.8 meters. Accordingly a structural grid
of 8 meters between the centers of columns will be used for the project.
This span isn‘t too small and will not disrupt important functions, or too
large that it will require unnecessary steel reinforcements.
Level Functions
Fourth Floor Inpatient accommodation
Third Floor Inpatient accommodation
Second Floor Inpatient accommodation
First Floor Educational, Public Facilities, Administration
Ground Floor Clinic, Administration, Public Facilities, Mechanical
Basement Car parking, Mechanical Areas
Figure 131 Vertical Functional layout of the program
150
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
The maximum height limit of the plot is 20 meters which allows for 6
levels including the basement. The program is organized vertically
between the levels. The ground and first floor will host the clinic,
educational area, Public facilities, and administrative area. The top 3 levels
are dedicated for the inpatient accommodation. This layering ensures that
the inpatients have some privacy and control of their exposure to the
general public. Basement parking was specifically chosen to allow most of
the landscape to be used and enjoyed by the users, since exposure to nature
is essential for the mental well-being of the rehabilitating patients. Finally,
mechanical areas and utilities are spread-out among the floors but mostly
concentrated in the basement and ground floor.
Figure 132 Building placement on the site, produced by the author
The built up area will cover approximately 20% of the plot‘s area. This
low built to inbuilt ratio of the plot area is permissible outside the main
land of Abu Dhabi. More importantly, the large inbuilt area creates the
opportunity to host outdoor activities which will reduce the
institutionalized atmosphere of the facility.
151
REHABILITATION
The building will be placed approximately at the North of the plot near the
center. The placement creates a buffer between different parts of the
landscape. It‘s also placed at the center as compromise between the
proximity of the various entrances and the opportunity to enjoy the views.
8.3 Graphics and Processing Drawings
Figure 133 Reorienting, conceptual sketch produced by the author
The idea behind the concept comes from the recommendation of the
literature and practice studied to create small wards hosting between 6-12
inpatients. From this, three branches diverged from the main axis of the
project. Each branch hosts one ward at a single level, which adds up to
three separated wards per level. These wards are connected from the
middle to allow flexibility of staff and supply movement and in cases of
emergencies.
However, having the patients‘ wards perpendicular to the main access

creates the problem of difficulty catching the waterfront views. Thus, the
wards will be oriented to create 30° degrees with the main axis of the
building; this will allow the patients rooms to capture and enjoy the views.
152
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
Figure 134 3D conceptual sketch, produced by the author
Figure 135 Preliminary Section, produced by the author
Figure 136 Ground floor preliminary plan, produced by the author
153
REHABILITATION
The functions are logically placed so that the main entrance is the closest
to the street with the administration directly linked to the reception, and
the clinic is connected to the waiting area of the entrance. The public
amenities are located at the south western part of the plan to ensure its
proximity to the sea and the views. On the hand the mechanical area and
the clinic are located at the northern part of the plan since it doesn‘t
provide any kind of view. The linear design of the plan ensures the
penetration of ample light inside the building, which is a key element in
stress relief and psychological well-being.
154
S U M M A R Y
The issue of drug abuse and addiction has been reaping more lives each
year in the UAE. The need for more drug addiction rehabilitation centers
was expressed by the Federal National Council. This book follows the
architectural design process of a Drug Addiction Rehabilitation Center in
Abu Dhabi, the UAE. To answers the various questions haunting the
design of the center; multiple methods were used, which are; precedent
studies, site analysis, literature review, and a survey conducted on the
UAE community.
The precedent cases studied were; Rehabilitation Centre Groot

Klimmendaal, Storstrøm Prison, Sister Margaret Smith Addictions
Treatment Center, and Vejle Psychiatric Hospital. Though some of them
didn‘t directly reflect the function of the design project, they gave crucial
lessons in terms of the role of design in relation to mental health. Some
implementations from the precedent studies are; minimizing the
institutionalized appearance of the building, featuring recreational facilities
accessible to the community, featuring workshops and classrooms,
integrating natural daylight through design, implementing spirituality as
part of the healing process, using colors, natural elements, and art,
accommodating the patients in private rooms, dividing patients rooms into
smaller wards, and maximizing staff surveillance.
REHABILITATION
The chosen site is an undeveloped coastal area adjacent to the western

