Thayer China's Diplomacy and The South China Sea
Thayer China's Diplomacy and The South China Sea
Thayer China's Diplomacy and The South China Sea
[client name deleted]
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton delivered a speech in Hawaii regarding Asia policy
on October 28. She said the US is practicing “forward‐deployed” diplomacy, meaning
they have adopted a very proactive footing; and they have sent the full range of their
diplomatic assets – including highest‐ranking officials, development experts, teams
on a wide range of pressing issues – into every corner and every capital of the Asia‐
Pacific region. She also emphasized that the Obama Administration has taken actions
to strengthen the main tools of American engagement in Asia: their alliances,
emerging partnerships, and work with regional institutions.
1. Do you think America's Asia policy would put an enormous pressure on China (on
respect to economic, military and values aspects)? Or can it be understood as a
grand strategy in Asia for America to contain China?
ANSWER: China has made enormous gains in its relations with Southeast Asia since
1997 when it enunciated its new security concept. China became a strategic partner
of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). China’s political influence
grew during the years of the Bush Administration. The US alienated many countries
in Southeast Asian by its unilateralism, its focus on the Global War on Terrorism, and
by its failure to support ASEAN and multilateral approaches. The Obama
Administration has reversed US policy and is supporting ASEAN and regional
multilateralism. China has been rather unprepared at this ‘turning of the tables.’
It is clear that the United States does not seek to contain China. That is impossible.
The United States has remedied the years of neglect of Southeast Asia by signing the
ASEAN Treaty of Amity of Cooperation, appointing a resident ambassador to the
ASEAN Secretariat, by hosting the 2nd ASEAN‐US Leaders Meeting and by sending its
Secretary of State to attend meetings of the ASEAN Regional Forum. These actions
are not aimed at China but are aimed at restoring US influence.
ASEAN does not want to be caught between the United States and China. And China
does not want to be dominated by either power. The Obama Administration has
righted the balance in ASEAN’s relations with major powers. China must now adjust
and work with both ASEAN and the United States.
2.The Wall Street Journal published an article on October 26, saying the East Asia
Summit will serve as a tool to constrain China and strengthen U.S's leadership. What
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is your opinion on this? Do you think Southeast Asian countries will follow America's
direction?
ANSWER: China is firmly established in regional multilateral arrangements especially
the ASEAN Plus Three process involving China, Japan and South Korea. China prefers
the ASEAN Plus Three as the vehicle for regionalism. But ASEAN countries seek to
pursue a wider multipolar balance. At first China resisted and then accepted the
formation of the East Asia Summit (EAS) of sixteen members including Australia,
India and New Zealand. China acquiesced when the decision was made by ASEAN to
expand the EAS to include Russia and the United States.
The EAS is all about ASEAN seeking to maintain its centrality in the region’s political
and security architecture. Several members of ASEAN opposed the expansion of the
EAS to include the US for fear it would dominate. They suggested a separate body,
the ASAEAN Plus Eight. There was even a suggestion that the US be accorded
associate rather than full membership. The Obama Administration has been clever
enough not to seek to dominate the EAS. Once again China is faced with the
question of how to work with the United States in a multilateral setting. Some
members of ASEAN seek to balance China’s influence by giving the US a seat at the
table. But this does not mean they will follow the United States. China prefers a
multilateral order; it must now work to make multilateralism viable.
3. It seems that China is not in the best situation right now when the neighbouring
countries start to show distrust towards China. (such as the Diaoyu Islands dispute
between China and Japan, China‐DPRK relations get cold after the Cheonan incident,
and China declared its sovereignty over South China Sea. This caused concern in
many Southeast Asian countries, etc.). Do you agree with this opinion? If so, what do
you think are the main reasons that caused this situation?
ANSWER: For westerners and for our friends in the region, the issues you mention
provoked shock and alarm at the manner in which China responded. China appeared
overly assertive. In 1997 when China proposed the new security concept it argued
that this was a different kind or relations not based on gunboat diplomacy and
threats of force. Recent events appear as if the situation is reversed. The incident
between the captain of a Chinese fishing craft and Japanese Coast Guard vessels was
perceived as a rogue skipper acting irrationally and in the heat of the moment. He
rammed two Japanese vessels and caused damage. China’s threats seemed
discordant with its advocacy of a harmonious world concept.
