Marketing Research - Self Driving Cars
Marketing Research - Self Driving Cars
Driving is a very expensive part of our life. “The average American commuter spends 250
hours a year behind the wheel of a vehicle; whether the value of that time is measured in lost
productivity, lost time pursuing other interests, or lost serenity, the cost is high” (Reference 1). There is
substantial cost from high number of accidents worldwide; some result in the ultimate cost of lives. Of
the 6 million crashes in 2010, 93 percent are attributed to human errors (Reference 1) such as speeding,
cell phone use, texting, physical impairment, sleep deprivation, intoxication, drug use, and poor vehicle
maintenance. This market condition pulls the industry moving forward into a world of autonomous
driving.
In the past few years, there has been great progress towards the realization of selfdriving cars
(SDC). The building blocks of SDC such as blind spot detection, lane departure warning, adaptive
cruise control, self parking are available especially on higher end cars. Lawmakers are ramping up with
rules and regulations for four levels of vehicle automation [Exhibit 5]. Several companies including
Google, Nissan, Audi, MercedesBenz, and Volvo are working on full autonomous car efforts (level 4).
One company new to this automotive industry that gets spotlight is Google with its fleet of Google
SDC1 prototypes on California roads. In 35 years, when technology, infrastructure, laws, and people
are ready to accept SDCs on the road.
Google’s core competency being the technology and not automobile manufacturing &
distribution, it is recommended to adopt a long term strategy of licensing the Google Chauffeur
technology platform to multiple car manufacturers for a fee to build and sell fully autonomous cars.
Google will be able to use the platform to access the drivers’ data and show relevant ads, for products
and nearby businesses, which is Google’s core revenue model. Collaborating with the car manufacturer
will allow Google to optimize the design of the car in order to get best performance out of the sensors,
thus delivering greatest value to the consumer. Google Chauffeur2 system or platform could be well
demanded by car manufacturers. By partnering with them to build SDC, Google could focus on its core
competency of a technology provider. Picking which car manufacturers to partner in the short term is
important. In the long term, Google could build SDC technology platform that could be licensed by
multiple car manufacturers for a fee to use its technology.
Considering Google’s most potential target segment, core competency, and competitive
landscape, Google should design a proper marketing mix that covers ideal product, pricing, placement,
and promotion strategy. There are great benefits of SDC technology in people’s daytoday use such as
commuting. However, due to its high cost, the initial demand will come from middle to high end car
buyers including both end users and businesses. Because of SDC technology is new to the world, end
customers marketing and information campaign could help educate people about the safety of its
technology. Moreover, Google could do both trade promotions to incentivize channel members
(manufacturers, dealerships) and customer promotions for end users. Trade promotions could be
accomplished by setting aside a shared advertising budget for manufacturers and giving higher
incentives or commissions based on sales volume to dealerships. Customer promotion could be done by
monetary incentives to the buyers of Google Chauffeur powered SDC.
1
Google SelfDriving Car (SDC) is defined as a self driving car that is powered by Google Chauffeur technology and
produced/branded by Google.
2
Google Chauffeur is defined as Google's technology providing self driving capabilities.
2
Product Description
Google Chauffeur, Google’s technology for self driving capabilities, will eventually enable fully
autonomous cars that do not need human effort or attention (level 4). Google has a fleet of SDC
prototypes power by the Google Chauffeur technology. For five years, it has been using retrofitted cars
with a spinning laser mounted on top. This year, Google unveiled a new prototype vehicle, intended to
showcase the technology, rather than to be a commercial product (Exhibit 1). It is controlled by a
mobile app and two physical buttons: Go and Stop. It does not have a gas pedal, brake pedal, and
steering wheel. Google Chauffeur uses radar and the Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) 360degree
laser remote sensing system, which can sense an object up to 100m away (Reference 7).
Objective
The ultimate business goal of the marketing plan is to influence the purchasing decisions of the
consumers in favor of SDCs powered by Google Chauffeur technology over existing conventional cars.
