Electronic Circuit I

ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT I
 Diode
• Regular semiconductor diode

• LED – Light Emitting Diode

• Zener diode

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 Practical apps of diode
• Rectification
• Protective configurations
• Polarity insurance
• Controlled battery-powered backup
• Displays
• Voltage reference
• Voltage level insensitive to load current
• AC regulator & square-wave generator

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Semiconductor diode –
Structure

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Semiconductor diode –
Symbol

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Ideal equivalence model
• Bi-polar device: flow current
in one direction, prevent
current in other direction

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 Ideal equivalence circuit
Conduction (forward bias)
• voltage across diode VD= 0V,
• current flow dependent on the circuit
• non-reversed resistance RF = VF/IF,
• short-circuit
Non-conduction (reversed bias)
• voltage dependent on the circuit
• zero current
• reversed resistance RR = VR/IR (very large)
• open-circuit

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Semiconductor diode -
Realistic

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Semiconductor diode -
Realistic

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 Semiconductor diode -
Realistic

Silicon Germanium
*PIV ( 1000V) PIV ( 400V)
Larger current flow
Temperature range (upto Temperature range (upto
2000C) 1000C)
Larger forward voltage Forward voltage ~ 0.3V
(0.7V)
* PIV – Peak Inversed Voltage

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Semiconductor diode -
Realistic
ID(mA)

Is(Si)=10nA
VD(V)
0.3(Ge) 0.7(Si)

Is(Ge)
(Si) Is=reverse saturation current
(Ge)

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Semiconductor diode -
Realistic

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Diode - Measurement

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Diode - Measurement

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 LED – Light Emitting Diode
• p-n junction device giving off visible light (green,
yellow, red, orange, white, blue) when energized -
electroluminescence.
• operated at voltage level ~1.7 - 3.3V (green, yellow,
red, orange) and ~4V (white) ~5V (blue)
• power requirement 10 - 150mW or current flow
larger than 10mA (typical 20mA)
• reverse bias break-down voltage 3-5V
• fast response time (nano-seconds)
• Very long lifetime (25000 hours)

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LED – Light Emitting Diode

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 Diode circuit applications
• Rectifier circuit
– Half-wave
– Full-wave
– Full-wave bridge
– With capacitor
• Clipper
• Clamper

• Zener diode and applications

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Series or parallel configuration

Diode is in series Diode is in parallel

with load with load

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 Series configuration with DC input

Substitute the equivalent model for the “ON” diode

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Parallel configuration with DC input

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Example

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Sinusoidal or square waveform input

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Large-signal model

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Small-signal model

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 AC & DC inputs

Apply Superposition Theorem

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Rectification

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Power supply

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Rectifier is the module to establish a DC
signal from an sinusoidal signal

– Half-wave rectifier

– Full-wave rectifier

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Half-wave rectifier

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PIV – Peak Inversed Voltage

Note: The inversed voltage over diodes must be less than the PIV
given the input voltage, the resistance, etc

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Half-wave rectifier with transformer

Transformer is used to reduce the voltage

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Full-wave rectifier

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Full-wave rectifier using transformer with
the ground point at the middle

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The current flows over the load in the whole period, the voltage over
the load does not alternate

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The current flows over the load in the whole period, the voltage over
the load does not alternate

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When D1 is conducted D2 is in
reversed bias

How about the peak inversed

voltage across D2?

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The current flows over the load in the whole period, the voltage over
the load does not alternate

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The peak inversed voltage over the diodes

PIV = VP(sec) + 0.7V

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Full-wave bridge rectifier

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When D1 D2 are conducted D3 D4
are in reversed bias

How about the peak inversed

voltage across D3 D4?

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For the ideal diode model

PIV = VP(OUT)

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For the practical diode model

PIV = VP(OUT) + 07V

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Specify the output voltage at the load &
the required PIV for the diodes?

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Through a rectifier, the output at the load still
vary quite a lot

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Filter with
capacitor

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.

