Spin.

Spin is a quantum property of

particles. Bosons have integer spin.
Fermions have half-integer spin.
Particles
Everything is made of particles.
u u
Antiparticles. Each particle has
an antiparticle with the same mass
and spin, but opposite charge.
A particle with non-zero spin has e− e+ A particle with no charge may be
left- or right-handed chirality. Symbol Electric its own antiparticle.
charge
Electric Charge. Each particle has Spin ⅔ Mixtures. Some elementary particles
1⁄
2 u + =
positive, negative, or zero electric charge. are mixtures (linear superpositions)
Name up Color
Color Charge. A quark has one of three of other elementary particles.
(Flavor) ___ MeV charge
color charges called red, green, or blue.
An anti-quark has an anti-color. Mass (electron volts) ? Hypothetical. Postulated particles
that many physicists expect will be
A gluon has a color and an anti-color. A particle is a wave in a quantum field. discovered.

Elementary Particles
This shows all the elementary particles in the standard model (SM) of particle physics
? Supersymmetry (SUSY) theory proposes
a partner boson for each fermion and
plus some hypothetical particles. a partner fermion for each boson.

Fermions
Matter is made of fermions.
half-integer spin 1⁄2 3⁄2 Standard Fermions
generation ? Superpartner Bosons — Sfermions
generation
Fermions obey the exclusion principle. spin I II III spin I II III
⅔ ⅔ ⅔ ⅔ ⅔ ⅔
u c t u c t

Squarks
Quarks
1⁄ up charm top 0 sup scharm stop
2 1.7–3.1 MeV 1.1–1.4 GeV 171–175 GeV
Atom e
nucleus -⅓ -⅓ -⅓ -⅓ -⅓ -⅓
d s b d s b
u d u u proton
d d uud down strange bottom sdown sstrange sbottom
d u u d neutron 4.1-5.7 MeV 80–130 MeV 4.1–4.4 GeV
u d udd
electron e− μ− τ− e− μ− τ−

Sleptons
e
Leptons

1⁄ electron muon tau selectron smuon stau

2 511 keV 106 MeV 1.8 GeV 0

νe νμ ντ νe νμ ντ
electron muon tau electron muon tau
neutrino neutrino neutrino sneutrino sneutrino sneutrino
<1 eV? <1 eV? <1 eV?

Bosons integer spin 0 1 2

Forces are carried by gauge bosons.
Standard Bosons ? Superpartner Fermions
Bosons do not obey the exclusion principle. spin spin
Gravitational
force
2 ? G
Gravitational
force
3⁄
2 G
? masses attract graviton
massless
gravitino
Quantum
Gauge Bosons

Gravity Strong force 1 g Strong 1⁄ g

Force Carriers

2
?
force
Gauginos

Color force
Planck
scale quarks/gluons attract gluon gluino
1019 GeV Grand massless
Unification Weak force Weak
Wi Weak 1⁄
GUT scale
1 Isospin W± Z force 2 Wi W± Z
Flavor change
1016 GeV Electro- radioactivity W W Z wino wino zino
weak massless 80 GeV 91 GeV mixtures
Weak
EW scale Electromagnetic B γ Electromagnetic 1⁄ γ χ 0i χ ±i
102 GeV 1 Hyper-
force 2 B
force charge
B photon bino photino neutralino
?
charges attract/repel,
light massless massless chargino
Bosons
Scalar

0 ± 1⁄ 0 ± χ0 χ±
Higgs field(s) 0 H H H Higgs field 2 H H
creates mass, breaks symmetry Higgs Higgs Higgsino neutralino
massless 124-127 GeV chargino
Unified forces split by symmetry breaking. Electroweak symmetry breaking Electroweak symmetry breaking

? Other elementary particles may yet be discovered.

Dark matter may be elementary particles not yet discovered.
?
Light neutral scalar bosons are postulated (for example, axions).
String theory proposes that all elementary particles are tiny vibrating strings.
Composite Particles — Hadrons
Composite particles are composed of two or more elementary particles. This shows some of the hundreds of known composite particles.

Composite Fermions — Baryons Composite Bosons — Mesons

Baryons are fermions composed of three quarks. Mesons are bosons composed of a quark and an antiquark.
This shows only the baryons made of u, d, and s quarks. This shows only the mesons made of u, d, and s quarks.

spin 1⁄2 octet p+ uud n0 udd p+ = u u

d spin 0 nonet K0 K+ π0 = u ū
p proton ds̄ us̄
proton uud π pion pion uū/dd̄
n neutron Σ+ uus Σ0 Λ0 uds Σ− dds π0 η0 uū/dd̄
938 MeV η eta π− π+ 135 MeV mixture
Σ sigma dū ud̄
K kaon η′0
Λ lambda Ξ0 uss Ξ− dss n0 = u d
Pions carry
d ss̄
Ξ xi K− K0 the nuclear
neutron udd sū sd̄ force between
Δ++ uuu Δ+ uud Δ0 udd Δ− ddd 940 MeV
nucleons.
nucleons spin 1 nonet K*0 K*+
spin 3⁄2 decuplet ds̄ us̄
Σ*+ uus Σ*0 uds Σ*− dds ρ rho
Δ delta ω omega ρ0 ω0 uū/dd̄
Σ sigma ρ− ρ+
Ξ*0 uss Ξ*− dss φ phi dū φ0 ud̄
Ξ xi K kaon ss̄
Ω omega-minus Ω− sss K*− K*0
sū sd̄
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