Can landscape archtects insert the profession's history.

In the 19th century, on

e of our
practitioners,
into its &scussions
leadingFrederick
of sustainability?
Law Olmsted-a journalist,
former farmer,and director of the U.S. Sani
taryElizabeth
our
By Civil
Commission
War-was
K. Meyer,
during
movedFASLA
to make
andurban
landscapes
publicbecause
parks of their perceived agency as
social
inspaces
two ways:
and
of environmental
urban
First, they were
reform.
environmental
For Olmsted,cleaning
parks performed
ma- 1 ANDSCAPE DESIGN pract
itioners and theorists understand- chines, open spaces of healthy sunlight, well
-drained
ably focussoils,
on theandecological aspects of sustainability; this shady groves of tre
es reducing
seems reasonable
temperatures,
given thatabsorbing
the sitecarbon
and medium of our dioxide, and releasing ox
ygen.isLandscape
work landscap-actual
architectural
topography,
works soil,
such water, plants, as urban parks, promena
des andItboulevards,
space. seems imperative
public given
gardens,
theparkand
growing consensus ways, and suburban reside
ntial the
about enclaves
impactwere
of human
culturalaction
products
on the global environment. that responded to, a
nd thenisaltered,
Beauty rarely discussed
the processesin the
of discourse
moderniza-of landscape design tion and urbaniz
sustainability, and if it is, it is dismissed as a superficial concern. In Olmst
ation.
ed's is
What estimation
the valuethis
of the
urbanvisual
environmental
and formalfunction
when hu- was equaled, if not exceeded
, by the second
regional, and global
functionman,
health are at stake? Doesn't A hybrid program: or in contem
porary
the discussion
theoretical
of the
terms,
beautiful
performance-
trivialize
2 landscape ar- wildlife habitavmarsh o
f the
as ornamentation,
designed landscape's
as the superficial
appearance.practice
He caredandabout
humanzchitecture
habitaV what those lands
capes
of gardening?
looked like
promenade
as wellareasiuxta-
how they
worked.
$ Based on his readings of psychologist
Is,find
art American
: landscape architecture's limited posed at Crissy Field critics,
and philosophers,
discussion of sustainability
Olmsted believed
curious,
thatespecially
$ given Park in San Francisco. th
e experience
92 1 LandscapeofArchitecture
that appearance-the
OCTOBER 2008
combination
qualities-altered
state.
form
performed.
in
of
developed
effects
1850s,
to
ASLA,
with
as
embedded
reports
such
Park,
on
his
1868
Association:
designed
For
architects
were
In
civilization
Gates
Field,
when
wildlife
promenade
Aone's
strange,
by
sustained
And
practice
have
appearance,
the
ecotechnologies
streams
and
has
94 new,
its
the
aesthetic
aCharles
parks,
Olrnsted's
1acidic
parkways
ideas,
mind
19th-century
nonhuman
site
yet,
literature
green
hydrological
three
ofaesthetic
Olmsted's
landscape
as
address
experiences
human
little
Landscape
the
Montreal.
to
physical
In
recuperative,
before
top,
hybrid
appearance,
of
for
Prospect
according
inlegs,
to
the
area
toxic
contemporary
ofother
his
historian
Olmsted
experience.
mine
the
roofs
Examples
landscapes
Beveridge,
as
such
presence
the
park
produce
men."
are
AMD
sustainable
regard
particularly
experiences
of
to
"A
and
bridge
life
theories
he
in
view,
is
language
biophysical
archives.
architect,
beauty
drainage
describes
Architecture
characteristics
words,
firm's
Boston,
And
the
as
not
appreciation
park
for
or
we
hhad
Park,
his
American
as
culture
not
processes.
one's
concisely
are
todconstructing
Olmsted,
for
daylighting
are
the
of
most
when
Prospect
certain
well
they
across
always
would
transformative
sstarted
conclusion
is
"buffered"
in
quantifiable
astold:
Honoraty
The
intertwined,
of
theory
alandscape
this
on
annual
or
Brooklyn,
is
the
mental
character
aand
at
Vintondale,
particular
in
early
closely
During
asked
sustained
as
rainbow-colored
beauty.
and
the
these
clients
work
landscape
be
dynamic
required
environment.
the
aopen,
performance
are
nature.
Mount
summarized
effects
urban
environments.
much
Sustainability
ocTolllr
toor
Park
disruptive.
of
coal
and
analyzes
ecology,
psychological
and
as
to
of
marsh
and
found
design,
his
theories
to
or
the
associated
official
as
signaling
the
Instead,
rain
beauty,
the
of
Royal
lecture
Scientific
art,
landscapes
cycles
mine,
design
ecological
psychological
his
removed
above,
tosensory
power
Olmsted
career
upon
they
marsh.
