Electrical: Ge6162 Engineering Practice Lab (Group B) - 1St Year

GE6162 ENGINEERING PRACTICE LAB (GROUP B) – 1ST YEAR
ELECTRICAL
SRIET / DEPARTMENT OFELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING 1

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP
1. ELECTRIC CURRENT:
The continuous flow of electrons constitute an electric current.It is denoted by ‘I’

and its unit is Amperes.
I= dq/dt……..coulomb/second
Milliampere and microampere are the smaller units of current, where

1milliampere = 1x 10 -3 ampere
1microampere = 1 x 10 -6 ampere
2. ELECTRIC POTENTIAL:
The electric potential at any point in an electric field is defined as the

work done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to that point against
the electric field.
V = W/Q Joules/coulomb
Joules per coulomb is also given as volt.
3. RESISTANCE:
It is the property of the conductor by which it opposes the flow of current. It

is denoted by ‘R’ and its unit by ohms (Ω).
4. LAWS OF RESISTANCE:
The resistance of the conductor
a. Varies directly with its length (L).
b. Varies indirectly with its cross sectional area (A).
c. Depends on the nature of the material
d. Depends on the temperature.
Thus from the first two laws, we have
R α 1/A ……………….(1)
R α L… ……………….(2)
From (1) and (2) we have
R α L/A so R = ρ L/A where ρ is the specific resistance.

5. SPECIFIC RESISTANCE:
It is defined as the resistance offered by unit cube of the material between its
opposite faces .It is denoted by ρ and its unit is ohmmeter.
Ρ = RA/L
6. OHMS LAW:
Temperature remaining constant the current flowing through the conductor is

directly proportional to the potential difference across the ends of the
conductor.
VαI
V = RI volts
V/I = R ohms
7. ELECTRIC POWER:
It is defined as the rate of doing work. It is also given by work done per second.
Power = work done /time.
P= V2 /R
8. ELECTRIC ENERGY:
It is defined as the capacity to do work.’W’ denotes it and its unit is watt-second.
Energy = power x time
W = P x T watt –second
The larger unit of energy is kilo watt hour (Kw hr).
1 Kw hr = 1000x3600 watt-second
9. RATING OF WIRING MATERIALS:
WIRING MATERIALS RATINGS
Switches 5A,250V
15A,250V
Socket outlets 5A,250V,2 Pin/3 pin
15A,250V,3 pin
Ceiling roses 15A,250V, 2 plates
Plugs 5A,2pin/3 pin

15A,3 pin
Distribution box 15A,250V,one way
15A,250V,two way
10. TYPES OF WIRING:
The type of wiring to be employed depends on various factors like durability,

cost, safety and appearances. The different types of wiring system adopted in
electrical installation are
1. Cleat wiring system
2. Wooden casing and Capping wiring system
3. tough rubber sheath wiring system
4. Lead sheathed wiring system
5. Conduit wiring system.
11. SWITCHES:
The purpose of switch in a circuit is to make or break the electric connection.

There are various types of switches. Some of them are listed below
1. Tumbler switch or surface switch.
2. Flush switch
3. pull switch
4. Rotary switch
5. Push button switch
6. Iron clad switch
7. Knife switch
8. Two way switch
12. TOOLS FOR LIGHTING AND WIRING:
1. Screw driver (thin blade type and square type).
2. Hammer (ball peen type and Claw hammer).

3. Pliers(side cutting plier, diagonal cutting plier, long nose plier,slip joint
plier).
4. Pocket knife
5. Hand drill
6. Chisel
7. Wooden saw
8. Hacksaw
9. Center punch
10. Pipe Vice
11. Pipe cutter
12. Dies
13. Wrenches
14. Scratch.
13. WIRING ACCESSORIES:
The commonly used accessories in domestic wiring include switches, lamp

holders, socket outlets, ceiling roses, plugs, flexible cords, distribution boards, fuses
and ratles etc.
14. STAIRCASE WIRING
In this type of wiring it uses two way switches to control the lamp. One can
switch ON and Switch OFF the lamps from more than one place. The lamp control
circuit using two way switch as shown in figure.
Fig: Staircase Switch
S1 and S2 are the two way switches. The condition of the lamp can be summarized as
in the table.

Position of S1 Position of S2 Condition of Lamp
B A OFF
A A ON
A B OFF
B B ON
15. EARTHING:
Earthing means connecting the body of the electrical equipment to the

earth by means of wire of negligible resistance thereby avoiding electric
shock to the operator. According to Indian Electricity Rule no 61 the following
equipment are to be earthed
1. All the apparatus like refrigerators, heaters, electric iron boxes,

cooking ovens, hair dryers etc, should be earthed.
2. All the metallic coverings containing supply wires metallic apparatus

like iron clad switches, down rod of fans, cable sheaths etc, should be
earthed.
3. Earth terminals of three pin plug and power plug socket should be
earthed.
4. Metal frames of motors, generators are to be earthed.
16. METHODS OF EARTHING:
The different kinds of earthing are
1. Wire or strip earthing
2. Rod earthing
3. Pipe Earthing
4. Plate Earthing.

EXP NO 1 FLUORESCENT LAMP WIRING
DATE:
AIM:
To give connection as per the instruction for a tube light and prepare wiring
diagram for a fluorescent tube with the switch control.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Screw driver, hammer, pliers, line tester.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Switch (SPST), tube light with fitting, wires, clips, screws ,switchboard, fuse and red
indicator.
THEORY:
The fluorescent lamp circuit contains a choke, starter, fluorescent tube and a
frame. The length of the commonly used fluorescent tube is 100 cm. Its power rating
is 40W and 230V. The tube is filled with argon and a drop of mercury. When the
supply is switched ON the current heats the filament and initiates the emission of
electrons. After one or two seconds the starter circuit opens and makes the choke to
induce a momentary high voltage surge across the two filaments. Ionization takes
place through argon and produces bright light.
The fluorescent tube includes various parts like a glass plate, starter, choke,
fluorescent material, filaments. The inside surface of the tube is coated with a thin
layer of fluorescent material in the form of powder. The tube also contains low
pressure argon gas and one or two drops of mercury. The two filaments are coated
with electron emissive materials. The starter (initially in closed position) puts the
filament directly across the supply mains at the time of starting, thereby initiating
the emission of electrons. After one or two seconds the starter switch gets opened.
This interruption of current makes the choke to act like a ballast of providing a
voltage across the filaments. Due to this, ionization of argon takes place. Mercury
vapors are providing a conducting path between the filaments. The starter used may
be by thermal starter or glow starter whose function is complete the circuit initially
for preheating the filaments (to initiate emission of electrons) and then to open the
circuit for inducing high voltage across choke for initiating ionization .A capacitor is
used across the supply to improve the power factor.

