Turn around time: The time interval between the submission of the process
and the time of the completion is the turn around time
Turn around time=Finished time – arrival time
Waiting time: it is the sum of the periods spent waiting by a process in the
ready queue Waiting time=Starting time- arrival time
Waiting time=Starting time- arrival time
Scheduling
A Process Scheduler schedules different processes to be assigned to the CPU
based on particular scheduling algorithms. There are six popular process
scheduling algorithms which we are going to discuss in this chapter −
• First-Come, First-Served (FCFS) Scheduling
• Shortest-Job-Next (SJN) Scheduling
• Priority Scheduling
• Shortest Remaining Time
• Round Robin(RR) Scheduling
• Multiple-Level Queues Scheduling
These algorithms are either non-preemptive or preemptive. Non-preemptive
algorithms are designed so that once a process enters the running state, it
cannot be preempted until it completes its allotted time, whereas the preemptive
scheduling is based on priority where a scheduler may preempt a low priority
running process anytime when a high priority process enters into a ready state.
First Come First Serve (FCFS)
• Jobs are executed on first come, first serve basis.
• It is a non-preemptive, pre-emptive scheduling algorithm.
• Easy to understand and implement.
• Its implementation is based on FIFO queue.
• Poor in performance as average wait time is high.
Wait time of each process is as follows −
Process Wait Time : Service Time - Arrival Time
P0 0-0=0
P1 5-1=4
P2 8-2=6
P3 16 - 3 = 13
Average Wait Time: (0+4+6+13) / 4 = 5.75
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
int n,bt[20],wt[20],tat[20],avwt=0,avtat=0,i,j;
printf("Enter total number of processes(maximum 20):");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter Process Burst Time\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("P[%d]:",i+1);
scanf("%d",&bt[i]);
wt[0]=0; //waiting time for first process is 0
//calculating waiting time
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
wt[i]=0;
for(j=0;j<i;j++)
wt[i]+=bt[j];
printf("\nProcess\t\tBurst Time\tWaiting Time\tTurnaround Time");
//calculating turnaround time
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
tat[i]=bt[i]+wt[i];
avwt+=wt[i];
avtat+=tat[i];
printf("\nP[%d]\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",i+1,bt[i],wt[i],tat[i]);
}
avwt/=i;
avtat/=i;
printf("\n\nAverage Waiting Time:%d",avwt);
printf("\nAverage Turnaround Time:%d",avtat);
return 0;
Shortest Job Next (SJN)
• This is also known as shortest job first, or SJF
• This is a non-preemptive, pre-emptive scheduling algorithm.
• Best approach to minimize waiting time.
• Easy to implement in Batch systems where required CPU time is known in
advance.
• Impossible to implement in interactive systems where required CPU time
is not known.
• The processer should know in advance how much time process will take.
Wait time of each process is as follows −
Process Wait Time : Service Time - Arrival Time
P0 3-0=3
P1 0-0=0
P2 16 - 2 = 14
P3 8-3=5
Average Wait Time: (3+0+14+5) / 4 = 5.50
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
int bt[20],p[20],wt[20],tat[20],i,j,n,total=0,pos,temp;
float avg_wt,avg_tat;
printf("Enter number of process:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter Burst Time:\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("p%d:",i+1);
scanf("%d",&bt[i]);
p[i]=i+1; //contains process number
//sorting burst time in ascending order using selection sort
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
pos=i;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
if(bt[j]<bt[pos])
pos=j;
temp=bt[i];
bt[i]=bt[pos];
bt[pos]=temp;
temp=p[i];
p[i]=p[pos];
p[pos]=temp;
}
wt[0]=0; //waiting time for first process will be zero
//calculate waiting time
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
wt[i]=0;
for(j=0;j<i;j++)
wt[i]+=bt[j];
total+=wt[i];
avg_wt=(float)total/n; //average waiting time
total=0;
printf("\nProcess\t Burst Time \tWaiting Time\tTurnaround Time");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
tat[i]=bt[i]+wt[i]; //calculate turnaround time
total+=tat[i];
printf("\np%d\t\t %d\t\t %d\t\t\t%d",p[i],bt[i],wt[i],tat[i]);
avg_tat=(float)total/n; //average turnaround time
printf("\n\nAverage Waiting Time=%f",avg_wt);
printf("\nAverage Turnaround Time=%f\n",avg_tat);
}
Priority Based Scheduling
• Priority scheduling is a non-preemptive algorithm and one of the most
common scheduling algorithms in batch systems.