shores of Yas Island. The ADUPC dedicated the area for health care with a
maximum height limit of 20 meters. However, the site presents many
design challenges. First of all a hill takes around half of the plot. Second,
the lack of development around it makes predicting its surrounding
environment speculative. Third, the lack of the development of the
transportation infrastructure, mainly the roads, makes it hard to assume
that it will stay the same till the near future, and at last, its longitudinal
axis directly faces the north-western wind of the UAE. However, the site
offers many advantages. For example, its location near the intersection of
the Sheikh Khalifa Highway and Sheikh Zayed Street makes it easily
accessible, it has waterfront views from the west and south, it surrounded
by naturally grown greenery, and its location on the channel between the
Yas Island and the mainland land creates multiple opportunities.
The literature review covered multiple aspects of the subject. It started by

defining addiction, its causes, and treatment, and stressed the important
role of social connection in the prevention of addiction and relapse. It also
discusses the stigma surrounding the subject. After covering the
background of the subject it starts digesting drug addiction rehabilitation
center as type of building, its historical development, and many features
and elements which contribute to its success in reducing the stress of its
users, such as; homelike characteristics, private patient rooms, sports and
recreational facilities, small patients‘ wards, furniture arrangement,
daylight exposure, natural views, noise reduction, art, color, smoking
rooms, dayrooms, easy circulation, and safety. The literature then goes
further into ergonomics and space standards related to the buildings
functions.
The survey under the title of UAE Community Attitudes towards Drug
Addiction Rehabilitation Centers was conducted on 100 citizens and
residents of the UAE. The Survey consisted of 10 multiple choice
questions, the first three of which are demographic questions focusing on
nationality, age, and gender. The other questions focused on the
156
SUMMARY
participants‘ attitudes and thoughts about addiction rehabilitation centers.

The results of the survey show that the community of the UAE is overall
accepting of the drug addiction rehabilitation centers. Unlike what was
predicted, the stigma surrounding the rehabilitation center is relatively
mild, and the community is welling to use the facility and visit inpatients
who are receiving treatment there. However, the study fails to test self-
stigma of the drug addicts themselves, since most of the respondents
believe that fear for reputation is a major cause for seeking treatment
abroad. This could hint that the addicts themselves could be under the
effect of self-stigma which could prevent them from seeking treatment
inside the country or at all.
The program was created with the help of the literature review and the
precedent studies. The program consisting of eight major parts which are;
the entrance, clinic, inpatient accommodation, administration, educational
area, utilities and technical area, public amenities, and the basement
parking is expected to be around 15,000 m², with an estimated
construction cost of approximately 94 million AED.
Eventually, the design phase starts by focusing of the views offered by the
site and its access points. Moreover, with the help of the data collected the
layering of functions and structure of the building became easier to
determine. The concept revolved around creating small wards (3 wards per
floor) with semi enclosed courtyards. It also addresses an important
element to keep in mind, which is providing ample light and views
featuring natural elements to the inpatient. Crucial details which can
reduce significant amounts of mental distress and amplify psychological
well-being.
157
B I B L I O G R A P H Y
ADUPC. (2007). Plan Abu Dhabi 2030. Abu Dhabi : Abu Dhabi
Municipality.
ADUPC. (2010). The Pearl Rating System for Estidama: Community
Rating System Design & Construction. Abu Dhabi: Abu Dhabi
Urban Planning Council.
Alblooshi, H., Hulse, G. K., Kashef, A. E., Hashmi, H. A., Shawky, M.,
Ghaferi, H. A., et al. (2016). The pattern of substance use disorder
in the United Arab Emirates in 2015: results of a National
Rehabilitation Centre cohort study. Substance Abuse Treatment,
Prevention, and Policy.
Alexander, B. K., Coambs, R. B., & Hadaway, P. F. (1978, January). The
effect of housing and gender on morphine self-administration in
rats. Psychopharmacology, 58(2), 175–179.
AlGhaferi, H. A., Ali, A. Y., Gawad, T. A., & Wanigaratne, S. (2017).
Developing substance misuse services in United Arab Emirates:
the National Rehabilitation Centre experience. BJPsych
International.
Arabian Business. (2017, June 02). Revealed: the cost of construction in
Gulf countries. Retrieved November 18, 2018, from Arabian
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Business: https://www.arabianbusiness.com/revealed--cost-of-
construction-in-gulf-countries-675033.html
ArchDaily. (2011 A, February 15). Sister Margaret Smith Addictions
Treatment Centre / Kuch Stephenson Gibson Malo Architects and
Engineer + Montgomery Sisam Architects. Retrieved October 17,
2018, from ArchDaily: https://www.archdaily.com/109414/sister-
margaret-smith-addictions-treatment-centre-montgomery-sisam-
architects
ArchDaily. (2011 B, April 08). Rehabilitation Centre Groot Klimmendaal.
Retrieved from ArchDaily:
https://www.archdaily.com/126290/rehabilitation-centre-groot-
klimmendaal-koen-van-velsen
ArchDaily. (2017, December 13). Storstrøm Prison / C.F. Møller.
Retrieved September 20, 2018, from Archdaily:
https://www.archdaily.com/885376/storstrom-prison-cf-moller
ArchDaily. (2018, September 11). Vejle Psychiatric Hospital / Arkitema
Architects. Retrieved October 14, 2018, from ArchDaily:
https://www.archdaily.com/901732/vejle-psychiatric-hospital-
arkitema-architects
Astedt-Kurki, P., Paunonen, M., & Lehti, K. (1997). Family members‘
experiences of their role in a hospital: a pilot study. J Adv Nurs.
Barakat, N. (2014, June 28). Dubai police release drug statistics for first
half of 2014. Retrieved from Gulf News:
https://gulfnews.com/news/uae/general/dubai-police-release-drug-
statistics-for-first-half-of-2014-1.1353211
Barry, C. L., McGinty, E. E., Pescosolido, B. A., & Goldman, H. H. (2014,
October). Stigma, discrimination, treatment effectiveness, and
policy: public views about drug addiction and mental illness.
Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 1269–1272.
Baum, A., & Davis, G. E. (1980). Reducing the stress of high density
living: An architectural intervention. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 38, 471-481.
Beauchemin, K., & Hays, P. (1996). Sunny hospitals rooms expedite
159
REHABILITATION
recovery from severe and refractory depressions. J Affect Disord,

