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    Types of Commercial Cell

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    Dave
    1. The document discusses different types of commercial cells including dry cells, mercury cells, lead storage cells, and nickel-cadmium storage cells. It also discusses fuel cells and their advantages over thermal power plants. 2. Corrosion is defined as the slow destruction of metals from reaction with gases in the atmosphere. Rusting of iron is provided as a common example of corrosion. 3. The mechanism of corrosion is explained using rusting of iron as an example involving redox reactions that occur at the anode and cathode in the presence of water and carbon dioxide to form rust.

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    Types of Commercial Cell

    Uploaded by

    Dave
    406 views4 pages
    1. The document discusses different types of commercial cells including dry cells, mercury cells, lead storage cells, and nickel-cadmium storage cells. It also discusses fuel cells and their advantages over thermal power plants. 2. Corrosion is defined as the slow destruction of metals from reaction with gases in the atmosphere. Rusting of iron is provided as a common example of corrosion. 3. The mechanism of corrosion is explained using rusting of iron as an example involving redox reactions that occur at the anode and cathode in the presence of water and carbon dioxide to form rust.

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    Chemistry class 12 commercial cells

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    1. The document discusses different types of commercial cells including dry cells, mercury cells, lead storage cells, and nickel-cadmium storage cells. It also discusses fuel cells and their advantages over thermal power plants. 2. Corrosion is defined as the slow destruction of metals from reaction with gases in the atmosphere. Rusting of iron is provided as a common example of corrosion. 3. The mechanism of corrosion is explained using rusting of iron as an example involving redox reactions that occur at the anode and cathode in the presence of water and carbon dioxide to form rust.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    406 views4 pages

    Types of Commercial Cell

    Uploaded by

    Dave
    1. The document discusses different types of commercial cells including dry cells, mercury cells, lead storage cells, and nickel-cadmium storage cells. It also discusses fuel cells and their advantages over thermal power plants. 2. Corrosion is defined as the slow destruction of metals from reaction with gases in the atmosphere. Rusting of iron is provided as a common example of corrosion. 3. The mechanism of corrosion is explained using rusting of iron as an example involving redox reactions that occur at the anode and cathode in the presence of water and carbon dioxide to form rust.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    DAV CENTENARY PUBLIC SCHOOL, PASCHIM ENCLAVE, NEW DELHI-87

    SUBJECT - CHEMISTRY
    CLASS - XII

    Topic Name : Commercial cells


    1. Dry cell:-

    Cathode:- Graphite
    Anode:- Zinc
    Electrolyte:- Paste of MnO2 + C (touching cathode) & NH4Cl + ZnCl2 (touching anode)
    Cell Reactions:-
    The reactions taking place at the electrodes are shown below.

    At anode:

    At cathode:

    These cells have voltage in the range 1.25 V to 1.50 V. However, they do not have a long life
    because the acidic corrodes the zinc container even when cell is not in use.

    2. Mercury cell:-

    Cathode:- HgO
    Anode:- Zinc
    Electrolyte:- Paste of KOH + ZnO
    Cell Reactions:-
    The reactions occurring in a mercury cell are as given below.

    At anode:

    At cathode:

    Overall reaction:

    The overall reaction does not include any ion whose concentration may change, therefore, this cell
    gives a constant potential of 1.35 V throughout its life.

    3. Lead Storage Cell:-


    Cathode:- Lead Packed with PbO2
    Anode:- Pb
    Electrolyte:- 38% H2SO4 solution

    ELECTROCHEMISTRY Page 1
    Cell Reactions:-

    The reactions occurring in a Lead storage cell during discharging are as given below.

    Anode: Pb(s) + SO42-(aq) PbSO4(s) + 2e-

    Cathode: PbO2(s) + SO42-(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2e- PbSO4(s) + 2H2O

    Overall cell reaction:

    Pb(s) + 2SO42-(aq) + PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq) 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O

    4. Nickel-Cadmium Storage Cell:-

    Cathode:- NiO2
    Anode:- Cd
    Electrolyte:- KOH solution
    Cell Reactions:-

    The reactions occurring in a Ni-Cd storage cell during discharging are as given below.

