Ac Generator

PHYSICS PROJECT
AC GENERATOR
CONTENTS
I. Introduction
II. Principle
III. Constuction
IV. Working
V. Uses
This projecte is submitted by JATHU,RAHUL

and PRATHUNE of 12 A.
WHAT IS AC GENERATOR?

An AC generator is an electric generator that converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy in form of
alternative emf or alternating current. AC generator works
on the principle of Electromagnetic Induction. The first
electromagnetic generator, the Faraday disk, was
invented in 1831 by British scientist Michael Faraday.
Generators provide nearly all of the power for electric
power grids.
PRINCIPLE:
FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNECTIC INDUCTION
Faraday’s First Law
Any change in the magnetic field of a coil of wire will
cause an emf to be induced in the coil. This emf induced
is called induced emf and if the conductor circuit is
closed, the current will also circulate through the circuit
and this current is called induced current.
Method to change the magnetic field:
1.By moving a magnet towards or away from the coil

2.By moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field
3.By changing the area of a coil placed in the magnetic
field
4.By rotating the coil relative to the magnet
Faraday’s Second Law
It states that the magnitude of emf induced in the coil is
equal to the rate of change of flux that linkages with the
coil. The flux linkage of the coil is the product of the
number of turns in the coil and flux associated with the
coil.
FORMULA
Consider, a magnet is approaching towards a coil. Here
we consider two instants at time T1 and time T2.
Flux linkage with the coil at time,
Flux linkage with the coil at time,
Change in flux linkage,

Let the change in flux line be,
The change in flux linkage,
Now the rate of change of flux linkage is,
Taking derivative on right hand side
The rate of change of flux linkage is,
According to Faraday’s law the rate of change of flux

linkage is given by,
CONSTRUCTION
Construction of AC Generator
An AC Generator essentially consists of two main parts:
Stator and Rotor. Stator is the stationary part of machine
whereas rotor is rotating part. A prime mover is coupled
to this rotor to supply mechanical energy.
1.ARMETURE
A rectangular coil ABCD consisting of a large
number of turns wound over a soft iron core is
called armature. the soft iron core is used to
increase the magnetic flux.
2.FIELD MAGNET
It is a strong magnet having concave poles. the
armature is rotated between the two poles of this
magnet so that axis of armature is perpendicular to
magnetic field lines. in a small AC generator the
magnet is the permanent magnet but in Big AC
generators it is an electromagnet.
3.SLIP RINGS
The leads from the arms of armature AC connected
to two slip rings S, which rotate with the loop .
4.BRUSHES
The rings slide against stationery contacts called
brushes . these brushes are made up of carbon.
these brushes are connected to the output
terminals p and q.
WORKING
As per Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, the
electro motive force (electrical energy) is induced by
cutting the uniform magnetic flux with a conductor. This
can be done either by rotating a conducting coil in a
stationary magnetic field or by rotating the magnetic
field with a stationary conductor. It is easier to collect
induced alternating current from the stationary armature
coil than rotating armature coil. Therefore, in general, the
coil is kept stationary and the magnetic field is the rotor.
The magnetic flux is created by a permanent magnet or
electro magnet. By cutting this rotating magnetic flux
with a stationary armature coil, electro motive force will
be generated. In AC generators, rotating magnetic field
have more advantages than the rotating armature coil
arrangement.
The emf generated depends on the strength of the
magnetic field, number of turns of armature coil and the
speed of the rotating field.
Here, N is number of turns in the armature coil, B is

strength of the magnetic field, A is area of the coil,
and w is speed of the rotating magnetic field.
For maximum emf generating condition ωt=90°

Therefore,
AC generator is also called as an alternator. Alternators

are classified, based on their rotor construction as
1. Salient pole or projected pole type alternators and
2. Cylindrical pole type alternators
Salient pole type rotors are used for medium speed
alternators. These are used in hydropower plants (around
300 rpm).
Cylindrical pole type rotors are used for high speed
alternators. These are used in steam (thermal) and
nuclear power plants (around 3000 rpm).
An Electrical Generator is a device that produces an
Electromotive Force (e.m.f.) by changing the number of
Magnetic Flux Lines (Lines of Force), Φ, passing through a
Wire Coil, is one type of Generators. When the Coil is
rotated between the Poles of the Magnet by cranking the
handle, an AC Voltage Waveform is produced.
Operation principle of a Generator is based on

