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Example 2:: Find The Zeroes of The Quadratic Polynomial X

The document discusses the division algorithm for polynomials. It begins with an example of using the division algorithm to find the other two zeroes of a cubic polynomial given one zero. It notes that dividing one polynomial by another allows one to factor the polynomial and find all its zeroes. The example shown divides the polynomial 2x^2 + 3x + 1 by x + 2, obtaining the quotient 2x - 1 with no remainder. The document then states it will discuss the division algorithm for polynomials in more detail.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
460 views8 pages

Example 2:: Find The Zeroes of The Quadratic Polynomial X

The document discusses the division algorithm for polynomials. It begins with an example of using the division algorithm to find the other two zeroes of a cubic polynomial given one zero. It notes that dividing one polynomial by another allows one to factor the polynomial and find all its zeroes. The example shown divides the polynomial 2x^2 + 3x + 1 by x + 2, obtaining the quotient 2x - 1 with no remainder. The document then states it will discuss the division algorithm for polynomials in more detail.

Uploaded by

Shafeequ Rahman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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30 MATHEMATICS

b − (Coefficient of x)
i.e., sum of zeroes = α + β = − = ,
a Coefficient of x2

c Constant term
product of zeroes = αβ = = .
a Coefficient of x 2
Let us consider some examples.

Example 2 : Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 + 7x + 10, and verify the
relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients.
Solution : We have
x2 + 7x + 10 = (x + 2)(x + 5)
So, the value of x2 + 7x + 10 is zero when x + 2 = 0 or x + 5 = 0, i.e., when x = – 2 or
x = –5. Therefore, the zeroes of x2 + 7x + 10 are – 2 and – 5. Now,

−(7) – (Coefficient of x) ,
sum of zeroes = – 2 + (– 5) = – (7) = =
1 Coefficient of x 2

10 Constant term
product of zeroes = (− 2) × (− 5) = 10 = = ⋅
1 Coefficient of x 2

Example 3 : Find the zeroes of the polynomial x2 – 3 and verify the relationship
between the zeroes and the coefficients.
Solution : Recall the identity a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b). Using it, we can write:

(
x2 – 3 = x − 3 x + 3 )( )
So, the value of x2 – 3 is zero when x = 3 or x = – 3⋅

Therefore, the zeroes of x2 – 3 are 3 and − 3 ⋅


Now,

− (Coefficient of x) ,
sum of zeroes = 3− 3= 0 =
Coefficient of x2

product of zeroes = ( 3 )( − 3 ) = – 3 = −13 = Coefficient


Constant term
of x 2

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POLYNOMIALS 31

Example 4 : Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are
– 3 and 2, respectively.
Solution : Let the quadratic polynomial be ax2 + bx + c, and its zeroes be α and β.
We have

−b ,
α+β= –3=
a

c.
and αβ = 2 =
a
If a = 1, then b = 3 and c = 2.
So, one quadratic polynomial which fits the given conditions is x2 + 3x + 2.
You can check that any other quadratic polynomial that fits these conditions will
be of the form k(x2 + 3x + 2), where k is real.
Let us now look at cubic polynomials. Do you think a similar relation holds
between the zeroes of a cubic polynomial and its coefficients?
Let us consider p(x) = 2x3 – 5x2 – 14x + 8.
1
You can check that p(x) = 0 for x = 4, – 2, ⋅ Since p(x) can have atmost three
2
zeroes, these are the zeores of 2x3 – 5x2 – 14x + 8. Now,
1 5 − (−5) − (Coefficient of x 2 )
sum of the zeroes = 4 + ( −2) + = = = ,
2 2 2 Coefficient of x 3

1 −8 – Constant term
product of the zeroes = 4 × ( −2) × = −4 = = .
2 2 Coefficient of x 3
However, there is one more relationship here. Consider the sum of the products
of the zeroes taken two at a time. We have

{4 × (− 2)} + (− 2) ×
1  1 
 +  × 4
 2 2 

−14 Coefficient of x
= – 8 −1+ 2 = −7 = = .
2 Coefficient of x3
In general, it can be proved that if α, β, γ are the zeroes of the cubic polynomial
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, then

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32 MATHEMATICS

–b
α+β+γ=
,
a
c
αβ + βγ + γα = ,
a
–d
α β γ = .
a
Let us consider an example.

1
Example 5* : Verify that 3, –1, − are the zeroes of the cubic polynomial
3
p(x) = 3x3 – 5x2 – 11x – 3, and then verify the relationship between the zeroes and the
coefficients.
Solution : Comparing the given polynomial with ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, we get
a = 3, b = – 5, c = –11, d = – 3. Further
p(3) = 3 × 33 – (5 × 32) – (11 × 3) – 3 = 81 – 45 – 33 – 3 = 0,
p(–1) = 3 × (–1)3 – 5 × (–1)2 – 11 × (–1) – 3 = –3 – 5 + 11 – 3 = 0,
3 2
 1  1  1  1
p  −  = 3 ×  −  − 5 ×  −  − 11 ×  −  − 3 ,
 3  3  3  3
1 5 11 2 2
= – − + −3=– + =0
9 9 3 3 3
1
Therefore, 3, –1 and − are the zeroes of 3x3 – 5x2 – 11x – 3.
3
1
So, we take α = 3, β = –1 and γ = − ⋅
3
Now,
 1 1 5 −(−5) −b ,
α + β + γ = 3 + (−1) +  −  = 2 − = = =
 3 3 3 3 a
 1  1 1 −11 c ,
αβ + β γ + γ α = 3 × (−1) + (−1) ×  −  +  −  × 3 = − 3 + − 1 = =
 3  3 3 3 a

 1 − ( −3) − d .
αβγ = 3 × ( −1) ×  −  = 1 = =
 3 3 a

* Not from the examination point of view.