• Each process is assigned a priority. Process with highest priority is to be
executed first and so on.
• Processes with same priority are executed on first come first served basis.
• Priority can be decided based on memory requirements, time requirements
or any other resource requirement.
Wait time of each process is as follows −
Process Wait Time : Service Time - Arrival Time
P0 9-0=9
P1 6-1=5
P2 14 - 2 = 12
P3 0-0=0
Average Wait Time: (9+5+12+0) / 4 = 6.5
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
int bt[20],p[20],wt[20],tat[20],pr[20],i,j,n,total=0,pos,temp,avg_wt,avg_tat;
printf("Enter Total Number of Process:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter Burst Time and Priority\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("\nP[%d]\n",i+1);
printf("Burst Time:");
scanf("%d",&bt[i]);
printf("Priority:");
scanf("%d",&pr[i]);
p[i]=i+1; //contains process number
//sorting burst time, priority and process number in ascending order using selection
sort
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
pos=i;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
if(pr[j]<pr[pos])
pos=j;
temp=pr[i];
pr[i]=pr[pos];
pr[pos]=temp;
temp=bt[i];
bt[i]=bt[pos];
bt[pos]=temp;
temp=p[i];
p[i]=p[pos];
p[pos]=temp;
wt[0]=0; //waiting time for first process is zero
//calculate waiting time
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
wt[i]=0;
for(j=0;j<i;j++)
wt[i]+=bt[j];
total+=wt[i];
avg_wt=total/n; //average waiting time
total=0;
printf("\nProcess\t Burst Time \tWaiting Time\tTurnaround Time");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
tat[i]=bt[i]+wt[i]; //calculate turnaround time
total+=tat[i];
printf("\nP[%d]\t\t %d\t\t %d\t\t\t%d",p[i],bt[i],wt[i],tat[i]);
avg_tat=total/n; //average turnaround time
printf("\n\nAverage Waiting Time=%d",avg_wt);
printf("\nAverage Turnaround Time=%d\n",avg_tat);
return 0;
Round Robin Scheduling
• Round Robin is the preemptive process scheduling algorithm.
• Each process is provided a fix time to execute, it is called a quantum.
• Once a process is executed for a given time period, it is preempted and
other process executes for a given time period.
• Context switching is used to save states of preempted processes.
Wait time of each process is as follows −
Process Wait Time : Service Time - Arrival Time
P0 (0 - 0) + (12 - 3) = 9
P1 (3 - 1) = 2
P2 (6 - 2) + (14 - 9) + (20 - 17) = 12
P3 (9 - 3) + (17 - 12) = 11
Average Wait Time: (9+2+12+11) / 4 = 8.5
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
int count,j,n,time,remain,flag=0,time_quantum;
int wait_time=0,turnaround_time=0,at[10],bt[10],rt[10];
printf("Enter Total Process:\t ");
scanf("%d",&n);
remain=n;
for(count=0;count<n;count++)
printf("Enter Arrival Time and Burst Time for Process Process Number %d
:",count+1);
scanf("%d",&at[count]);
scanf("%d",&bt[count]);
rt[count]=bt[count];
printf("Enter Time Quantum:\t");
scanf("%d",&time_quantum);
printf("\n\nProcess\t|Turnaround Time|Waiting Time\n\n");
for(time=0,count=0;remain!=0;)
if(rt[count]<=time_quantum && rt[count]>0)
time+=rt[count];
rt[count]=0;
flag=1;
else if(rt[count]>0)
{
rt[count]-=time_quantum;
time+=time_quantum;
if(rt[count]==0 && flag==1)
remain--;
printf("P[%d]\t|\t%d\t|\t%d\n",count+1,time-at[count],time-at[count]-bt[count]);
wait_time+=time-at[count]-bt[count];
turnaround_time+=time-at[count];
flag=0;
if(count==n-1)
count=0;
else if(at[count+1]<=time)
count++;
else
count=0;
printf("\nAverage Waiting Time= %f\n",wait_time*1.0/n);
printf("Avg Turnaround Time = %f",turnaround_time*1.0/n);
return 0;
