Literary Research: A Step by Step Guide

Read.
Before you begin, it is essential that you have carefully and entirely read the poem, play, novel, or other
work of literature about which you plan to write.

Annotate the text while you read:

 Underline passages which strike you, as they will form the backbone of your paper.
 Jot down any notes and questions.
 Track passages in which the author’s usage of particular literary elements is repeated or
noteworthy. Do you see an image over and over again, for example?
 Make lists of critical moments (with page numbers) that seem to connect the dots of a particular
theme.

*Reading with a pen in your hand will make the process more active and keep you from drifting off and
thinking about something else when you are trying to concentrate on reading.

Reread the work.

You may not have time to go through it again completely. However, you will need to reread key
passages, and refresh your sense of the pivotal points in the text so that citations are easy to find when
you need to make references to the text in the course of developing your ideas.

 As you reread the work, identifying key passages gives you a place to start unpacking the text
line by line, asking questions about a writer’s rhetorical choices, and getting to the ‘bigger
picture.’ You don’t necessarily need to know what your thesis is to get started; exploring the
questions or passages you find most important, puzzling, or compelling, will you lead you to
your thesis.

 Remember that narrow, specific inquiries often make for more interesting, as well as
approachable, topics than broad surveys. Additionally, as you do not have years of scholarly
research to devote to your essay, steer away from biographical or historical surveys, or topics
that seek to connect the work to the author’s personal life in a facile way.

Be aware of any “extra” content within the work.

If your book has an introduction, read it. Introductions are often written by leading scholars or editors of
the writer you are researching. An introduction will give you a background in the issues or topics
associated with the work.

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Critical editions or university press editions of works of literature often include critical essays in the back
of the book, as well as bibliographies of scholarly research (only as current as the book’s publication
date, of course.) By scanning these bibliographies, you get a sense of the experts on your author. This
can be helpful when you are faced with the task of sifting through search results and evaluating
reputable sources, especially online.

Familiarize yourself with the guidelines for MLA citations.

 Find out the pieces of information (for example, names of publishers, page numbers, and dates)
you will be required to include in your Works Cited page. This will save time, preventing you
from having to backtrack through your research later on.

*Copies of the MLA Handbook, as well as other useful handouts on MLA documentation, are available at
the Tutoring Center. Online, check out The Purdue Online Writing Lab,
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/

Head to the library:

College and public libraries employ full-time reference librarians. Make an appointment with the Bucks
County Community College librarian. He or she can help you:

 learn how to find sources

 distinguish between primary and secondary sources, peer-reviewed journals, and less useful
encyclopedic or general reference articles
 inter-library loan resources from libraries all over the country

A peer-reviewed journal is one that publishes articles juried by experts (typically the author’s colleagues)
in the particular field the journal’s title suggests—for example, Studies in the Novel or The Mark Twain
Journal.

Libraries purchase subscription service databases (JSTOR, EbscoHost) that enable you to search for
articles from many journals online at the same time.

At home on your computer:

With your Bucks login & password, you can access library subscription services from home to continue on
with literary research. These databases house many years and volumes of journals. You will be able to
save/print some articles in full-text. Others you may need to order through the librarian or find in print
and scan a copy for yourself. JSTOR, LION, and EbscoHost are good databases to start with during the
research process.

A cautionary note: it should not be possible to do college-level research for a paper solely using Google.
Doing a Google search, for example, on “Mark Twain and racism,” “Flaubert and adultery,” or “women
in The Odyssey” will yield an overwhelming number of hits. These entries may range from more
reputable forums on an author, typically sponsored by universities, to less reliable sources such as,
personal web pages, Wikipedia-style surveys, and even illegal term papers. It’s worth poking around for
ideas, but if you are uncertain about any source, consult a librarian or ask your professor.

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How to Access the JSTOR Database for Literary Research
From the Bucks County Community College homepage (www.bucks.edu):

1. Click “Library” located to the right of the Bucks County Community College logo.
2. Click on “Databases” which is under the heading “Online Resources.”
3. Scroll down and click on the link to JSTOR.

