Peran Engineer Teknik Biosistem

dalam Mengatasi Permasalahan

Lingkungan “Makro
Makro””

Oleh:
Tim Dosen Lab. Teknik Pengendalian Lingkungan Pertanian
Dept. Teknik Mesin dan Biosistem - IPB
1
 Referensi

Kiely, G. 1998. Environmental Engineering. McGraw-
McGraw-Hill
International Editions. Singapore.

LaGrega, MD.
MD., Buckingham, PL. and Evans, JC. 2001.
Hazardous Waste Management. McGraw-
McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
Singapore.

Manahan, Stanley E. 2000. Environmental Chemistry 7th
ed. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, USA.

De Nevers,
Nevers, N. 1995. Air Pollution Control Engineering.
McGraw--Hill, Co. New York.
McGraw

Davis, ML. and Cornwell, DA. 1998. Introduction to
Environmental Engineering. WCB Mc Graw
Graw--Hill.
Singapore.

Peavy, HS.
HS., Rowe, DR. and Tchobanoglous, G. 1985.
Environmental Engineering. McGraw-
McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
Singapore. 2
 Materi
1. Polusi udara
2. Satuan operasi
penanganan air
limbah
3. Pengelolaan limbah
padat
4. Sekilas: limbah B3.

3
 Udara ambien
Udara
dan emisi
indoor
(outdoor)

• Menteri Menteri
T. Kerja Lingkungan
• Men. Kes Hidup
4
 Kualitas Udara

Aturan Hukum:

Peraturan Pemerintah No. 41 Tahun 1999 tentang
Pengendalian Pencemaran Udara

Parameter pencemaran udara, antara lain:
1. SO2
2. CO
3. NOx
4. O3
5. Hidrokarbon (HC)
6. Partikulat: PM10 dan PM2,5
7. TSP (debu) (<100 µ)
8. Pb
9. Debu jatuh (dustfall)
5
 Pengantar pengenalan dampak
limbah gas

Effects on materials:
deterioration

Effects on vegetation: cell,
leaf, flowers, bulbs, …

Effects on health:
susceptible population,
respiratory system,
particles retention and
inhalation

6
 Pengantar pengenalan dampak
limbah gas
Partikel (partikulat / particulate
matter):
 Racun (tidak semua)
 Gangguan pernafasan; asma
 Batuk
SO2
 Gangguan pernafasan
 Bronkhitis
 Emphysema (infeksi paru-
paru-paru)
 Mata berair
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 Pengantar pengenalan dampak
limbah gas
Hidrokarbon
 Gangguan pada mata, hidung &
tenggorokan
 Karsinogenik
NO2
 Komponen utama terbentuknya kabut
 emphysema
 Gangguan pernafasan & pembuluh darah
jantung
 Nephritis (radang ginjal).
8
 Pengantar pengenalan dampak
limbah gas
CO:

Colorless and odorless lethal gas to humans
within a few minutes (>5000 ppm
ppm)).

HAPs (hazardous air pollutants);

pollutants); e.g. asbestos,
arsenic, benzene:

Lung, liver, kidney diseases
diseases,, cancer.

Lead (Pb):

Cumulative poison

Fatigue

Mild headache. 9
 Absorpsi (Chemisorption)
Definition:
A process in which a liquid
or gas is held within a solid
without changing the
chemical properties of either
of the two substances
involved. Absorbed
molecules penetrate into the
intermolecular spaces
beneath the absorbing
solid’s surface.
10
 Adsorpsi
(Adsorption/ Physisorption)

Proses transfer massa dimana
gas terikat pada padatan

Fenomena permukaan

Gas (adsorbate
(adsorbate)) berpenetrasi
kedalam pori-
pori-pori padatan
(adsorbent
adsorbent))

Contoh adsorbent: active carbon
(activated charcoal
charcoal),
), silica gel.
gel.