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POLYNOMIALS 33

EXERCISE 2.2
1. Find the zeroes of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the relationship between
the zeroes and the coefficients.
(i) x2 – 2x – 8 (ii) 4s2 – 4s + 1 (iii) 6x2 – 3 – 7x
(iv) 4u2 + 8u (v) t2 – 15 (vi) 3x2 – x – 4
2. Find a quadratic polynomial each with the given numbers as the sum and product of its
zeroes respectively.
1, 1
(i) −1 (ii) 2, (iii) 0, 5
4 3
1, 1
(iv) 1, 1 (v) − (vi) 4, 1
4 4

2.4 Division Algorithm for Polynomials


You know that a cubic polynomial has at most three zeroes. However, if you are given
only one zero, can you find the other two? For this, let us consider the cubic polynomial
x3 – 3x2 – x + 3. If we tell you that one of its zeroes is 1, then you know that x – 1 is
a factor of x3 – 3x2 – x + 3. So, you can divide x3 – 3x2 – x + 3 by x – 1, as you have
learnt in Class IX, to get the quotient x2 – 2x – 3.
Next, you could get the factors of x2 – 2x – 3, by splitting the middle term, as
(x + 1)(x – 3). This would give you
x3 – 3x2 – x + 3 = (x – 1)(x2 – 2x – 3)
= (x – 1)(x + 1)(x – 3)
So, all the three zeroes of the cubic polynomial are now known to you as
1, – 1, 3.
Let us discuss the method of dividing one polynomial by another in some detail.
Before noting the steps formally, consider an example.

Example 6 : Divide 2x2 + 3x + 1 by x + 2. 2x – 1


Solution : Note that we stop the division process when x+2
2
2x + 3x + 1
either the remainder is zero or its degree is less than the 2x 2 + 4x
degree of the divisor. So, here the quotient is 2x – 1 and
the remainder is 3. Also,
(2x – 1)(x + 2) + 3 = 2x2 + 3x – 2 + 3 = 2x2 + 3x + 1
i.e., 2x2 + 3x + 1 = (x + 2)(2x – 1) + 3
Therefore, Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
Let us now extend this process to divide a polynomial by a quadratic polynomial.

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34 MATHEMATICS

Example 7 : Divide 3x3 + x2 + 2x + 5 by 1 + 2x + x2. 3x – 5


Solution : We first arrange the terms of the x2 + 2 x + 1
dividend and the divisor in the decreasing order 3x3 + 6x2 +3 x
of their degrees. Recall that arranging the terms – – –
2
in this order is called writing the polynomials in –5x – x + 5
standard form. In this example, the dividend is –5x2 – 10x – 5
+ + +
already in standard form, and the divisor, in
9x + 10
standard form, is x2 + 2x + 1.
Step 1 : To obtain the first term of the quotient, divide the highest degree term of the
dividend (i.e., 3x3) by the highest degree term of the divisor (i.e., x2). This is 3x. Then
carry out the division process. What remains is – 5x2 – x + 5.
Step 2 : Now, to obtain the second term of the quotient, divide the highest degree term
of the new dividend (i.e., –5x2) by the highest degree term of the divisor (i.e., x2). This
gives –5. Again carry out the division process with – 5x2 – x + 5.
Step 3 : What remains is 9x + 10. Now, the degree of 9x + 10 is less than the degree
of the divisor x2 + 2x + 1. So, we cannot continue the division any further.
So, the quotient is 3x – 5 and the remainder is 9x + 10. Also,
(x2 + 2x + 1) × (3x – 5) + (9x + 10) = 3x3 + 6x2 + 3x – 5x2 – 10x – 5 + 9x + 10
= 3x3 + x2 + 2x + 5
Here again, we see that
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
What we are applying here is an algorithm which is similar to Euclid’s division
algorithm that you studied in Chapter 1.
This says that
If p(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials with g(x) ≠ 0, then we can find
polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that
p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x),
where r(x) = 0 or degree of r(x) < degree of g(x).
This result is known as the Division Algorithm for polynomials.
Let us now take some examples to illustrate its use.

Example 8 : Divide 3x2 – x3 – 3x + 5 by x – 1 – x2, and verify the division algorithm.