China’s failure to condemn North Korea over the sinking of the Cheonan seems
inexplicable to foreigners. We accept the findings of an independent review panel,
which included an independent Australian representative, that North Korea fired the
torpedo that led to the sinking of the Cheonan. This is an act of war and yet another
demonstration of North Korea’s highhanded behavior. We have difficulty in
understanding why China equivocated.
As for the South China Sea, it is widely reported that China’ Foreign Minister was
visibly upset when Secretary of State Hillary Clinton made her remarks at the 17th
ASEAN Regional Forum ministerial meeting. He is widely quoted as looking squarely
at Singapore’s foreign minister and saying in effect that ‘some countries are big and
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others are small. That is a fact’. China may well say that the foreign minister did not
make such a remark. But the damage is done.
In all three cases China’s reaction has isolated it from the majority of Southeast Asian
states. China’s actions have rekindled latent fears of the ‘China threat” and the view
that big powers will always act as big powers. China has attempted to sell its
peaceful rise and harmonious world concepts. But its diplomatic practice recently
leaves much to be desired.
4. Actually China has realized that the source of America's strategic pre‐eminence is
from the strong regional support, and that gives China a great sense of insecurity.
However, it seems that China hasn't found a clear way to respond. How do you
evaluate China's diplomatic reactions? (some believe that China is dominant)
ANSWER: There are many countries in Southeast Asia that have urged the United
States to be more proactive, especially on the South China Sea. It is a matter of
record that only four ASEAN members – Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand –
did not raise the South China Sea question at the 17th ARF meeting. Thailand is a
‘non‐NATO ally’ of the United States. China claimed that when other countries raised
the issue it was an orchestrated attack on China. Actually many Southeast Asian
countries urged the United States to take a stronger role. The United States
informed them of what Secretary Clinton would say and the majority of ASEAN
members voiced their concerns. However, when the 2nd US‐ASEAN Leaders Meeting
was held, many ASEAN countries argued that it was unwise to provoke China and so
any reference to the South China Sea was dropped. In other words, ASEAN states
shift their support to suit their objectives. They want to remain central to regional
affairs and mediate the role of the major powers.
5. So, what are your suggestions for China? What should China do to alleviate and
resolve the external pressure in a smart way? (put pressure on America's military
bases in Asia; or develop regional economic cooperation, enrich the China‐ASEAN
Free Trade Area and try to establish FTA with Korea and Japan, or U.S; or adopt a
more flexible political stance on territorial dispute issues...)
ANSWER: China must decide on three major issues: how it wants to work with the
United States, how it wants to promote its sovereignty claims in the South China Sea
and whether or not to implement the spirit of the 2002 Declaration on Conduct of
Parties in the South China Sea (DOC).. The recent meeting of US‐China defence
ministers in Hanoi is a good start. Maritime talks were held in Hawaii. Higher level
military‐to‐military contacts will be established. And Secretary of Defense Robert
Gates is due to visit Beijing. All this will precede President Hu Jintao’s visit to the
United States early next year. China and the United States should turn over technical
discussions on an Incident at Sea Agreement to their two navies. This will establish
rules of the road and lower the prospect for confrontation at sea such as the USNS
Impeccable incident off Hainan Island.
Second, China must advance its territorial claims in conformity with international law
and the UN Convention on Law of the Sea. So too should other claimant states. It is
not helpful for China to claim indisputable sovereignty on the basis of history
without making its claim clear on the map. The nine‐dash line map that China has
presented to the UN has caused more problems than it has solved. China needs to
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establish its claim on the basis of international law. Land confers sovereignty not
water. China cannot make rocks and reefs into islands with a special status in
international law able to claim a 200 nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone. Rocks
and reefs are entitled to a very limited safety zone.
Third, China cannot keep insisting that sovereignty disputes in the South China Sea
be solved bilaterally. In some cases three countries are involved. More importantly,
in 2002 China agreed with ASEAN on the DOC. This is a multilateral agreement. Its
provisions for confidence building measures have never been implemented. China
should make a priority of concluding discussions with ASEAN with the Joint China
ASEAN Working Group on the Implementation of the DOC. This would mark a major
step forward for a Code of Conduct on the South China Sea and advance China’s
advocacy of a harmonious world.