    Anode: Cd(s) + 2OH- CdO(s) + H2O(l) + 2e-

    Cathode: 2Ni(OH)3(s) + 2e- 2Ni(OH)2(s) + 2OH-

    Overall cell reaction:

    Cd(s) + 2Ni(OH)3(s) CdO(s) + H2O(l) + 2Ni(OH)2(s)

    5. Fuel cells
    Fuel cells are the cells in which the energy produced from the combustion of fuels such as
    , etc., is directly converted into electrical energy. One such cell is hydrogen–oxygen fuel
    cell.

    It consists of porous carbon electrodes containing suitable catalysts, which are incorporated in
    them. The electrolyte used is either KOH or NaOH. Hydrogen and oxygen gases are bubbled
    through the porous electrodes into the KOH or NaOH solution. The reactions taking place at the
    respective electrodes are as follows.

    At anode:

    At cathode:

    Overall reaction:

    ELECTROCHEMISTRY Page 2
    Advantages of fuel cells
     They are much superior to the thermal power plants in which fuels are burnt to produce steam
    which further run the turbine. The efficiency of a thermal power plant is not greater than 40%
    while efficiency of a fuel cell is nearby 60–70%.
     Fuel cells do not cause any pollution problems.

    Topic Name : Corrosion


    Metals which are reactive occur in combined state in nature, but they can be extracted by various
    metallurgical processes in the elemental form. When this elemental form of metals is put to use, the
    reactivity of the metal used is not changed much. Thus, they have a tendency to react with the gases of
    atmosphere to form compounds such as oxides, sulphides, carbonates, sulphates, etc.

    This process of slowly eating away of the metal due to attack of atmospheric gases on the surface of the
    metal resulting into the formation of compounds such as oxides, sulphides, carbonates, sulphates, etc., is
    called corrosion.

    The most common example of corrosion is rusting of iron. Some other examples are tarnishing of silver,
    development of green coating on copper and bronze, etc.

    Mechanism of corrosion
    Let us understand the mechanism of corrosion by taking rusting of iron as an example. The theory is
    called electrochemical theory of corrosion because it explains the formation of rust on the basis of redox
    reactions. The following steps represent the formation of rust according to this theory,

    The water vapours on the surface of the metal dissolve CO2 and O2 from the air. Dissolution of the
    former leads to the formation of carbonic acid (H2CO3).

    H2CO3 acts as an electrolytic solution of the cell. The carbonic acid formed and water dissociate to a
    small extent.

    Reaction at anode :- Iron in contact with the dissolved CO2 and O2 undergoes oxidation to give
    ferrous ions.

    …(i)
    The sites where the above reaction takes place act as anodes.
    Reaction at cathode :- The electrons lost by iron are taken up by ions (produced from dissociation
    of and above) to give hydrogen atoms.
    …(ii)
    These hydrogen atoms react with oxygen (dissolved in water or from air) as follows.

    …(iii)

    ELECTROCHEMISTRY Page 3
    The complete reduction reaction may be obtained by adding equation (ii) and equation (iii).

    …(iv)
    The sites where the above reductions take place act as cathodes.

    Adding equation (i) and equation (iv), the overall cell reaction can be obtained as:

    The can be obtained as follows.

    = 1.23 – (–0.44) = 1.67 V


    Since is positive, the above cell reaction is spontaneous and thus rusting of iron occurs
    spontaneously.
    The ferrous ions obtained from these reactions combine with oxygen to form ferric oxide.

    Ferric oxide then gets hydrated to form rust.

    Thus, chemically, rust is hydrated ferric oxide . Rust is a non-sticking compound and
    peels off exposing fresh iron surface for further attack.

    Methods of prevention the corrosion:-

    1. One the simplest methods of preventing corrosion is to prevent the surface of the metallic object to
    come in contact with atmosphere. This can be done by covering the surface with paint or by
    chemicals (e.g. bisphenol).
    2. Another method is to cover the surface by other metals (Sn, Zn etc) that are inert or react to save
    the object.
    3. An electrochemical method is to provide a sacrificial electrode of another metal (like Mg, Zn etc.)
    which corrodes itself but saves the object.

    ELECTROCHEMISTRY Page 4

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