49-51.
Beauchemin, K., & Hays, P. (1998). Dying in the dark: sunshine, gender
and outcomes in myocardial infarction. J R Soc Med, 91, 4-352.
Bowers, L., Hammond, N., James, K., Quirk, A., Robson, D., & Stewart,
D. (2012). Characteristics of acute wards associated with the
presence of a psychiatric intensive care unit, and transfers of
patients to it. Journal of Psychiatric Intensive Care, 8, 66–77.
Bowers, l., Stewart, D., Papadopoulos, C., Dack, C., Ross, J., Khanom, H.,
et al. (2011). Impatient Violence and Aggression: A Literature
Review. Kings College London, Institute of Psychiatry. London:
the Conflict and Containment Reduction Research Programme.
Burton, E., & Torrington, J. (2007). Designing environments suitable for
older people. CME Geriatr Med, 39-45.
Campbell, C., & Deacon, H. (2006, September). Unraveling the Contexts
of Stigma: From Internalisation to Resistance to Change. Journal
of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 16(6), 411–417.
Carpman, J. R., & Grant, M. A. (1993). Design That Cares (2nd ed.).
American Hospital Association.
Chou, K., Lu, R., & Mao, W. (2002). Factors relevant to patient assaultive
behavior and assault in acute inpatient psychiatric units in Taiwan.
Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 16, 187–195.
Chrysikou, E. (2014). Architecture for Psychiatric Environments and
Therapeutic Spaces. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
Clarke, K. (2015, October 9). Emiratis choose overseas resorts to treat
drug, alcohol addiction. Retrieved from Khaleej Times:
https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/uae-health/thai-rehab-
resorts-prove-addictive-among-locals
Clarke, K. (2018, June 28). New prevention team needed in UAE to target
under 18 drug abusers. Retrieved from Khaleej Times:
https://www.khaleejtimes.com/news/uae-health/legal-system-
needs-to-deal-with-teen-drug-abuse-in-uae-
Corrigan, P. W., Druss, B. G., & Perlick, D. A. (2014). The Impact of
160
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Mental Illness Stigma on Seeking and Participating in Mental