11
Pembakaran (Thermal oxidation)

Bila limbah gas bisa dioksidasi

Umumnya: CO dan hidrokarbon

Persyaratan:
 Aliran gas dengan konsentrasi
energi tertentu.
tertentu.
 bisa “self supporting
supporting”” setelah
perapian (ignition).
 Bila kandungan energi turun
maka perlu tambahan bahan
bakar. 12
 Desulfurisasi Aliran Gas
(Flue gas desulphurisation; FGD)

Non regenerative:
reagen yang dipakai
untuk
menghilangkan
sulfur tidak dipakai
lagi.

Regenerative:
reagen diperoleh
dan dipakai kembali
(recovered and
reused). 13
 Cyclone (siklon)
(Gas+partikulat) dipercepat dengan gerakan spiral

Gaya sentrifugal pada pertikel

Partikel terlempar dari aliran

Partikel menabrak dinding silinder

Partikel meluncur menuju dasar kerucut

Debu/partikel diambil melalui sistem katup kedap udara14

 Filtration

Partikel < 5 µm

Prinsip kerja: seperti “vacuum cleaner”

Berbagai variasi:

Tergantung T

Volume gas

Contoh: skema baghouse

15
Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)
Listrik DC

Medan ion antara

kawat dan lempengan

Ion menempel pada partikel

Pertikel migrasi
menuju lempeng

Hopper 16
 Wet Scrubber

Wet scrubber dipakai bila
partikel:

Basah

Korosif

Sangat panas

Bervariasi menurut
kompleksitas:

Spray chamber sederhana: utk.
partikel kasar

Kombinasi venturi scrubber dan
siklon: untuk partikel halus
17
BIOFILTRATION

Relatively new pollution
control technology.

An attractive technique
for the elimination of
malodorous gases and of
low concentrations of
volatile organic
compounds (VOCs)

The most common style
biofilter is just a big box.
Some can be as big as a
basketball court or as
small as one cubic yard.
18
 WHAT

Main function:
function: to bring microorganisms into contact with
pollutants contained in an air stream. The box that makes up
this biofilter contains a filter material, which is the breeding
ground for the microorganisms. The microorganisms live in a
"biofilm",, which surrounds the
thin layer of moisture, the "biofilm"
particles that make up the filter media.

19
A large (6000 ft2) single layer biofilter at a Monsanto plant

20

Most biofilters that are in operation today can treat
odor and VOCs at efficiencies greater that 90%.

However, the drawback to this technology is that it can
only handle low concentrations of pollutants (<1000
ppm) and loading rates between 300-
300-500 ft3/ft2
ft3/ft2--hr.
21
 DESIGN PARAMETERS
Space Constraints:

Space at a site is the greatest concern during design of
a biofiltration system

A small biofiltration unit: approx. 30 cubic-
cubic-feet
feet--per
per--
minute in as little space as 25 square feet.

22
 COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS

Sewage treatment

Slaughter houses

Gelatin and glue plants

Agricultural and meat
processing

Tobacco, cocoa and
sugar industry

Flavor and fragrance.
fragrance.

23
 By:
Tim dosen Lab Teknik Pengendalian Lingkungan Pertanian+
Dept. Teknik Pertanian - IPB
24
Beberapa Contoh WWTP (IPAL)

25
Beberapa Contoh WWTP (IPAL)

26
 Pengertian
Satuan operasi = langkah
langkah--langkah kegiatan (operasi) yang
dilakukan dalam penanganan air limbah industri dan air
limbah pada umumnya yang mengakibatkan terjadinya
perubahan karena dikenakan gaya
gaya--gaya fisis.
fisis.

27
 Satuan Operasi (Physical
(Physical Unit
Operations)
Dalam penanganan air
limbah:

Screening

Comminution

Flow equalisation

Mixing

Flocculation

Sedimentation

Floatation

Filtration

28
 SCREENING

Satuan operasi pertama
dalam penanganan air
limbah

Dilakukan pada air
limbah yg mengandung
padatan dg ukuran relatif
besar

Screening: sering sudah
bisa menurunkan
padatan tersuspensi
sampai kadar yg relatif
rendah

Contoh--contoh peralatan
Contoh
screening: lihat gambar.
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 Screening

Jenis screening (inclined,
drum, centrifugal) dan
kelasnya (coarse,
medium, fine)
berhubungan dengan
ukuran padatan yang
disaring.

