AGRICULTURE FORM 4

PAPER 1
TRIAL 2, 2019
MARKING SCHEME

1. Field management for optimum plant population

- Gapping
- Thinning ( 2 x½=1mk)
2. Factors that characterize small scale farming
- Requires small piece of land
- Low capital investment
- Low yields
- Simple farm tools /equipment’s ( 2 x ½=1mk)
3. a) Metal pipes
- Galvanized iron pipes
- Alluminum pipes ( 1 x ½mk)
b) Hose pipes
- Rubber hose pipe
- Plastic hose pipe ( 1 x ½mk)
4. Forms Horticulture practices
- Pomology /pomo-culture
- Olericulture
- Floriculture ( 3 x½=1½mks)
5. Disadvantages of growing one crop on a piece of continuously
- Build up pest and disease

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 - Build up weeds
- depletion of minerals specific to the crop
- Destroys soil structure ( 4 x ½=2mks)
6. Qualities of a good mother plant for vegetative propagation
- Healthy /free diseases/pests
- Tolerance to salinity
- Compatible to variety of scion
- numerous root system
- High yielding
- Production of quality products
- vigorous /fast growing (4 x ½=2mks)
7. – alternating different families of crops, makes it easy to control /remove the weeds
- Weeds specific to certain crops are easily controlled by alternating the crops of different
type eg. strigaspecific to grass.
- Alternating difficult to weed crops with easy to weeds-maker it easily to control weeds
(2 x ½==1mk)
8. Reasons for imposing quarantine on planting materials
- Prevent introduction weeds
- Prevent introduction of pests and diseases from other countries ( 2 x½=1mk)
9. Mechanical method of separating soil particles
Sieving using sieves of different sizes
- Dissolving soil in jar of water, shaking and allowing it to settle down ( 2 x ½=1mk)
10. Settlement schemes in Kenya as result of success of million acre
- Jet schemes
- Harakaschemes
- Shirikaschemes
- Larisettlement schemes
- Squatters’ settlement schemes
- Z -plots
- Harambee schemes
- Olkalou salient scheme (4 x ½=2mks)
11. Practices which encourages soil erosion

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 - Overstocking
- Burning vegetation cover
- deforestation
- Planting annual crops on steep slopes
- Ploughing up and down the slope
- Clean weeding leaving the land unprotected. ( 3 x ½=1½mk)
12. Characteristics of good vegetable seedling
- Free from pests and disease
- Vigorous growth
- Free from physical deformities
- Correct stage of growth/height 10-15cm, 4-6 true leaves ( 4 x ½=2mk)
13. Posts –Harvest practices
- Drying
- Dusting /seed dressing
- Sorting and grading
- Processing
- Packing ( 4 x ½=2mk)
14. Environmental factors affecting crop production
- Rainfall
- Temperatures
- Wind
- Soil type ( 4 x ½=2mk)
15. Reasons for seed selection
- High quality
- High yield
- High germination rate
- To reduce chances of disease/pest attackCrops / avoid spread of weeds
- Seeds that can grow in specific area ( 4 x ½=2mk)
16. Benefits of top dressing grass pasture
- Replenish the soil nutrients
- High herbage yields
- High herbage nutritive value

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 - Improve chemical and physical condition of the soil
- Enable microbial to break organic matter ( 2 x ½=1mk)
17. Disadvantages of communal land tenure system
- Difficult to control pest/parasites/disease
- No incentive to conserve land
- Difficult to make sound farm plan
- Difficult to control breeding in livestock
- Land disputes are common
- An individual cannot use land to get loan ( 4 x ½mk)
18. Benefits of correct plant population
- Obtain high quality crop
- Obtain high yields
- Help the farmer to control soil erosion/ soil and water conservation ( 2 x ½=1mk)
19. – Opportunity cost is the value of foregone best alternative/revenue as result of choosing
the best alternative. ( 1 x 1=1mk)
20. Details of tittle deed
- Name of owner
- Size of land
- Land parcel number/location
- Type of ownerships
- Kind of right of owning land
- Seal of issuing officer
- Date of registration
- Signature of issuing officer/name of officer ( 4 x ½=2mk)

SECTION B (20MKS)
21. a) Sample S1 (1 x 1=1mk)
b) Sample S8 (1 x 1=1mk)
c) – Application of lime
- Application of basic fertilizer (2 x 1=2mks)
d) Sample S3 ( 1 x 1=1mk)
22. a) Chitting/sprouting ( 1 x 1=1mk)

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 b) – Arrange seed potato in layers of 2/3 deep in partially dark room
- Arrange the seeds with rose and facing upwards and heel end downwards
- Allow diffused light through. ( 3 x 1=3mks)
23. a) Weed A – Couch grass /Digitariascalarum
Weed B – Wondering jew/Commelinaspp
Weed C – Nut grass / Cyperusrotundus ( 3 x 1=3mks)
b) – Underground rhizomes/structure
- Ability to propagate vegetatively ( 1 x 1=1mk)
c) – Livestock feed
- Vegetable for human beings ( 1 x 1=1mk)
24. a) – Tethering x1x1 (1mk)
b) – Few animals can be reared by this method

- Animal can strangle itself to death (2 x 1=2mks

25. a) Squirrel ( 1 x 1=1mk)
b) Planting time (1 x 1=1mk)
c) Unearth seeds/eat reducing the plant population (1 x 1=1mk)