Health Care. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 15(2),
37–70.
Corrigan, P. W., Kuwabara, S. A., & O'Shaughnessy, J. (2009). The Public
Stigma of Mental Illness and Drug Addiction Findings from a
Stratified Random Sample. Journal of Social Work, 9(2), 139–147.
Corrigan, P., & Calabrese, J. D. (2005). Strategies for assessing and
diminishing self-stigma. On the stigma of mental illness.
Crockford, D., Kerfoot, K., & Currie, S. (2009). The impact of opening a
smoking room on psychiatric inpatient behavior following
implementation of a hospital-wide smoking ban. Journal of the
American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 15, 393.
Dajani, H. (2016, May 10). Number of deaths from drug use on rise in
UAE, FNC hears. Retrieved from The National:
https://www.thenational.ae/uae/number-of-deaths-from-drug-use-
on-rise-in-uae-fnc-hears-1.183733
Davies, R., & Stephenson, J. (2013, April 2). Sister Margaret Smith
Addictions Treatment Centre - Sustainable design improves the
healing process. Retrieved October 18, 2018, from Academia:
https://www.academia.edu/4955886/Sister_Margaret_Smith_Addi
ctions_Treatment_Centre_-
_Sustainable_design_improves_the_healing_process
Davis, C., & Loxton, N. J. (2013). Addictive behaviors and addiction-
prone personality traits: Associations with a dopamine multilocus
genetic profile. Addictive Behaviors, 38, 2306-2312.
Davis, C., Glick, I., & Rosow, I. (1979, July). The architectural design of a
psychotherapeutic milieu. Hosp Community Psychiatry, 30(7),
453-460.
Department of Health. (2013). Health Building Note 00-03 – Clinical and
clinical support spaces. London: Crown.
Department of Veterans Affairs. (2008). Substance Abuse Clinic.
Washington, D.C.: Department of Veterans Affairs.
Dhingra, S. (2017). Psychology of Architecture for The Mentally Ill.
161
REHABILITATION
International Journal on Emerging Technologies.

DIVISARE. (2017, December 15). STORSTRØM PRISON FALSTER: A
modern, humane, high-security prison that uses architecture to
promote prisoners’ social rehabilitation. Retrieved September 23,
2018, from DIVISARE: https://divisare.com/projects/373466-c-f-
moller-architects-torben-eskerod-storstrom-prison-falster
Edge, K. J. (2003). Wall Color of Patient's Room: Effects on Recovery.
Florida: Uniloridavesity of Florida.
Elkashef, A., Alhyas, L., Al-Hashmi, H., Mohammed, D., Gonzalez, A.,
Paul, R., et al. (2017). National Rehabilitation Center programme
performance measures in the United Arab Emirates, 2013.
National Center for Biotechnology Information.
Etherington, R. (2011, March 25). Rehabilitation Centre Groot
Klimmendaal by Architectenbureau Koen van Velsen. Retrieved
September 18, 2018, from Dezeen:
https://www.dezeen.com/2011/03/25/rehabilitation-centre-groot-
klimmendaal-by-architectenbureau-koen-van-velsen/
Fairbanks, L., McGuire, M., Cole, S., bordone, R., Silvers, F., Richards,
M., et al. (1977). The ethological study of four psychiatric wards:
Patient, staff and system behaviors. Journal of Psychiatric
Research, 13(4), 193–209.
Falk, G. (2001). STIGMA: How We Treat Outsiders. Prometheus Books.
Fergusson, D. M., Boden, J. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2008). The
developmental antecedents of illicit drug use: Evidence from a 25-
year longitudinal study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 96, 165–
177.
Floyd-Richard, M., & Gurung, S. (2000). Stigma reduction through group
counselling of persons affected by leprosy. Leprosy Review, 71,
499-504.
Frosh, S. (2002). The Other. American Imago, 59, 389-407.
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity.
Prentice Hall.
Goldman, O., & Ducci. (2005). The genetics of addictions: uncovering the
162
BIBLIOGRAPHY
genes. Nat Rev Genet., 6(7), 521–532.