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POLYNOMIALS 35

Solution : Note that the given polynomials x–2


are not in standard form. To carry out –x + x – 1 – x3 + 3x2 – 3x + 5
2

division, we first write both the dividend and 3 2


–x + x – x
divisor in decreasing orders of their degrees. + – +
So, dividend = –x 3 + 3x 2 – 3x + 5 and 2
2x – 2x + 5
divisor = –x2 + x – 1. 2
2x – 2x + 2
– + –
Division process is shown on the right side.
3
We stop here since degree (3) = 0 < 2 = degree (–x2 + x – 1).
So, quotient = x – 2, remainder = 3.
Now,
Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
= (–x2 + x – 1) (x – 2) + 3
= –x3 + x2 – x + 2x2 – 2x + 2 + 3
= –x3 + 3x2 – 3x + 5
= Dividend
In this way, the division algorithm is verified.

Example 9 : Find all the zeroes of 2x4 – 3x3 – 3x2 + 6x – 2, if you know that two of
its zeroes are 2 and − 2 .

Solution : Since two zeroes are 2 and − 2 , x − 2 ( )( x + 2 ) = x2 – 2 is a


factor of the given polynomial. Now, we divide the given polynomial by x2 – 2.

2 x2 – 3 x + 1
x2 – 2 2x4 – 3 x3 – 3 x2 + 6x – 2 2x4
First term of quotient is 2
= 2 x2
2 x4 – 4 x2 x
– +

–3x 3 + x2 + 6 x – 2 −3x3
Second term of quotient is = − 3x
–3x3 + 6x x2
+ –
2
x –2 x2
x 2
–2 Third term of quotient is 2 = 1
x
– +
0

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36 MATHEMATICS

So, 2x4 – 3x3 – 3x2 + 6x – 2 = (x2 – 2)(2x2 – 3x + 1).

Now, by splitting –3x, we factorise 2x 2 – 3x + 1 as (2x – 1)(x – 1). So, its zeroes
1
are given by x = and x = 1. Therefore, the zeroes of the given polynomial are
2
1
2, − 2, , and 1.
2

EXERCISE 2.3
1. Divide the polynomial p(x) by the polynomial g(x) and find the quotient and remainder
in each of the following :
(i) p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3, g(x) = x2 – 2
(ii) p(x) = x4 – 3x2 + 4x + 5, g(x) = x2 + 1 – x
(iii) p(x) = x4 – 5x + 6, g(x) = 2 – x2
2. Check whether the first polynomial is a factor of the second polynomial by dividing the
second polynomial by the first polynomial:
(i) t2 – 3, 2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12
(ii) x2 + 3x + 1, 3x4 + 5x3 – 7x2 + 2x + 2
(iii) x3 – 3x + 1, x5 – 4x3 + x2 + 3x + 1
5 5
and – ⋅
3. Obtain all other zeroes of 3x4 + 6x3 – 2x2 – 10x – 5, if two of its zeroes are
3 3
4. On dividing x3 – 3x2 + x + 2 by a polynomial g(x), the quotient and remainder were x – 2
and –2x + 4, respectively. Find g(x).
5. Give examples of polynomials p(x), g(x), q(x) and r(x), which satisfy the division algorithm
and
(i) deg p(x) = deg q(x) (ii) deg q(x) = deg r(x) (iii) deg r(x) = 0

EXERCISE 2.4 (Optional)*


1. Verify that the numbers given alongside of the cubic polynomials below are their zeroes.
Also verify the relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients in each case:
1,
(i) 2x3 + x2 – 5x + 2; 1, – 2 (ii) x3 – 4x2 + 5x – 2; 2, 1, 1
2
2. Find a cubic polynomial with the sum, sum of the product of its zeroes taken two at a
time, and the product of its zeroes as 2, –7, –14 respectively.
*These exercises are not from the examination point of view.

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POLYNOMIALS 37

3. If the zeroes of the polynomial x3 – 3x2 + x + 1 are a – b, a, a + b, find a and b.

4. If two zeroes of the polynomial x4 – 6x3 – 26x2 + 138x – 35 are 2 ± 3 , find other zeroes.
5. If the polynomial x4 – 6x3 + 16x2 – 25x + 10 is divided by another polynomial x2 – 2x + k,
the remainder comes out to be x + a, find k and a.

2.5 Summary
In this chapter, you have studied the following points:
1. Polynomials of degrees 1, 2 and 3 are called linear, quadratic and cubic polynomials
respectively.
2. A quadratic polynomial in x with real coefficients is of the form ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, c
are real numbers with a ≠ 0.
3. The zeroes of a polynomial p(x) are precisely the x-coordinates of the points, where the
graph of y = p(x) intersects the x -axis.
4. A quadratic polynomial can have at most 2 zeroes and a cubic polynomial can have
at most 3 zeroes.
5. If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c, then

b c
α +β = − , αβ = .
a a
6. If α, β, γ are the zeroes of the cubic polynomial ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, then

−b ,
α +β + γ =
a

c,
αβ+ β γ + γ α =
a

−d .
and αβγ =
a
7. The division algorithm states that given any polynomial p(x) and any non-zero
polynomial g(x), there are polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that
p(x) = g(x) q(x) + r(x),
where r(x) = 0 or degree r(x) < degree g(x).

File Name : C:\Computer Station\Class - X (Maths)/Final/Chap-2/Chap–2(8th Nov).pmd

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