For the marketing plan to succeed, Google needs to achieve the following subgoals:
● Identify the target segment(s), set entrance price point and distribution channels optimized for
the selected target segment(s).
● Create awareness for the SDC explaining the product features and benefits to build primary
demand.
● Persuade the consumer to alter their behavior.
The key performance indicators for Google Chauffeur powered SDCs are:
● Number of car manufacturing partners producing SDCs powered by Google Chauffeur.
● Google Chauffeur powered SDC sales.
● Market share of new car purchases by segment.
● Usage statistics for Google Chauffeur powered SDCs (7 day active users).
● Gross revenue generated by the Google Chauffeur platform for Google and its partners
(channel revenue).
● Number of car manufacturers that select Google Chauffeur over developing their own
technology, or any future technology platform competitor.
Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning
Attributes assumed to be important to potential customers are a combination of attributes used to
evaluate products within the auto industry and the unique attributes of a SDC: autonomy, body shape,
comfort, operational cost, price, reliability, resale value, safety, size, and status. These are also shown
in Exhibit 2 in Appendix A. Autonomy is the key differentiator of a SDC.
Potential customers who are homogenous in their preferences and behaviors are grouped into segments.
As shown in Exhibit 2, four customer segments are identified. “Commuters” are defined as individuals
and groups of individuals, such as carpoolers, who regularly or on a daily basis, for a shortterm or
longterm, travel to work, school, and any other destinations using the same or similar set of directions.
The “Commuters” segment includes families, carsharing and carpool groups, groups of people traveling
in buses or shuttles. The “Services Businesses” customer segment includes examples such as taxi and
3
limo services, delivery services, food delivery services, and ambulatory services. The “Driving
Impaired” customer segment is defined as minors, individuals with reduced mobility, such as the
handicapped and visuallyimpaired, and people who may be unable to drive due to drinking alcohol or
using certain medications. “Trendsetters” are the early adopters of new technologies and/or who
pursue a high level of status and exclusivity.
A segment analysis is performed (Exhibit 2) to specify the importance of each of the SDC’s attributes
for each customer segment. Importance is rated using values of low, medium, and high. The segment
analysis shows that out of the four customer segments, “Commuters” and the “Driving Impaired”
consider autonomy, the differentiating attribute, of high importance.
A competitive analysis, shown in Exhibit 2, is performed to compare the SDC to a conventional car,
which is defined as having zero or partial autonomous features. The attributes of high importance that
can be more greatly satisfied by Google SDC for the four segments are autonomy, safety, and status, as
shown in Exhibit 2. Out of the four segments, the Commuters’ needed attributes can be best satisfied by
the Google SDC.
Therefore the “Commuters” segment is selected as the target segment because it is the largest segment,
consisting of more than 71 million people in the US according to the US Census Bureau, especially
compared to the other customer segment that most values autonomy, “Driving Impaired”(Reference 9).
For “Commuters”, the Google Chauffeur is a technology that will enable people to travel in a fully
autonomous vehicle. These consumers will buy the Google Chauffeur because of Google’s expertise
and core competency in developing reliable software algorithms and delivering an integrated
platform/ecosystem.
Survey Results
In order to design the Google Chauffeur product line and define the marketing mix, the “Commuters”
customer segment was analyzed through a survey. The goal of the survey (Appendix B) was to
understand the behaviors, motivations, and demographics of the segment.
149 respondents provided information about their commuting experiences, current car prices,
willingness to pay for a Google SDC (Exhibit 1) and a Google SDC addon installation system3. Both
are powered by the Google Chauffeur system.
The survey was also used for performing a conjoint analysis to measure the segment’s consumer
preferences for four attributes of the SDC: autonomy, price, size, and status. The three levels of
autonomous capabilities were defined as not selfdriving, self driving with the option to drive, and fully
selfdriving. The price options were $25k, $40k, and $70k. The size was represented by the body style
3
The Google SDC installation system is defined as an addon system powered by Google Chauffeur technology that
would convert a consumer’s conventional car to a self driving car.