Electromagnetic Induction, which is defined by Faraday’s
Law, which states:
The Electromotive Force, Eemf, induced in a Coil is

proportional to the number of turns, N, in the Coil and the
Rate of Change, dΦ / dt, of the number of Magnetic Flux
Lines, Φ, passing through the surface (A) enclosed by the
Coil.
An Induced Effect is always such as to Oppose the cause
that produced it.
In the Generator, the Coil is under a Stationary Magnetic
Field. The Magnetic Flux Density, B, is constant and Φ = B
x Aeff, so Φ is proportional to the Effective Area, Aeff, of
the Loop. As the Loop rotates at different angles, there is
a change in Aeff which is shown. STATOR
The stator is an unmoving component of an electrical machine that’s going around the rotor. It’s derived from
the word ‘’stationary’’ as the ‘’stator’’ implies. It contains the windings and provides mechanical support and
protection for the motor.
ROTAR
The rotor is a general term for the main spinning part of
an electrical machine and derived from the word
‘’rotating’’. Sometimes ‘’shaft’’ and ‘’armature’’ are
alternatively used too. It’s the part of the machine on
which electromechanical energy conversion occurs.
An Electrical Generator is a device that produces an
Electromotive Force (e.m.f.) by changing the number of
Magnetic Flux Lines (Lines of Force), Φ, passing through a
Wire Coil, is one type of Generators. When the Coil is
rotated between the Poles of the Magnet by cranking the
handle, an AC Voltage
The Rate of Change of Φ, dΦ / dt, is the largest at the
zero points of the Waveform and is the smallest at the
peaks of the Waveform, therefore the Induced Eemf is
maximum at the zero points and minimum at the peaks,
Figure 3. The Induced Eemf output by the Generator is an
AC Voltage and its Waveform is shown.
Different Rates of Change of the Magnetic Flux at Various

Rotational Angles.
The coil is rotated in anti-clock wise direction. In the first
half rotation the arm AB is moving outward and CD is
moving inward. So the e.m.f. is induced in the arm AB
from A to B. And in the arm CD from C to D. After half
rotation (in the second half). The arm CD is moving
outward and AB is moving inward. In this time current is
induced in arm CD from D to C. And in arm AB from B to
A. In the second half rotation the current direction is
changing so in this generator AC is produced.
INSTANTANEOUS EMF PRODUCED
The strong magnetic field is produced by a current flow

through the field coil of the rotor. 2. The field coil in the
rotor receives excitation through the use of slip rings
and brushes. 3. Two brushes are spring-held in contact
with the slip rings to provide the continuous connection
between the field coil and external circuit. 4. The
armature is contained within the windings of the stator
and is connected to the output. 5. Each time the rotor
makes one complete revolution, one complete cycle of
AC is developed. 6. A generator has many turns of wire
wound into the slots of the rotor. 7. The magnitude of
AC voltage generated by an AC generator is dependent
on the field strength and speed of the rotor. 8. Most
generators are operated at a constant speed;
therefore, the generated voltage depends on field
excitation, or strength.
Working of an A.C. Generator The coil is rotated in anti-
clock wise direction. In the first half rotation the arm AB
is moving outward and CD is moving inward. So the
e.m.f. is induced in the arm AB from A to B. And in the
arm CD from C to D. After half rotation (in the second
half). The arm CD is moving outward and AB is moving
inward. In this time current is induced in arm CD from D
to C. And in arm AB from B to A. In the second half
rotation the current direction is changing so in this
generator AC is produced. Expression for Instaneous
e.m.f. produced Let position of the coil at any time t.
It's make angle θ with vertical. If w is uniform angular
speed of the coil. Then θ =ωt B be the strength of
magnetic field n be the number of turns in the coil and
A area of the coil then magnetic flux with the coil in
this position is given by : Φ = nBA Cosθ = nBA Cos ωt.
differentiate w.r.t. time :- �∅ �� =nBA � cos(𝜔�) �� ∅
�� = nBA-sin(𝜔�)𝜔 �∅ �� = -nBA 𝜔 sin(𝜔�)𝜔 ε=- �∅ ��
=-(-nBA 𝜔 sin(𝜔�)𝜔) Maximum value of e.m.f. say so
�° ε = ε° sin(𝜔�)
Result :- Hence, maximum value of instantaneous
e.m.f. in a AC Generator is given by � = �° sin(𝝎�)
Material required:
For construction of Electric Generator you need following
things and tools.
1.Supper Glue (Elfi) 20 ml
2.Paper Tape
3.Iron Strips 2
4.1/5'" PVC Pipe
5.6" long Iron Nail
6.LED's
7.Copper Wire 30 to 34 gauge
8.4 Magnets
9.6'' wooden Piece
Tools:
1.Iron saw
2.Soldiering Iron
3.Drill Machine
4.Screwdriver
5.pliers
6.Roller
Diagrams of AC Generator parts
1 The Stator
The stator is made of 2.5 inch long 10 iron strips joint
together with paper tape and have copper winding on it.
2 The Rotor:
Rotor is made by using a piece of PVC pipe, 4
magnets and iron nail.
Steps of Construction
Making of Coil
Measure 2 ½ inch of iron strip and cut 10 equal parts of