Gorsuch, R. L., & Butler, M. C. (1976). Initial drug abuse: A review of
predisposing social psychological factors. Psychological
Bulletin(83), 120-137.
Greenstein, L. (2017, October 11). 9 Ways To Fight Mental Health Stigma.
Retrieved September 8, 2018, from NAMI:
https://www.nami.org/Blogs/NAMI-Blog/October-2017/9-Ways-
to-Fight-Mental-Health-Stigma
Hajlooa, N., Kelvirb, H. R., & Rezaeic, M. K. (2016). Architecture of
Addiction Treatment Centers and Psychological Statuse of
Addicts. European Science publishing Ltd.
Heijnders, M., & Meij, S. v. (2006). The Fight Against Stigma: An
Overview of Stigma-Reduction Strategies and interventions.
Psychology, Health & Medicine.
Hilburg, J. (2017, December 11). Denmark’s latest maximum security
prison designed to feel less like a prison. Retrieved September 20,
2018, from The Architects Newspaper:
https://archpaper.com/2017/12/denmark-prison-rehabilitation-
architecture/#gallery-0-slide-0
Holahan, C. (1972 ). Seating patterns and patient behaviour in an
experimental dayroom. J Abnorm Psychol, 24-115.
Huisman, E., Morales, E., Hoof, J. v., & Kort, H. (2012). Healing
environment: A review of the impact of physical environmental
factors on users. Building and Environment.
Hunt, I. M., Bickley, H., Windfuhr, K., Shaw, J., Appleby, L., & Kapur, N.
(2013). Suicide in recently admitted psychiatric in-patients: A
case-control study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 144, 123–128.
ICC. (2012). International Building Code. International Code Council.
Ittelson, W. H., Proshansky, H. M., & Rivlin, L. G. (1970). Bedroom size
and social interaction of the psychiatric ward. Environment and
Behavior, 255–270.
Konkolÿ Thege, B., Colman, I., el-Guebaly, N., Hodgins, D. C., Patten, S.
B., Schopflocher, D., et al. (2015). Social judgments of behavioral
163
REHABILITATION
versus substance-related addictions: a population-based study.

Addictive Behaviors, 42, 24–31.
Kreek, M. J., Nielsen, D. A., Butelman, E. R., & Laforge, K. S. (2005).
Genetic influences on impulsivity, risk taking, stress responsivity
and vulnerability to drug abuse and addiction. Nature
Neuroscience, 8(11), 1450–1457.
Krishnamoorthy, E. (2003). Treatment of depression in patients with
epilepsy: problems, pitfalls, and some solutions. Epilepsy and
Bahavior, 4, S46-S54.
Lasser, K., Boyd, W., Woolhandler, S., Himmelstein, D., McCormick, D.,
& Bor, D. (2000). Smoking and mental illness: A population-
based prevalence study. Journal of the American Medical
Association, 284, 2606–2610.
Lee, E. B., An, W., Levin, M. E., & Twohig, M. P. (2015). An initial meta-
analysis of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for treating
substance use disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 155, 1–7.
Malone, D. (2017, December 11). Is this the world’s most humane prison?
Retrieved September 22, 2018, from Building Design &
Construction: https://www.bdcnetwork.com/world%E2%80%99s-
most-humane-prison
McGinty, E. E., Goldman, H. H., Pescosolido, B., & Barry, C. L. (2015).
Portraying mental illness and drug addiction as treatable health
conditions: effects of a randomized experiment on stigma and
discrimination. Social Science & Medicine, 126, 73–85.
McManus, A., Mason, J. A., McManus, W., & Pruitt, J. B. (1992). Control
of pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in burned patients. Surg Res
Commun, 7-61.
Ministry of Interior. (2011). UAE Fire and Life safety Code of practice.
Abu Dhabi, UAE: General Headquarters of Civil Defence.
Mirzaei, T., Ravary, A., Hanifi, N., Miri, S., Oskouie, F., & Abadi, S. M.
(2010). Addicts' Perspectives about Factors Associated with
Substance Abuse Relapse. Iran Journal of Nursing.
Mlinek, E., & Pierce, J. (1997). Confidentiality and privacy breaches in a
164
BIBLIOGRAPHY
university hospital emergency department. Acad Emerg Med.

Morris, I. (1991). Residential Care. Longman, UK: Bennet and Freeman
(eds) Community Psychiatry.
Nanda, U., Eisen, S., Zadeh, R. S., & Owen, D. (2010). Effect of visual art
on patient anxiety and agitation in a mental health facility and
implications for the business case. Journal of Psychiatric and
Mental Health Nursing, 185, 386–393.
Neufert, E., Neufert, P., & Kister, J. (2012). Architect's Data (Third ed.).
Blackwell Science.
NIDA. (2018 A, June 06). Understanding Drug Use and Addiction.
Retrieved October 27, 2018, from National Institute on Drug
Abuse:
https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/understanding-
drug-use-addiction
NIDA. (2018 B, January 7). Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment: A
Research-Based Guide (Third Edition). Retrieved October 28,
2018, from National Institute on Drug Abuse:
https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-
addiction-treatment-research-based-guide-third-edition/principles-
effective-treatment
O‘Brien, C. P., & McLellan, A. T. (1996, January). Myths about the
treatment of addiction. The Lancet, 347(8996), 237-240.
Oxford Business Group. (2015, May 29). Abu Dhabi tackles rising
substance addiction. Retrieved from Oxford Business Group:
https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/news/abu-dhabi-tackles-rising-
substance-addiction
Parvizi, D., Rahgozar, M., Vameghi, R., & Forughan, M. (2004).
Influencing factors on client satisfaction in governmental
addiction treatment centers and comparison with private centers
in Kordestan province in year 2004. Health Systems Research
Journal.
Phillips, L. A., & Shaw, A. (2013). Substance use more stigmatized than
smoking and obesity. Journal of Substance Use, 18(4), 247–253.
165
REHABILITATION
Potthoff, J. (1995). Adolescent satisfaction with drug/alcohol treatment