PROCEDURE:
1. Mark the switch and tube light location points and draw lines for
wiring on the wooden board.
2. Place wires along the lines and fix them with the help of clips.
3. Fix the switch and tube light fitting in the marked positions.
4. Complete the wiring diagram as per the wiring diagram.
5. Test the working of the tube light by giving electric supply to the
circuit.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RESULT:
Thus the wiring for the tube light is completed and tested.

REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is the function of choke?
2. What is the function of starter?
3. What is ionization?
4. What are the components in a starter?
5. What is SPST?

EXP NO 2 STAIR CASE WIRING
DATE:
AIM:
To do wiring for a stair case arrangement using two way switch.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Screw driver, hammer, pliers, line tester
Two way switches, bulb holders, bulb, joint clips, wires, screws, ceiling rose, switch
board, fuse and red indicator.
PROCEDURE:
1. Mark the switch and bulb location points and draw the lines for wiring
on the wooden board.
2. Place wires along the lines for connection and fix them with the help of
clips.
3. Fix the two way switches and bulb holder in the marked positions on
the wooden board.
4. Complete the wiring as per the wiring diagram.
5. Test the working of the bulbs by giving electric supply to the circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RESULT:
Thus the wiring for the stair case connection is completed and tested.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Differentiate SPST and SPDT.
2. What are the other names of SPDT switch?
3. What is the frequency of Single phase supply?
4. What is the function of SPDT switch?

EXP NO 3 RESIDENTIAL HOUSE WIRING
DATE:
AIM:
To do wiring for a residential house using fuse ,indicator, ceiling rose, lamp
and energy meter.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Screw driver, hammer, pliers, line tester.
Switch, distribution box, switch board, ceiling lamp, bulkhead lamp, wires
PROCEDURE:
1. Mark the switch ,ceiling rose, bulb, lamp energy meter location points and draw
the lines for wiring on the wooden board.
2. Place wires along the lines for connection and fix them with the help of clips.
3. Fix the two way switches and bulb holder in the marked positions o the wooden
board.
4. Complete the wiring as per the wiring diagram.
5. Test the working of the bulbs by giving electric supply to the circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RESULT:
Thus the wiring for the entire house is completed and tested.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is the function of distribution box?
2. What are the different types of wiring?
3. What is single phase and three phase supply?
4. What is earthing?
5. What is the function of fuse?

EXP NO 4 MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES-VOLTAGE,
CURRENT, POWER, POWER FACTOR IN RLC CIRCUIT.
DATE:
AIM:
To measure electrical quantities-voltage, current, power and power factor in a

RLC circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Voltmeter 0-300V MI - 2 nos
2. Ammeter 0-50mA MI - 1 No
3. Wattmeter 2.5amps/250V - 1 No LPF
4. Resistor R-390 - 1 No
5. 1 Autotransformer - 0.- 230V-1No.
6. Inductor L - 40W, 1.6H - 1 No
7. Capacitor C - 2fd - 1 No
8. Fuse -5A
9. Connecting wires.
FORMULA USED:
1. Apparent power - VI watts
2. Power factor - Cos = W/VI
3. VR = IR
4. VL = IXL = IL
5. Vc = IXc = I/C.
Where =2f and f is the frequency = 50hz

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Gradually vary the auto transformer to increase the input voltage 100V.
4. Note the current, the power from Wattmeter and voltage across R,L,C, and
tabulate it.
5. Calculate the Apparent power, Voltage across Resistor V R, Voltage across
Inductor VL& Voltage across the capacitor V C and the power factor using
the formulae given and tabulate it.
6. Repeat the same for various values of input voltage.
TABULATION:
Voltage VR VL VC I W x Apparent Power VR = VL = VC =

in Volts MF power factor IR
in in in in I XL I XC=I/
true =VI = volts
volts volts volts Amps =IωL ωC
power watts W/VI
in volts volts
Watts

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RESULT:
Thus the electrical quantities-Voltage, current power factor are measured in

the RLC circuit.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is DPST switch?
2. Define power and power factor.
3. Define apparent power and real power.
4. What is the function of auto transformer?
5. What is the function of inductor and capacitor?

Ex.No:5 SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR – CONNECTION
& ENERGY MEASUREMENT
Date:
AIM: To conduct the load test on 1Φ Induction Motor (Capacitor Start / Induction
Run) & also
to plot the performance Characteristics curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Description Range Quantity
1 Voltmeter (0 -300V)MI 1
Ammeter (0-10A)MI 1
2 Wattmeter 300V,10A,LPF 1
3 Variac 1 ph, 270V,50Hz 1
Tachometer - 1
4 Connecting leads As required
THEORY:
The motor which operates on single phase input supply is called as single
phase induction motor. Constructionally this motor is similar to a three phase
induction motor except that
1) Its stator is provided with a single phase winding

2) An auxiliary winding is provided for starting purpose
This single phase Induction motor is fed from single phase supply. Its stator
winding produces a flux which is only alternating. It is not a revolving (or) rotating
flux. As in the case of three phase motor, stator winding fed from three phase supply.
An alternating flux acting on a stationary squirrel cage rotor cannot produce rotation
in a single phase induction motor. Thus a single phase induction motor is not self
starting.
To overcome this drawback and make the motor self starting, It is

temporarily converted into a two phase motor during the starting period. For this

purpose, the stator of single phase motor is provided with an extra wining known as
starting (or) auxiliary

winding in addition to the main (or) running winding. The two windings are spaced
90o electrically apart and are connected in parallel across the single phase supply. It
is so arranged that the phase difference between the currents in the tow stator
windings is very large. Hence the motor behaves like a two phase motor. These two
currents produce a revolving flux and hence make the motor self starting.
Capacitor Start/ Induction Run Motors:
In these motors the necessary phase difference between the starting and
main winding is produced by connecting a capacitor in series with the starting
winding.
The current Im drawn by the main winding lags the supply voltage by large angle
where as Is leads voltage by a certain angle. The two current are out of phase which
produces the revolving flux, which makes the motor self starting. When the motor
reaches 75% of its speed, the centrifugal switch S open and cuts out both starting
winding and the capacitor from the supply, thus leaving only the running winding
across the supply.
PROCEDURE:
1. Circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. 3Φ supply is applied to the circuit.
3. Start the motor by using D.O.L starter.
4. Load is gradually applied for 25%, 50%, and 75% value of load currents, and all
meter readings are noted.
5. Stop the motor.
6. Calculate the energy consumed by the Motor from the table.