4
options of mini, sporty, and sedan. Various levels of status were represented by the brands of Google,
Toyota, and Mercedes. Consumers used a scale of 0 to 10 to rate nine combinations of attributes from
not preferred to most preferred.
Based on the survey responses, specific subsegments were identified as having a greater preference for
a SDC or a SDC installation system, listed in Exhibit 4. It was found that price and autonomy were the
most important attributes for the “Commuters” segment. The subgroup with a willingnesstopay $20k
to $40k for a Google SDC, autonomy and brand were most important. Body style was consistently the
least important. It was found that across the “Commuters” segment, optiontodrive was the most
preferred option within the autonomy attribute. Instead of Google, Mercedes was most the valued
brand.
Therefore the conjoint analysis indicates that Google should not manufacture the SDC by itself. It
should partner with car manufacturer OEMs and instead focus and leverage its core competency in
software to build the Google Chauffeur platform and installation system.
Marketing Strategy
Based on the survey results and Google’s core competency being the technology and not automobile
manufacturing & distribution, it is recommended to adopt a long term strategy of licensing the Google
Chauffeur technology platform to multiple car manufacturers for a fee to build and sell fully
autonomous cars.
Product
Although the longterm (2020) goal is to sell a fullyautonomous technology platform, in order to get
mindshare, create brand identity and start working with collaborators early on, we recommend that
Google follow a diffusion strategy of launching a semiautonomous car in the market around 201718.
The semiautonomous car can go from point A to point B without human intervention, but regulation
would require a human to be present behind the wheel. Also, it may not work in conditions such as bad
weather and would need a human behind the wheel to intervene if necessary. The car would be
vertically positioned better than competitors (level 3) since they are not projected to have
autonavigation by 2017. It would tie in other Google products. The product differentiation will allow
Google to build market share before technology and regulation are ready for level 4 cars in 2020.
Google should maintain control over the design of the system and influence the build of the car for
optimal performance while car manufacturers the control the other aspects of the vehicle to continue to
differentiate from competitors. Google should maintain the power balance and its value in the delivery
chain by marketing directly to end consumers. Google should negotiate with car manufacturers in order
to visibly display Google’s logo and possibly a slogan such as “Powered by Google Chauffeur” on the
cars. Google can claim that its existing brand identity would engender customer trust to convince its
partners to display the logo.
5
Price
The survey respondents’ WTP for the Google prototype SDC was mostly less than $30k. Of course,
this WTP was for the prototype and is not truly representative of the final version of the car. Customers
do not view the Google prototype SDC as an upgrade over their current cars.
The respondents’ WTP of a retrofittable SDC system is a roughly evenly split between <$5K and
$510K. The WTP is up to 25% of their existing car's price to retrofit a SDC installation system. This is
in accordance with the WeberFechner law. The WTP and conjoint analyses shows that the autonomous
attribute that allows for the optiontodrive is perceived to be a higher vertical positioning attribute that
enhances the quality of a conventional car. On the other hand, the conjoint analysis shows that the
Google Chauffeur system is perceived as adding higher quality to a product rather than the Google
manufacturing the SDC.
We calculated the EVC of Chauffeur based on the best alternative option. Mercedes Benz prices its
level 3 self driving option (Driver Assistance Package) between $4000 for E class and $8500 for S
class (Exhibit 3). Since Google Chauffeur system enables level 4 cars, and consumers were willing to
pay up to $10K to have the SDC installed on their cars, we estimate that the perceived value addition
over the next alternative would be $1012K. All the competitors’ car prices range from $26K to $40K
for level 3 cars. Over years of development, costs should decrease SDCs prices powered by Chauffeur
for $3050K competitively. The downward pressures are social norms regarding driving habits, lack of
trust in SDC, reliability concerns. The main upward pressures are Google’s strong brand, objective
superiority over competition, increased commute productivity.