facilities:. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 41, 62–73.
Ramboll. (2017). Storstrøm Prison. Retrieved September 23, 2018, from
Ramboll: http://www.ramboll.com/projects/rdk/statsfaengsel-
falster
Rasheed, A. (2016, June 26). UAE loses dh5.5b to drug addiction per year.
Retrieved from Gulf News:
https://gulfnews.com/news/uae/society/uae-loses-dh5-5b-to-drug-
addiction-per-year-1.1852366
Robins, L. N. (1993, August). Vietnam veterans' rapid recovery from
heroin addiction: a fluke or normal expectation? Addiction, 88(8),
1041-1054.
Sapmaz, F., Doğan, T., Sapmaz, S., & Temizel, S. (2012). Examining
Predictive Role of Phychological Need Satisfaction on Happiness
in Terms of Self-Determination Theory. Procedia- Social and
Behavioral Sciences.
Sayer, J. (2017, June 13). A whole new breed of architecture can help fight
drug addiction and save thousands of lives every year. Retrieved
September 9, 2018, from The Architect's Newspaper:
https://archpaper.com/2017/06/architecture-drug-addiction-
feature/
Schaler, J. A. (1997). Addiction Beliefs of Treatment Michael Vick
Providers: Factors Explaining Variance. Addiction Research &
Theory, 367–384.
Seaward, B. L. (2011). Managing Stress: Principles and Strategies for
Health and Well-Being. Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett
Publishers.
Sheikh, K. (2017, October 17). Why Do We Get Addicted to Things?
Retrieved October 27, 2018, from Live Science:
https://www.livescience.com/60694-why-do-we-get-addicted.html
Shephed, G. (1991). Psychiatric rehabilitation for the 1990’s. West
Sussex: John Wiley and Sons.
Shepley, M. M., & Pasha, S. (2013). Design Research And Behavioral
166
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Health Facilities. The Center for Health Design.

Sinha, R. (2017). Chronic Stress, Drug Use, and Vulnerability to
Addiction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1141,
105–130.
Sommer, R. (1969). Personal space; the behavioral basis of design.
Englewood Cliffs: NJ: Prentice Hall.
The Recovery Village. (2018, March 02). Inpatient Drug Rehab & Alcohol
Treatment. Retrieved October 28, 2018, from The Recovery
Village: https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/treatment-
program/inpatient-rehab/#gref
Thompson, T., Robinson, J., Dietrich, M., Farris, M., & Sinclair, V.
(1996). Architectural features and perceptions of community
residences for people with mental retardation. American Journal
on Mental Retardation, 101, 292-313.
Troldtekt. (2017). Innovative architecture is good for mental health.
Retrieved October 15, 2018, from Troldtekt:
https://www.troldtekt.com/News/Themes/Healing_architecture/Inn
ovative_architecture_is_good_for_mental_health
Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from
surgery. Science, 224, 42-421.
Ulrich, R. S. (1991). Effects of health facility interior design on wellness:
Theory and recent scientific research. Journal of Health Care
Design, 3, 97-109.
Ulrich, R. S. (1999). Effects of gardens on health outcomes: Theory and
research. Healing Gardens, 27-86.
Ulrich, R. S., Bogren, L., & Lundin, S. (2012). Towards a design theory
for reducing aggression in psychiatric facilities. Chalmers,
Gothenberg.: Chalmers Institute of Technology.
Ulrich, R. S., Simons, R. F., Losito, B. D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M. A., &
Zelson, M. (1991). Stress recovery during exposure to natural and
urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11,
201-230.
Ulrich, R. S., Zhu, X., & Lu, Z. (2008). Effects of the Physical
167
REHABILITATION
Environment of Mental Health Facilities on Patient Aggression:

Implications for Facility Design. Douglas Mental Health
University Institute, Montreal.
Unwin, S. (2003). Analysing Architecture. Oxford: Psychology Press.
Vaaler, A. E., Morken, G., & Linaker, O. M. (2005). Effects of different
interior decorations in the seclusion area of a psychiatric acute
ward. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 59, 19-24.
Volkow, N., & Li, T. K. (2005). The neuroscience of addiction. Nature
Neuroscience, 8(11), 1429–1430.
WebMD. (2018, February 05). What Is Drug Addiction? Retrieved
October 27, 2018, from WebMD:
https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/drug-abuse-
addiction#1
WHO. (2002). World AIDS day. Retrieved from World Health
Organization: www.WHO.org
WindFinder. (2018, August). Wind and Weather Statistics: Abu Dhabi
Airport. Retrieved October 07, 2018, from WindFinder:
https://www.windfinder.com/windstatistics/abu_dhabi
Wolfe, M. (1975). Room size, group size, and density behavior patterns in
a children‘s psychiatric facility. Environment and Behavior, 199–
224.
Wong, W., Ford, K., Pagels, N., McCutcheon, J., & Marinelli, M. (2013,
March 13). Adolescents are more vulnerable to cocaine addiction:
behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. The Journal of
Neuroscience, 33(11), 4913–22.
168
A P P E N D I X
UAE Community Attitudes towards Drug Addiction Rehabilitation

Centers Survey
1. Nationality/ ‫الجٌس٘خ‬
o GCC National/ ٖ‫خل٘ج‬

o Arab National/ ٖ‫عشث‬
o Other/ ٓ‫أخش‬
2. Age group/ ‫الفئخ العوشٗخ‬
o 15 - 18
o 19 - 29
o 30 - 39
o 40 - 49
o 50+
3. Sex/ ‫الٌْع‬
o Male/ ‫رمش‬
o Female/ ٔ‫أًث‬
REHABILITATION
4. Are you aware of any drug addiction rehabilitation centers in the
UAE? / ‫ُل أًذ علٔ علن ثإٔ هي هشامز أعبدح رأُ٘ل هذهٌٖ الوخذساد فٖ دّلخ االهبساد ؟‬
o Yes/ ‫ًعن‬
o No/ ‫ال‬
5. What’s your attitude towards living near a drug addiction

rehabilitation center? / ‫هب ُْ هْقفل رجبٍ السني ثبلقشة هي هشمز إعبدح رأُ٘ل إدهبى‬
‫الوخذساد ؟‬
o I don’t mind/ ‫ال أهبًع‬

o I object/ ‫أعزشض‬
o Not sure/ ‫لسذ هزأمذ‬
6. Will you use the amenities provided by the rehabilitation center

(Gym, Swimming pool, restaurant, etc.) if it was available to the
public? / ، ‫ُل سزسزخذم ّسبئل الشادخ الزٖ ْٗفشُب هشمز إعبدح الزأُ٘ل (صبلخ ألعبة سٗبض٘خ‬
‫ الخ) إرا مبًذ هزبدخ للعبهخ ؟‬، ‫ هطعن‬، ‫هسجخ‬
o Yes/ ‫ًعن‬
o No/ ‫ال‬
o Maybe/ ‫هوني‬
7. Will you visit a relative or a friend receiving treatment at an

addiction rehabilitation center? / ‫ُل سززّس قشٗت أّ صذٗق ٗزلقٔ العالج فٖ هشمز‬
‫إعبدح رأُ٘ل الوذهٌ٘ي ؟‬
o Yes/ ‫ًعن‬
o No/ ‫ال‬
8. If your relative is receiving treatment at the rehabilitation center,

will you attend family therapy sessions? / ‫إرا مبى قشٗجل ٗزلقٔ العالج فٖ هشمز‬
‫ ُل سزذضش جلسبد العالج العبئلٖ ؟‬، ‫إعبدح الزأُ٘ل‬
o Yes/ ‫ًعن‬
o No/ ‫ال‬
170
APPENDIX
9. If you have a relative who suffers from drug addiction, will you
suggest receiving treatment in the country? / ‫إرا مبى لذٗل قشٗت ٗعبًٖ هي‬
‫إدهبى الوخذساد ُل سزقزشح علَ٘ رلقٖ العالج داخل الذّلخ؟‬
o Yes/ ‫ًعن‬
o No/ ‫ال‬
o I don’t know/ ‫ال أعلن‬
10. What do you think is the reason why some drug addicts prefer
receiving treatment abroad? / ‫ثشأٗل هب ُْ السجت الزٕ ٗذفع ثعض هذهٌٖ الوخذساد‬
‫إلٔ رلقٖ العالج خبسج الذّلخ؟‬
o Poor medical care in the country/ ‫سْء العٌبٗخ الطج٘خ فٖ الذّلخ‬