Note : Assume that the load is applied for 1 hour in each loading condition, for
calculating Energy consumed.

OBSERVATION:
Line
Line Input power Energy
Sl. Voltage
Current (A) (W) =W*T
no (V)
in Amps in Watt (WH)
in Volts
1 0.25 IFL
2 0.5 IFL
3 0.75 IFL
Model Calculation:
Energy consumed ( WH ) = Power (W) * Time (hr)
Assume the time T to be 1 hour for each loading condition.

RESULT: Thus the connections of 1Φ Induction Motor (Capacitor Start / Induction

Run) was made and energy consumed was measured by conducting load test on it..
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Why single phase induction motor is not self starting?
2. Classify single-phase motors based on their construction and method of
Starting?
3. What happens when the starting winding is not disconnected from the supply
after it has started?
4. What are the two theories which explains the behavior of single phase
Induction motor?

EXP NO 6 MEASUREMENT OF POWER OF A THREE PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR WITH STAR – DELTA STARTER
DATE:
AIM:
To measure the power in three – phase Induction motor circuit with no load
using two wattmeter method.
BASIC KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED:
1. Basics of three – phase power and power factor.
2. Basics of Star and Delta connections.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Voltmeter (0 – 300V) (0 – 600V) MI 2 nos
2. Ammeter (0 – 5A) MI 2 nos
3. Wattmeter 600V, 5A, UPF 2 nos
4. Rheostat 400Ω / 2A 3 nos
5. Connecting wires
THEORY:
At standstill the motor behaves as the short circuit secondary transformer and it
draws heavy current from mains, which can cause the damage at the starting. it can
cause the heavy drops in power line. So direct online starting of motor is not
desirable. The motor has to be started at reduced voltage. for heavy duty motors
some starting methods are used or resistance has to be included in the circuit at
starting.

In a three phase, three wire system, we require three wattmeters. But if we make the
common points of the pressure coils coincide with one of the lines, then we require
only two wattmeter for power measurement.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the circuit connection as per the circuit diagram.

2. Close the TPST switch.
3. Turn ON the star Delta starter, it automatically starts in star mode.
4. After the motor has gained some speed the starter moves to Delta
position.
5. Note down the Wattmeter readings W1 and W2.
6. By knowing the Multiplication factor, calculate the power.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FORMULA:
Total power consumed by load = P1 + P2 = W1 + W2
TABULATION
Line
Line Wattmeter Wattmeter
Sl. Voltage
Current (A) Reading Reading
no (V)
in Amps (W1) in Watt (W2) in Watt
in Volts

Calculations :
RESULT:
Thus the 3ɸ Induction motor was started with Star Delta Starter and the
power consumed for 25%, 50% and 75% of load conditions were determined using
the two wattmeter method.
REVIEW QUESTION:
1. What do you meant by power factor?

2. What are the methods for measuring power?
3. What is the relation between the line and phase quantities in delta
connection?
4. What are the advantages of three phase system?
5. What is energy?

EXP NO 7 MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE TO EARTH OF A
TRANSFORMER USING MEGGER
DATE:
Aim:
To measure the resistance to earth of a Transformer using a Megger.
Apparatus required:
1. Transformers with identical 2 winding – 1 no

2. Megger – hand operated, rotating type – 500v – 1 no
3. Connecting wires.
Theory:
Megger is an instrument used for measurement of high resistance and

insulation resistance of the order of mega ohms. It works on the principle that the
required deflecting torque is produced by both the system voltage and current. Due
to interaction between magnetic fields produced by the voltage and current, the
deflecting torque is produced. The required coils are so positioned that the
deflecting torque is proportional to the ration V/I.
Megger consists of a small hand driven d.c generator, a moving element that
has 2 coils, a deflecting coil (or) current coil and a controlling coil (potential coil),
calibrated scale in M , pointer and permanent magnet. The two coils are at right
angles, connected to a hand driven generator.
Resistance is to be measured is connected across the test terminals. When

currents are supplied to the coils, then they have torques in opposite direction. If
resistance to be measured is high, no current will flow through the deflecting coil.
The controlling coil is perpendicular to magnetic axis hence it sets the pointer at  .
If resistance is small, high current flows and the resulting torque sets the
pointer to zero. The hand driven generator is of permanent magnet torque and is
designed to generate from 500 to 2500 volts. If two terminals are shorted Megger
shows zero.

Procedure:
(i) Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

(ii) The DPST switch is kept open. No power supply is given.
(iii) Initially any one of the terminals PL1 or PL2 or SL1 or SL2 is connected to
line terminal of megger (L)
(iv) Earth terminal of megger (E) is connected to the core of transformer (E)
(v) Rotate the handle of megger at 60rpm to generate the required voltage
(500v) and to get stable insulation value (not less than 20m )
(vi) Note the reading of the megger and tabulate
(vii) Repeat the steps 3 to 6 with different terminals.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Result:
Thus the resistance to earth of the given Transformer was found out using Megger.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is a Megger?
2. Why is earthing necessary?
3. What happens to the value of earth resistance when measured for dry and wet
soil?
4. Is it necessary to give power supply when measuring the earth resistance?
5. What is insulation resistance?