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Comparison of the AC variation of the output signal (the
ripple) on half-wave and full-wave rectifier with the same
input signal , filter capacitor, and output load

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Comparison of the AC variation of the output signal (the
ripple) on half-wave and full-wave rectifier with the same
input signal , filter capacitor, and output load

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Example: specify the voltage at the load

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Example of source circuit providing +5V
output voltage using IC LM7805

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Calculate the range of the output voltage

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Clipper

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Clipper in combination with a DC source

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 Clamper

 To shift the DC level of signal without

changing the shape of the signal

 Required components:
 Capacitor & Resistor

 Diode
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• When diode is ON
Capacitor charges up
to Vin
Diode conducts
Vout = 0
• When diode is OFF
Capacitor discharge
slowly
Vout = - 2Vin

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 Clamper
Capacitor & Resistor: are selected to obtain a
“large enough”  = RC,
to ensure the voltage on the capacitor does
not discharge so fast (through R) when the
diode is non-conducted

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Example: draw the output voltage

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“Trouble Shooting”

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Source circuit

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Check the signals at each module from the first state to
the last stage

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Check the signals at each module from the last state
back to the first stage

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Figure out the “problem” module

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Malfunction filter capacitor

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In rectifier module: open-circuit diode results in zero
output voltage

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In bridge rectifier module
Open-circuit diode result in half-wave rectifier and
larger ripple in the output voltage

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Figure out what problem is?

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Zener diode

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 Zener diode

 Forward bias: like regular diode

 Reversed bias:
 Operated at “break-down” region, (PIV or VZ)
 VZ = const
 Usage: always at reserved bias to be “reference
voltage”
 Very large range of VZ ~ 1,8V ÷ 200V

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Reversed bias characteristics of Zener diode

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Equivalent model

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Variable input

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Variable load

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Basic zener limiting action with a sinusoidal input voltage

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Practical applications

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Rectification - Battery charger

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Rectification - Battery charger

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 Protective configurations
• Problems:
– excessive voltage or current
– polarity reversal
– arcing
– shorting ect

• Diode usage:
– prevent voltage between two points from
exceeding 0.7V, or
– prevent conduction in a particular direction

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Problem: arcing across the switch
caused quickly opening the switch

Two quick change of current through an inductive

element results in an inductive kick that could damage
surrounding elements

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Protection with capacitor
A relay has “inductive” characteristics
In “release phase” relay is a source with
high voltage

When switch opens , the low resistance

of Cs will allow a current path to bypass
DC input & switch
Use cheap ceramic capacitor of 0.01uF
and resistor of 100Ω to limit the current

The short-circuit of capacitor at high

frequency will bypass switch extend
lifetime
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Protection with diode

When switch opens , the polarity of

voltage across relay allows diode to
conduct to bypass DC input &
switch

The diode must be able to carry the

same level of current passing
through the coil of the relay
The diode behavior & reaction are
frequency- independent
The diode protection does NOT
work well with AC input
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Note
Capacitor in parallel with inductive
element/ across a switch

acts as protective element

NOT as a network capacitive element

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Diode protection to limit Emitter-Base
voltage of BJT transistor

Prevent the reversed voltage VBE from exceeding 0.7V

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Diode protection to prevent reversal in
Collector current in BJT transistor

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Diode protection to limit the swing of the
input signal into op-amp

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Voltage insensitive to load current
The voltage across RL = 1kΩ ?

If RL varies how is the voltage

across the circuit?

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Voltage insensitive to load current
The voltage across RL = 1kΩ ?

If RL varies how is the voltage

across the circuit?

Use an array of diodes to fix the

voltage across the variable
load

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NOTE
Diode protection will
prevent voltage between two points
from exceeding 0.7V
Or
prevent conduction in a particular
direction

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 Homework
• Voltage multiplication

• Practical apps:
– AC regulator & square-wave generator
– Switch battery-powered backup
– Displays

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 Homework
Chapter 2 in Boylestad book (11th edition)

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 Optional project
• Design and produce a rectifier with
input voltage of 220VAC and output of
12VDC and output current ~200mA

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