Analisis yg berhubungan
dengan aplikasi
screening: perhitungan
headloss..
headloss
30
 Comminution

Comminutors (grinders,
macerators) are used to reduce
the particle size of wastewater
solids.

The terms “Sewage Grinder” and
“Comminutor” are two terms for a
cutting device for sewage solids.

The term “comminutor”
originated with a device for
chopping meat. It was later
applied to equipment used for
reducing pharmaceuticals and
wastewater. 31
 Comminutors

Contoh--contoh comminutors
Contoh

32
 Flow Equalisation

Process of controlling hydraulic
velocity, or flow rate.

Equalisation of flow:
flow:

prevents short term, high volumes of
incoming flow, called surges
surges,, from
forcing solids and organic material
out of the treatment process.

Flow equalisation:
equalisation:

control the flow through each stage
of the treatment system

allowing adequate time for the
physical, biological and chemical
processes. 33
 MIXING
Mixing meliputi:

mixing suatu bahan
dengan lainnya

mixing cairan
suspensi

flocculation

heat transfer

34
 Mixing
Contoh:

Pencampuran chlorine atau
hypochlorite dengan efluen dari
secondary settling tanks

Dalam activated sludge process:
isi dari tanki aerasi dicampur
dgn udara atau oksigen murni
untuk pertumb. m.org.

Keperluan energi dlm mixing:
perkiraan kasar efektifitas
mixing. Semakin besar input
energi ≈ semakin besar
turbulensi ≈ mixing semakin
bagus.
35
 Flocculation

Floculation = the
agglomeration of
coagulated particles
to form a floc which
can settle or float;
may be assisted by
biological, chemical or
mechanical means

36
 SEDIMENTASI

Sedimentasi= pemisahan padatan
tersuspensi yang lebih berat
daripada air dengan cara
pengendapan gravitasional.

“Sedimentation” dan “settling” :
used interchangeably.

Penggunaan istilah dalam arti yg
sama: sedimentation tank, settling
tank, sedimentation basin, settling
basin.

Sedimentasi dipakai untuk: grit
removal, particulate-
particulate-matter
removal, biological-
biological-floc removal,
chemical--floc removal (bila ada)
chemical
37
 FLOTATION (Floatation)

Flotation dipakai
untuk memisahkan
padatan atau
partikel dari air.

Dilakukan dengan
introduksi
gelembung udara
kedalam cairan.

38
 Flotation

Kelebihan flotation
dibandingkan dg
sedimentasi: partikel ringan
yang sangat keci
kecill yg
mengendap sangat pelan
dapat dipisahkan dengan
lebih sempurna dalam
waktu yg lebih singkat.

Partikel yg sudah
mengambang


Dipisahkan dengan operasi
skimming.
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 FILTRASI

Filtrasi: sat. op. utama dlm
memproses air minum.

Digunakan scr luas utk
memperbaiki efektifitas
pengurangan padatan
tersuspensi.

Contoh filtrasi: pressure
filter.

40
 Oleh:
Arief Sabdo Yuwono, M.Sc, Ph.D
Pusat Penelitian Lingkungan Hidup - IPB 41
Contoh Limbah Padat dan B3

42
 Definisi Limbah B3
PP No. 18 Th. 1999:
Limbah B3: apabila stlh
melalui pengujian
memiliki salah satu
atau lebih karakteristik
sbb::
sbb
1. Mudah meledak
2. Mudah terbakar
3. Bersifat reaktif
4. Beracun
5. Menyebabkan infeksi
6. Bersifat korosif.