Place & Distribution
The initial launch in 2018 will be dictated by the regulatory and the technology environment. States
such as California and Nevada, which have favorable regulation and weather conditions, would be ideal
for the launch.
By partnering with an established car manufacturer, Google will benefit from the existing distribution
network of its partner. The wide range of dealerships would enable Google to target the customer
segments that were identified for the SDC market. A strong partnership with the right incentives to the
dealerships has the best chance to achieve the goal of changing consumer preferences in favor of SDCs.
In the long term, Google can expand its reach by licensing to multiple car manufacturers. Similar to
Intel and Android, Google Chauffeur may gain rapid market share in SDC market. The biggest
challenge in such a distribution model is effective quality control and lack of incentive for any
individual car manufacturer to push more risky self driving models to the consumers. To incentivize car
manufacturers, Google may negotiate different licensing terms depending on volumes and wider
partnership across Google products and platforms.
Promotions & Advertising
To build brand identity in the SDC market, Google should aggressively market to end consumers.
Google has a patent for transportation based advertising conversions. The consumer preferences from
6
market research should be utilized to design the creative strategy. It should create informative or
educational advertising campaigns to educate customers about the features, advantages of Google
SDCs and to develop brand recognition with Google Chauffeur. It can also mandate that the car
manufacturers’ advertising campaigns include the Chauffeur logo. Google can build its advertising
campaign by utilizing the AIDA model. Initially, the focus should be to grab the attention of the target
segment by introducing the concept of SDCs, then peak their interest by revealing technology features,
doing demos etc. and finally urge consumers to buy Google Chauffeur powered SDCs.
Our promotion strategy targets all players in the value chain.
Trade Promotions
Car manufacturers:
● A shared advertising budget and shared revenues partnership car manufacturers.
Car dealerships:
● Direct monetary incentives in the form of rebates and commissions based on sales volumes.
● Google partners with manufacturers to make lump sum payments to place SDCs in more
prominent locations in dealership galleries.
Consumer Promotions
88% of our survey respondents rate reliability as the most important attribute in making their car
purchase decisions. Given that SDCs deploy a novel technology with no track record, promotions are
targeted to alleviate such concerns as well as providing monetary incentives to generate consumer
demand.
● Google and car manufacturers partner with insurance companies to lower premiums for SDCs
to signal trust in the product and reduce overall cost of owning a SDC.
● Economically attractive tradein promotions to make consumers replace their old car with an
SDC.
● A comprehensive warranty program to address concerns regarding reliability.
● Volume discounts for businesses who buy fleets of SDCs.
Implementation Details
For the semiautonomous SDC launch, Google should select a collaborator who does not have
sophisticated inhouse SDC development but wants to enter the market. The term of the deal should be
short, to allow Google to partner with other manufacturers. Other criteria include midlevel car price
and high reliability brands. Chevy, Honda, and Hyundai are good options because they are behind in
SDC development, have well established distribution channels, and have midprice and highly reliable
offerings [11]. When the SDC option added to these cars, the total prices can remain below $50K.
Google can start its awareness campaign as early as 2015. Furthermore, advertising campaigns to
educate about Google Chauffeur through media, social platforms, and popular magazines can reach a
wider audience. Google could focus on the strongest identified target segment: middleclass, male,
commuters. They can use emotional appeal to highlight the safety, comfort, and productivity riding in a
7
Google Chauffeur powered SDC. Once Google Chauffeur is well socialized by early campaigns,
Google could create shared advertising budget to incentivize car manufacturers to run their car line
advertisement, complete with target availability date. For every advertising dollar spent by
manufacturers, Google can pay a percentage if Google Chauffeur logo is displayed. These campaigns
can be done closer to when the SDCs are ready. For informative advertising and to create hype, Google
should create SDC playgrounds in major cities, where people can test “drive” the car.
Along with manufacturers, Google should educate car dealers about SDC features. They can also
implement trade promotions for dealerships which purchase a fleet of SDCs. They can partner with car
dealerships to offer consumer promotions.
