Syllogism

Violanta, Joy B. Therefore, all dogs are mammals.
BSED III- Filipino 4. Dictum de Nullo ( The Law of None)

Philosophy with Logic -what is denied of a class is also denied of its logical
Mr. Legua member.
-what is denied universally of a term is also denied of
THE SYLLOGISM each of all referents of that term.
- An argument in which, from two known Example:
propositions that contain a common idea, and Graduate students are voters.
one at least of which is universal, a third No person under eighteen years of age is a voter.
proposition, different from the two Therefore, graduate students are not under eighteen
propositions, follow with necessity. years of age.
- Is a kind of logical argument in which one
proposition ( the conclusion) is inferred from EIGHT (8) GENERAL SYLLOGISTIC RULES
two or more others (the premises) of a certain I. Rules on the Terms
form. 1. There must be only three terms in the syllogism.
2. Neither the major nor the minor term may be
CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM distributed in the conclusion, if it is
-is a piece of deductive, mediate inference which undistributed in the premises.
consists of three categorical propositions, the first two 3. The middle term must not appear in the
which are premises and the third is the conclusion conclusion.
-it contains exactly three terms, each of which occurs in 4. The middle term must be distributed at least
exactly two of the constituent propositions. once in the premises.
II. Rules on the Premises
The term “logic” refers to the science that 5. Only an affirmative conclusion can be drawn
studies the principle of correct reasoning. Logic requires from two affirmative premises.
the act of reasoning by humans in order to form 6. No conclusion can be drawn from two negative
thoughts and opinions. As well as classifications and premises.
judgments. The foundation of a logical argument is its 7. If one premise is particular, the conclusion must
proposition, or statement. also be particular; if one premise is negative,
the conclusion must be negative.
GENERAL AXIOMS (PRINCIPLES) OF THE SYLLOGISM 8. No conclusion can be drawn from two particular
1. Principle of Reciprocal Identity premises.
-if two terms agree (or are identical) with a third term,
then they are identical with each other. FIGURES AND MOODS OF THE CATEGORICAL
Example: SYLLOGISM
A dog is an animal. Figure- proper arrangement (position) of the middle
A hound is a dog. term (M) with respect to the major term (P) and the
*a hound is an animal. minor term (S) in the premises.
2. Principle of Reciprocal Non- Identity 4 Syllogistic Figures
-if two terms, one of which is identical with a third, but 1st premise M-p p-M M-p p-M
the other of which is not, then they are not identical 2ndpremise s-M s-M M-s M-s
with each other. Figure 1 2 3 4
Example: Figure 1: the middle term is the subject of the
Nuclear-powered submarines are not commercial major premise and the predicate of the minor
vessels. premise.
All nuclear-powered submarines are warships. Example:
*warships are not commercial vessels. M-p Some people are difficult to get along with.
3. Dictum Omni ( The Law of All) s-M All Americans are people.
-what is affirmed of a logical class may also be affirmed S-p Therefore, some Americans are difficult to
of its logical member. get along with.
Example:
All terriers are mammals.
Terriers are dogs.
Figure 2: the middle term is the predicate of
both premises
Example:
p-M Registered students are members of this
class.
s-M John is a member of this class.
S-p Therefore, John is a registered student.
Mood- a proper arrangement of the premises
according to quantity and quality.
AAAA EEEE IIII OOOO
AEIO AEIO AEIO AEIO
Valid Moods of the Four Figures

Figure 1 AAAA, EAE, AII, EIO
FIGURE 2 EAE, AEE, EIO, AOO
FIGURE 3 AAI, EAO, IAI, AII, OAO, EIO
FIGURE 4 AAI, AEE, IAI, EAO, EIO
EXAMPLE:
A- All textbooks are books intended for careful
study.
I- Some reference books are intended for
careful study.
I- Therefore, some reference books are
textbooks.
A- All criminal actions are wicked deeds.
A- All prosecutions for murder are criminal actions.
A- Therefore, all prosecutions for murder are
wicked deeds.

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Violanta, Joy B. Therefore, all dogs are mammals.

BSED III- Filipino 4. Dictum de Nullo ( The Law of None)

Valid Moods of the Four Figures

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