43
 Manajemen Limbah Padat & B3
Apa
Dimana

Manajemen Berapa banyak

dst …

Teknologi
Karakterisasi
Penanganan 44
 Karakterisasi

Teknologi
Karakter
Penanganan

Fisika
Kimia
Biologis
45
Hierarki Tindakan

46
Matriks Teknologi Penanganan

Fisik Kimia Biologis

Padat



Cair



Gas



47
Limbah Padat
adat:: Sanitary Landfill

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 Limbah Padat
adat:: Composting

Biodegradasi oleh mikroorgnsm (bakteri)

Biodegradasi bakteri)

Limbah padat  bahan stabil (= kompos
kompos))
 e.g. Sisa dapur, sisa makanan, serasah
taman, potongan rumput taman,
taman, etc. 49
Limbah Padat
adat:: Composting

50
 Limbah Padat:
adat: Incineration

Membakar pd temp.
tinggi (800-
(800- 1100
1100°
°C).

Dalam insinerator

Satu atau dua tahap.

 Limbah padat medis

51
Limbah Padat:
adat: Incineration

52
Limbah Padat
adat:: Open Dumping

Cara primitif

Minim teknologi

Menimbun sampah

Murah; sederhana

Sebaiknya dihindari

TPA sampah kota (MSW)

 sebagian adalah limbah
B3.

53
 Limbah Padat
adat:: Sanitary Landfill
Komponen:

Lapisan kedap:

Clay

Plastic liner

IPAS

Monitoring well

Soil cover.

54
Arief Sabdo Yuwono, MSc, PhD
Dept. Teknik Pertanian - IPB
55
 Pengertian / Batasan

Sanitary landfill = fasilitas fisik yang direkayasa

dan dioperasikan untuk membuang sampah
padat perkotaan (MSW) guna menekan dampak
terhadap kesehatan publik dan lingkungan
(Tchobanoglous, 1993).
56
Konsep Disain Landfill

57
 Perencanaan, Rancang Bangun
dan Operasi
Elemen pertimbangan:
1. Layout and design
2. Operation & Mngmt
3. Reactions occurring in
Landfill: biological,
chemical, physical.
4. Mngmt of landfill gas
5. Mngmt of leachate
6. Envi. monitoring
7. Closure & post-
post-closure.
58
Landfill Classifications (California)
Classification Type of waste
I Hazardous waste
II Designated waste
III Municipal solid waste

59
 Landfill Gas Control & Mngmt

Passive control: Vents

60
Landfill Leachate (Air Lindi)
1. Composition:

BOD, COD, pH, …

Sampling time = ?
2. Formation:

Rainfall

Water balance
3. Movement:

Fate of constituents
4. Control:

Liner & collection.

61
 Surface Water Mngmt

Drainage facilities:

Remove run-
run-off

Length

Volume

Storm storage basin:

To contain stormwater

Volume = ?

62
Environmental Quality Monitoring
at Landfills

Vadose zone
monitoring:

Liquid monitoring

gas in vadose zone

Groundwater

Landfill air quality:

Ambient

Off--gases.
Off

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Contoh di Negara Lain: Jordan

64
Contoh di Indonesia: Galuga

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Contoh di Indonesia: Bantar Gebang

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Contoh di Indonesia: Pondok Rajeg

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 What do you think about ?

Apa masalah di Indonesia ?

Kurang apa

Seharusnya bagaimana ?

Apa yang bisa dilakukan sekarang ?
68
69
Landfill Classifications (California)
Classification Type of waste
I Hazardous waste
II Designated waste
III Municipal solid waste

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 Topic Idealnya Kenyataan Masalah Solusi
(a) (b) (c) (b)-(c)=? Agar(c)=(b)
Farmstead
Planning

Rancangan
Bangunan
Produksi
Pertanian

Proses
Produksi

Experimt
Limbah
Bahan
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 Topic Idealnya Kenyataan Masalah Solusi
(a) (b) (c) (b)-(c)=? Agar(c)=(b)
Farmstead
Planning

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