To measure the success of Google Chauffeur, here are KPIs and goals:
KPIs Goals Target Timeline
Number of partnerships with car manufacturers 1 2016
4 2020
400K 2022
8
Appendix A: Figures and Tables
Exhibit 1: Google’s prototype SelfDriving Car
9
Exhibit 2: Segment & Competition Analysis
Segment Analysis
Segments Commuters Services Driving Impaired TrendSetters/
Attributes Businesses Early Adopters
Autonomy H M H M
Body Shape/ M L L H
Design/ Looks
Comfort H L M M
Operational Cost H H M L
(fuel,
maintenance,
labor)
Price H M M L
Reliability H H H M
(number of
breakdowns per
mile)
Resale Value M L L L
Safety H H H M
Size M M L L
Status M M L H
Notes:
(1) L = Low importance, M = Medium importance, H = High importance
(2) “Commuters” and “Driving Impaired” rate autonomy of high importance.
10
Competitive Analysis of Google SDC in Exhibit 1 vs. Conventional Car
Segments Commuters Services Driving Impaired TrendSetters/
Attributes Businesses Early Adopters
11
Exhibit 3: Competitive Analysis of Features
2015 2015 Subaru
MercedesBenz E 2015 Mazda6 Legacy 2.5i
& S Class (with 2015 Toyota Grand Touring Premium (with 2012 Ford
Google Driver Assistance Camry XLE (with Technology EyeSight Focus
SDC Package) (with options) Package) Package) Titanium
Forward collision warning x x x x x
Blind spot detection x x x x
Lane departure warning x x x x
Adaptive cruise control x x x x x
Pedestrian detection x x
Self parking x x x
Lane keeping assist x x
Autonomous steering wheel x
Self drive (door to door) x
2800 + 1120
(park assist) +
4500 (base 1400 + 1600
System Price option if S class) (base option) 2080 1195 400
Car Price 40K + 32K 33K 26K
Exhibit 4: “Commuters” Segment Consumer Preferences of Subgroups based on Responses in
Conjoint Analysis
Overall Males WTP upto $30k Current Car Commute of Prefer to Buy Prefer to Buy
Commuters for Google Value of $25k 1hr+ SDC Installation
Importance Segment SDC $40k System
Ranking
12
Exhibit 5: Definition of Level 3 and 4 SelfDriving Cars
US Department of Transportation Definition of Autonomous vehicles
Limited SelfDriving Automation (Level 3): Vehicles at this level of automation enable the driver to
cede full control of all safetycritical functions under certain traffic or environmental conditions and in
those conditions to rely heavily on the vehicle to monitor for changes in those conditions requiring
transition back to driver control. The driver is expected to be available for occasional control, but with
sufficiently comfortable transition time.
13
Appendix B: “Commuters” Segment Consumer Survey
Question Condition to display Answer options
Do you have a car in your household? ● Yes ; No
How long is your daily commute oneway? ● 010 min
● 1020 min
● 2040 min
● 40 min 1 hr
● 1 hr +
What are your main modes of transportation? Select all that apply ● Walk / bike
● Motorcycle
● Car / carpool / car share
● Public Transportion / shuttle
Do you have a car in ● work / study
What is the one thing you MOST want to do in the car but you can't because you're your household? Yes Is ● read
driving? Selected ● entertainment (internet, movies, games)
Or What are your main ● sleep
modes of ● eat & drink
transportation? Select ● other (please specify below)
all that apply Car /
carpool / car share
IsSelected
14
● other (please specify below)
Lickert. When buying a car, how important are the following items? (1 least important, 5 ● Looks & style
most important) ● Resale value
● Reliability
● Popular opinion
● Ability to do other things( e.g. bluetooth
connectivity)
Conjoint ● 1: Toyota, ConventionalDriving, Sporty, $25K
How much do you like the following cars? ● 2. Toyota, SelfDriving, Mini, $70K