Pennsylvania.
projects
parks
at
2008
capture
gardens
ofbelow,
according
Crissy
were
Yet
of
water
increasing
periods
from
human
the
the
polluted
the
Thewill
social
MANIFESTO
operates
capitalist
Here,
Ithe
of
than
as
form.
by
experience.
immersive,
to
carethe
more
connecting
recognition,
aesthetic
discourse
aIvisual,
forequity,
make
designed
than
will
inaesthetic
theprofit
Iarelationship
amake
attempt
environment.
into
case
it
will
on
and
stylistic,
rear-garde
landscape
empathy,
toabut
aesthetics
economy.
discussions
for
try
claim
the
tonot
experience
the
to
rescue
body
toexplain
love,
aesthetics.
for
as
or
interest
appearance
The
social
and
more
ornamental
and
reinserting
ofbeauty
the
respect,
ecological
can
polysensual
sustainability.
how
justice
in
visual
leadinand
issue,
landscape
and architec- When in the Dell,
above, atOlmsted's
precedes the University belie&,ofofVirginia
course,inandCharture
continues to the lottesville, visitors
present.
cross a Ansmall aesthetic
bridge,appreciation
below left and of the
bottom
designed
left, landscape where a stream flow
s into ainstone
emerged the 18th
rill.century
The water withfalls
explorations
from the of rill's
somatic expe- scupper, aerating
riences
and cleaning
movingitthrough
as it picturesque
moves into alandscape
fore bay,gardens.
and thenCriti- falls a second time
cism
through
of the
a weirlandscape
into ashifted
pond, below,
from athat focusisonpart
the creator to the of a larger cam
pus(stormwater
96 Landscape Architecture
management system. ocroeER sooa
audience,
theories
there
beauty
with
But
that
optical
Allegheny
above,
constructed
plants
trees,
as
their
resilience
Oxfvd
quality
affords
(e.g.,
or
grace,
some
included,
odd,
sensuous
charm,
and
appearance
landscape
more
of
Both
Whiston
years
ofa
the
about
articles
between
Two
ground
differs
can
emotional
concern
for
significant
enduring
moral
the
basis
intrinsic
moral
experiences
manifesto
book
brief
include
sustainable
particular
the
Iearly-2
effectively,
Catherine
were
beauty
English
ago
the
was
is
and
grasses,
hearing)
or
do
as
biophysical
my
the
or
keen
Spirn
aesthetics
from
for
ofor
appreciation
faculties,
perception
Environmentalism
for
from
for
aRiver
fitness
might
find
position.
form
in
significance
excerpts,
understanding
considerable
intrinsic
visual.
humans
and
combination
perform
reception.
dynamic,
to
river
as
ecological
beauty
cultural
isin
pleasure
1st-century
influence
short
providing
aesthetics,
ethical
aesthetic
to
Dictionary,
wrote
theories
create
the
their
intriguing
and
Howett,
emotional
Park
and
perceived
or
find
it
design
many
them.
within
and
to
increase
Rather,
hardscape,
which
in
space
environment
affords?
essays
and
vines,
through
of
Can
about
one
tothis
in
resilient
aability
accounts
revelation,
impact.
theories
of
habitat
city
to
During
desired
beauty
or
FASLA,
In
of
conceptual
ecological
function
aesthetics
ifdebates
acriticism
Pittsburgh,
landscape
from
of
abeauty
the
charms
readers,
indirectly,
how
specific
responses.
beauty
qualities
the
persuade,
that
2000,
in
these
it
construction
according
narrow
streets.
below
way?
the
how
inherent
relation
to
other
Landcape
each
performance
is
this
for
below
ofgrace
idea
could
and
was
landscape
end."
sustainability
through
have
appearance
concerning
was
regenerate.
the
Can
Iissues
key
and
to
right,
was
and
and
riparian
space
this
Anne
wrote
bridges
design.
author,
is
period,
form
the
senses
that
have
not
These
leff;
which
intellectual
one's
the
toArchitecture
"that
While
but
how
necessary
whether
ato
belief
author
20toatheir
or
purely
are
bit
the
ring
ain intellectual
associated
M Athem."
"The
to
rather
applications
aesthetic
from
ought
whole
site
the
landscape
that
Spirn
discovered."
article,
motion
processes
and
singular,
but
At
palette
after
The
below
grasses.
water
linear
reminding
flow
in
revolution.
not
well.
things
of
From
2Q
Howett
Brundtland
100 1987
be
Allegheny
floods,
time,
Nwritings
geology,
wildlife,
measure
that
one
concrete
1just
domain
ecological
will
and
responsiveness,
ofpassing
Iand
seen
first
range
adds
disturbances,
left,
settles
This
Landscape
than
marks
Fsight,
in
that
includes
will
"This
embraces
In
that
ECommission's
values
architecture,
come
artfully
rather
visions.
uus
Landrlizpe
as
in
change,
above,
aesthetic
places
Spirn
Sof
narrowed
of
that
was
the
YThis
inof
climate
recognizes
River
waterfront
and
Ttime
coextensive
abe
and
demands
aesthetics,"
all
interactive
into
isOthat
art
ones.