SECTION C (40MKS)
26. a) Influence of Biotic factor on crop production
- Pest – They feed on part /whole plant reducing the yields
Transmit diseases to crops
- Parasites – Transmit diseases to livestock / suck blood leading to anaemia
- Decomposers – Break down organ matter releasing nutrients to plant
- Pathogens – Transmit diseases to crops and livestock
- Predators – They kill other animals/some eat pest reducing population.
- Pollinators – transfer pollen grains from plant to plant causing pollination and
fertilization.
- Nitrogen fixing bacteria – convert atmospheric nitrogen to nitrate –making it available
to plant
Stating 5 x =5mks
Explaining 5x1=5mks
b) How Government policy improves Agricultural production
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 - Land reform policy to enable improve land ownership
- Provision of extension services/education
- Help control parasites/diseases and weeds effectively
- Provision of storage facilities for bulky commodities
- Establish openers to supply inputs and market Agricultural goods.
- Provide subsidies on Agricultural inputs
- Impose high taxation on imports to protect local Agricultural products
- Improve laws toregulate quality of Agriculture
- Facilitate conservation of naturalresources
- Establish national food security ( 4 x 1=4mks)
c) Properties of nitrogenous fertilizers
- They are highly soluble in soil water
- They are easily leached to lower horizons
- They have short residual effect hence need frequent application
- They are highly volatile, they should be applied on moist soil
- They have burning effect, they burn the vegetation part, they should not come into
contact with green part.
- They are hygroscopic they absorb atmosphericvapour and cake
- They are highly corrosive, they burn the epithelial cells of palm
(6 clearly explain/deserved one mark) (6 x 1=6mks)
Note: The underlined is a must to score.
d) Importance of irrigation
- Improves crops yields
- Ensure steady supply of food throughout the year
- Maximum utilization of resources where the soil is fertile
- Reclamation of arid/semi-arid areas/land
- Provide regular and adequate supply of water
- Source of employment in areas where it is used extensively
- Promote crop production for export
- Allow growing of paddy rice
- Allow growing of crops in green houses (5 x 1=5mks)
27. a) Effects of pests on beans

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 - Some pests transmit disease e.gaphids
- Some pest eat growing points causing stunted growth
- Some pests eats pods/fruit lowering the quality/quantity of crop
- Some pest eats roots, damage/causing wilting
- Some pests injure the plant causing wound which allow germs to enter the plant
- Some pests eat the seeds in the soil reducing plant population.
- Some insect toxic substances into the plant resulting ……growth (4 x 1=4mks)
b) i) Production of cabbage
Seedbed preparation
- Prepare the land during dry period
- Clear the vegetation
- Remove the stumps
- dig deeply to remove perennial weeds
- harrow the land to medium tilth ( 3 x 1=3mks)
ii) Transplanting
- Transplant at the onset of rain
- Transplant seedlings are 1 month old 10-15cm /Have 4-6 true leaves
- Select healthy seedlings
- Select vigorous growing seedlings
- Dig transplanting holes 60cm by 60cm
- Use phosphate fertilizer
- Water the nursery before uprooting the seedlings
- Use garden trowel/ uproot seedlings with ball of soil round the root zone to avoid
damage
- Place the seedlings in the hole and fill with soil up the level of soil in the nursery
- Firm the soil around the base of seeding
- Put shade if necessary ( 4 x 1=4mks)
c) Nursery management cabbage seedling in the nursery
- Water nursery frequently, with enough water morning an evening
- Uproot the weeds to avoid nutrients competition
- Control pest by use of appropriate pesticide
- Erect a shade to prevent sunlight from scorching the seedlings

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 - Control diseases by use of appropriate fungicides
- Carrying out thinning to avoid competition for nutrients
- Remove the much as seeds start germinating ( 5 x 1=5mks)
Clearly explained to score
d) Treating water to remove solid impurities
- Filtration at the intake, water passes through series of sieves to remove solid particles.
 coagulation and sedimentation
- Allum is added to coagulate solid particles to settle down
- Filtrating tank-water passes through tank lined with different types of sand to remove
the remaining solid particles ( 4 x 1=4mks)
28. a) – Grass cover reduces the speed of run off which lowers the erosive power of run-off
- Grass cover reduces/intercepts the impact of raindrops which reduces splash erosion
- Grass cover protects soil surface hence reducing wind erosions
- Grass roots hold soil particles together from being carried always by erosion agents.
- Grass cover reduces speed of run-off there by increases infiltration of water
- Organic matter from grass improves soil structure which improves infiltration rate of
water, hence reducing erosive power of run-off ( 5 x 1=5mks)
NB/must be explanations not stating
b) i) – Clear land and remove stumps
- Remove all the perennial weeds/plough/dig in dry seasons
- Carry out secondary cultivation
- Harrow to medium tilth ( 3 x 1=3mks)
ii) Select suitable maize variety to the environment.
- Dig holes 2.5cm -10cm deep depending on soil moisture
- Digat spacing 23-50cm x 75-90cm apart
- Apply phosphate fertilizer
- Apply phosphate fertilizer at 120kg/hectare
- Place 2 seeds per hole
- Plant certified /healthy seeds ( 6 x 1=6mks)
iii)- Gapping
- Thinning
- Control weeds by use of appropriate method

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 - Top dress using nitrogenous fertilizer
- Apply nitrogenous fertilizer at height of 40-60cm /knee high
- Apply 200kg of nitrogen per hectare
- Control stalk borer by use of appropriate pesticides
- Control disease by use of appropriate fungicides ( 6 x 1=6mks)

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