We are introducing the concept of selfdriving cars here, i.e. cars which drive themselves. ● 3. Google, ConventionalDriving, Sedan, $70K
● 4. Mercedes, ConventionalDriving, Mini, $40K
Note on options: ● 5. Mercedes, SelfDriving, Sedan, $25K
● 6. Mercedes, SelfDrive w/ Option to Drive, Sporty,
The following options focus on four attributes : brand, level of autonomy in the car, body
$70K
style, price ● 7. Google, SelfDriving, Sporty, $40K
● 8. Toyota, SelfDriving w/ Option to Drive, Sedan,
Brand : Toyota, Mercedes, Google $40K
Level of autonomy: ● 9. Google, SelfDriving w/ Option to Drive, Mini,
$25K
Selfdriving : fully autonomous no wheel, no pedals
Selfdriving with optiontodrive: Can be driven by the person behind the wheel or
used in fully autonomous mode; has wheels and
pedals
Conventionaldriving: regular cars, as they exist today
Body style : sporty, sedan, mini
Price : $25k, $40k, $70k
If Google were to launch this selfdriving car, how much would you be willing to pay ● <20k
for it? ● 2030k
● 3040k
● 4050k
● 50k+
● I wouldn't buy it! Reason for not buying:
If a selfdriving car were launched and you decided to buy it, which option would you ● buying
prefer? ● leasing with the option to buy
Which of the following options would you prefer ● A selfdriving car
● A selfdriving car system installable on your existing
car
How much would you be willing to pay for a selfdriving car system to be installed on A selfdriving car
your existing car? system installable on ● < $5000
your existing car Is ● $5000 10000
Selected ● $10000 20000
● $20000 30000
● $30000+
Demographics:
gender; age; income level
Other
Anything you wanted to tell us that we didn't cover?
15
Appendix C: References
1. KPMG, “Self Driving Cars Next Revolution” 2012
http://www.kpmg.com/US/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/selfdrivingc
arsnextrevolution.pdf
2. Franzen, Carl. “Google's SelfDriving Cars and Others Get Permits to Drive in California”
September 22, 2014
http://www.theverge.com/2014/9/22/6828161/californiapermitsselfdrivingcarsgoogleaudi
mercedesbenz
3. Tannert, Chuck. “Will You Be able to Afford a Self Driving Car” January 31, 2014
http://www.fastcompany.com/3025722/willyoueverbeabletoaffordaselfdrivingcar
4. Consumer Report. “The Road to Self Driving Cars” February 2014
http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2014/04/theroadtoselfdrivingcars/index.htm
5. Tribune. “Google to Build SelfDriving Cars with No Steering Wheel” May 24, 2014
http://tribune.com.pk/story/714580/googletobuildselfdrivingcarswithnosteeringwheel/
6. http://recode.net/2014/05/27/qagoogleselfdrivingcarheadchrisurmsononbuildingacarfr
omscratch/
7. Whitwam, Ryan. “How Google’s SelfDriving Cars Detect and Avoid Obstacles” September 8,
2014
http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/189486howgooglesselfdrivingcarsdetectandavoid
obstacles
8. https://www.google.com/patents/US8630897;
http://techcrunch.com/2014/01/23/googleawardedpatentforfreeridestoadvertiserslocation
s/
9. http://www.census.gov/hhes/commuting/files/2012/PaperPoster_Megacommuting%20in%20th
e%20US.pdf
10. http://time.com/9912/10thingsyourcommutedoestoyourbody/
11. http://autos.jdpower.com/content/buyingguide/orm2BfP/mostreliable2014carssedans.htm
12. Regulation for public driving of autonomous cars
https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/dmv/detail/pubs/newsrel/newsrel14/2014_34
13. Google page for selfdriving cars
https://plus.google.com/+GoogleSelfDrivingCars/videos
14. Audi’s SDC , freeway driving in 5 years
http://www.motorauthority.com/news/1081891_audia8toadoptautonomoustrafficja
massistantin2016video
15. Mercedes SDC
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/20140918/mercedesbenztotestselfdrivingcars
oncaliforniaroads.html
16