EXP NO 8(A) STUDY OF IRON BOX
DATE:
AIM:
To study the working principle and the wiring connections of Iron box.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED :
IRON BOX,
TOOLS KIT
THEORY
STUDY OF IRON BOX
Iron box is used for ironing cloths. It converts the electrical energy into heat energy
by means of resistance. There are mainly two types of Iron box
1. Ordinary electric iron box
2. Automatic iron box
The main parts of an Iron box are Sole Plate, Pressure Plate, Heating Element or
Heating Coil and Power Cord.
Sole Plate
It is a cast iron plate, where the bottom side is attached to nickel plate. These are
bonded together.
Pressure Plate
It helps to keep the heating element against the sole plate. The bottom surface of the
pressure plate and top surface of the sole plate must be smooth. If the surface is not
smooth it will lead to termination of power supply.
Heating Element or Heating Coil
In heating element the nichrome wire is wounded to mica sheet. This heating
element is place above the sole plate. During conduction heat transfer take place.

Power Cord
A power cord is a current conducting device where the P, N power is connected to
eating element and earth is connected to the body of the iron box.
Wiring for an Automatic Iron Box
RESULT : Thus the working principle and wiring of iron box was studied.

EXP NO 8(B) STUDY OF CEILING FAN
DATE:
AIM:
To study the working principle and the wiring connections of ceiling fan.
CEILING FAN
TOOLS KIT
THEORY
STUDY OF CEILING FAN
As known the outline structure of a ceiling fan is a simple one. Here the number of
blades only get differ. The main parts of the fan are as follows. Stator, Rotor,
Regulator, Capacitor, Blade, Bearing, Top Canopy, Bottom Canopy, Hanging rod and U-
clamp.
1. Mounting a Ceiling Fan
Step 1: Start your installation by turning off the power or pull the fuse out of the
circuit.
Step 2: Mounting the fan to the beamed ceiling - using a bolt-nut and specially
designed rubber bush.

Step 3: By using a suitable spanner tighten it up.
Step 4: Connector screws are loosened with screw driver or tester and the outer
sleeve of the electric wire is stripped using wire cutter.
Step 5: Wires are inserted to the right terminals on the connector and the loosened
screws are tightened.
Step 6: The fan should be electrically grounded to both the metal box and the fan.
Now the power is switched ON.
2. Assemble of a Ceiling Fan
There are different models of fan available. Let us see a standard model of Ceiling
fan and how to assemble it?. If the fan blades are more than 2 feet length away
from the ceiling, it may be best to install the blade after the fan gets mounted.
Step 1: Install the hanger Pipe. The hanger pipe is usually placed into its hole on top
of the motor. The wires are then drawn up in the center. A set of screws are tightened
securely to make sure the pipe stays in place after it is threaded down.
Step 2: If Fan has a Decorative Ceiling Cover. It is installed after the fan has been
hung on the ceiling. Tip (Tighten the Screws well)
Step 3: To attach the fan blades, set the motor unit down where it will be stable.
Step 4: Most fan blades have a two-pronged attachment, using screws that come
through holes in the blades and into the flanges. This has to be drawn up securely.
Wiring Diagram for a Ceiling Fan

There are two main parts in a Ceiling fan with refer to wiring, one is stator and the
other is rotor. Here the stator is the rotating part and rotor is the stationary part.
The current comes out of the switch and flows through the regulator. Regulator resist
the flow of current using a rheostat, then the required current is send to the
capacitor (2 or 2.5 mfd) and to the winding of the fan. A simple wiring diagram of a
ceiling fan is as shown in figure.
RESULT : Thus the working principle and wiring of ceiling fan was studied.

EXP NO 8(C) STUDY OF EMERGENCY LAMP
DATE:
AIM:
To study the working principle and the wiring connections of emergency lamp.
EMERGENCY LAMP
TOOLS KIT
THEORY
STUDY OF EMERGENCY LAMP
An emergency lamp is a battery backed lighting device that turns 'ON' when a
building experience out of power. Various parts of an emergency lamp are as follows.
Body, Transformer 230V/12V, Rectifier, Battery, Relay Switch, Fluorescent Lamp,
Indicator Lamp, Switch, Wire with Plug
The connection for an emergency lamp is as shown in figure. Here step-down

transformer is used, this helps to step down the voltage to 12V AC. The supply line
goes to a bridge rectifier, where AC voltage is converted to DC voltage and stored in
the battery. When power cut occurs the charged current from the battery is supplied
to the lamp by means of switching an ON/OFF switch in the circuit a
Relay
Relay act as an ON/OFF switch. If voltage in the circuit increase it de-energizes the
current in the circuit.

RESULT : Thus the working principle and wiring of emergency lamp was studied.

EXP NO 9 MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY USING SINGLE PHASE

ENERGYMETER
DATE:
AIM:
To measure the electrical energy for a power consumed in a single phase power
supply using an energy meter.
1. Single phase auto transformer -3KVA,230V/0-270V.
2. Voltmeter (0-300V),MI
3. Ammeter(0-10A),MI
4. Resistive load 10A.
5. Connection wires.
6. Energy meter,230V,5A,1200Rev/Kwhr.
FORMULAE USED:
1. Actual energy = V.I.t Watt seconds, where V = line voltage, I = line current, t
= time taken for ‘n’ revolutions.
2. Indicated energy = (n/k) x 1000 x 3600 Watt sec.
3. % error = indicated energy –actual energy *100

actual energy
4. % correction = Actual energy –indicated energy *100

Actual energy
THEORY:
Energy meter is a device used to measure the energy consumed in AC circuits. It has
two electromagnetic coils made of silicon steel. The two coils are called as current
coil and pressure coil. An aluminum disc revolves init due to the torque produced as
a result of the flux that is proportional to t he current and supply voltage. The
number of revolutions of the disc /Kwhr is shown in the energy meter and is called
energy meter constant.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Initially no load is applied.
3. Set the autotransformer to minimum voltage position before switching on the

power supply.
4. Set the auto transformer to 230V and record the values from the voltmeter
and ammeter and also note the time taken for ‘5 ‘ revolutions on the energy
meter disc.
5. Apply the load by switching on the resistive load.
6. Measure and tabulate the voltmeter and ammeter readings and lso the time
taken for different load conditions.
7. Reduce the load and the voltage slowly to the minimum.
8. Switch OFF the power supply.
9. Calculate the power and energy consumed for various loading conditions.
10. Calculate the % error and % correction.
11. Plot the graph by taking current along X axis and % error along Y axis.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH :
TABULATION:
S.no Voltage Current Time Indicated Actual % %

V in I in for 5 Energy in energy Error correction
volts Amps rev in WS in WS
Sec
RESULT:
Thus the energy is measured using the single phase Energy meter.

REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Define energy .What is its unit?
2. What is indicated and Actual energy?
3. Define % error and correction.
4. What is energy meter constant?
5. How does an energy meter works?

ELECTRONICS

EXP NO: 10 STUDY AND MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE
DATE :
AIM
To determine the listed value of resistor using color code and also to use the DMM to
measure the value of a resistor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Digital multimeter
2. Resistors : ten assorted values.
THEORY :
Resistance is the property by which a substance offers opposition to current flow.

The unit for resistance is the ohm, symbolized with the Greek letter capital omega
(Ω). A resistor is a component designed to have a specific resistance and wattage
rating, resistors limit current but, in doing so, produce heat. A physically large
resistor can dissipate more heat than a smaller resistor, hence the larger one would
have a higher wattage rating than the smaller one.
Resistors are either fixed (constant resistance) or variable. Fixed resistors are
usually color coded with four band code that indicates the specific resistance and
tolerance. Each color
stands for a number, as
described in the table 1
below. Fig 1 shows how to
read the resistance and
tolerance of a four band
resistor.
Table 1 Fig 1

The resistance of resistors is measured using a DMM as described below, when using
a DMM the zero should be checked before changing the ranges on the meter,by
touching the test leads together and while using a non auto range DMM suitable
range needs to be selected. Resistance normally should not be measured in a circuit
as other resistors in the circuits will affect the reading. The resistor to be measured is
removed from the circuit, and the test leads are connected across the resistance. The
resistor under test should not be held between the fingers as body resistance can
afftect the reading. Particularly with high value resistors.
PROCEDURE :
 Obtain 10 four band fixed resistors. Record the colors of each resistor in table
below , use the resistor color code to deterine the color code resistance of each
resistor.
 Measure the resistance of each resistor using DMM and record the measured
value in table.
OBSERVATION:
Resistor Color of Band Color –code Measured

value Value
1st 2nd 3rd 4th Using
DMM
Eg Brown Green Red Silver 1.5KΩ 1.46 K Ω
±10%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
RESULT:
Thus the resistor values are measured using the color code and Digital multimeter.

REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is resistance?
2. What is the meaning of tolerance?
3. What are the types of resistors?
4. What is DMM?
5. If the fourth band is gold what is the tolerance level?

EXPT NO: 11 STUDY OF CRO - AC & DC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT
DATE :
AIM:
To use the oscilloscope to measure an unknown DC voltage and an unknown AC

voltage.
THEORY:
The oscilloscope is an extremely versatile instrument that lets you see a picture of
the voltage in a circuit as a function of time. The voltage is converted to a visible
display by a cathode-ray tube (CRT), a vacuum device similar to a television picture
tube. The oscilloscope can be broken into four functional blocks, as illustrated in
Figure 1. The input signal is coupled through a vertical section to a display section,
causing the beam to move up and down as the input voltage moves up or down.
A trigger section sends a signal to the horizontal section, causing the beam to move
(or sweep) across the screen. This horizontal movement must be synchronized with
the vertical signal to present a stable display.
Figure 1
Look for the controls for each functional group on your oscilloscope. The display
controls include INTENSITY, FOCUS, and BEAM FINDER. The vertical controls include
input COUPLING, VOLTS/DIV, vertical POSITION, and channel selection (CH1, CH2,
DUAL, ALT, CHOP). The triggering controls include MODE, SOURCE, trigger
COUPLING, trigger LEVEL, and others. The horizontal controls include the SEC/DIV,
MAGNIFIER, and horizontal POSITION control.
With all the controls to learn, you may experience difficulty obtaining a trace. If you
do not see a trace, start by setting the SEC/DIV control to 1 ms/div, select AUTO
triggering, select CH1, and press the BEAM FINDER. Keep the BEAM FINDER button
depressed and use the vertical and horizontal POSITION controls to center the trace.
If you still have trouble, check the INTENSITY control.
Because the oscilloscope can show a voltage versus time presentation, it is easy to
make ac voltage measurements with a scope. However, care must be taken to equate
these measurements with meter readings. Typical multimeters show the rms value

of an ac waveform. This value represents the effective value of an ac waveform when

compared to a dc voltage when both produce the same heat in a given load. Usually
the peak-to-peak value is easiest to read on an oscilloscope.
PROCEDURE :
1) Review the front panel controls in each of the major groups. Then turn on the
oscilloscope, Select CH1, set the SEC/DIV to 0.5 ms/div, select AUTO
triggering, and obtain a straight line on the CRT.
2) Turn on your power supply and use the DMM to set the output for 1.0 V. Now
use the oscilloscope to measure this dc voltage from the power supply. The
following steps will guide you:
a. Place the input COUPLING (AC-GND-DC) in the GND position. This

disconnects the input to the oscilloscope. Use the vertical POSITION
control to set the ground reference level on a convenient line near the
bottom of the screen.
b. Set the CH1 VOLTS/DIV control to 0.2 V/div.
c. Place the oscilloscope probe on the positive side of the power supply.
Place the oscilloscope ground clip on the power supply common. Move
the vertical coupling to the DC position. The line should jump up on the
screen by 5 divisions. Note that 5 divisions times 0.2 V per division is
equal to 1.0 V (the supply voltage). Multiplication of the number of
divisions of deflection times volts per division is equal to the voltage
measurement.
3) Set the power supply to each voltage listed in Table 1. Measure each voltage
using the preceding steps as a guide. When you finish this step, leave the CH1
probe connected to the power supply for the remaining part of the
experiment.
4) The trigger MODE switch allows selecting either AUTO triggering, NORMAL
triggering, or TV (used to simplify looking at video signals). The oscilloscope
should be set up in the AUTO triggering mode and switch to NORMAL mode
only if it is necessary to obtain a stable display.
5) In this step, observe an ac waveform on the other channel of the oscilloscope.