1988
imprinted
absence
what
but
Architecture
may
affected
the
than
species
icy
aesthetic
landscape
the
an
multiple,
freezes
and
tosound,
express
Tthat
Park,
criticism,
play
below
and
towere
no
and
forms
their
Landrcape
haesthetic
shadows
is
includes
JoumaL,
Thus
be
human
static
regenerate
both
the
spopularization
its
longer
whatever
encompasses
both
promenade,
of
absent.
the
responsive
hydrology,
on
is
the
that
bywritten
right.
with
in
sensing,
severy
of
and
beauty
vegetation,
continuity
engages
smell,
architects
wrote
traditional
acommuniry-
rather
not
singularity
yboth
its
objects,
plant
the
form,
OCTOBER
"must
given
the
are
the
so
sbe
celebrate
Journal
that
native
adesign.
work
tits
Howett
that
isolated
designed
will
timeless
tolerant
touch,
eecosphere,
than
all
the
using,
before
come
to
vegetation
celebrates
dynamic
mscale,
200s
ofof
and
such
~ofand
be
the
making
othe
In
and
-i tasteas
aesthetic,
the
senses,
as l$contemplating
ofmoment
s 3 $
Manhattan,
New York City's
aboveTeardrop
left, a small
Park inneighborhood
Lower reclaiming,
site's natural
remaking,processes
and reforming
are invente
a
d. These
park and playground inside a city block, epito- new types ofbeauty will be found
term
through
sustainability, we can already see mizes the effectiveness of "hypernature,
" a key
how the beauty
experience,
and aesthetics
as well asare
thetomaking,
an distilled
of 2 and amplified sense of nature.
ecological
The landscape.
designThey
agenda.
promise
Theytoargue
expandthat
pubisublime, uncanny mass of the more than
eeight-
the actlicofand
experiencing
many designers'
designed
conceptions
land- meter-high,
of 51-meter-longstone wall, be
low sustainability
scapes polysensually,beyond
overthe
time,
ecological
through right and in the background below left,
is a health realm and into social practice and $ and with the body, is not simp
ly an act of threshold between the lawn, above right, and the cultural sphere. C
pleasure
=2 but possibly one of transforma- the children's playground. Its particul
ar yetThrough their writings, we can infer unexpected beauty is challenging and
tion.
new forms of beauty will be discov- tering, shifting visitors' attentions to the
recenthat
1asunered
0new
2 Itechniques
Landscape AreRiterltrre
and approachesOcroeER
for seen,
2 0underground
0 8 natural world.
--younger
topic.
studio
aSchool
and
use
many
beauty
The articulate)
of
particular
landscape
In (and
review
of
the
and fact,
Design,
terms
aesthetics
atbeauty
otherwise
architects,
atbeauty
colleague's
Harvard's
Iafelt
recent
with
of and
compelled
quite
theGraduate
he
the
end-of-semester
dismissive
aesthetics.
Urban
equated
talented
visual
to and
Outfitters
correct
Like corporate headquarters in Philadel
phia,
is found
above,
in the reuse of tons of on-site demolition rubble. Sustainability start
ed with
P3the waste,
formal,
integrating
opposite,
and in doing thatsowould
rendered
conventionally
them ornamentation.
have been He
hauled
did not
to athink
landfill.
that !
inconsequential. His fascination for the beauty mattered or realize that appeara
performative
nce
ations betweenblinded
beauty and him beautification
to the distinc-orcouldYet Iperform.
have come
V1 to believe that the e
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Berrizbeitia's
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disparate
in
enriched
Buell,
Elaine
Beck.
Wmldis
He
policy
common
compelling
public
of designed
the
Germany,
China.
beauty
suggests
Beck,
inBuell's
Manr
and
United
geographer
Scarry,
instructive
is
environmental
support."