o Fear for reputation/ ‫الخْف علٔ السوعخ‬
o Legal Consequences/ ‫رجعبد قبًًْ٘خ‬
o Lack of drug addiction rehabilitation centers/ ‫عذم رْفش هشامز إعبدح‬
‫رأُ٘ل إدهبى الوخذساد فٖ الذّلخ‬
o Breaching the patient’s confidentiality/ ‫اًزِبك سشٗخ الوشٗض‬
o High prices of treatment/ ‫غالء أسعبس العالج‬
o Other (please specify)
________________________________________________________________________
171
View publication stats

Best Information Book

Uploaded by

Document Informationclick to expand document informationBest Info

Document Informationclick to expand document information

Copyright:

Available Formats

Best Information Book

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Best Information Book

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

Architecture of Drug Addiction Rehabilitation

Thesis · December 2018

Architecture of Drug Addiction Rehabilitation View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Department of Architecture, College of Engineering,

I am very grateful to Professor Apostolos Kyriazis, in the Department of

1. Rehabilitation Centre Groot Klimmendaal .5

2. Storstrøm Prison ......................................................... 14

3. Sister Margaret Treatment Center ................. 30

4. Vejle Psychiatric Hospital ................................... 41

II. Drug Addiction Rehabilitation Centers ............. 73

III. Design Features for Stress Reduction ............... 75

IV. Space Standards & Ergonomics ............................... 84

V. Design Codes & Regulations .................................... 118

The National Rehabilitation Center was established in Abu Dhabi in 2002.

Stigma surrounding rehabilitation centers is a worldwide dilemma. The

Rehabilitation centers are considered mental health facilities, with typical

The project objectives are to design a rehabilitation and reintegration

Precedent cases don‘t necessarily reflect the immediate function of the

As mentioned earlier the selection of the precedent cases doesn‘t strictly

The precedent studies are as following:

2.1 Rehabilitation Center Groot Klimmendaal

Figure 1 Rehabilitation Center Groot Klimmendaal, retrieved from

Location: Arnhem, the Netherlands.

Figure 2 Rehabilitation Centre Groot Klimmendaal main entrance,

2.1.1 Context / Site and surroundings

Figure 3 Satellite location of Groot Klimmendaal along with

Residing within the forests of the Netherlands, Rehabilitation

2.1.2 Scale and spatial/form relationships

Figure 4 the columns’ organization in the level 0 plan of Groot

The plan of the center is rectangular, which starts with a small

The structure of the center is irregular and diverse. Most of the

Figure 5 Interior corridor and swimming pool, retrieved from dezeen.com

2.1.3 Functional analysis and circulation

Figure 6 Floor Plans of Rehabilitation Center Groot Klimmendaal,

Figure 7 Vertical layering of the program of Rehabilitation center

2.1.4 Environmental considerations

Figure 8 Light diagram of level 3 plan, retrieved from dezeen.com

The use of energy is reduced by the compact design of the

Figure 9 Groot Klimendaal rehabilitation center, circulation of the

Perhaps one of the most notable characteristics of the Groot

Figure 10 Color Palettes of Groot Klimmendaal rehabilitation

Figure 11 Groot Klimmendaal rehabilitation center, sports facility

2.2 Storstrøm Prison

Figure 12 Storstrøm Prison, activity building, retrieved from

Location: Gundslev, Denmark.

Drug addiction is classified as a mental disease. 32.4% of psychiatric

Storstrøm Prison is organized around central community buildings and laid

Figure 13 Storstrøm Prison Layout, retrieved from Archdaily.com

2.2.1 Context / Site and surroundings

Figure 14 Satellite location of Storstrøm Prison along with pictures of

Located on the Danish island of Falster, Storstrøm Prison is surrounded by

2.2.2 Scale and spatial/form relationships

Figure 15 Storstrøm Prison layout, retrieved from ramboll.com

The design of the Storstrøm Prison in Gundslev, Denmark echoes the

feature a big horizontally tilted window which allows full exposure to

Figure 16 Storstrøm prison, standard wing, retrieved from divisare.com