Set the function generator for an ac waveform with a frequency of 500 Hz. (If
the function generator has a dc offset control, set it for zero offset.) Adjust the
amplitude for 1.0 Vrms as read on your DMM. Keep the SEC/DIV control at 0.5
ms/div and set the VOLTS/DIV to 0.5 V/div. Select CH2 and connect a second
oscilloscope probe and its ground to the signal generator. The CH2 input
COUPLING control should be in the DC position. Locate the trigger SOURCE
control and select CH2 as the trigger channel. Adjust the CH2 vertical
POSITION control and the trigger LEVEL control for a stable display near the
center of the screen.

6) Use the DMM to set the signal generator amplitude to each value listed in
Table 2. Repeat the ac voltage measurement as outlined in step 5. With
another set of frequency.
7) In this step, observe the effect of the AC-GND-DC input coupling switch. Keep
the input coupling switch in the DC position and add some dc offset from their
function generator to the ac signal. And observe the displacement in signal
from its original position using dc offset because of the adding or subtracting
a dc component to the signal. While observing the waveform, change the input
coupling switch to the AC position. And note how this control affects the input
signal.
Note: The first line of the table has been completed as an example. Remember, to
obtain accurate readings with the oscilloscope, you should select a VOLTS/DIV setting
that gives several divisions of deflection on the screen.
Table 1 – DC voltage Measurement
Power Supply VOLTS/DIV Number of Oscilloscope DMM

Setting Setting Divisions of (measured (measured
Deflection voltage) voltage)
1.0 V 0.2 V/DIV 5.0 DIV 1.0 V 1.0 V
2.5V
4.5V
8.3V
Table 2 – AC Amplitude Measurement
Signal Generator VOLTS/DIV Setting (peak-to-peak) (peak-to-peak)

Amplitude Number of Oscilloscope Oscilloscope
Divisions Measured Measured
(rms)
1VRMS, 500Hz 0.5 V/DIV 5.6 DIV 2-8 Vpp 1.0 VRMS
2 VRMS, 500Hz
2 VRMS 1 KHz
Table 2 – AC Frequency Measurement
Signal Generator time/DIV Setting Timeperiod - Frequency -

Amplitude Number of Oscilloscope Oscilloscope
Divisions Measured Measured
1VRMS, 500Hz 1mS/DIV 2DIV 2 mS 500 Hz
2 VRMS, 500Hz
2 VRMS 1 KHz
RESULT:

The unknown DC and AC voltages were measured Oscilloscope, and the various
functionalities of the Oscilloscope was studied.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Differentiate AC and DC signal.
2. What is CRO ?
3. What are the types of CRO ?
4. What is amplitude?
5. How will you measure time period of a AC signal?

EXP NO: 12 VERIFICATION OF LOGIC GATES
DATE:
AIM: To design a circuit for the verification of truth tables for the following logic
gates – AND, OR, NOT, EXOR.
Sl no: Name Range Qty

1 RPS 0-30 V 1
2 Resistor 330Ω, 1
3 Logic Gates 7404, - 1each
7408,7432, 7486
4 LED - 1
5 Bread Board - 1
6 Connecting wires - 1
THEORY:
Logic gates are basic digital devices that implement simple Boolean functions. Each
logic gate is defined by its symbol and truth table.
NOT GATE: This gate has one Input and one Output, the output is high when the
Input is low, and vice versa, i.e., the gate inverts the Input and hence called as
Inverter.
AND GATE: For an AND gate, there are two or more Inputs but one Output. It gives a
HIGH Output if and only if all the Inputs are HIGH, for all other states of Input the
Output is LOW
OR GATE: An OR gate has two or more Inputs but one Output. It gives a HIGH Output
if any one or more of the Inputs are HIGH.
EX-OR GATE: This gate also has two or more input and only one output. In EX-OR
gate when all the inputs are Equal the Output is LOW, for all other states of Input the
Output is HIGH.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM BOOLEAN TABLE
NOT GATE
A Y  A OBSERVED
0 1
1 0

Pin details: IC 7404
OR GATE
A B Y  A.  B OBSERVED
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
Pin details: IC7432
AND GATE

A B Y  A.  B OBSERVED
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
EX-OR GATE
A B Y  A B OBSERVED
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

RESULT: Thus the circuits for AND, OR, NOT, EXOR. Gates were constructed and
their truth tables were verified.

REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What are the basic logic gates available?
2. What are Universal gates?
3. Does a logic gate accept a decimal number?
4. What does the symbol represent?
5. Write the truth table for all the gates.

EXP NO: 13 STUDY OF GENERATION OF CLOCK SIGNAL
DATE:
AIM: To study the basic method of generating clock signal.
Function generator, CRO.
THEORY:
A clock generator is a circuit that produces a timing signal (known as a clock signal
and behaves as such) for use in synchronizing a circuit's operation. The signal can
range from a simple symmetrical square wave to more complex arrangements. The
basic parts that all clock generators share are a resonant circuit and an amplifier.
The resonant circuit is usually a quartz piezo-electric oscillator, although simpler

tank circuits and even RC circuits may be used.
The amplifier circuit usually inverts the signal from the oscillator and feeds a portion
back into the oscillator to maintain oscillation.
The generator may have additional sections to modify the basic signal. The 8088 for
example, used a 2/3rds duty cycle clock, which required the clock generator to
incorporate logic to convert the 50/50 duty cycle which is typical of raw oscillators.
Other such optional sections include frequency divider or clock multiplier sections.
Programmable clock generators allow the number used in the divider or multiplier
to be changed, allowing any of a wide variety of output frequencies to be selected
without modifying the hardware.
METHODS OF CLOCK GENERATION:
1. Using Function generator.
2. Using timer circuit