*There is also a “tutorial” link located along the left hand side of the page that leads video tutorials
for utilizing various databases.

* On an off-campus computer you will need to log on using your student ID and password to access JSTOR.
Alternatively, from a campus computer, you may navigate directly to http://www.jstor.org/search/

The benefit of using JSTOR is that it will ensure your resources are peer-reviewed journals! JSTOR
has done the job already of editing your search for reputable, scholarly sources—this is what is
missing if you conduct a Google search.

Depending on your topic, you may have to broaden or narrow your initial search
terms, try different search terms, or even revise your topic, based on the research
available:

 Consider brainstorming a list of phrases and terms associated with your topic before you sit
down.

 Be flexible and play around with search terms until you get your search results down to a
manageable number of sources to sift through. For example, if you begin your search with
the terms “mark twain” and “racism” you will turn up 314 hits. On the other hand, if you
play around and refine with your search terms a bit: “huckleberry finn” and “racism” and
“jim” and “dialect” narrows your results to 37 potentially relevant sources.

 Go to http://about.jstor.org/jstor-help-support/how-to-use-jstor for an online tutorial which

shows you how to use the basic search.

How to use search commands effectively:

 Use “and” and “not” to limit your search

 Use “or” to broaden your search
 Use quotation marks to isolate a specific phrase you are searching for, for example: “The
Yellow Wallpaper” in one field, rather than ‘yellow’ and ‘wallpaper’ in separate fields

Refer to the “Tips” page on JSTOR for help using the database and more advanced search
commands. For example, using an asterisk to search for ‘feminis*’ will search for feminist and
feminism; using ‘wom?n’ will include woman, woman, and womyn in the results.
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 Once your search results are presented, you will need to evaluate their relevance
to your research interests:

 Browse the titles and click on those that appear relevant.

 Determine whether an article will help you by scanning the first few pages or reading
the abstract. An abstract is a short paragraph that summarizes an article.

Click on the title of the article to read through it.

Links at the top corners of the scanned page enable you to move forward and space back through
the article. From the search results page, you may also click to download the article. Downloading
the article is helpful because you can easily print the article out in its entirety while having a copy
saved in case you need to come back to it.
*If available, download the PDF file. Doing so can make citations a bit easier because the page
numbers are readily available.

Save the citations for relevant articles.

As you go through your search results, on the right of the article is a button entitled “save citation,”
just click to save. When you are through sifting the results, click on ‘view saved citations’ for a
customized bibliography of the articles you have selected. You can then read, print or save each
accordingly. **

* Note: If you read an article from the screen without printing or saving, and you think
you will be referring to it in your paper, be sure to write down the necessary
information you will need (author, title, journal, date …) in order to include it later in
your MLA “Works Cited” page.

**A cautionary note: Auto-formatted bibliographies can often be incorrect. Be sure to consult a
tutor or a citation manual.

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 Helpful Websites for Your Literary Research:

• Voice of the Shuttle at UC Santa Barbara, http://vos.ucsb.edu/browse.asp?id=3 lists links to

scholarly websites by literary period and discipline

• Academy of American Poets, http://www.poets.org/ , search by poem, poet, or school of thought,

with links to reputable articles and brief biographies

• Modern American Poetry, http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/ search by poet for biography,

poems, and critical essays

• Electronic Poetry Center at SUNY Buffalo, http://epc.buffalo.edu/, search by poet for poems,
interviews, critical essays, poet’s blogs, and links to online sources

• Studies in the Novel, https://studiesinthenovel.org/,search this journal’s website by author’s name

for articles, read abstracts, and access articles at a subscribing library or through JSTOR

• Literary Resources on the Net, by Jack Lynch of Rutgers University,

http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Lit/, search by subject for links to reputable author
homepages

For Help with MLA Style

and Citations:

• The Owl at Purdue’s “MLA Formatting and Style Guide”:

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/

• The “MLA Style FAQ” (frequently asked questions) at the Modern Language Association
homepage: http://www.mla.org/style_faq

• The BCCC Tutoring Center webpage’s MLA Handout:

http://www.bucks.edu/academics/tutoring/handouts/writing/researchanddocumentation/

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