Muscular System

Muscular system
- is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles.

What is a muscle?
- a band or bundle of fibrous tissue in a human or animal body that has the ability to contract,
producing movement in or maintaining the position of parts of the body.
- muscle is a soft tissue found in most animals.
-muscle cells contain protein filaments of actin and myosin that slide past one another, producing a
contraction that changes both the length and the shape of the cell.
- muscles function to produce force and motion.
- they are primarily responsible for maintaining and changing posture, locomotion, as well as
movement of internal organs, such as the contraction of the heart and the movement of food through
the digestive system via peristalsis.
Structure of skeletal muscle
- a whole skeletal muscle is considered an organ of the muscular system.
- each organ or muscle consists of skeletal muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue, and
blood or vascular tissue.
- skeletal muscles vary considerably in size, shape, and arrangement of fibers.
- they range from extremely tiny strands such as the stipendium muscle of the middle ear to large
masses such as the muscles of the thigh.
- some skeletal muscles are broad in shape and some narrow.
- in some muscles the fibers are parallel to the long axis of the muscle.
- in some they converge to a narrow attachment; and in some they are oblique.
- Each skeletal muscle fiber is a single cylindrical muscle cell.
- an individual skeletal muscle may be made up of hundreds, or even thousands, of muscle fibers
bundled together and wrapped in a connective tissue covering.
- Each muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the perimysium.
- Connective tissue outside the perimysium surrounds and separates the muscles.
- Portions of the perimysium project inward to divide the muscle into compartments.
- Each compartment contains a bundle of muscle fibers.
- Each bundle of muscle fiber is called a fasciculus and is surrounded by a layer of connective
tissue called the perimysium.
- Within the fasciculus, each individual muscle cell, called a muscle fiber, is surrounded by
connective tissue called the endomysium.
- skeletal muscle cells (fibers), like other body cells, are soft and fragile.
- the connective tissue covering furnish support and protection for the delicate cells and allow
them to withstand the forces of contraction.
-the coverings also provide pathways for the passage of blood vessels and nerves.
- commonly, the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium extend beyond the fleshy part of the
muscle, the belly or gaster, to form a thick ropelike tendon or a broad, flat sheet-like aponeurosis.
- the tendon and aponeurosis form indirect attachments from muscles to the periosteum of bones
or to the connective tissue of other muscles.
- typically a muscle spans a joint and is attached to bones by tendons at both ends.
- one of the bones remains relatively fixed or stable while the other end moves as a result of
muscle contraction.
- skeletal muscles have an abundant supply of blood vessels and nerves.
- this is directly related to the primary function of skeletal muscle, contraction.
- before a skeletal muscle fiber can contract, it has to receive an impulse from a nerve cell.
- generally, an artery and at least one vein accompany each nerve that penetrates the epimysium
of a skeletal muscle.
- branches of the nerve and blood vessels follow the connective tissue components of the muscle
of a nerve cell and with one or more minute blood vessels called capillaries.
Functions
a) It permits movement of the body.
- Muscles are the only tissue in the body that has the ability to contract and therefore move the other
parts of the body.
b) Maintains posture and body position.
c) Circulates blood throughout the body.
d) Together with the skeletal system it forms the musculoskeletal system, which is responsible for
movement of the human body.
e) Stabilizes joints.
f) generates heat.
-muscular system in vertebrates is controlled through the nervous system, although some muscles can
be completely autonomous.
-the organs that make up the muscular system are the skeletal muscles.
-the skeletal muscles are the organs that allow your body parts to move.
-they are the only voluntary organs of the body.
-the primary function of the muscles is to provide contraction in order to move the body as a
whole or move materials through the body.
-muscle movement is either voluntary or involuntary.
-skeletal muscle is the only voluntary muscle group in the body.
-it controls body movement and is performed consciously.
-it includes activities such as jumping.
-involuntary muscle movements are actions not consciously performed, such as the movement
of materials through the body’s organs, the beating of the heart, or the digestion functions of the
intestines.
What are the three main types of muscle tissue and their finctions?
1.skeletal or voluntary muscle
- move the bones of the skeletal system.

-these are also voluntary which means that an animal must use its mind to move them.
2. Smooth or involuntary muscle
- which is found forming hollow organs of the body.
- the GI tract, the respiratory tract, the reproductive and urinary tracts.
- these are involuntary.
3. cardiac muscle
- Which makes the heart contract?
-this type is only found in the heart.
-the cells beat on their own and also beat in rhythm with each other.
Distinguish between the three types of muscle tissue?
-skeletal muscle, voluntary/striated muscle, is connected to the bone by tendons and is
responsible for movement and posture.
-smooth muscle, involuntary/non-striated muscle, is found in most structures and organs except
the heart.
-the muscle found specifically in the heart is called cardiac muscle or myocardium.
Anatomy and physiology of muscular system of a bird
Anatomy and physiology of muscular system of a bird

Muscular System

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Muscular system

- is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles.

- skeletal muscles vary considerably in size, shape, and arrangement of fibers.

- some skeletal muscles are broad in shape and some narrow.

- Each muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the perimysium.

- Each compartment contains a bundle of muscle fibers.

- skeletal muscles have an abundant supply of blood vessels and nerves.

- this is directly related to the primary function of skeletal muscle, contraction.

-they are the only voluntary organs of the body.

-muscle movement is either voluntary or involuntary.

-skeletal muscle is the only voluntary muscle group in the body.

-it controls body movement and is performed consciously.

-it includes activities such as jumping.

1.skeletal or voluntary muscle

- move the bones of the skeletal system.

Anatomy and physiology of muscular system of a bird

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