The simplest method is to use the function generator available in the electronics
laboratory for the purpose of generating the clock signal.
Fig 1 below, shows the clock pulse output with a duty cycle of 50% or 0.5.
Fig 1 pulse output with duty cycle = 0.5
Duty Cycle = Ton /T, where T = Ton + Toff
PROCEDURE:
Use the TTL/CMOS output jack - it provides a fast rise time square wave output.
Either a fixed TTL or a variable CMOS output level is available. The output is positive
with respect to ground and can be used as an external sync pulse for oscilloscopes or
as a variable frequency signal source for exercising logic circuits. Because of the fast
rise time of this output, cable length should be minimized to limit ringing and
overshoot.
1. Select the desired frequency range and adjust the frequency controls as required.
The OUTPUT LEVEL and DC OFFSET controls have no effect on the signal at the
TTL/CMOS jack.
2. When the CMOS LEVEL switch (3) is released, a TTL signal is output at the
TTL/CMOS jack. Select a CMOS signal by engaging the CMOS LEVEL switch and
adjust the level of the signal by rotating the CMOS LEVEL control (8).
Now connect the TTL output of function generator to the CRO using the probe and
observe the square wave output generated.
TABULATION
Set Frequency Amplitude TON TOFF T = TON + TOFF Duty Cycle

Hz V TON / T
RESULT:

Thus the clock signal is generated using the CRO and Function Generator.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is duty cycle?
2. What is the relation between frequency and time period?
3. Expand TTL and CMOS.
4. What is a Function Generator?
5. What is a Timer ?

EXP NO: 14 SOLDERING PRACTICE

DATE:
AIM:
To solder electronic components in a General purpose PCB to form a T and π

network.
INTRODUCTION
Almost every electronic device today has a printed circuit board whether you are
assembling a PC board or repairing it, you must understand the basics of working
with these boards. A poorly soldered joint can greatly affect small current flow in
circuits and can cause equipment failure. You can damage a PC board or a component
with too much heat or cause a cold solder joint with insufficient heat. Sloppy
soldering can cause bridges between two adjacent foils preventing the circuit from
functioning.
Good soldering requires practice and an understanding of soldering principles. This

solder practice experiment will help you achieve good soldering techniques, help you
to become familiar with a variety of electronic components, and provide you with
dynamic results.
Introduction to tools involved in soldering process
Solder
Solder is a fusible alloy composed of tin and lead. Some solder may contain small
amounts of other material for use in special purposes to enhance its characteristics.
Solder has a melting temperature around 360O to 370O, making it ideal for forming a
metallic joint between two metals.
Flux
Most solder contains flux in the hollow core of the solder allowing it to be applied
automatically when you heat the solder. The flux will remove any oxide film on the
metals soldered creating a good metal-to-metal contact. This is called “wetting the
metal”. There are three types of solder of solder fluxes: chloride, organic and rosin. In
the electronics industry, only the rosin type is used. Rosin flux comes in two types,
pure and active. The most reliable is the pure type, since it doesn’t cause dendrites
between tracks on the PC board as the active type does. Due to the highly corrosive
and moisture attracting characteristics of the chloride and organic type fluxes, they
should not be used in electronics.
TYPES OF SOLDERING DEVICES

A number of different types of soldering devices: irons, guns and stations are
available today. Irons are used for light to medium work and guns are for medium to
heavy-duty work.
The station type can range from light to heavy-duty. When working on PC boards, a
soldering iron is ideal. Iron sizes vary from 15 to over 500 watts. For working on PC
boards, irons ranging from 15 to 40 watts is suitable. If you use an iron with a higher
wattage rating than 40 watt, you may damage the copper tracks on the PC board. The
higher wattage irons are best suited for heavy-duty electrical jobs.
Solder Tips
The material that the tip is made from is an important factor. Most tips are made of
copper coated with some other material. The molten solder on the tip will wear it
down. To increase their lifetime, tip can be coated with iron, but this decreases the
heat transfer rate. The tip should be tined by lightly coating it with solder. This will
prevent it from oxidating. The tip becomes pitted (black spots) from normal use. You
can remove these spots by scraping them with a knife or filing item. After removing
the spots, you should re-tin the tip. It is important to clean the tip by wiping it with a
wet rag or sponge. A good clean solder tip makes soldering much easier.
Today, tips are manufactured in a variety of different shapes (see figure aside). The
chisel shape is one of the most common. Having a choice of tip styles allows you to
choose the one best suited for your soldering needs. Due to the high heat, removable
tips can bond themselves to the heating element if left in place for extended periods
of time. Periodic removal of the tip is therefore advisable.

De-soldering
Great care should be taken

when repairing or
correcting a mistake on a
PC board. The metal foil
can be easily pulled up or
broken from excessive
heat. Use the least amount
of heat as possible. You can
use a de-soldering tool,
bulb, wick or a station.
These tools will remove
the solder enabling you to
correct the problem.
PROCEDURE:
Steps to Solder the components to the PC Board are as follows:
1. Use a 15 to 40Watt pencil type soldering iron with a 1/8” or 3/16” pyramid.
2. Keep the soldering iron tip cleans at all times. Wipe it on a wet sponge or cloth,
and then tin the entire tip to give it a wet look. This will prevent the tip from
oxidizing.
3. Solder all components from the copper foil side only.
4. Apply a small amount of solder to the iron tip and allow it to flow through the
connection.
5. Do not allow components to move when solder is cooling.
Circuit Board Assembly

Note that electrolytic capacitors, transistors, LED s must be installed according to

their polarity. And the ICs must be installed with respect to their pin numbers.
Fig : T –Network
RESULT:
Thus the given T-network, is soldered in the PCB board
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What are the types of soldering devices?
2. What is a solder?
3. What is the use of flux?
4. Expand PCB.
5. What is the function of a soldering wick?