Caracas:
bymissing
hepartially
as
My
has
inar-g
to
oflandscapes
and
reading
that
Julie
realization
her
States,
been
book
generate
certain
interpretation
and
Kongjian
Parqzle
American
Drawing
ues
2005
Denis
"a
Bargmann's
extended
sociologist
Wrztzng
inthrough
ecocritic
coherent
good
that
Peter
this
kinds
book,
by
sustained
Cosgrove,
del
Yu's
of
on
firms
environmental
that
what
fmof
regard.
myEste
Latz
and
the
Robwto
ofbeauty-
DIRT
Turenscape
Lawrence
an
vision
knowledge
UIrich
is
asEndzngeved
importance
writing
Robert
and
1956-
philosopher
sufficiently
needed
Studio
Bade
Partners
of mental
the
is ethic. This rralization has evolve
d not more
granted newpolicies
forms oforstrange
technologies
beauty-is butamore
over the past decade, partially in resp
onse "atcitudes,
necessary componentfeelings,
of fostering
images,a sus-
narratives."
to the limitations of mainstream sustain
- I believeandthat
community thatworks
beauty
of is
landscape
a ability architainable
discourse, partially through expo- tectur
$e key
are component
more than in designed
developing
ecosys- an environ- sure to writings on beauty, such as An
ita--tems,
-. .-- .-more-.-than
. .strategies
.-... .. -for .~-open-ended
~-~ -.. . - - - -- - --
MitAcan
processes.
distinct
attitudes
images
can
public
underscores
Funnution
argues
of
consciousness
such
early
that
and
design
landscape
Nis
form.
play
global
as2lst-century
characterizes
Ialter
and
support
that
can
Faforms
the
so Echange
Like
and
They
narratives,
role
at
health.
San
this
cultural
neoliberal
architecture
Tfor
feelings
Symbolic
as
odds
and
literature
Owell
are
in
ind~vidual'sc
insociety,
experiences
building
the
late
American
with
So,
cultural
his
products
aswhile
through
landscape
environment.
Ldndrcape
capitalism
book
20th-century
human,
modes
and
can
Isociety
sustained
products
ISorzul
do
art,
such
change
onsciousness
that
space,
of
regional,
do
believe
architecture
when
production
not
asand
evoke
Cosgrove
human
and
with At Urban Outfitters corporate headqua
sequence,
he
works
believe
rters,
and perhaps
concrete
assistpavement
in restructuring
slabs, above, herwere
pri-broken
up and arranged with crushed stone
and nd
eas trees,
values.
opposite,
water could
to createinfiltrate
a pervious
and people
field where
couldgroundorit~
walk. Its beauty is parti
Icular
couldtomake
the this
formercase
siteinconditions
many forms and material resources found there and not
-dependent
-- - -- -----
on an -a -priori
- - -sense
- of form.
but have chosen to do so through a per- a work in progress, delivered for the fi
rst ofand
sonal therhetorical
developed form,
world a(and
design
increasingly
mani- time i n London and Beijing in 2007. I
".esto.
the developing
I will introduce
world) over
thethe
manifesto
past twowith have included a few images to be sug
.ges-a brief
decades
account
demonstrates
of the current
that sustainability
state of tiveisofkey points in my manifesto, rea
fliz-
thinking
perceived
abouttoand
be acting
outsideonthesustainabil-
mainstream ing that it is in~possibleto capture
ity
aesthet-
in theand
United
at odds
States.
withThe
predominant
manifestoAmerican
is ic experience-versus the lookof thing
s or~-conceptions
p- - ~ (neoliberal, free market) of
capitalism.
MANIFESTO
from
some
environmental
Design
it
practice
wanted
method
site's
yet
D."
surprising
in
United
published
Nations's
So,
convened.
current
relatively
decades,
global
architects
World
Development
Minister
1987
form
offered
development
meets
compromising
But
perceived
popular
when
ASLA,
also
Janeiro.
Develpment
to
role
negative
Several
the
are
hammy
PRINCIPLE
tbe
PRINCIPL4E:
dmfopnmt,
an
and
The
of
adopted
on
deeply
site
strategies,
aEnvironment
asfollowing
be
meet
guide
concerns
fulfilled
integraf
Landscape
broadening
another
With
we
like
broad
activities
fentitled
future
cannot
the
understood
report,
as
Vice
known
ofwomen
and
aembedded
Commission
the
attended
with
and
with
on
as
capacity.
States's
have
convocations.
threat
meaning
Our
the
their
usage,
of
its
population
of
such
often
Gro
many
Its
sustainable
impact
consists
abe
Brundtland
most
needs
sustainability
President
in
1:
3:
environmental
miromtafprotectim
were
that
new,
link
as
contained
the
nature.
generatiom.
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Nature.
doing
site,
tool
attack
to
chaired
Common
defin~tiont
is
fmsustainable
In
pavt
own
none
Architecture,
1994,ll
Brundtland,
published
the
D~kzrationon
scope,
Hand
to
The
so
agenda
ambivalence,
own
Americans,
the
considered
year,
ison
to
remind
in
quoted
development
if
the
principles
mof
order
and
not
sustainability
professional
and
having
the
of
healthy
as
version
for
Still
on
ability
nindigenous
right
ofthe
of
Ian
their
whatever
tandem
needs."
not
Earth
landscape
ofonwhich
1983
Future.
1992
Development,
war
beings
to
Development.
the
much
as
But
first
usage
phrase
Environment
by
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covering
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maximizing
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Commission
Many
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