it.
Firmly hold and pile all parts together using paper tape in
a way that there uld be no space between strips.
Wound approximately 300 turns of copper wire around
the bundle of strip vertically. Wrap paper tape around it
so it will not get unwound.
We need two such coils to make an AC generator.
Making of Rotor
 Take half diameter PVC pipe and cut a piece of 2 ½

inches
 Stick 4 bar magnets on the piece of pipe with the

help of super glue
 Make sure the same pole of magnets must be in

alternative manner. It will be in the order of North-
South-North-South.
 Check out the poles of magnets if they are aligned

right by using another magnet.
CONSTRUCTION OF AXLE
 Make an axle using 6” long iron nail.
 Leave half inch from the tail of nail and mark the
length of magnetic rotor.
 Wrap paper tape on the nail in a way that the

magnetic rotor get fix on it.
BASE
 Take 6×6" wooden piece and two pieces of PVC pipes

(one is of 2" and the other is should be of 1").
 Make vertical groove on the 1 inch PVC pipe.
 Align it with 2 inches piece and make a hole in it.
 Fix the axle through both PVC pipes and check if it is

perfectly leveled.
 Stick the PVC pipes on the wooden base with the help
of super glue.
 Make 2 more coils as previously discussed leaving

both of their terminals outside the tape.
 Cut 2 pieces of PVC pipes measuring half inch.
 Join the pieces perpendicular to the axle (one at each

side) at the base.
 Fix coil on each of the PVC pipe.
 Burn the coating of coils at the terminals using

lighter.
USES:
AC generators are a very common component in many applications,
such as,
 Automobiles, where they are known as alternators.
 Power generation from windmills.
 Power generation from hydroelectric dams.
Basically AC generators have a couple of big advantages over DC
generators:
1. AC generators are cheaper to produce.
2. The power they generate is easier to step up and down via
transformers.

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PHYSICS PROJECT

This projecte is submitted by JATHU,RAHUL

1.By moving a magnet towards or away from the coil

Flux linkage with the coil at time,

Change in flux linkage,

The change in flux linkage,

Now the rate of change of flux linkage is,

Taking derivative on right hand side

The rate of change of flux linkage is,

According to Faraday’s law the rate of change of flux

Here, N is number of turns in the armature coil, B is

For maximum emf generating condition ωt=90°

AC generator is also called as an alternator. Alternators

Operation principle of a Generator is based on

The Electromotive Force, Eemf, induced in a Coil is

Different Rates of Change of the Magnetic Flux at Various

The strong magnetic field is produced by a current flow

Measure 2 ½ inch of iron strip and cut 10 equal parts of

 Take half diameter PVC pipe and cut a piece of 2 ½

 Stick 4 bar magnets on the piece of pipe with the

 Make sure the same pole of magnets must be in

 Check out the poles of magnets if they are aligned

 Make an axle using 6” long iron nail.

 Wrap paper tape on the nail in a way that the

 Take 6×6" wooden piece and two pieces of PVC pipes

 Make vertical groove on the 1 inch PVC pipe.

 Align it with 2 inches piece and make a hole in it.

 Fix the axle through both PVC pipes and check if it is

 Make 2 more coils as previously discussed leaving

 Cut 2 pieces of PVC pipes measuring half inch.

 Join the pieces perpendicular to the axle (one at each

 Fix coil on each of the PVC pipe.

 Burn the coating of coils at the terminals using

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