EXP NO: 15 HALF WAVE & FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

DATE:
AIM: To construct and test the working of a half wave and full wave rectifier circuit
and to measure the Ripple factor and efficiency using it.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl no: Name Range Qty

1 Centre tapped Transformer 230/12V 1
2 Diode 1N 4001 2
3 Resistor 470Ω 1
4 Capacitor 470µF 1
5 CRO - 1
6 Bread Board - 1
7 Connecting wires - -
FORMULA USED:
Half wave Rectifier:
VRMS = Vm /2
VDC = Vm /π without filter
VDC = Vm – Vr /2 with filter
Where Vr is the ripple voltage
2
V 
Ripple factor    RMS   1 without filter
 VDC 
1
  with filter
2 3FRC
V 2 DC
Rectifier Efficiency   2  100
V RMS
Full wave rectifier
VRMS = Vm /√2
VDC = 2Vm /π without filter
VDC = Vm – Vr /2 with filter

Where Vr is the ripple voltage
2
V 
Ripple factor    RMS   1 without filter
 VDC 
1
  with filter
4 3 fRC
V 2 DC
Rectifier Efficiency   2  100
V RMS
THEORY:
The half wave rectifier consists of one semiconductor diode D 1 and a resistor R1. In
half wave rectifier the circuit conducts current only during the positive half cycle or
AC supply is suppressed such that the current flow during positive half cycle and no
current flow during the negative half cycle, therefore the current always flows only in
one half cycle through the load.
In full wave rectifier the current through the load flows in one direction but for both
the half cycles of the input cycle. This can be achieved with two diodes working
alternatively.
During the positive half cycle one end of the secondary winding becomes positive
and the other negative, the P type of Diode D 1 is connected to the + ve End of winding
hence it will be forward biased.
So D1 will conduct during the positive half cycle. While D 2 remains reverse biased as
it is connected to the –ve end of the winding.
During the negative half cycle the vice versa occurs, Diode D 1 will be reverse biased
and Diode D2 will be forward biased, and hence conducts through the load.
From the circuit it may be seen that the current through the load remains in the same
direction for both the half cycles of input AC voltage. Hence DC voltage is obtained
across the load.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Half wave rectifier without Filter

Half wave rectifier with Filter
Full wave rectifier without Filter
Full wave rectifier with Filter
SIMULATED WAVEFORMS
Input & Output of Half wave rectifier without filter

Half wave rectifier – with filter
Output of Full wave rectifier without filter - & - with Filter

CALCULATIONS :
Half wave rectifier
Vm = …………. Volts
VRMS = Vm /2 = …………………….
VDC = Vm /π =…………………….. without filter
VDC = Vm – Vr /2 =…………………….. with filter (Vr – ripple

voltage)
2
V 
Ripple factor    RMS   1 = ………………… without filter
 VDC 
1
  =………………… with filter
2 3FRC
V 2 DC
Rectifier Efficiency   2  100 =………………… without filter
V RMS
V 2 DC
  2  100 =………………… with filter
V RMS
Full wave rectifier
Vm = …………. Volts
VRMS = Vm /√2 = …………………….
VDC = 2Vm /π =…………………….. without filter
VDC = Vm – Vr /2 =…………………….. with filter
2
V 
Ripple factor    RMS   1 = ………………… without filter
 VDC 
1
  = ………………… with filter
4 3FRC
V 2 DC
Rectifier Efficiency   2  100 = ………………… without filter
V RMS
V 2 DC
  100 = ………………… with filter.
V 2 RMS

PROCEDURE:
Half wave rectifier
2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram, and AC supply to be rectified
after the transformer is connected in series with the Diode D 1 and load
Resistor RL.
3. The output across the load is connected to CRO to measure and plot the
output waveform.
4. Now connect the filter circuit and measure the output waveform.
Full wave rectifier
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram, and AC supply to be rectified
after the transformer is connected in series with the Diode D 1 and load
Resistor RL.
2. The output across the load is connected to CRO to measure and plot the
output waveform.
3. Now connect the filter circuit and measure the output waveform.
Now calculate the Ripple factor for both Half and Full wave rectifier with and without
filter.
And then calculate the efficiency for both Half and Full wave rectifier.
RESULT :Thus the characteristics of Half and Full wave rectifier are studied.
Rectifier Parameter Without filter With Filter

measured
Half wave γ -
η
Full wave γ -
η

REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is rectification?
2. What are the types of rectifiers?
3. What is ripple factor?
4. What is efficiency in rectifier?
5. Which rectifier is more efficient?

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GE6162 ENGINEERING PRACTICE LAB (GROUP B) – 1ST YEAR

SRIET / DEPARTMENT OFELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING 1

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP

The continuous flow of electrons constitute an electric current.It is denoted by ‘I’

Milliampere and microampere are the smaller units of current, where

The electric potential at any point in an electric field is defined as the

Joules per coulomb is also given as volt.

It is the property of the conductor by which it opposes the flow of current. It

The resistance of the conductor

a. Varies directly with its length (L).

b. Varies indirectly with its cross sectional area (A).

c. Depends on the nature of the material

d. Depends on the temperature.

Thus from the first two laws, we have

From (1) and (2) we have

R α L/A so R = ρ L/A where ρ is the specific resistance.

SRIET / DEPARTMENT OFELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING 2

Temperature remaining constant the current flowing through the conductor is

Power = work done /time.

It is defined as the capacity to do work.’W’ denotes it and its unit is watt-second.

Energy = power x time

The larger unit of energy is kilo watt hour (Kw hr).

9. RATING OF WIRING MATERIALS:

WIRING MATERIALS RATINGS

Socket outlets 5A,250V,2 Pin/3 pin

Ceiling roses 15A,250V, 2 plates

Plugs 5A,2pin/3 pin

SRIET / DEPARTMENT OFELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING 3

Distribution box 15A,250V,one way

10. TYPES OF WIRING:

The type of wiring to be employed depends on various factors like durability,

1. Cleat wiring system

2. Wooden casing and Capping wiring system

3. tough rubber sheath wiring system

4. Lead sheathed wiring system

5. Conduit wiring system.

The purpose of switch in a circuit is to make or break the electric connection.

1. Tumbler switch or surface switch.

5. Push button switch

6. Iron clad switch

8. Two way switch

12. TOOLS FOR LIGHTING AND WIRING:

1. Screw driver (thin blade type and square type).

2. Hammer (ball peen type and Claw hammer).

SRIET / DEPARTMENT OFELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING 4

10. Pipe Vice

11. Pipe cutter

13. WIRING ACCESSORIES:

The commonly used accessories in domestic wiring include switches, lamp

14. STAIRCASE WIRING

Fig: Staircase Switch

SRIET / DEPARTMENT OFELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING 5

Position of S1 Position of S2 Condition of Lamp

Earthing means connecting the body of the electrical equipment to the

1. All the apparatus like refrigerators, heaters, electric iron boxes,

2. All the metallic coverings containing supply wires metallic apparatus

4. Metal frames of motors, generators are to be earthed.

16. METHODS OF EARTHING:

The different kinds of earthing are